SUMMIT 1 – REVIEW AND EXTRA PRACTICE

PROF. JENDRY BARRIOS

Will would

Can could

May might

Must had to

Have to had to

Would would

Could could

Might might

Should should

Ought to ought to

Perfect modals (modal + have + past participle)

Mo

da

ls t

ha

t b

ack

sh

ift

Mo

da

ls th

at d

on

’t ba

ck

sh

iftWhen a reporting verb is in a past form, the verb in the indirect

speech statement usually changes or backshifts.

In indirect speech, pronouns, possessives, demonstratives, and

expressions of time and place change in order to preserve the

speaker’s meaning.

MODALS THAT BACKSHIFT

“I’ll be there by six.” I said (that) I would be there by six.

“You must come on time.” She said (that) they had to come on time.

“You have to pay in cash.” They told me (that) I had to pay in cash.

MODALS THAT DON’T BACKSHIFT

“You should hurry.” She told him (that) he should hurry.

“He might call tonight.” He said (that) he might call that night.

“You ought to try this.” They told us (that) we ought to try that.

PERFECT MODALS

“We must have forgotten.” He said (that) they must have forgotten.

“You should have come.” He said to me (that) I should have come.

“He may have been sick.” They said (that) he may have been sick.

SAY

• To report statements

• He said he would have gone if he had been told.

• She said to the press that they couldn’t alter her exact words.

• INCORRECT: She said the press that they couldn’t alter her exact words.

TELL

• To report statements

• She told the press that she completely disagreed with the president.

• INCORRECT: She told that she completely disagreed with the president.

• INCORRECT: She told to the press that she completely disagreed with the president.

ASK

• To report questions

• He asked me if I should be home before ten.

• Hellen asked her mother what she wanted for Christmas.

• INCORRECT: He asked to me if I should be home before ten.

• INCORRECT: He asked me that if I should be home before ten.

• INCORRECT: Hellen asked her mother what did she want for Christmas.

Very certain

Clearly

It’s obvious

There’s no

question

Almost certain

Most likely

Probably

I’ll bet

Somewhat certain

I guess

I imagine

I suppose

Not certain

Maybe

It’s possible

It could be

I’ll bet the

elevator

isn’t

working.

Modal HavePast

participle

Perfect Modal in

Active Voice

Modal Have BeenPast

participle

Perfect Modal in Passive Voice

I can’t find my car keys. I must have dropped them somewhere.

Notice that we use the active voice when the subject or doer of the action is both known and

important. The subject of the sentence does the action expressed by the verb.

I can’t find my car. I parked it here a couple of ours ago. My car must have been stolen!

Notice that we use the passive voice when we focus on the action. The doer of the action is either

unknown or unimportant. The subject of the sentence receives the action expressed by the verb.

PRACTICE

1 •Scroll down and do the exercises. (Click here)

2 •Choose the right option. Then click on NEXT to advance. (Click here)

3 •Report the questions. (Click here)

4 •Fill in the correct perfect modal. (Click here)

5 •Fill in the correct perfect modal. (Click here)

6 •Choose the correct answer for each gap. (Click here)

7 •Choose the correct answer for each gap. (Click here)

8 •Choose the correct option. (Click here)

9 •Follow the instructions. (Click here)

10 •Follow the instructions. (Click here)

11 •Follow the instructions. (Click here)

Directions: Click on the links and do the exercises.