sunrise university, alwar polytechnic diploma in electrical … · 2020. 9. 24. · motor,...

Sunrise university, Alwar Polytechnic Diploma in Electrical

Engineering 5th Semester II Year

1

2

Code Subject

Hrs. /Week Exam

Hrs.

Maximum Marks

L T P MS1 M

S2

IA Th. Total

THEORY

5DEE01 Electrical Machine-II 3 1 0 3 10 10 20 60 100

5DEE02 Power Electronics &

drives 3 1 0 3 10 10 20

60 100

5DEE03 Power system-II 3 1 0 3 10 10 20 60 100

5DEE04 Electrical Measurement & instrumentation

3 1 0 3 10 10 20

60

100

5DEE05 Management

3 1 0 3 10 10 20 60 100

Code Subject Hrs. /Week Exam

Hrs. IA (60%)

EA(40%

)

Total

L T P MP1

(30%)

MP

2

(30

%)

5DEE06 Electrical Machine –

II lab 0 0 2 3 30 30 40 100

5DEE07 Power Electronics &

drives Lab 0 0 2 3 30 30 40 100

5DEE08

Power Ssystem Lab -

(SIMUALATION

BASED)

0 0 2 3 30 30 40 100

5DEE09

Electrical

Measurement &

instrumentation LAB

0 0 2 3 30 30 40 100

5DEE10 Practical Training 0 0 2 3 100

GRAND TOTAL 15 5 10 1000

SEMESTER V

3

Semester 5

5DEE01 ELECTRICAL MACHINES-II

Unit-I Introduction: Production of rotating magnetic field by two phase and three-phase

supply ,Construction of slip ring and squirrel cage motors, Principle of operation,

Slip, Torque Production- Gross torque and shaft torque, Starting torque, Maximum

torque, Full load torque, Relation between starting, maximum and full load torque,

Torque-slip characteristics & effect of rotor resistance, Power stages and

efficiency, Equivalent circuit: approximate and exact, Phasor diagram, No-load and

blocked rotor tests, Circle diagram, Methods of starting, Speed control of induction

motors- Rotor resistance control, Stator voltage control, Frequency control, Pole

changing method, Cascade control, Cogging and crawling, Double cage induction

motor, characteristic, applications, Industrial applications

Unit -II Single Phase Induction Motor : Double revolving field theory and cross-filed

theory, Construction, working principle and characteristics of following motors-

Resistance start, Capacitor start & induction run, Capacitor start & capacitor run,

Shaded pole motor, Industrial applications

Unit-III Alternators :Constructional features, Principle of operation, Winding factors,

EMF equation, Idea of leakage reactance (cylindrical rotor) and armature reaction,

Synchronous reactance synchronous impedance, Phasor diagram at different power

factors (cylindrical rotor), Voltage regulation, Open circuit and short circuit tests,

Calculation of voltage regulation by synchronous impedance and m.m.f methods,

Parallel operation of three phase alternators, Effect of variation in excitation and

prime mover power on the performance of parallel connected alternators

MCA 4

Unit-IV Synchronous Motors :Construction and principle of operation, Phasor diagram at no

load and on load (cylindrical rotor), Power equation, Power angle characteristics, V -

curves and inverted V- curves, Methods of starting, Synchronous motor operation at

Constant input power and variable excitation and Constant excitation and Variable

input power , Synchronous condenser, Comparison of induction motor and

synchronous motor, Application of synchronous motor

Unit V Stability Analysis of Synchronous Machines: Transient behavior, Reactance,

Symmetrical short circuit, Swing equation, swing curve, M and H constants, Steady

state stability, Transient stability, Equal area criterion of stability, Hunting

phenomenon in synchronous machines Special Machines : Basic principles,

operation, characteristics and applications of following motors - Linear induction

motor, Stepper motor, A.C. Commutator Motors, Schrage motor, Repulsion motor

5

5DEE02 POWER ELECTRONICS & DRIVES

Unit-I Introduction: Principle, construction ,characteristics and ratings of SCR, DIAC,

TRIAC, UJT, Series connection of SCR, Parallel connection of SCR, UJT as a

relaxation oscillator ,Snubber circuit, Transistor analogy of SCR, Comparison of

SCR and TRIAC, Over voltage and over current protection circuit for SCR.

TIMER : Types of timer circuits, Principles and operation, Electronic timers,

D.C. operated timer, A.C. operated timer

Unit-II Power Control Rectification: Phase control of SCR, Different phase controlling

circuits R, RC ,UJT (Pedestal and Ramp), Transformer circuit , Different

methods of turn off of SCR

2.4 Single-phase and three-phase half wave and full wave rectifier using SCR,

With resistive load, With inductive load With flywheel diode.

Inverter : Basic principle of inverter, Series inverter, Parallel inverter ,Single

phase voltage source inverter, Three phase bridge inverter, Applications, UPS

Unit-III Chopper: Principle of chopper operation, Control strategies-Constant frequency

system, Variable frequency system, Types of chopper circuits- First quadrant or

type A chopper, Second quadrant or type B chopper, Two quadrant type A

chopper (type C chopper), Two quadrant type B chopper (type D chopper), Four

quadrant chopper (type E chopper)

SMPS : Types of SMPS ,Protection circuits, Merits and Demerits of SMPS

6

Unit-IV Cycloconvertor : Principle of cycloconvetor, Single phase to single phase circuit

step up cycloconverter, Mid point cycloconverter, Bridge type cycloconverter ,

Single phase to single phase circuit step down cycloconverter, Mid point

cycloconverter, Bridge type cycloconverter Three phase half wave cycloconverter ,

Three phase to single phase cycloconverter ,Three phase to Three phase

cycloconverter.

Unit V Speed Control of Motors: Introduction, Speed control of motors using SCR for

D.C. shunt motor and series motor, Single phase and three phase induction motor,

Slip ring induction motor, Brush less DC motor

AC Stabilizer : Introduction, Working and basic circuits of Resonator stabilizer,

Electro-mechanical stabilizer, Electronic stabilizer

7

5DEE03 POWER SYSTEM-II

Unit-I Transmission and Distribution: Need and basic flow diagram of power system

,Relative advantages and disadvantages of A.C and D.C transmission, Selection

of transmission voltage, Comparison of A.C. 1-phase, A.C. 3-phase 3 wire and

A.C. 3-phase 4 wire on the basis of copper volume for overhead and

underground cable, Comparison of D.C. 2-wire and D.C. 3-wire system on the

basis of copper volume.

Unit-II Materials used in Overhead Lines : Need, requirement, construction and

special featureof line supports, Types of conductors : hollow, stranded and

relative merits and demerits, Selection of size of conductor, general rules used in

RSEB for calculation, Types of insulators, their construction and application,

Potential distribution over a string of insulators, String efficiency and methods

of improving string efficiency

Mechanical Design : Sag and span, Sag calculation in overhead lines with same

and different level supports, Effect of wind, ice and temperature on sag, Effect

of sag on overhead conductor configuration and their spacing, Effect of span on

sag, Stringing chart, Transposition of conductors

Unit-III Electrical Design: Overhead line constants, Classification of lines, R, L, C, of

over head lines

(formula without proof), Skin and Ferranti effect, Calculation of efficiency and

regulation for Short transmission line, Medium transmission line (T and

methods), Long transmission line (Rigorous method) , Generalized circuit

constants of transmission line, Determination of Generalized circuit constants of

Short transmission line ,Medium transmission line (T and methods), Long

transmission line

MCA 8

Unit-IV D.C. Distribution Systems : Layout of distribution system, feeders, distributors and

service mains, Radial distributor, Ring main distributor and with interconnector

Voltage drop calculation for D.C. distributor for uniform and concentrated loading,

Radial distributor fed at one end, Radial distributor fed at both end with equal and

unequal voltages, Ring main distributor

A. C. Distribution Systems : Introduction, A. C. distributions calculation ( ring main

& radial feeder), Methods of solving A. C. distributions problem, Power factor referred

to receiving end voltage, Power factor to respective load voltage

Unit V Sequential Systems: Latches, flip-flops, R-S, D, J-K, Master Slave flip flops.

Conversions of flip-flops. Counters: Asynchronous (ripple), synchronous and

synchronous decade counter, Modulus counter, skipping state counter, counter design.

Ring counter. Counter applications. Registers: buffer register, shift register

9

5DEE04 ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION

Unit –I Introduction to Measuring Instruments : Classification of M.I.-Absolute &

Secondary Instruments, Analog & Digital Instruments, Different Principles used in

M.I., Sensitivity, Accuracy and precision, Types of errors ,Deflecting, controlling

and damping torque Different Measuring Instruments : PMMC, moving iron

and rectifier type ammeters and voltmeters ,Electrostatic voltmeter, Dynamometer

type ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter Induction type wattmeter & energy meter,

Blondels theorem and measurement of power by two wattmeter method in 3-Phase

circuits, Testing of single phase induction type energy meter by direct and phantom

loading ,Adjustments of single phase induction type energy meter ,Brief study of

static energy meter (single and 3 phase), Range extension using shunts and series

multipliers

Unit –II Measurement of Resistance : Classification of resistance, Measurement of low

resistance by Kelvin's double bridge, Measurement of medium resistance by

Ammeter and Voltmeter, Whetstone's bridge, Substitution methods, Measurement

of high resistance and insulation resistance, Megger, Earth tester and Ohmmeter

Potentiometers : Types of A.C. and D.C. potentiometers, Construction,

Standardisation, Applications

Unit –III A.C. Bridges : General equation for bridge balance, Maxwell's inductance bridge,

Maxwell's inductance - capacitance bridge, Anderson's bridge, Schering Bridge,

Wien's bridge for frequency measurements

Brief study of: CRO ,Electronic voltmeter

Instrumentation System :Introduction to measurement system, Generalised block

diagram representation of instrumentation system ,Brief description of components

of instrumentation system

10

Unit-IV Transducers :Classification of transducer ,Primary transducers, Secondary

transducer, Active transducer, Passive transducer, Analog transducer ,Digital

transducer ,Construction, principle of operation and application of the following

transducers –Potentiometer, L V D T and R V D T, Resistance strain gauge, Gauge

factor, Gauge materials ,Temperature compensation ,Thermocouple , Thermister,

R T D, Photo cell, Piezo Electric, Capactive

UNIT V Measurement of Following Physical Parameter Using Suitable Transducers

:Linear displacement, Angular displacement, Strain, Stress and force, Velocity and

Speed, Temperature, Pressure, pH value, Flow measurement

Instrument Transformers :Definition of terms related to instrument transformers

,Current Transformer (CT), Potential Transformer (PT), Difference between CT and

PT, Application of CT and PT

11

5DEE05 MANGEMENT

UNIT I Entrepreneurship :Role of entrepreneurship and its advantage ,Classification of

industries (based on scale), Classification of industries (based on type), New industrial

policy, M.R.T.P. act, Product identification/ selection, Site selection , Plant layout,

Institutional support needed, Pre-market survey

Entrepreneurship Support System: Role of District Industries Centre in setting up

industry, Function of NSIC, SISI, NISIET, NRDC, SSIC, SIDO, NMTC, KVIC,

RSMDC, Role of state finance corporation, state electricity board, pollution control

board, RAJCON, BIS, I.S.O. etc.

Setting up SSI :Registration of SSI ,Allotment of land by RIICO, Preparation of project

report , Structure of organization, Building construction, Establishment of machines

UNIT II Raw Material Management : Allotment of iron and steel, coke/ coal, Allotment of other

indigenous raw material from NSIC, Allotment of imported raw material and parts.

Marketing Facilities :Supply of product to state govt, to defence, to railways, to CSPO,

to CSD, Participation in international exhibition and fairs, trade centres, state emporium

and departmental stores ,Quality consciousness and its effect on product sales

Financial Sources for SSI : Various institutions providing loans for industries ,Various

types of loans, Subsidies

UNIT III Contracts and Tenders : Type of contracts ,Necessity of contract and tenders ,Type of

tenders ,Tendering procedure

Project Report : Procedure of preparing a project report ,Format of project report

,Preparation of project report for some SSI items

ISO : 9000 Series of Quality System : Definition of few important terms related to ISO

quality system ,Various models for quality assurance in ISO : 9000 series ,Various

elements of ISO : 9001 model (20 points), Benefits by becoming an ISO : 9000

company, Introduction to total quality management (TQM)

12

UNIT IV Principles of Management :Management, administration and organisation, difference

between them. Scientific management : Meaning, characteristics, object and advantage :

Taylor's scientific management ,Fayol’s principles of management, functions of

management

,Types of ownership, sole trading, partnership, joint stock, co-operative and public

enterprise , Types of organisation, different types and their charts, Importance of human

relation professional ethics, Need for leadership, leadership qualities, Motivation

Human Resources Development : Introduction, object and functions of human resource

development department, Recruitment, sources and methods of selection, need for

effective training, method of training, duties of supervisor / Formen, role of HRD in

industries.

Wages and Incentives : Definition and requirements of a good wage system methods of

wage payment ,Wage incentives - type of incentive, difference in wage incentive and

bonus. incentive to supervisor.

UNIT V Marketing Management : Concept of Marketing ,Problems of Marketing, Pricing

policy, Distribution channels and methods of marketing

Tax System and Insurance :

Idea of income tax, sales tax, excise duty and custom duty , Industrial and fire insurance,

procedure for industrial insurance.

Labour Legislation and Pollution Control Acts : Industrial acts : factory act 1948

,Workmen's compensation act 1923, Apprentices act 1961, Water pollution contract act

1974 and 1981

Course: Polytechnic Subject Code:5DEE01

Aim and Objective: Here the student will be able to learn the concepts of working for AC machines

like Induction and Synchronous, their speed control, starting and performance parameters

Unit No Description

I Introduction to Electrical Machine

II Single Phase Induction Motor

III Alternators

IV Synchronous Motors

V Stability Analysis of synchronous motors

Electrical Machine-II

Unit-I Introduction to Electrical Machine

• Electrical Machine :

An electrical machine is a device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy or vice

versa. Electrical machines also include transformers, which do not actually make conversion

between mechanical and electrical form but they convert AC current from one voltage level to

another voltage level.


TYPES OF ELECTRICAL MACHINE

COURSE: POLYTECHNIC SUBJECT CODE:5DEE01

UNIT-I INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL MACHINE

https://circuitglobe.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/classification-of-an-induction-motor.jpg

Induction Motor

An induction motor works on transforming action.

The stator works as the primary while the rotor works as the secondary.

It is also called asynchronous motor.

Working Principle of Induction Motor

We need to give double excitation to make a DC motor to rotate. In the DC motor, we give one

supply to the stator and another to the rotor through brush arrangement. But in induction motor,

we give only one supply, so it is interesting to know how an induction motor works. It is simple,

from the name itself we can understand that here, the induction process is involved. When we give

the supply to the stator winding, a magnetic flux gets produced in the stator due to the flow of

current in the coil. The rotor winding is so arranged that each coil becomes short-circuited.



Construction of induction Motor

It consists of two parts:

1.Stator - It is the stationary part of the motor.

2.Rotor - It is the rotating part of the motor.



Stator and Rotor

There are two types of rotors which

are employed in 3 – phase induction

motor.

Squirrel Cage Rotor.

Phase Wound/ Slip Ring Rotor.

Stator has three main parts:

Outer Frame – It is the outer body of

the of the motor.

It protects the inner part of the machine.

Stator Core – Built up of

high grade silicon steel.

Carries the alternating magnetic field.

Stator winding – Has a

three phase winding.



Double Revolving Field Theory

• According to this theory, a pulsating field of a single-phase motor can be resolved into two rotating

field of half its amplitude rotating in opposite direction at synchronous speed.


Unit-II Single Phase Induction Motor

An alternator is an electrical generator that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy in

the formof alternating current. Most alternators use a rotating magnetic field with

stationary armature.

• It is also known as synchronous generator.

Alternators


Unit-III Alternators

Types of Alternators

Alternators or synchronous generators can be classified in many ways depending upon their

applications and designs

According to application

According to their design

o Automotive type - used in modern automobile.

o Diesel electric locomotive type - used in diesel

electric multiple unit.

o Marine type - used in marine.

o Brush less type - used in electrical power

generation plant as main source of power.

o Radio alternators - used for low brand radio

frequency transmission.

o Salient pole type.

o Cylindrical rotor type.



Working Principle of Alternator

The working principle of an alternator is very simple. It is just like the basic principle of DC

generator.

It also depends upon Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction which says the current is induced in

the conductor inside a magnetic field when there is a relative motion between that conductor and the

magnetic field.



(a) (b)

(c) (d)



Parallel Operation of Alternator

Condition for Parallel Operation of Alternator

There are some conditions to be satisfied for parallel operation of the alternator. Before

entering into that, we should understand some terms which are as follows.

1. The process of connecting two alternators or an alternator and an infinite bus bar system

in parallel is known as synchronizing.

2. Running machine is the machine which carries the load.

3. Incoming machine is the alternator or machine which has to be connected in parallel with the

system.



.

An alternator may operate as a motor by connecting its armature winding to a 3-phase

supply. It is then called a synchronous motor.

As the name implies, a synchronous motor runs at synchronous speed (Ns = 120f/P) i.e., in synchronism with the revolving field produced by the 3-phase supply.

However, synchronous motors are not used so much because they run at constant speed (i.e., synchronous speed) but because they possess other unique electrical properties.

A synchronous motor runs at synchronous speed or not at all. Its speed is constant

(synchronous speed) at all loads.

The only way to change its speed is to alter the supply frequency (Ns = 120 f/P).

The outstanding characteristic of a synchronous motor is that it can be made to operate over a

wide range of power factors (lagging, unity or leading) by adjustment of its field excitation.

Therefore, a synchronous motor can be made to carry the mechanical load at constant speed and

at the same time improve the power factor of the system.

Synchronous motors are generally of the salient pole type.

A synchronous motor is not self-starting and an auxiliary means has to be used for starting it.

We use either induction motor principle or a separate starting motor for this purpose.


Unit-IV Synchronous Motors

Construction

It consists of a stator which houses 3-phase armature winding in the slots of the stator core and

receives power from a 3-phase supply

The stator is wound for the same number of poles as the rotor poles.

A rotor that has a set of salient poles excited by direct current to form alternate N and S poles.

The exciting coils are connected in series to two slip rings and direct current is fed into the winding

from an external exciter mounted on the rotor shaft



Operating Principle

If now the external prime mover driving the rotor is removed, the rotor will continue to rotate at

synchronous speed in the clockwise direction because the rotor poles are magnetically locked up

with the stator poles.

This magnetic interlocking between stator and rotor poles that a synchronous motor runs at the

speed of revolving flux i.e., synchronous speed.

If the rotor poles are rotated by some external means at such a speed that they interchange their positions along with the stator poles, then the rotor will experience a continuous unidirectional torque.



BASIS OF DIFFERENCESYNCHRONOUS MOTOR And INDUCTION MOTOR

1. A synchronous motor is a doubly excited

machine.

2. Its armature winding is energized from an AC

source and its field winding from a DC source.

3. It always runs at synchronous speed. The speed is

independent of load.

4. It is not self starting. It has to be run up to

synchronous speed by any means before it can be

synchronized to AC supply.

5. A synchronous motor can be operated with

lagging and leading power by changing its

excitation.

6. It can be used for power factor correction in

addition to supplying torque to drive mechanical

loads.

7. It is more efficient than an induction motor of the

same output and voltage rating.

8. A synchronous motor is costlier than an induction

motor of the same output and voltage rating

1. An induction motor is a single excited machine.

2. Its stator winding is energized from an AC

source.

3. If the load increased the speed of the induction

motor decreases. It is always less than the

synchronous speed.

4. Induction motor has self starting torque.

5. An induction motor operates only at a lagging

power factor. At high loads the power factor

becomes very poor.

6. An induction motor is used for driving

mechanical loads only.

7. Its efficiency is lesser than that of the

synchronous motor of the same output and the

voltage rating.

8. An induction motor is cheaper than the

synchronous motor of the same output and

voltage rating.



Linear motors are electric induction motors that produce motion in a straight line rather than

rotational motion.

In a traditional electric motor, the rotor (rotating part) spins inside the stator (static part)

In a linear motor, the stator is unwrapped and laid out flat and the "rotor" moves past it in a

straight line.

LINEAR MOTORS


Unit-V Special Machine

CONSTRUCTION OF A LINEAR INDUCTION MOTOR

If the stator of the poly phase induction motor is cut along the section and laid on a flat surface, then it forms the primary of the LIM housing the field system, and consequently the rotor forms the secondary consisting of flat aluminum conductors with ferromagnetic core for effective flux linkage.



Stepper Motor

A stepper motor is an electromechanical device which converts electrical pulses into discrete mechanical movements. The shaft or spindle of a stepper motor rotates indiscrete step increments when electrical

command pulses are applied to it in the proper sequence. The motors rotation has several

direct relationships to these applied input pulses. The sequence of the applied pulses is

directly related to

the motor shafts rotation is directly related to the frequency of the input pulses and the length

of rotation is directly related to the number of input pulses applied.



References

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Electrical Machines by I.J. Nagrath

2. Electrical Technology by B.L.Theraja

3. Electrical Machines by P.S.Bhimbra

REFERENCE BOOKS:

5. Electrical Machines by Ashfaq Husain

Faculty name: Er. Dinesh Suthar

Email id: [email protected]

Contact Number: 7665220534

mailto:[email protected]

Unit No Description

I Principle, construction ,characteristics , ratings of SCR Family & Timers

II Power Control Rectification & Inverters

III Chopper & SMPS

IV Cycloconvertor

V AC Stabilizer & Speed Control of Motors

Power Electronics & Drives

Subject Code :5DEE02 Course Name :Polytechnic

Aim and Objective: The student will be able to clearly understand about different types

of PEC devices. Also they will learn various converters used in industry for power control

and conversion like phase controlled rectifiers, inverters, choppers

Unit –I Principle, construction ,characteristics , ratings

of SCR Family & Timers

Contents

Principle, construction ,characteristics and ratings of SCR, DIAC, TRIAC, UJT

Series connection of SCR, Parallel connection of SCR,

UJT as a relaxation oscillator ,

Snubber circuit, Transistor analogy of SCR,

Comparison of SCR and TRIAC,

Over voltage and over current protection circuit for SCR.

Types of timer circuits, Principles and operation,

Electronic timers,

D.C. operated timer,

A.C. operated timer


Circuit Symbol of Thyristor SCR

• Some sources define silicon-controlled

rectifiers and thyristors as synonymous,

other sources define silicon-controlled

rectifiers as a proper subset of the set of

thyristors, those being devices with at least

four layers of alternating n- and p-type

material.

• SCRs are unidirectional devices (i.e. can

conduct current only in one direction) as

opposed to TRIACs, which are

bidirectional (i.e. charge carriers can flow

through them in either direction). SCRs

can be triggered normally only by currents

going into the gate as opposed to TRIACs,

which can be triggered normally by either

a positive or a negative current applied to

its gate electrode

Course Name :Polytechnic Subject Code :5DEE02

Unit-I Silicon Controlled Rectifier

Unit-I Characteristic curve of a silicon-controlled

rectifier

• Modes of operation

• There are three modes of operation for an SCR depending upon the biasing given to it:

• Forward blocking mode

• In this mode of operation, the anode (+) is given a positive voltage while the cathode (−) is given a negative voltage, keeping the gate at zero (0) potential

• Forward conduction mode

• An SCR can be brought from blocking mode to conduction mode in two ways: Either by increasing the voltage between anode and cathode beyond the break-over voltage, or by applying a positive pulse at the gate. Once the SCR starts conducting, no more gate voltage is required to maintain it in the ON state


Unit-I Characteristic curve of a silicon-controlled rectifier

• Reverse blocking mode

• When a negative voltage is applied to the

anode and a positive voltage to the

cathode, the SCR is in reverse blocking

mode, making J1 and J3 reverse biased

and J2 forward biased. The device behaves

as two reverse-biased diodes connected in

series. A small leakage current flows. This

is the reverse blocking mode. If the

reverse voltage is increased, then at

critical breakdown level, called the reverse

breakdown voltage (VBR), an avalanche

occurs at J1 and J3 and the reverse current

increases rapidly. SCRs are available with

reverse blocking capability, which adds to

the forward voltage drop because of the

need to have a long, low-doped P1 region.

Usually, the reverse blocking voltage

rating and forward blocking voltage rating

are the same.


Unit-I Timers

A Timer is used for producing precise time delay. Secondly, it can be used to repeat or

initiate an action after/at a known period of time. This feature is very commonly used in

several applications. An example could be setting up an alarm which triggers at a point

of time or after a period of time.

Timer Circuits Classified as:

Electronic timers

D.C. operated timer

A.C. operated timer


Unit –II Power Control Rectification & Inverters

Contents

Phase control of SCR

Different phase controlling circuits R, RC ,UJT (Pedestal and Ramp), Transformer circuit

Different methods of turn off of SCR

Single-phase and three-phase half wave and full wave rectifier using SCR, With resistive

load, With inductive load With flywheel diode.

Basic principle of inverter

Series inverter, Parallel inverter

Single phase voltage source inverter, Three phase bridge inverter

Inverter Applications

UPS


Unit-II Phase control of SCR

In ac circuits, the SCR can be turned on by the gate at any angle a with respect to the

applied voltage. This angle α is called the firing angle. Power control is obtained by

varying the firing angle and this is known as phase control. In the phase-control circuit

given in fig.


Unit-II Turning-off Methods of an SCR

There are three methods of switching off the SCR, namely natural commutation, reverse bias turn-off, and gate turn off

(a) Natural Commutation

When the anode current is reduced below the level of the holding current, the SCR turns off. However, it must be noted that rated anode current is usually larger than 1,000 times the holding value. Since the anode voltage remains positive with respect to the cathode in a dc circuit, the anode current can only be reduced by opening the line switch S, increasing the load impedance RL or shunting part of the load current through a circuit parallel to the SCR, i.e. short-circuiting the device.

(b) Reverse Bias turn-off A reverse anode to cathode voltage (the cathode is positive with respect to the anode) will tend to interrupt the anode current. The voltage reverses every half cycle in an ac circuit, so that an SCR in the line would be reverse biased every negative cycle and would turn off. This is called phase commutation or ac line commutation.

(c) Gate Turn Off

In some specially designed SCRs the characteristics are such that a negative gate current increases the holding current so that it exceeds the load current and the device turns-off. The current ratings are presently below 10 A and this type will not be considered further.


Unit-II Inverter & Its Classification

• An inverter refers to a power electronic device that converts power in DC form to AC

form at the required frequency and voltage output.

• Inverters are classified into two main categories −

• Voltage Source Inverter VSI − The voltage source inverter has stiff DC source voltage

that is the DC voltage has limited or zero impedance at the inverter input terminals.

• Current Source Inverter CSI − A current source inverter is supplied with a variable

current from a DC source that has high impedance. The resulting current waves are not

influenced by the load.

• Single Phase Inverter

• There are two types of single phase inverters − full bridge inverter and half bridge

inverter.

• Half Bridge Inverter

• This type of inverter is the basic building block of a full bridge inverter. It contains two

switches and each of its capacitors has a voltage output equal to Vdc2. In addition, the

switches complement each other, that is, if one is switched ON the other one goes OFF.



• Full Bridge Inverter

• This inverter circuit converts DC to AC. It achieves this by closing and opening the

switches in the right sequence. It has four different operating states which are based on

which switches are closed.

• Three Phase Inverter

• A three-phase inverter converts a DC input into a three-phase AC output. Its three arms

are normally delayed by an angle of 120° so as to generate a three-phase AC supply. The

inverter switches each has a ratio of 50% and switching occurs after every T/6 of the

time T 60°angleinterval. The switches S1 and S4, the switches S2 and S5 and switches

S3 and S6 complement each other.

• The figure below shows a circuit for a three phase inverter. It is nothing but three single

phase inverters put across the same DC source. The pole voltages in a three phase

inverter are equal to the pole voltages in single phase half bridge inverter.


Unit –III Chopper & SMPS

Contents

Principle of chopper operation,

Control strategies-Constant frequency system,

Variable frequency system,

Types of chopper circuits- First quadrant or type A chopper,

Second quadrant or type B chopper, Two quadrant type A chopper (type C chopper)

Two quadrant type B chopper (type D chopper),

Four quadrant chopper (type E chopper)

Types of SMPS

Protection circuits

Merits and Demerits of SMPS


Unit-III Features of Choppers

Contents

Chopper is a static device that converts fixed DC input voltage to a variable DC output

voltage directly.

DC equivalent of an AC transformer as it behaves in an identical manner.

More efficient than AC transformers as they involve in one stage conversion.

They offer smooth control, high – efficiency, fast response and regeneration.

A chopper can act as a step – up or step down DC device.

Chopper can be operated in either a continuous or continuous current conduction mode.

Choppers can be built with and without electrical isolation.

They find application in trolley cars, marine hoists, forklift trucks and mine haulers


Unit –III Chopper & SMPS

Depending upon the direction of the output current and voltage, choppers are classified into

five classes viz.

Class A (One Quadrant Operation)

Class B (One Quadrant Operation)

Class C (Two Quadrant Operation)

Class D (Two Quadrant Operation)

Class E (Four Quadrant Operation)

Based on the output voltage, choppers are classified into

Step Up (Boost) Chopper

Step Down (Buck) Chopper

Buck – Boost Chopper


Unit –III SMPS

• A switched-mode power supply (SMPS) is an electronic circuit that converts power using

switching devices that are turned on and off at high frequencies, and storage components such

as inductors or capacitors to supply power when the switching device is in its non-conduction

state.

• Switching power supplies have high efficiency and are widely used in a variety of electronic

equipment, including computers and other sensitive equipment requiring stable and efficient

power supply.

• A switched-mode power supply is also known as a switch-mode power supply or switching-

mode power supply


Unit –IV Cycloconvertor

Contents

Principle of cycloconvetor

Single phase to single phase circuit step up cycloconverter

Mid point cycloconverter

Bridge type cycloconverter

Single phase to single phase circuit step down cycloconverter

Mid point cycloconverter

Bridge type cycloconverter

Three phase half wave cycloconverter

Three phase to single phase cycloconverter

Three phase to Three phase cycloconverter.


Unit –IV Cycloconvertor

A cycloconverter is a device that converts AC, power at one frequency into AC power of an

adjustable but lower frequency without any direct current, or DC, stage in between. ... The

principle of the cyclo-converter is described below by using single-phase to single-phase cyclo-

converter


Unit –IV Types of Cyclo-converters

Based on the output frequency and number of phase in the input AC power source the Cyclo-converters can be classified as below

1. Step-Up Cyclo-converters

2. Ste-Down Cyclo-converters

Single-Phase to Single-Phase Cycloconverter

Three-Phase to Single-Phase Cycloconverter

Three-Phase to Three-Phase Cycloconverter

Step-Up Cyclo-converters: Step-Up CCV, as the name suggests this type of CCV provide output frequency greater than that of input frequency. But it is not widely used since it not have much particle application. Most application will require a frequency less than 50Hz which is the default frequency here in India. Also Step-Up CCV will require forced commutation which increases the complexity of the circuit.

Step-Down Cyclo-converters: Step-Down CCV, as you might have already guessed it well.. just provides an output frequency which is lesser then the input frequency. These are most commonly used and work with help of natural commutation hence comparatively easy to build and operate. The Step-Down CCV is further classified into three types as shown below.


Unit –IV Basic Principle behind Cyclo-converters

Although there are three different types of Cyclo-converters, the working of them are very

similar except for the number of power electronic switches present in the circuit. For instance a

single phase to Single Phase CCV will have only 6 power electronic switches (SCR’s) while an

Three Phase CCV might have up to 32 switches.


Unit –IV Single Phase to Single Phase Cyclo-converters


:

The Single Phase to Single Phase CCV is very rarely used, but to understand the operation of a

CCV it should be first studied so that we can understand the Three Phase CCV. The Single Phase to

Single Phase CCV has two pairs of full wave rectifier circuit, each consisting of four SCR. One set

is placed straight while the other is placed in anti-parallel direction as shown on the picture below.

Unit –IV Basic Principle behind Cyclo-converters

Although there are three different types of Cyclo-converters, the working of them are very

similar except for the number of power electronic switches present in the circuit. For instance a

single phase to Single Phase CCV will have only 6 power electronic switches (SCR’s) while an

Three Phase CCV might have up to 32 switches.


Unit –V AC Stabilizer & Speed Control of Motors

Contents

Working and basic circuits of Resonator stabilizer

Electro-mechanical stabilizer

Electronic stabilizer

Speed control of motors using SCR for D.C. shunt motor and series motor,

Single phase and three phase induction motor,

Slip ring induction motor,

Brush less DC motor


Unit –V AC Stabilizer & Speed Control of Motors

The embedding of microprocessor chip technology and power electronic devices in the design

of intelligent AC voltage stabilizers (or automatic voltage regulators (AVR)) led to produce

high-quality, stable electric power supply in the event of significant and continuous deviation

of mains voltage.

As advancement to the conventional relay type voltage stabilizers, modern innovative

stabilizers use high performance digital control circuits and solid state control circuitry that

eliminates potentiometer adjustments and allows the user to set voltage requirements through a

keypad, with output start and stop facility.

Voltage stabilizers regulate the fluctuating input voltage before it could be fed to the load (or

equipment which is sensitive to voltage variations). The output voltage from the stabilizer will

stay in the range of 220V or 230V in case of single phase supply and 380V or 400V in case of

three phase supply, within given fluctuating range of input voltage. This regulation is carried

by buck and boost operations performed by internal circuitry.

There are huge varieties of automatic voltage regulators are available in today’s market. These

can be single or three-phase units as required by the type of application and capacity (KVA)

needed. Three-phase stabilizers come in two versions as balanced load models and unbalanced

load models


Unit –V Speed control of motors using SCR for D.C.

shunt motor and series motor In this method, speed variation is accomplished by means of a variable resistance inserted in

series with the shunt field. An increase in controlling resistances reduces the field current with

a reduction in flux and an increase in speed. ... This method of speed control is also used in

DC compound motor.


References

• TEXT BOOKS:

• 1. Power Electronics by P.C. Sen

• 2. Motor Control by P.S Bhimbra

• 3. Thyristor Engineering by M.S. Berde

•

• REFERENCE BOOKS:

• 4. Industrial Electronics by G.K. Mithal

• 5. Thyristor Control Drive by G.K. Dubey

• Faculty Name: Er.R.P.Sharma

• Email id :[email protected]

• Mobile Number:7665220534

Unit No Description

I Transmission and Distribution

II Materials used in Overhead Lines and Mechanical Design

III Electrical Design

IV AC and DC Distribution System

V Sequential Systems

Power System - II


Aim and Objective: Diploma holders are mostly employed in electricity boards and

industries where they are supposed to erect low voltage lines, overhead and

underground cables and substation and to erect HV and EHV lines and substation.

For doing the above job it is expected that the student are made aware and given

practice of the above aspects of lines and substations including safety practices,

standardised maintenance schedule, Indian Electricity act and relevant Indian

Standards..

Unit –I Transmission and Distribution

• Electric power transmission is the bulk movement of electrical energy from a generating site, such as a power plant, to an electrical substation. The interconnected lines which facilitate this movement are known as a transmission network.

• The combined transmission and distribution network is known as the "National Grid".

Power System

• The generation, transmission and distribution of electric power is called power system.

• A power system has the following stages:

- Generation of electric power

- Transmission of electric power.

- Distribution of electric power.

Most transmission lines are high-voltage three-phase alternating current (AC).

(HVDC) technology is used for greater

efficiency over very long distances (typically hundreds of miles).

Electricity is transmitted at high voltages (115 kV or above) to reduce the energy loss which occurs in long-distance transmission.



Layout of Power System

• A power system is consist of the following stages:

• Secondary Transmission

• Primary Distribution

• Secondary Distribution

• Power Station

• Primary Transmission



• Distribution of electric power is an important part of power system. The important requirement

of a distribution system is that the power should be distributed to various consumers economically

and efficiently .

• The electric energy is made available for use in a factory or a residential building by

distribution system which can be subdivided into three distinct parts.

Feeders

Distributors

Service mains

• The arrangement of conveying electric power from bulk power sources (generating stations or

major substations) to the various consumers is called distribution system. Distribution is of two

types. –

1. High voltage or primary distribution

2. Low voltage or secondary distribution

• High voltage distribution is carried out at voltages of the order of 33kv,66kv or,11kv.

• Low voltage distribution which is carried out at 400/230 volts (in three phase 4 wires

system)



Introduction of Substations

• A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system.

Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several

other important functions.

• Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow through several

substations at different voltage levels.

• A substation may include transformers to change voltage levels between high transmission

voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different

transmission voltages.

• Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or may be owned by a large

industrial or commercial customer. Generally substations are unattended, relying on SCADA

for remote supervision and control.


Unit –II Materials used in Overhead Lines and Mechanical Design

Ovearhead T/M Line Components

• Conductors

• ( Carry Power from Sending end station to

• receiving end station )

• Supports

• ( Provide Suport to Conductors & keep those @

suitable level above the ground )

• Insulators

• ( Provide Electrical Isolation to Poles )

• Cross-Arms

• ( These provide Support to the Insulators )



( Types of Conductors )

(1) Copper Conductor : ( 97.4 % )

• High conductivity + Greater tensile strength .

• Also called Ideal Conductor for T/M .

• Reason to it’s high conductivity .

• Costly & Non-availability for T/M .

(2) Steel core copper conductor (SCCC) :

• Steel is used in the center surrounded by the copper

conductors .

• Tensile strength + Flexibility increases .

• High cost , Low Availability .

(3) Cadmium copper conductor:

(4) All Aluminum conductors :



1) WOODEN POLES : ( SUITABLE FOR 11KV )

• CHEAPEST AMONG ALL LINE SUPPORTS .

• CAN BE USED FOR SHORT DISTANCE UPTO 50M T/M OR DISTRIBUTION .

• HIGHLY INSULATED BECAUSE OF WOOD . THAT’S WHY MOSTLY USED FOR

DISTRIBUTION .

• BUT HAVE SHORTER LIFE TIME & REQUIRES PERIODICAL INSPECTION .

• TWO TYPES OF WOODEN POLES ARE USED , SHOWN BELOW :

• I) SINGLE POLE SHAPED II) DOUBLE POLES SHAPED

2) RCC Poles :

• Recently have become more popular because of High Mechanical Strength .

• Have longer lives due to little deterioration .

• Require little maintenance

• Also have insulating property . • But they are suitable for 11KV .

• High cost of transportation due to heavy weight .



3) Steel Poles :

• Have good mechanical srength .

• Possess longer life and can be used for longer distance than wooden poles .

• Suitable usage is for High Voltage & Extra

• High Voltage .

• Double Circuited Steel Poles provide Continuity of Supply during

breakdown situation

Types of insulator


• Consists of assembly of suspension type insulators .

• Used When there is a dead end or there is a sharp corner in

transmission line .

• Used for higher transmission .

• Used in parallel arrangement .

2) Shekel Type Insulators

1) Strain Type Insulators :


03) Pin Type Insulators :

• Earliest developed overhead insulator .

• used in power network up to 33KV system.

• In 11 KV system we generally use one part type insulator .

• Beyond 33 KV , Pin Type Insulators become bulky & uneconomical


04)Suspension Insulator

• Consists of number of Porcelain discs , connected in series to form a string .

• Used for Voltage > 33 KV .

• Each disc is designed for low voltage , say 11KV .

• The number of discs used depend upon working voltage .

Suppose for 66 KV working voltage ,

6 discs in series will be provided on string .

Sag when Supports are at equal ground level

Sag Supports are at unequal level



Unit –III Electrical Design

Transmission lines


A transmission line is used for the transmission of electrical power from generating

substation to the various distribution units. It transmits the wave of voltage and current from

one end to another. The transmission line is made up of a conductor having a uniform cross-

section along the line. Air act as an insulating or dielectric medium between the conductors.

Classification of transmission line

1. Overhead transmission lines

• Short transmission lines

• Medium transmission lines

Long transmission lines

2. Underground cables

Short transmission line is upto maximum 80 km and 20 kv and capacitance effect negligible.

Medium Transmission line

• Length of lines is about 50 Km to 150Km.

• Capacitance is significant.

• Long transmission line is more than 150 km and 100 kv

Nominal “T” Method

Nominal “T” Method : In this method, the whole line capacitance is assumed to be concentrated at the

middle point of the line and half the line resistance & reactance are lumped on its either side as shown in

fig. There fore in this arrangement full charging current flows over half the line. In fig one phase of 3

phase transmission line is shown as it is advantageous to work in phase instead of line to line values

By Kirchoff’s current law at node a, By Kirchoff’s voltage law





Nominal PI Method

In the nominal pi model of a medium transmission line, the series impedance of the line is concentrated at the

centre and half of each capacitance is placed at the centre of the line. The nominal Pi model of the line is

shown in the diagram below



1

The phasor diagram of a nominal pi-

circuit is shown in the figure below.

It is also drawn for a lagging power factor

of the load. In the phasor diagram the

quantities shown are as follows;

OA = Vr – receiving end voltage. It is taken as reference phasor.

OB = Ir – load current lagging Vr by an angle ∅r.

BE = Iab – current in receiving-end capacitance. It leads Vr by 90°.

The line current I is the phasor sum of Ir and Iab. It is shown by OE in the diagram. AC = IR –

voltage drop in the resistance of the line. It is parallel to I.

CD = IX -inductive voltage drop in the line. It is perpendicular to I.

AD = IZ – voltage drop in the line impedance.

OD = Vs – sending–end voltage to neutral. It is phasor sum of Vr and IZ.

The current taken by the capacitance at the sending end is Icd. It leads the sending–end voltage Vs by

90

OF = Is – the sending–end current. It is the phasor sum of I and Icd.

∅s – phase angle between Vs and Is at the sending end, and cos∅s will give the sending-end

power factor.

Unit –IV Distribution System

Electric Power System




.


D.C Distributor with Concentrated loads

• Classified 1. Fed at one end

• 2.Fed at both the ends

• Methods of solving A.C Distribution problem

• 1.power factor referred to receiving end voltage

• Resistance R , reactance X

• Impedance of section PR is given by, 𝑍𝑃𝑅 = 𝑅1 + 𝑗𝑋1.

• Impedance of section RQ is given by, 𝑍𝑅𝑄 = 𝑅2 + 𝑗𝑋2.

• The load current at point R is 𝐼 1, 𝐼 1 = 𝐼1(cos ∅1 − 𝑗 sin ∅1)

• The load current at point Q is 𝐼 2, 𝐼 2 = 𝐼2(cos ∅2 − 𝑗 sin ∅2)

• Current in section RQ is nothing but 𝐼𝑅𝑄 = 𝐼 2 = 𝐼2(cos ∅2 − 𝑗 sin ∅2)

• Current in section PR is 𝐼𝑃𝑅 = 𝐼 1 + 𝐼 2=𝐼1(cos ∅1 − 𝑗 sin ∅1)+𝐼2(cos ∅2 − 𝑗 sin ∅2)


Unit –V Sequential system

Basic Memory Cell: RS Latch- using NAND & NOR.

Triggering Methods: Edge Trigger & Level Trigger.

SR Flip Flops: SR Flip Flop, Clocked SR FF with preset & clear, Drawbacks of SR FF

JK Flip Flops: Clocked JK FF with preset & clear, Race around condition in JK FF, Master

Slave JK FF, D and T type Flip Flop, Excitation Tables of Flip Flops, Block schematic and

function table of IC 7474, IC 7475.

Shift Register: Logic diagram of 4 bit shift registers - SISO, SIPO,

• PIPO, PISO, 4 Bit Universal Shift Registers.

Counters: Asynchronous Counter: 4 bit Ripple Counter, 4 Bit Up/Down Counter, Modulus of

counter, Synchronous Counter: Design of 4 bit Synchronous up/down counter. Decade Counter:

Block schematic of IC 7490, IC 7490 as MOD-N Counter, Ring Counter and Twisted Ring

Counter



Combinational Circuits Vs Sequential Circuits

Logic circuits are classified into two groups

Combinational logic circuits

Logic gates make decisions

• Basic building

• blocks include Gates:

• Basic building blocks

• Flip Flops have memory


Sequential logic circuits


Combinational Circuits

Combinational Circuits (CC) are circuits made up of different types of logic gates. A logic gate is

a basic building block of any electronic circuit. The output of the combinational circuit depends

on the values at the input at any given time. The circuits do not make use of any memory or

storage device.

A Sequential circuit combinational logic circuit that consists of inputs variable (X), logic gates

(Computational circuit), and output variable (Z). Combinational circuit produces an output based

on input variable only, but Sequential circuit produces an output based on current input and

previous input variables


Sequential circuits

References

TEXT BOOKS:

• 1.Electrical Power bySoni,Gupta & Bhatnager

• 2. Electrical Power by J.B.Gupta

• 3. Power System V.K. Mehta

• 4. Transmission & Distribution of Electrical Power by Raina & Bhattacharya

REFERENCE BOOKS:

• Electrical Power by S.L. Uppal

• Faculty Name: Anand kumar Sharma

• Email id :anandbsw1gmail.com


Unit No Description

I Introduction to Measuring Instruments , Different Measuring Instruments

II Measurement of Resistance , Potentiometers

III A.C. Bridges ,CRO, Instrumentation System

IV Transducers

V Instrument Transformers , Measurement of Various Physical Parameter

Using Suitable Transducers

Electrical Measurement & Instrumentation


Aim and Objective: A diploma holder in electrical engineering where ever placed on

job, has to select a suitable measuring instruments for measuring electrical

quantities, so he/she should have adequate knowledge of construction, working,

application, specification and errors of different measuring instruments. This subject

covers most commonly used electrical instruments and measuring processes for

above need.

Unit –I Introduction to Measuring Instruments



• Accuracy, Precision, Resolution & Sensitivity

• Instrument manufacturers usually supply specifications for their equipment that define its

accuracy, precision, resolution and sensitivity. Unfortunately, not all of these specifications are

uniform from one to another or expressed in the same terms. Moreover, even when they are

given, do you know how they apply to your system and to the variables you are measuring?

Some specifications are given as worst-case values, while others take into consideration your

actual measurements.

Accuracy can be defined as the amount of uncertainty in a measurement with respect to an

absolute standard. Accuracy specifications usually contain the effect of errors due to gain and

offset parameters. Offset errors can be given as a unit of measurement such as volts or ohms

and are independent of the magnitude of the input signal being measured.

• Precision describes the reproducibility of the measurement. For example, measure a steady

state signal many times. In this case if the values are close together then it has a high degree of

precision or repeatability. The values do not have to be the true values just grouped together.

Take the average of the measurements and the difference is between it and the true value is

accuracy.

•



Resolution can be expressed in two ways:

1. It is the ratio between the maximum signal measured to the smallest part that can be

resolved - usually with an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter.

2. It is the degree to which a change can be theoretically detected, usually expressed as a

number of bits. This relates the number of bits of resolution to the actual voltage

measurements.

Sensitivity is an absolute quantity, the smallest absolute amount of change that can be

detected by a measurement. Consider a measurement device that has a ±1.0 volt input range

and ±4 counts of noise, if the A/D converter resolution is 212 the peak-to-peak sensitivity will

be ±4 counts x (2 ÷ 4096) or ±1.9mV p-p. This will dictate how the sensor responds. For

example, take a sensor that is rated for 1000 units with an output voltage of 0-1 volts (V). This

means that at 1 volt the equivalent measurement is 1000 units or 1mV equals one unit.

However the sensitivity is 1.9mV p-p so it will take two units before the input detects a

change.


Unit –I Different Measuring Instruments


Unit –II Measurement of Resistance


Unit –II Measurement of Resistance

• The essential function of every earthing system is to provide a dependable, low resistance

connection with the bulk of the earth using one or more earth electrodes, which typically take

the form of rods or mats. All earthing systems are designed to achieve this, bearing in mind the

requirements of the application, such as the level of prospective earth fault current they may be

required to handle. Nevertheless, the efficiency of earth systems is affected by so many hard-

to-control variables, such as soil type and moisture content, that it is always essential for the

performance of new systems to be verified by rigorous testing during commissioning.


Unit –III Energy Flow Diagram

Definition & applications

Energy Flow Diagram (often also

referred to as Energy Flow Charts) are

used to show energy and energy

transformation visually and quantitatively.

This may include primary energy used as

raw fuels to feed into a system, energy

supply, conversion or transformation,

losses and energy being used.

they are frequently used in practice for the

following applications:

Energy flow chart of a country (national

energy balance)

Energy flows in a region (generation,

transformation & consumption)

corporate energy flows (in a company,

site or plant)

Energy streams in a technical

process (energy efficiency)

Subject Code :6DEE05 Course Name :PolyItechnic

Unit –III A.C. Bridges


• The construction of the bridges is very simple. The bridge has four arms, one AC supply

source and the balance detector. It works on the principle that the balance ratio of the

impedances will give the balance condition to the circuit which is determined by the null

detector.

Unit –III Cathode Ray oscilloscope


Unit –III Block diagram representation of instrumentation system


Unit –IV Transducers

Transducer is a device that converts energy from one form to another. Usually a

transducer converts a signal in one form of energy to a signal in another.

Transducers are often employed at the boundaries of automation, measurement,

and control systems, where electrical signals are converted to and from other

physical quantities (energy, force, torque, light, motion, position, etc.). The process

of converting one form of energy to another is known as transduction


Unit –IV Classification of Transducer


Unit –IV LVDT

LVDT is an acronym for Linear Variable Differential Transformer. It is a common type of

electromechanical transducer that can convert the rectilinear motion of an object to which it is

coupled mechanically into a corresponding electrical signal.


Unit –V Instrument Transformers


Instrument Transformers are used in AC system for measurement of electrical quantities

i.e. voltage, current, power, energy, power factor, frequency.

Instrument transformers are also used with protective relays for protection of power system.

Basic function of Instrument transformers is to step down the AC System voltage and

current. The voltage and current level of power system is very high. It is very difficult and

costly to design the measuring instruments for measurement of such high level voltage and

current. Generally measuring instruments are designed for 5 A and 110 V.

Unit –V Instrumentation Transformers

• A current transformer (CT) is a type of transformer that is used to reduce or multiply

an alternating current (AC). It produces a current in its secondary which is proportional to the

current in its primary.

• Current transformers, along with voltage or potential transformers, are instrument

transformers. Instrument transformers scale the large values of voltage or current to small,

standardized values that are easy to handle for measuring instruments and protective relays.

The instrument transformers isolate measurement or protection circuits from the high voltage

of the primary system. A current transformer provides a secondary current that is accurately

proportional to the current flowing in its primary. The current transformer presents a

negligible load to the primary circuit.

• Current transformers are the current-sensing units of the power system and are used at

generating stations, electrical substations, and in industrial and commercial electric power

distribution.


Unit –V Potential Transformer

• Definition – The potential transformer may be defined as an instrument transformer used

for the transformation of voltage from a higher value to the lower value. This transformer

step down the voltage to a safe limit value which can be easily measured by the ordinary

low voltage instrument like a voltmeter, wattmeter and watt-hour meters, etc.

•


TEXT BOOKS

Electrical Measurement & Instruments by J.B.Gupta

Electrical Measurement by E.W.Golding

REFERENCE BOOKS:

Electrical and Electronics Measurement and Instrumentation by A.K.Sawhney.

Instrument and System by Rangan & Sharma

• Faculty Name: Er.Ajay Singh

• Email id: [email protected]


References


Unit No Description

I Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship Support System & Setting up SSI

II Raw Material Management, Marketing Facilities , Financial Sources for SSI

III Contracts and Tenders , Project Report , ISO : 9000 Series of Quality System

IV Principles of Management , Human Resources Development , Wages and

Incentives

V Marketing Management , Tax System and Insurance , Labour Legislation and

Pollution Control Acts

Management & Entrepreneurship


Aim and Objective: The student will gain insight about energy analysis, energy audit of industrial systems, energy management, conservation techniques

Unit –I Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship Support System & Setting up SSI

Contents

Entrepreneurship :Role of entrepreneurship and its advantage ,Classification of industries

(based on scale), Classification of industries (based on type), New industrial policy, M.R.T.P.

act, Product identification/ selection, Site selection , Plant layout, Institutional support needed,

Pre-market survey

Entrepreneurship Support System: Role of District Industries Centre in setting up industry,

Function of NSIC, SISI, NISIET, NRDC, SSIC, SIDO, NMTC, KVIC, RSMDC, Role of state

finance corporation, state electricity board, pollution control board, RAJCON, BIS, I.S.O. etc.

Setting up SSI :Registration of SSI ,Allotment of land by RIICO, Preparation of project

report, Structure of organization, Building construction, Establishment of machines



Entrepreneurship :

Entrepreneurship refers to all those activities which are to be carried out by a person to establish

and to run the business enterprises in accordance with the changing social, political and economic

environments. Entrepreneurship includes activities relating to the anticipation of the consumers

likes and dislikes, feelings and behaviors, tastes and fashions and the introduction of business

ventures to meet out all these expectations of the consumers.

Entrepreneurship is considered as a new product ‘that would enable businessmen to develop new

form of business organization and new business activities catering to the changing needs of the

society. The liberalization of cultural rigidities are mainly due to this new product ‗

entrepreneurship ‘Entrepreneurship is the ability of entrepreneurs to assess the risks and establish

businesses which are risky but at the same time suits perfectly to the changing scenarios of the

economy.

There are many meanings of the term entrepreneurship‘. After attentively discussing all the

available ones, we can conclude that entrepreneurship is a system of operating business in which

opportunities existing within the scope of a market are exploited. Self-employment necessitates

that any available opportunities within the economic system should be utilized in the creation and

functioning of new organizations. A potential entrepreneur should show the interest to seek out

investment opportunities in the market, so that they can run the enterprise successfully based on the

identifiable opportunities. Thus, going through the above responsibilities of an entrepreneur, the

term entrepreneurship‘ has been finally defined as a function which covers multiple functions such

as:



Building organizations.

Providing self-employment

Utilization of available resources

Innovation applied to the novel concept

Bringing together multiple factors of production in a tangible manner.

Identifying and exploiting business opportunities within the available market.

Entrepreneur: Entrepreneurs are business people who can detect and sense the availability of

business opportunities in any given scenario. They will utilize these opportunities to create

new products by employing new production methods in different markets. They will also

function in different ways by using various resources who will give them profit. It is important

to note that although most entrepreneurial businesses start small, the owners of such businesses

need not be small scale owners. They could in fact be big business owners, who first try and

test the waters before investing big time in the business. Small business owners dread risk, but

successful entrepreneurs are very innovative and know how to operate profitably in a business

environment, even if the risk is very high.


Unit –I Entrepreneurship Support System

India is second among all nations in total entrepreneurship activity as per the Global

Entrepreneurship Monitor Report 2002. The liberalization of the economy since 1991 has paved

the way for a huge number of people to become entrepreneurs. Developing countries like India

are striving to be outward looking global economies rather than inward looking local economies.

This will be possible only if small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) are encouraged.

Entrepreneurship can be cultivated among the present youth and it can be developed

systematically with the help of support system. The post-globalization era has brought with it a

growing middle class and rising disposable incomes. This presents tremendous opportunities for

developing entrepreneurship. The emerging entrepreneurs can reap the benefits of these

opportunities by catering to various demands of this segment through their small scale industries.

Small scale industries: An industrial undertaking in which the investment in fixed assets in plant

and machinery whether held on ownership basis or on hire purchase does not exceed Rs. 5 Crore

can be termed as small scale industrial undertaking.

Medium scale undertaking: Units with investment in plant and machinery in excess of SSI limit

and up to Rs. 10 crore may be treated as Medium scale enterprises.

The small scale industries are of two types, traditional and modern. The traditional small scale

industries include khadi and handloom, village industries, handicrafts, sericulture, coir etc.

Modern small industries manufacture a wide variety of goods from simple items to sophisticated

items like television sets, electronic control system, various engineering products, particularly as

ancillaries to large industries.


Unit –I Setting up SSI

Introduction : Definitions of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises is defined in accordance with the

provision of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises Development (MSMED) Act, 2006 the Micro,

Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME). Small Scale and ancillary units (i.e. undertaking with

investment in plant and machinery of less than Rs. 10 million) should seek registration with the

Director of Industries of the concerned State Government. The main purpose of registration of

SSI or MSME is to maintain statistics and to maintain a not e of such units for providing support

and incentives for these companies. States have generally adopted a uniform registration method

for registering these companies but since this is a State list subject and they use the registration

to implement their own scheme, so it is possible that in some states have slight modification

from the general procedure provided below and some states may have a “SIDO registration

scheme” and a “state registration scheme”.

• PROCEDURE FOR REGISTRATION

• Eligibility

• All Micro & Small Enterprises which are registered with the Director of Industries (DI)/District

Industries Centre (DIC) as manufacturing/service enterprises or having Acknowledgement of

Entrepreneurs Memorandum (EM Part-II) are eligible for registration with NSIC under its Single

Point Registration Scheme (SPRS).

• Micro & Small Enterprises who have already commenced their commercial production but not

completed one year of existence. The Provisional Registration Certificate can be issued to such

Micro & Small Enterprises under Single Point Registration scheme with monitory limit,

minimum amount of money to be invested, of Rs. 5 Lacs which shall be valid for the period of

one year only from the date of issue after levying the registration fee and obtaining the requisite

documents.


Unit –II Raw Material Management, Marketing Facilities , Financial Sources for SSI

Contents

• Raw Material Management : Allotment of iron and steel, coke/ coal, Allotment of other

indigenous raw material from NSIC, Allotment of imported raw material and parts.

• Marketing Facilities :Supply of product to state govt, to defence, to railways, to CSPO, to

CSD, Participation in international exhibition and fairs, trade centres, state emporium and

departmental stores ,Quality consciousness and its effect on product sales

• Financial Sources for SSI : Various institutions providing loans for industries ,Various types

of loans, Subsidies


Unit –II Raw Material Management

Contents

Raw Materials Management

Purchasing, receiving, storing and transporting raw materials for the production of samples

can be very labor intensive. In addition to the labor cost, these tasks also increase the time it

takes to replenish your material swatches and sales literature. And longer cycle times mean

higher inventory levels and costs.

Leed Samples & Fulfillment can greatly simplify and streamline the purchasing and

management of raw materials, allowing you to reduce inventory levels and save money.

If you give us ordering authority on behalf of your company, Leed can place materials orders

directly with your suppliers. We do all the legwork, chase the paperwork, and do the follow-

up to make sure the right materials are received in the right quantities, at the right location,

and at the right time.

Materials orders can be further reduced by storing small quantities of the raw materials at

Leed Fulfillment – eliminating the procurement and transportation delays normally associated

with replenishment orders.


Unit –II Marketing Facilities

Contents

• Marketing Facility Services

• All facility management employees are in a position to market facility services in their contact and conduct with customers. In this respect, customer service is vital. The terms “marketing” and “customer service” are not synonymous, however. While customer service provides opportunities to reinforce positive images of a facility management department, marketing involves first researching who your customers are and then selling and promoting facility services to them. The main responsibility falls on the shoulders of the facility management department leader.

• All facility managers should understand the following basic concepts of marketing:

• Know the market Know each customer type, what its needs are, and how it perceives facility management. Know and anticipate its needs.

• Know the facility management department’s strengths and weaknesses Understand where you do well, and where you fall short. To do this, we should identify what skills are involved in marketing, whether we perform any or all of them, and how well we perform them.

• Develop a marketing plan that serves as a road map.

• Recognize the importance of quality customer serviceEvery facility staff member must realize how every interaction with a customer can serve marketing objectives and foster a positive image of the facility management department.


Unit –II Marketing Facilities

Contents

Sources of Finance for Small Scale Industries: Traditional and Modern Source!

While some of the above-mentioned sources also provide funds for small-scale industries it may be useful to make a separate mention of their sources of funds, as these industries differ from large-scale industries in such important matters as organization, scale of production, collateral/security etc. sources are both traditional and modern and both are important.

(A) Traditional Sources:

An important traditional source of finance is the moneylender. He predominates in the rural areas, and is of some significance in urban areas also.

ADVERTISEMENTS:

However, in urban areas it is the indigenous banker who does much of the financing of small industries. Considerable finance flows from these sources.

These sources are also important because these often come to the aid of these industries at critical times and that too with little fuss. Their relations with small industrialists are very close indeed.

(B) Modern Sources:

As for modem sources are concerned, there are several institutions in the field. To begin, with one may mention those almost exclusively meant for small industries (and also medium Industries). These are e.g., the State Financial Corporation, set up in several states and in operation since 1951.


Unit –III Contracts and Tenders , Project Report , ISO : 9000 Series of Quality System

Contents

• Contracts and Tenders : Type of contracts ,Necessity of contract and tenders ,Type of

tenders ,Tendering procedure

• Project Report : Procedure of preparing a project report ,Format of project report

,Preparation of project report for some SSI items

• ISO : 9000 Series of Quality System : Definition of few important terms related to ISO

quality system ,Various models for quality assurance in ISO : 9000 series ,Various elements of

ISO : 9001 model (20 points), Benefits by becoming an ISO : 9000 company, Introduction to

total quality management (TQM)


Unit –III Contracts and Tenders

A contract is a legally binding document that recognizes and governs the rights and duties of the parties to the agreement. A contract is legally enforceable because it meets the requirements and approval of the law. A contract typically involves the exchange of goods, service, money, or promise of any of those. "Breach of contract", means that the law will have to award the injured party either the access to legal remedies such as damages or cancellation.

In the Anglo-American common law, formation of a contract generally requires an offer, acceptance, consideration, and mutual intent to be bound. Each party must be those who are binding by the contract. Although most oral contracts are binding, some types of contracts may require formalities such as being in writing or by deed.

In the civil law tradition, contract law is a branch of the law of obligations.

Each country recognized by private international law has its own national system of law to govern contracts. Although systems of contract law might have similarities, they may contain significant differences. Accordingly, many contracts contain a choice of law clause and a jurisdiction clause. These provisions set the laws of the country which will govern the contract, and the country or other forum in which disputes will be resolved, respectively. Failing express agreement on such matters in the contract itself, countries have rules to determine the law governing the contract and the jurisdiction for disputes. For example, European Member States apply Article 4 of the Rome I Regulation to decide the law governing the contract, and the Brussels I Regulation to decide jurisdiction


Unit –III Contracts and Tenders

What Is a Tender?

A tender is an invitation to bid for a project or accept a formal offer such as a takeover bid. Tendering usually refers to the process whereby governments and financial institutions invite bids for large projects that must be submitted within a finite deadline. The term also refers to the process whereby shareholders submit their shares or securities in response to a takeover offer.

How a Tender Works

For projects or procurements, most institutions have a well-defined tender process, as well as processes to govern the opening, evaluation, and final selection of the vendors. This ensures that the selection process is fair and transparent. When it comes to tender offers for takeover attempts, the conditions of the offer are clearly listed and include the purchase price, the number of shares requested, and a deadline for a response.

A request for tender (RFT) is a formal and structured invitation to suppliers to submit competitive bids to supply raw materials, products, or services. Because this is a public and open process, laws were created to govern the process to ensure fair competition among bidders.

For example, without laws, bribery and nepotism may flourish. Tender services are available for potential bidders and include a wide range of tenders from private and public sources. These services include crafting suitable bids, coordinating the process to ensure deadlines are met, and ensuring compliance with applicable laws.


Unit –III, Project Report

Project Report is a written document relating to any investment. It contains data on the basis of which the project has been appraised and found feasible. It consists of information on economic, technical, financial, managerial and production aspects. It enables the entrepreneur to know the inputs and helps him to obtain loans from banks or financial Institutions.

The project report contains detailed information about Land and buildings required, Manufacturing Capacity per annum, Manufacturing Process, Machinery & equipment along with their prices and specifications, Requirements of raw materials, Requirements of Power & Water, Manpower needs, Marketing Cost of the project, production, financial analyses and economic viability of the project.

Contents of a Project Report

General Information

Executive Summary

Organization Summary

Project Description

Marketing Plan

Cap Management Plan

Management Plan

Financial Aspects, Technical Aspects

Project Implementation


Unit –III ISO : 9000 Series of Quality System

• What Is the ISO 9000 Standards Series?

• Quality Glossary Definition: ISO 9000 series standards

• ISO 9000 is defined as a set of international standards on quality management and quality assurance developed to help companies effectively document the quality system elements needed to maintain an efficient quality system. They are not specific to any one industry and can be applied to organizations of any size.

• ISO 9000 can help a company satisfy its customers, meet regulatory requirements, and achieve continual improvement. It should be considered to be a first step or the base level of a quality system.

• ISO 9000 vs. 9001

• 30 years of ISO 9000

• ISO 9000 resources ISO 9000 Vs. 9001

• ISO 9000 is a series, or family, of quality management standards, while ISO 9001 is a standard within the family. The ISO 9000 family of standards also contains an individual standard named ISO 9000. This standard lays out the fundamentals and vocabulary for quality management systems (QMS).

• ISO 9000 series of Standards

• The ISO 9000 family contains these standards:

• ISO 9001:2015: Quality Management Systems - Requirements

• ISO 9000:2015: Quality Management Systems - Fundamentals and Vocabulary (definitions)

• ISO 9004:2018: Quality Management - Quality of an Organization - Guidance to Achieve Sustained Success (continuous improvement)

• ISO 19011:2018: Guidelines for Auditing Management Systems


Unit –III ISO : 9000 Series of Quality System

• ASQ is the only place where organizations can obtain the American National Standard

Institute (ANSI) versions of these standards in the ISO 9000 family.

• ISO 9000 history and revisions: ISO 9000:2000, 2008, and 2015

• ISO 9000 was first published in 1987 by the International Organization for Standardization

(ISO), a specialized international agency for standardization composed of the national

standards bodies of more than 160 countries. The standards underwent major revisions in

2000 and 2008. The most recent versions of the standard, ISO 9000:2015 and ISO 9001:2015,

were published in September 2015.

• ASQ administers the U.S. Technical Advisory Groups and subcommittees that are responsible

for developing the ISO 9000 family of standards. In its standards development work, ASQ is

accredited by ANSI.

• ISO 9000:2000

• ISO 9000:2000 refers to the ISO 9000 update released in the year 2000.

• The ISO 9000:2000 revision had five goals:

• Meet stakeholder needs

• Be usable by all sizes of organizations

• Be usable by all sectors

• Be simple and clearly understood

• Connect quality management system to business processes


Unit –IV Principles of Management , Human Resources Development , Wages and Incentives

• Principles of Management :Management, administration and organization, difference

between them. Scientific management : Meaning, characteristics, object and advantage :

Taylor's scientific management ,Fayol’s principles of management, functions of management

• ,Types of ownership, sole trading, partnership, joint stock, co-operative and public enterprise ,

Types of organization, different types and their charts, Importance of human relation

professional ethics, Need for leadership, leadership qualities, Motivation

• Human Resources Development : Introduction, object and functions of human resource

development department, Recruitment, sources and methods of selection, need for effective

training, method of training, duties of supervisor / Formen, role of HRD in industries.

• Wages and Incentives : Definition and requirements of a good wage system methods of wage

payment ,Wage incentives - type of incentive, difference in wage incentive and bonus.

incentive to supervisor.


Contents

Unit –IV Principles of Management

14 Principles of Management

According to Henri Fayol, there are 14 Principles of Management that forms the basis for successful management. These are the outcomes of observations and study of various events managers often experience.

1. Division of Work

This principle of management is applicable to both managerial and technical activities. It states that every employee has a different set of skills that differs from other employee. On the basis of their expertise, employees can be distinguished within the knowledge areas. According to Fayol, expertise promotes efficiency of the employees and boost productivity. Moreover, it also increases speed and precision of the workforce. This management principle of the 14 principles of management is applicable to both technical and managerial activities.

2. Authority and Responsibility

Management is authorized in any organization to give orders to its workforce to get things done. And with this authority comes responsibility. This means that authority and responsibility are the two sides of a coin and should go together. Henri Fayol during his studies realized that authority or power grants managers the right to give orders to the subordinates. The responsibility can be measured from the performance and therefore it is important to make agreements about this.

3. Discipline

This third principle of the 14 management principles speaks about obedience which is often considered as a part of the “major values of a mission and vision in the form of good conduct and respectful interactions”. Discipline or obedience is very essential for any organization to run smoothly.



4. Unity of Command

This principle of management implies that employees are answerable to the manager ordering them. This is an important principle because tasks and responsibilities given to an employee by more than one manager may lead to confusion. This can further lead to conflicts for employees.

5. Unity of Direction

This management principle is all about focus and unity. All activities that are related to each other should be categorized as one unit and carried out by one group as a team. Managers should describe these activities in a plan of action and take responsibility for this plan. In addition, the manager is the one to monitor the progress of the defined activities.

6. Subordination of Individual Interest to Mutual Interest

Every individual in any organization has their own individual interest. However, for smooth functioning of an organization, it is a must that these individual interests be considered as subordinate to the interest (ethics) of the organization. This means that everybody in the organization should focus more on the organizational objectives and not on those of the individual and that this principle is applied to all, from employees to the managers.



7. Remuneration

Motivation and productivity should go together for the smooth running of an organization. This principle argues that remuneration offered to the employees should be sufficient enough to keep them motivated and productive. Henri categorized remuneration under two types: non-monetary (a compliment, more responsibilities, credits) and monetary (compensation, bonus or other financial compensation).

8. The Degree of Centralization

The amount of power exercised by the central management depends on the size of a company. Centralization refers to the extent of decision making authority at the top management.

9. Scalar Chain

Hierarchy is an important aspect of any organization varying from senior management to the lowest levels. This management principle implies that there should be a clear line in the area of authority at various levels of management.

10. Order

According to this principle, every employee in an organization should have right resources to use so that they can work well in their company. In addition to responsibility of the managers (social order) the work environment must be safe, tidy and clean.

11. Equity

According to Henri Fayol’s Equity principle, workforce must be treated equally and nicely. In addition, employees must be at the right place in the organization to do things correctly. Managers should administer and monitor this process treating their employees impartially and fairly.



12. Stability of Tenure of Personnel

This management principle represents managing and deployment of workers. This should be in equilibrium with the service that is offered by the organization. Management should try to minimize employee turnover and make sure to have the right team in the right place. Major areas such as frequent change of position, sufficient development, etc. must be managed well

13. Initiative

According to Henri Fayol, taking this management principle into account, employees should be allowed to express their own innovative ideas. This is really important as t encourages their interest and involvement creating added value for the organization. Employee ideas and their ideas can acts as a source of strength for the organization.

14. Esprit de Corps

The principle ‘esprit de corps’ stands for striving the participation and unity of its people. It says that it is the responsibility of managers to develop morale in the workplace, at the individual level and even in the area of communication. Esprit de corps adds to the expansion of the culture and creates an atmosphere of mutual trust and understanding.

These 14 management principles of management are useful tools for organization management, planning, forecasting, process management, decision-making, coordination and control.


Unit –V Marketing Management , Tax System and Insurance , Labour Legislation and Pollution Control Ac

• Marketing Management : Concept of Marketing ,Problems of Marketing, Pricing

policy, Distribution channels and methods of marketing

• Tax System and Insurance :

• Idea of income tax, sales tax, excise duty and custom duty , Industrial and fire

insurance, procedure for industrial insurance.

• Labour Legislation and Pollution Control Acts : Industrial acts : factory act 1948

,Workmen's compensation act 1923, Apprentices act 1961, Water pollution contract act

1974 and 1981



Tax system - a legal system for assessing and collecting taxes. legal system - a system for

interpreting and enforcing the laws.

The term "labour legislation" or "labour laws" is used to denote that body of laws which deal

with employment and non-employment wages, working conditions, industrial relations, social

security and labour welfare of industrially employed persons.


Marketing management is the organizational discipline which focuses on the practical application

of marketing orientation, techniques and methods inside enterprises and organizations and on the

management of a firm's marketing resources and activities


Pollution control

Pollution control is the process of reducing or eliminating the release of pollutants into

the environment . It is regulated by various environmental agencies which establish

pollutant discharge limits for air, water, and land.

Air pollution control strategies can be divided into two categories, the control

of particulate emissions and the control of gaseous emissions. There are many kinds of

equipment which can be used to reduce particulate emissions. Physical separation of the

particulates from the air using settling chambers, cyclone collectors, impingers, wet scrubbers ,

electrostatic precipitators, and filtration devices, are all processes that are typically employed.

Settling chambers use gravity separation to reduce particulate emissions. The air stream is

directed through a settling chamber, which is relatively long and has a large cross section,

causing the velocity of the air stream to be greatly decreased and allowing sufficient time for the

settling of solid particles.


TEXT BOOKS

1. Industrial Management by V.K. Sharma & O.P. Harkut

2. Industrial Engg. & Management by O.P. Khanana

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Hand Book of Small Scale Industry by P.M. Bhandari

2. Hand Book on Entrepreneurship Development by O.P. Harkut

Faculty Name: Er.R.P.Sharma

Email id: [email protected]

Contact Number: 7665220534

References


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