summary preliminary report on an archaeological...

Tarbet, Loch Lomond, Argyll and Bute

Firat Archaeological Services 1

CONTENTS PAGE Figure 1: Site Location Plan 3 Introduction 4 Desk Based Study The Statistical Accounts 5 Clan MacFarlane 5 Tarbet Hotel 7 The Maps 8 Figure 2: 1860 First Edition Ordnance Survey Map 10 Figure 3: 1918 Third Edition Ordnance Survey Map 11 Figure 4: Local map showing lay out of 1900s Golf Course 12 The Archaeological Evaluation Introduction 13 Figure 5: Site Plan showing trench locations and archaeological features 14 Figure 6: Sketch Plan of the Hotel Garden 15 The Garden 16 The Pond 18 The Tanks 19 The Excavation Trenches 20 Trench 1 20 Trench 2 20 Figure 7: Photograph of Trench 1 as excavated 22 Figure 8: Photograph of Trench 2 as excavated 22 Trench 3 23 Trench 4 23 Figure 9: Photograph of Trench 3 as excavated 25 Figure 10: Photograph of Trench 4 as excavated 25 Figure 11: Photograph of Features 3 and 4 in Trench 4 in section 26 Figure 12: Photograph of Trench 5 as excavated 26 Trench 5 27 Trench 6 27 Figure 13: Photograph of Trench 6 as excavated 28 Figure 14: Photograph of Trench 7 as excavated 28 Figure 15: Photograph of pit F3 Trench 7 29 Figure 16: Photograph of Trench 8 as excavated 29 Trench 7 30 Trench 8 30 Figure 17: Photograph of Trench 8 sondage section 32 Figure 18: Photograph of Trench 9 as excavated 32 Trench 9 33 Trench 10 34 Figure 19: Photograph of Trench 9 sondage section 35 Figure 20: Photograph of Trench 10 as excavated 35 Trench 11 36 Trench 12 36 Figure 21: Photograph of Trench 11 as excavated 37



CONTENTS PAGE Figure 22: Photograph of Trench 12 as excavated 37 Trench 13 38 Trench 14 38 Trench 15 38 Figure 23: Photograph of Trench 12 natural drainage feature 39 Figure 24: Photograph of Trench 13 as excavated 39 Trench 16 40 Figure 25: Photograph of Trench 14 as excavated 41 Figure 26: Photograph of Trench 15 as excavated 41 Figure 27: Photograph of Trench 16 as excavated 42 Figure 28: Photograph of Trench 16 showing concentration of drains 42 for the golf tee and green Trench 17 43 Trench 18 43 Figure 29: Photograph of Trench 17 as excavated 45 Figure 30: Photograph of Trench 18 as excavated 45 Figure 31: Photograph of Trench 18 hearth F4 pre-excavation 46 Figure 32: Photograph of Trench 18 hearth F4 excavated in section 46 Trench 19 47 Trench 20 47 Figure 33: Photograph of Trench 19 as excavated 48 Figure 34: Photograph of Trench 20 as excavated 48 Trench 21 49 Trench 22 49 Trench 23 50 Figure 35: Photograph of Trench 21 as excavated 51 Figure 36: Photograph of Trench 22 as excavated 51 Trench 24 52 Trench 25 53 Figure 37: Photograph of Trench 23 as excavated 54 Figure 38: Photograph of Trench 24 as excavated 54 Figure 39: Photograph of Trench 24 section 55 Figure 40: Photograph of Trench 25 as excavated 55 Summary and Conclusions 56 Mitigation Strategy 57 Discovery and Excavation in Scotland entry 59 Acknowledgements 60 Bibliography 60 Maps 62 Archive 62 Contents and Location of the Archive 62 Report Distribution 62 Drawings List 63 Photograph Lists 64 Contact Addresses 68



Figure 1: Site Location Plan



Introduction An archaeological evaluation in advance of the determination of planning consent for new visitor facilities has been undertaken at Tarbet, Loch Lomond. The site covers an area of 10 acres and is located on the W side of the A82 and encompasses the site of the old petrol filling station and the field immediately to the S and W of this. The site is centred at NGR NN 318 044. The area of the filling station is now a level hard surfaced area often used for car parking, to the W of the filling station site is an overgrown garden that used to be the fruit and vegetable garden for the Tarbet Hotel, the field to the south is rough pasture and Juncus grass, indicative of boggy ground, dominates the field. The main field slopes from W to E from c.55m aod to c.22m aod and there are a number of natural glacial terraces running NW-SE around the slope in the field and two, possibly three artificial knolls, two concrete capped water tanks and a pond with stone revetment and earthen banks were identified prior to the excavation work. To the W of the filling station site the First Edition Ordnance Survey map identifies a garden area and this part of the site contains remains of the 19th – 20 century garden and the demolished remains of a stone cottage. The British Geological Survey Map identifies the geological strata as Upper Dalridian metamorphic quartz-mica-schist, grit, slate and phyllite with intrusions of rhyolite, trachyte, feslsite, elvans and allied types The archaeological evaluation took place between 20 September and 11 October 2004. The weather conditions throughout the evaluation excavations were very poor and dominated by heavy and persistent rain with only one dry day and a couple of days when the showers were intermittent. Torrential rain hampered progress with trenches flooding within a few hours of excavation or overnight and identified archaeological features lying under standing water. This report details the results of the archaeological evaluation and makes recommendations for further archaeological mitigation work at the site during development.



Desk Based Study The desk based study has assessed both map evidence and written sources and has been aided by local knowledge from several sources, principally Mrs Mary Haggarty. Tarbet is located at the E end of Tarbet Glen which runs between Tarbet on Loch Lomond and Arrochar on Loch Long. The glen is, as its name suggests a tarbet suitable for boat portage. The Vikings are recorded as having dragged fifty longships from Loch Long to Loch Lomond in 1263 when they raided on Loch Lomond before the Battle of Largs. The Statistical Accounts of Scotland describe the area at the end of the 18th century and in the early to mid 19th century and a summary of the descriptions is given below.

First Statistical Account of Arrochar Parish 1791 by Reverend John Gillespie In 1791 the population was 379 people and the main occupations after subsistence farming were repairing the military roads with the soldiers, building dykes, manufacturing timber and barks or herring fishing. Peat was the main fuel with those living on Loch Long using coal brought from Glasgow. At Loch Lomond there was a large oak wood which was coppiced every 20 to 24 years so that only a few standards remained. Both English and Gaelic were spoken with Gaelic prevalent. The MacFarlanes whose “ferocity was a prominent feature of their character” had resisted the breakdown of the clan system but by 1791 were described as “civil, well bred, honest and industrious”. Second Statistical Account of Arrochar Parish, 1839 by Reverend Peter Proudfoot There was 14 miles of coast along Loch Lomond and Tarbet Isle, Inveruglas Isle and Ellan Vhow were considered part of the parish. White hares and ptarmigan lived on Ben Vorlich and Loch Lomond provided a variety of fish. Several sheep farms raised excellent quality stock. Several years ago a plague of caterpillars had destroyed the foliage of the oak woods. The parish belonged almost entirely to Luss Estate and the population had increased to 560 largely as a result of smaller farms having been established. John McMurrich owned the small estate of Stukgoun (Stuckgowan) and he paid the private schoolmaster's annual salary. English and Gaelic were both spoken though many people could no longer speak Gaelic and it would soon die out. The extensive oak woods were regularly thinned, in good order and generated around £300 a year. Steam boats plied Loch Lomond from May to October. A new inn had been built at Arrochar to accommodate the tourist trade. Tarbet is within the ancestral lands of Clan MacFarlan and a brief summary of the Clan history is given here for background information. Clan MacFarlane Clan MacFarlane are said to be descended from Parlan (Anglicised to Bartholomew) whose great grandfather Gilchrist was a younger son of Alwyn, the second Earl of Lennox. Malduin, 3rd Earl of Lennox granted his brother Gilchrist lands at Arrochar in c. 1230 AD. The MacFarlanes are reputed to have fought a great battle with the Viking raiders (who were on a detour on their way to fight at the Battle of Largs) in 1263 at Ballyhennan just to the W of Tarbet village where there is an ancient burial ground.



Noted cattle thieves and practisers of blackmail, an ancient Scottish extortion racket for the protection of cattle herds, they occupied the land around the north west of Loch Lomond over to Arrochar from the 13th century. The clan’s motto is “This I’ll Defend” and the battle cry is “Loch Sloy”. The tune played on the bagpipes when the clan gathered is called “Lifting the Cattle” and the moon was known as MacFarlane’s Lantern.

Duncan MacFarlane, son of Duncan MacFarlane, was granted the islands of Elanvow, Elanvanow, Elandouglas and Elaig sometime before 1425 by Duncan Earl of Lennox. The identification of Elanvanow and Elaig is uncertain.

An example of the MacFarlane’s raiding lifestyle is the record of what they pillaged during a raid to Faslane and Little Balernock on Garelochside in 1543 - 280 cattle, 80 sheep, 24 goats, 20 horses, 80 stones of cheese, 40 bolls of barley, anybody who tried to stop them was killed. The following year they harried the Colquhouns and killed nine Colquhoun tenants in their beds. The MacFarlanes were assisted on some of these raids by the Dennistouns of Colgrain.

In 1592 Sir Humphrey Colquhoun was killed by the MacFarlanes at Bannachra Castle in Glen Fruin after he had been caught in flagrante delicto with the Chief of MacFarlane’s wife.

However, the MacFarlanes’ cattle lifting and raiding resulted in the clan being proscribed under James VI and I and their lands were forfeited. In 1624 many MacFarlanes were forcibly transported to Aberdeenshire and Banffshire to stop them causing trouble. However, James VI is recorded as having visited Ellan Vhow in gratitude for services rendered by Andrew MacFarlane the 14th Chief (1547-1612) who had fought at the Battle of Langside in 1568 against Mary Queen of Scots with 300 of his clansmen. The Queen’s assassinated husband, Darnley, had been heir to the Lennox and the Darnleys and MacFarlanes were related by marriage. The MacFarlanes were also granted their Coat of Arms for their role in the Battle of Langside.

It was not unusual for clan chiefs to change their allegiances as suited them and while one year they may have been fighting for the crown the next they may have been raiding their neighbours’ cattle and be outlawed.

The 15th chief of MacFarlane, John, built an almshouse at Croit a phuirt or Bruitford on the mainland near Ellan Vhow during the reign of King James VI, (1567 - 1625). Financial provision was made for any traveller who wished to seek shelter there. He also restored the family burial vault at Luss.

The MacFarlanes, under the leadership of Walter MacFarlane, fought under Montrose for Charles I and apart from being fined 3000 marks by the victorious Covenanters his island castle on Inveruglas Isle was twice besieged and eventually destroyed in the mid 17th century by Cromwell’s troops. The chief relocated to the other MacFarlane castle on Ellan Vhow which was built in 1577 by Andrew MacFarlane.

The MacFarlanes also had a castle at Tarbet called Clattochmore which is recorded in 1592 when the Chief of MacFarlane took refuge here after the slaying of Sir Humphrey Colquhoun. The site of this castle is now thought to be occupied by the Old Manse and legend holds that Robert the Bruce built a castle here. Ruins and



foundations of his castle were recorded by Fraser in 1869 but there is now no trace of it to be seen.

In 1658 the new parish of Arrochar was formed and in 1659 Sir John Colquhoun “denuded himself of the tithes” of Arrochar and Chief John MacFarlane, who later distinguished himself at the Battle of Bothwell Brig in 1679, took over the whole responsibility with the duties of providing a church, manse and glebe land. Public worship took place at Pulpit Rock on the shore of Loch Lomond south of Ardlui and continued here regularly until the first parish church of Arrochar was built in 1733. Occasional services continued to be held at the rock until the later 19th century. The rock’s name is Craig an tairibh in Gaelic which means The Bull’s Rock and legend holds that it was dislodged from the hillside by a battle between two rival bulls.

In 1697 Chief John MacFarlane built a new house at Arrochar or New Tarbet and it was here that the famous antiquary Walter MacFarlane, one of the last MacFarlane chiefs, lived in the early 18th century and died in 1767. (see below).

The clan’s fall from fortune was predicted by a seer called McPharick who said that when a black goose settled amongst the laird’s poultry the chiefs would lose all their lands. The black swan came and stayed for three months after which all the MacFarlane lands had to be sold for debts in 1784-85 and the last MacFarlane chief emigrated to America. The direct line of descent died out in 1866 and the estates were inherited by the Colquhouns of Luss in 1836. The Tarbet Hotel The Tarbet Hotel was originally founded as a drovers’ inn in c. 1600 although any trace of this building is now concealed within or under the present hotel. The OS maps show that the hotel was extensively redeveloped in the late 19th century and in the early 20th century it was quite a luxurious establishment with its own golf course, bowling green and curling pond. The field and garden area and site of the old filling station belonged to the Tarbet Hotel until the 1960s. No research into the title deeds of the hotel has been undertaken but we can deduce from the map evidence that the land has been associated with the hotel for at least 150 years and probably longer. An Ordnance Survey benchmark with a value of 21.26m aod is located at the SW corner of the hotel. The Tarbet Hotel is believed to have been an inn since the 1570s. Little is known, without further documentary research, about its specific part on the drove roads but the topographic location of Tarbet makes it a natural stopping off place on the drove roads between Dunbartonshire, Argyll, Stirlingshire and Perthshire. Famous guests include Dr Johnson (1773); Robert Burns (1787) and Wordsworth and Coleridge (1803). Burns is said to have dedicated a poem to the Innkeeper’s daughter and spent his night at the hotel singing and dancing. The First Edition Ordnance Survey map identifies a garden immediately west across the road from the hotel on the site of the old Filling Station and to the W of it. It is reasonable to presume that the inn would always have required a garden and small agricultural holding for the supply of vegetables, dairy products, eggs and meat. The current frontage of the hotel, in Baronial Gothic style, was added in 1882 when the hotel was managed by A H McPherson, at which time the hotel was known as the



Colquhoun Arms. The Tarbet Hotel Co was formed in 1904. It was during this period that the hotel flourished as a holiday destination and the map evidence indicates a bowling green, curling pond and garden, which local historian Haggerty identified as the private property of the hotel. A photograph kept at the hotel shown it is c. 1900 with the field part of the site as a field of grass pasture with cattle on it and the garden area as a garden with the stone cottage / byre. Unfortunately this photograph could not be copied for reproduction here. The hotel kept its own coach and horses to transport steamboat passengers between Loch Lomond and Loch Long up until the 1930s. The ownership of the hotel was taken over by John and Jean Galbraith in 1967 and they added an extension in 1974. It was also during the Galbraiths time that the field and garden and filling station area, the full extent of the development site excluding the public roads, which is all one feu, was separated from the hotel and sold to the petrol station company. The hotel is now in the ownership of Shearings Coaching Company who operate holiday tours throughout Scotland. The Maps Charles Ross’ 1777 map of the County of Dumbartonshire shows only a building marked Public House at Tarbet. The First Edition Ordnance Survey Map of 1860 shows the site as an enclosed field of the same size and shape as it is today, which reflects the development site boundaries. Trees are shown along the NW and W sides of the field and it is divided from the field to the south by a drystone wall. It is separated from the road along its E side by trees and a wall or fence. At the N corner of the site a rectangular enclosed plot laid out as a formal garden is shown. This garden area is shown as having six rectangular beds separated by paths with a centrally placed entrance at the E end, opposite the hotel, with trees adjacent to the road, which follows the same course as today. In the W corner of the field a pond is shown with a burn or drain flowing in at the S and out at the N into a main drain along the NW boundary of the site. This drain is probably a formalised, canalised burn and is a major drainage feature. The next available OS map was the 1918 Third Edition and this map gives the best detailed evidence of the early 20th century use of the site. The pond is still shown as is the main drain along the NW side of the site and the direction of the water flow is annotated. A rectangular structure annotated as Tank is shown in the W corner of the field. The site perimeter is the same as in 1860, as is the road layout. The 1882 alterations to the Tarbet Hotel are reflected in the different ground plan. A new fence has been added to the large field dividing it roughly into two, presumably for management of grazing. The 1918 map shows considerable development of the garden area between 1860 and 1918, it is unfortunate that a Second Edition OS map could not be easily located. The 1918 map shows that the garden has been increased in size and it extends further to the W. An L shaped building with a small room attached to its N side has been added to the W end of the 1860 garden boundary and a driveway and access to the W side of the building is shown. The building is divided from the garden ground by a wall or fence running all the way from the driveway to the main drain at the NW boundary. A further sub rectangular area has been enclosed on the W side of the cottage but this does not extend all the way to the main drain at the NW boundary of the site. The



ground that has not been enclosed at this time is in fact very boggy and may well have been excluded for this reason. The garden plot no longer shows formal beds and it has been divided by a NW-SE aligned fence or wall that subdivides it into two areas. Within the W sub division of the garden two small structures are shown towards the NW boundary. The easternmost building probably represents the cold frames located during the archaeological assessment. The westernmost building is roughly in the location of the ruined greenhouse but it appears too small to be the greenhouse and it may also be a cold frame or small shed. In the E part of the garden plot a single small rectangular building is shown on what later became the filling station. At the SE corner of the garden a small rectangular enclosure is shown at the entrance to the field with two small buildings. The 1944 Ordnance Survey map shows the same information as the 1918 Ordnance Survey map. The next map consulted was the modern 1:10,000 Ordnance Survey map of 1976. This map shows the field as it was in 1918 as divided into 2 parts. The garden area shows the cottage as still standing and that the partial enclosure at the W end of the garden area has been extended all the way to the NW boundary of the site at the main drain. The driveway and curved wall at the S end of the cottage are shown as is a fence line running at an angle up to the W enclosure fence of the garden area from the W side of the building. At the E end of the garden a dotted line indicates the separation of the land on which the petrol filling station was located and a single small rectangular building is shown. The small buildings in the NE corner of the field are no longer shown and have been demolished. The desk based study has also identified that the western part of the field was part of a 9 hole golf course that extended through Tarbet Glen to Arrochar. Ordnance Survey maps between 1918 and 1944 identify a Golf Course at the E end of Tarbet Glen by Stuckdhu but there is no detail showing the location of the greens and tees. Local historian Mary Haggerty has been invaluable in clarifying the story of the Golf Course and has supplied the map reproduced as Figure 4. There have been three versions of the Golf Course and it is possible that the locations of the greens and tees may have changed although it would seem more logical for the tees and greens to have used the existing ones and upgraded them. The first golf course of c. 1900 as shown in Figure 4 was in use until the 1920s when the hotel may have taken over its management and it became a private Golf Curse. The location of the Golf Course may have changed at this time as the first tee moved to the field opposite the Arrochar Outdoor Centre building. In the 1950s there was an attempt the resurrect the golf course, which may have gone out of use in the late 1940s, as it is still identified on the 1944 map. It seems that some of the golf course may have been reclaimed and used but the plan seems to have fizzled out and the course was never restored. In 1974 Luss Estates, owners of the land, floated an idea of building a new golf course through the glen but the idea did not come to fruition. Two holes of the 1900s golf course, 1 and 8, were located within the site area. Both of these features were identified in the evaluation, prior to learning a golf course had been present. Golf tee / green 1 was located in Trench 9 and golf tee / green 8 was located at Trench 16. One other trench, Trench 22, might also have been part of one of the golf courses.



Figure 2: 1860 First Edition Ordnance Survey Map



Figure 3: 1918 Third Edition Ordnance Survey Map



Figure 4: Local map showing lay out of 1900s Golf Course



The Archaeological Evaluation Introduction A walk over assessment of the site was undertaken prior to opening the evaluation trenches. The two concrete topped tanks shown on the 1918 and later OS maps and the pond at the NW corner of the field and the main drain, which is most probably a canalised burn in some parts, were all located easily on the ground. The garden area is still quite distinct from the rough pasture field and is separated both by fencing and a hawthorn hedge. The Garden is described in detail below. The topography of the field of natural glacial terraces running NW-SE initially looked promising for settlement remains as these terraces would have been better drained and level areas amongst the otherwise undulating and sloping ground. The location of the site at the head of the glen, which is a tarbet, at the natural route junction and looking onto Loch Lomond also offered potential for archaeological remains to be present. Two particularly level areas with a higher ratio of grass to Juncus bog grass were identified and were investigated by evaluation Trenches 9 and 16. A prominent knoll, again with a higher grass ratio was also investigated by evaluation Trench 22. No trace of the foundations of the buildings that had stood at the gateway in the NE corner of the field were found. However, bricks used to improve drainage in the gateway very probably came from these demolished buildings. An early 20th century small farm trailer, perhaps for turning or harvesting hay, is lying in the NE corner of the field. The drystone dyke along the S side of the field is present although collapsed in places. There is a break in the stone wall at the SW corner of the field which probably represents the original entrance. At the W boundary of the field a drystone dyke with a ditch along its E side is present c. 2m W of a partially collapsed post and wire fence. The burn that runs into the pond and main drain runs on the W side of the ditch and dyke and oak trees also mark this boundary. A row of electricity poles runs NW-SE c. 20m E of the W boundary. The tank marked on the 1918 OS map has a concrete slab cover with a manhole cover built of brick. A second smaller tank with a concrete capping is located to the N of the larger tank. Alan Paterson of Stronafyne, Arrochar was able to inform me that the field had been leased by his father, John Paterson Snr. in the 1960s and it had been used as a hayfield. During the 1970s ponies were kept in the field and this was the last time it was used. The field and garden area, which is all one feu, was sold to the petrol station in the 1970s and was recently purchased by the Paterson Brothers of Stronafyne, Arrochar. A total of 25 evaluation trenches were opened across the site and covered a total area of 1697.01 square metres. 5% of the total site area is 2000 square metres and although the total excavation area of the evaluation falls 300 square metres short of 5%, it is the excavator’s opinion, considering the topography, that the site has been adequately covered for evaluation purposes. The trenches were opened by machine, a Daewoo DH170 tracked excavator fitted with a 1.8m wide ditching bucket. Hand cleaning was undertaken where necessary. Several sondages were excavated to be certain that the natural subsoil directly under the topsoil was in fact the natural horizon and no buried ground surfaces were present.



Figure 5: Site Plan showing trench locations and archaeological features



Figure 6: Sketch Plan of the Garden



The Garden Area A thorough walk over survey of the garden was undertaken and a detailed sketch plan has been produced. This shows the location of the demolished cottage; two enclosures on the W side of the cottage; old fence lines; the canalised burn / main drain; ruined greenhouse and cold frames; the remnants of overgrown paths and flower beds; the driveway to the cottage and associated retaining walls. The trenches excavated in the garden, Trench 23, Trench 24 and Trench 25, have revealed good horticultural soil lying on made-up subsoil and extensive drainage measures including both stone cobble filled drains and ceramic terracotta drain pipes. Of particular interest was the possibility of finding earlier pottery sherds, which may indicate activity dating back to the 1600s -1800s. The information retrieved from the excavation trenches indicates two phases of drains but no pottery or other artefacts earlier than the later 19th century in date were recovered. The garden area is dominated by the demolished remains of the stone cottage / barn / byre. This building was demolished very recently and has been levelled over leaving a long low mound 40m NW-SE x 10m NE-SW of building demolition debris where the cottage once stood. The demolition debris indicates that the building was built of undressed quarried schist with some well cut sandstone jambs and lintels and that it was bonded with lime mortar and had a slate roof. Brick of early 20th century date, some stamped P&M HURLL, GLASGOW & CADDER and GARTSHORE were also included in the demolition debris along with concrete suggesting that the building may have been altered and repaired in the mid to late 20th century. It is believed to have gone out of use in the 1970s. A hard standing, probably concrete, was present long the W side of the pile of demolition rubble suggesting there may have been a courtyard or the natural extension of the line of the driveway along its W side. The staff at the hotel were able to tell me that his cottage had been the handyman and gardener’s cottage and that cows and chickens were kept as well as vegetables, flowers and fruit being produced in the garden. It appears the cottage also had a byre and possibly also a barn incorporated into the one building. At the S side of the demolished building the line of the access track is clearly visible curving in to the SW corner of the building and a well built drystone wall retains the higher ground to the SW. The wall is 1.40m high and has six courses and follows a distinct curve from the track around to the southernmost of the two enclosures located on the W side of the demolished building. On the W side of the demolished building two small enclosures with collapsed stone and turf walls are present. Mature trees have colonised this area and both of the enclosures were very boggy underfoot. The enclosure walls are 0.90m wide and are overgrown and only stand to a maximum height of 0.50m but the lack of tumbled stones suggests they probably had a high turf component or some other form of temporary fencing if they had ever stood to any great height. They were not demolished at the same time as the cottage and if they were demolished it was at least 50 years ago. Gaps in the wall represent entrances, one on the N in the S enclosure and one on the W in the N enclosure and these are located on the sketch plan. There is a small rectangular projection on the N wall of the N enclosure, perhaps a stand for a trough or suchlike. Several fragments of stoneware troughs, ‘wally sinks’ and fireclay pipes as well as an accumulation of later 20th century rubbish lie within and



immediately N and W of the enclosures. Four blocks of dressed old red sandstone were also lying on the ground surface in the N enclosure. The southern enclosure measures 7m E-W x 6m N-S and the retaining wall at the end of the driveway forms part of its SW side enclosure wall. At the SW corner of this enclosure a distinct cut back into bedrock is present. This measures 2.50m N-S x 3.00m E-W and it has obviously been quarried out. The reason for this small quarry is not immediately apparent but there may be a well located here. The N enclosure measures 10m N-S x 9m E-W and has a fairly level interior, which was tested by Trench 23. These two enclosures are interpreted as animal pens. The garden ground is overgrown and Japanese knotweed is taking over the E part of the site. The easternmost part, just over one third of the original extent of the garden shown on the First Edition OS map, was redeveloped as a petrol filling station in the 1970s. The geotechnical test pits excavated in this area revealed pockets of garden soil surviving under the surfaces associated with the petrol station. Although the garden is now overgrown some traces of paths and formal beds could be located and mint, Crocosmia, raspberries, blackcurrants and Arum italicum pictum were noted amongst the grass and brambles that have colonised the site. The site is enclosed by a hawthorn and tree hedge along its S side and the N boundary is formed by the canalised burn and major drain. The S boundary contains holly, ash - some of which was coppiced - sycamore and rare oak and birch. Hawthorn was predominant and originally this boundary, which divided the garden from the driveway to the cottage, was probably only a hawthorn hedge which has now been overgrown by other species. The distance between the hedge line and the modern post and wire fence that separates the garden area from the field is 5m. Probing with a ranging rod in this area indicated stony ground under the boggy waterlogged surface turf suggesting a stony track on the line of the driveway. Along the S side of the garden there is another more dispersed row of trees about 6m N of the hawthorn hedge that suggests there may have been a path or other driveway, perhaps an earlier one than that shown on the 1918 OS map. The ground cover was grassy on the area immediately E of the demolished building and nettles, brambles, dock, buttercup, mint and some Juncus grass had colonised the garden ground. The N boundary of the garden area is formed by the major drain which is 2.30m wide at the top, 1.60m deep and 1.80m wide in the base. The water flowing in this drain is a combination of a canalised natural watercourse and feeder drains. This drain is not maintained and has a lot of broken branches lying in it. In the vicinity of the demolished cottage frequent late 19th and 20th century artefacts were present on the bank and in the watercourse including bottle glass shards and white earthenware pottery sherds. Iron, window glass from the greenhouse and slates were also present and it appears the rubbish from the cottage was probably dumped into the drain. The sides of this deep drain, which is obviously an artificial cut, are lined with sycamore and holly. The remains of a post and wire fence was present along the S side of the drain and just to the W of the greenhouse a small section of late Victorian cast iron garden fencing was present. On the N side of the garden the remains of a greenhouse and a cold frame are present. The cold frames consist of one structure measuring 10.50m E-W x 3.00m N-S and divided into four separate compartments. The cold frame has been constructed on a raised platform and a small step up into each of the cold frame compartments suggests



they may have concrete floors. The cold frame platform is edged with sandstone slabs set vertically into the ground along its N side adjacent to an overgrown gravel path and there is an obvious entrance and threshold. The walls of the cold frames are built of brick and stand to a maximum height of 0.75m. Where the walls of the cold frame compartments survived to their original height the wallhead sloped down from S to N as is the normal designs for cold frames although the glass lids and fittings are no longer present. The greenhouse measured, in its interior, 7.75m NE-SW x 3.56m NW-SE and is aligned at 230º. A gravel path edged with irregularly shaped small boulders led up to its entrance on the E side of the building, immediately adjacent to the boiler house. At the SE corner of the greenhouse is a separate room, the boiler house, which measured 1.50m E-W x 1.20m N-S. The greenhouse foundations were built of bricks made by P&M HURLL of GLASGOW. The foundation walls were made up of two rows of bricks and are 0.23m wide and stand to their original height of 0.44m. A slate damp proof course was present on top of the bricks and it appears the wooden frame was built directly onto this. The roof of the greenhouse was wood and had collapsed into the structure. The building is full of broken glass and it is apparent that different types of glass, both plain and textured, were used in the greenhouse and that it had opening window vents. Lead flashing had been used to seal the joins in its construction. The greenhouse has obviously been in a state of collapse for many years as sycamore trees have colonised the corners of the building The remains of the heating system are still present. In the little boiler house located at the SW corner the cast iron boiler is present. Cast iron pipes run out from this boiler all around the walls of the greenhouse and the greenhouse was obviously a high quality and well appointed example. The boiler house, which was accessed from the outside, had a corrugated iron roof. The walls were only one course of brick thick and 0.13m wide and stood to a maximum height of 0.83m. There is a step down into the boiler house and its floor level is lower than the floor level of the greenhouse. Two disused wooden electricity poles are also located at the N boundary of the garden and lead up to the cottage. It was also noted that a tree survey has been undertaken in the garden area and aluminium discs are fixed to a number of the trees. The Pond The pond located at the NW corner of the field is shown on the 1860 OS map but it is probably somewhat older. Mature birch trees are growing out of the pond, which is not maintained. The standing water is c.0.50m deep and this pond probably represents an animal watering hole. The pond measures 13m N-S x 11m E-W overall including its bank. It is likely the pond was created here to take advantage of a natural water collection point. There is stone revetment drystone walling around the N and E sides of the pond and an artificial bank 4m wide and c.1.5m high, perhaps created or enhanced by upcast cleaned out of the pond, is present around the N, E and S sides. The drystone wall around the N and E sides of the pond is up to three courses and 0.70m in height. At the NE corner of the pond larger boulders suggest a culvert or some kind of formal access may be present.



The pond is fed by two open drains, which enter it on its W and S sides and by two small natural water courses that enter it on its S side. The burn that runs along the E side of the old dyke at the field boundary actually turns away to the NW at the pond but would have originally have fed the pond at its W side. This field dyke continues along the W side of the pond along the fence line and continues downhill to the NW boundary of the garden area where it forms the edge of the canalised drain. Here at the top of the field by the pond, a ditch follows along the S side of the dyke. However, it is not acting as a drain here as the water course is now flowing away to the W from the pond feeder junction. This water course probably originally did flow into the pond and also down this ditch when the pond overflowed but the water course has apparently altered over time and found a different course down the hill. This dyke is a major field boundary and doubles as part of the bank for the canalised water course that has been enhanced to form a major drain that runs around the W and NW sides of the field and garden. The dyke is a moss and turf covered stone dyke with mature oaks growing along it length. The dyke is c. 1.25m high and the ditch along its S and SE side is 1.75m wide and 1.25m deep. The dyke and ditch was followed down to the fenced corner of the field and garden area. At the corner of the field there is a break in the dyke and the ditch opens out into a D shaped quarried out area that might represent another pond. However, this D shaped depression is not dammed at its lower NE end and it was not boggy underfoot. At the junction of the fences at the NW site boundary the ground is extremely boggy and wet underfoot before the dyke and ditch continues as a formalised channelled drain along the NW side of the garden area. To the S of the pond this dyke and drain continues all along the W boundary of the field and functions as a main drain, as shown on the OS maps. The Tanks A tank is first marked on the 1918 OS map close to the W field boundary but there are actually two tanks present in the field. We presume these are water storage tanks. Both of the tanks have concrete covers and each has a brick built manhole access. The overall area covered by the two tanks is 19m N-S x 11m E-W. The tanks are set into the ground and coverd with turf with only the concrete cover and manhole visible. The larger of the two tanks is located to the S. The lower down N tank has a fireclay outflow pipe and associated brick construction on the E side of the concrete box. These features are 20th century in date and were not investigated in any detail.



The Excavation Trenches Trench 1 13.00m x 5.70m. 74.1 square metres. Aligned NW-SE at 326º. Opened by machine in torrential rain this trench was located on rising ground on the lowest glacial terrace in the field. Topsoil F1 was medium brown silty sand, sand 60%, silt 40%, and between 0.25m and 0.40m deep. The topsoil contained moderate inclusions of water rounded, angular and sub angular pebbles and cobbles. Two white earthenware sherds, a fragment of bottle glass and a single piece of burnt flint were recovered from the topsoil. Subsoil F2 was sand and gravel ranging in colour from pale grey to pale orange brown silty sand. The subsoil was generally 60% sand and 40% gravel but, as was seen elsewhere on site, there were pockets with greater silt or clay to sand ratios. There was a natural depression in the approximate centre of the trench running downhill from W to E, which was a natural water run off point. The topsoil here was particularly silty and the subsoil had a higher percentage of gravel. A large stone filled drain 0.75m wide running E-W was present at the N end of the trench and this ran into the natural depression. The stone filled field drain contained angular, sub angular and occasional water rounded cobbles of 0.10m x 0.08m x 0.08m in size and larger boulders of 0.40m x 0.25m x 0.20m in its fill. The drain was quite silted up with pale brown silt 70%, sand 30% but was still functioning. It was a combination of the natural water run off channel and the stone filed drain, which was damaged by the machine excavation, which caused immediate flooding in this trench. Schist bedrock outcrops were protruding towards the E and S end of the trench on the higher ground and a ceramic horseshoe pipe drain on a slate base was present at the S end of the trench. The presence of the bedrock strikes would have made the installation of drains in this area difficult and it appears that the drains were put in where possible rather than laid out on a fixed pattern. No archaeological features other than the drains were present. The trench flooded almost immediately in the central depression. Trench 2 16.50m x 5.80m. 95.7 square metres. Aligned NW-SE at 335º The trench slopes down towards the N and NW and a deposit of peat in a natural depression was present in the NW corner of the trench. Topsoil F1 was medium brown silty sand, 60% sand and 40% silt and was 0.25m deep. Less than ten sherds of late 19th century – early 20th century white earthenware and transfer print pottery sherds were recovered from the topsoil along with a few cinders. The topsoil F1 lay directly over the two pits F4 and F6 and on the glacial till subsoil F2, which was orange mottled sand and gravel, with gravel making up c. 30% of the deposit. Schist bedrock outcrops were present at the highest part of the trench.



A ceramic horseshoe pipe drain 0.45m deep ran along the bottom (NW) of the gentle slope down to the peaty hollow in the NW corner and a stone filled drain was also present at the S edge of the natural peat filled depression. 5 possible archaeological features other than the drains were investigated. Three were stone holes, i.e. depressions created in the subsoil when a stone has been dislodged, usually by ploughing and the depression left behind fills with topsoil. Two pits were excavated in section. F4 was a distinct oval pit with a fill F3 of pale grey brown silt 60%, sand 30% and clay 10% and less than 5% of the deposit was small angular and sub rounded schist and white quartz pebbles. There were no packing stones to indicate a post setting and the fill was generally well rooted and contained small lumps of redeposited natural orange sand. The N half of the pit was excavated in section and it contained 1900s glass, plain white earthenware and cinder and coal in the fill. A sherd of white earthenware was present on the surface of this feature and another sherd of white earthenware and a shard of bottle glass were recovered from the very bottom of the fill securely dating it to the late 19th – early 20th century. This pit measured 0.90m N-S x 0.60m E-W and was 0.36m deep. The top edge was diffuse and the edges were step, a ledge was present about half way down the edge of the cut, F4, before continuing steeply to the base where there was a steep break of slope to the base which was fairly flat. It was cut into natural subsoil F2. The pit started to fill with water immediately after excavation and it flooded overnight and remained flooded throughout the evaluation. The S half of the pit was not excavated as it had been determined to be modern in date. The function of this pit is unknown and it may in fact represent a ploughed out boulder that had been backfilled with topsoil during ploughing of the field. The other pit, F6, measured 0.60m x 0.60m and was a discoloured patch rather than a well defined cut feature in plan. The NW half of this feature was excavated in section. The fill F5 was pale greyish brown fine sandy silt, 70% silt, 30% sand and was well rooted throughout with frequent iron staining along root lines. The fill contained moderate inclusions of sub angular and sub rounded pebbles measuring 0.04m x 0.03m x 0.02m on average and contained one piece of coal. The fill is most likely to be redeposited topsoil that has become saturated in the hole. No packing stones were present. The cut F6 had an irregular and diffuse top edge and very gentle sloping sides with an undulating base and the feature was 0.18m deep. It was cut into natural subsoil F2. The fill was generally wet and the feature filled with water during the excavation. The shape of the feature and nature of the fill suggest a dislodged boulder rather than a cut pit. This trench was excavated in torrential rain and began flooding immediately at the NW end. The northernmost 3m of the trench, in the natural peat filled depression, remained flooded throughout the evaluation



Figure 7: Photograph of Trench 1 as excavated, view to NNW. Figure 8: Photograph of Trench 2 as excavated, view to NNW.



Trench 3 19.5m x 1.8m. 35.1 square metres. Aligned NW-SE at 334º. On low lying ground, a slit trench a bucket width wide was excavated to test whether the lower lying areas of ground and this part of the field in particular was too wet for habitation. The trench flooded within a few hours after a week of heavy rain and two days of exceptionally heavy rain. Topsoil F1 was dark grey brown clayey loam, 50% clay, 30% silt and 20% sand and up to 0.40m deep. Four sherds of plain white earthenware pottery, two with transfer print decoration, were recovered from the topsoil, which became peatier towards the N end of the trench in the lower lying ground. The topsoil F1 lay directly on the subsoil F2 which was grey sand with moderate inclusions of cobbles and gravel. Five drains, four with stone fills and one terracotta drain, were located in this trench, 0.25m below the ground surface and all were cut into the natural subsoil F2. One stone filled drain was located at the N end of the trench, one running E-W and another running into it from the NW corner of the trench. A major stone drain, 0.60m wide, was located in the centre of the trench, also running E-W and this had a smaller stone filled drain running NW to SE running into it. A fifth stone drain was located at the S baulk and this drain also appears to run into the centrally placed main stone drain. A ceramic drain made up of horseshoe sections of terracotta pipe laid on a slate base was also present running parallel to the main central stone drain, on its S side. It appears that the stone drains may be laid out in a herringbone pattern and that smaller stone filled drains feed into more substantial stone filled main drains No archaeological features apart from the drains were present. Trench 4 13.00m x 9.00m. plus 2m x 2m extension. 121 square metres. Aligned NW-SE at 333º. This trench was located on a fairly level area on a glacial knoll in the SE corner of the field on the highest piece of ground in this area. The topsoil F1 was mid grey brown silty sand, sand 50%, silt 35%, clay 15% and was 0.25m deep. The topsoil contained moderate inclusions of water rounded and sub rounded pebbles, cobbles and gravels. The topsoil lay directly on mixed glacial sand and silt subsoil F2. The subsoil was generally orange in colour with patches of grey sand and pockets of coarser sand and gravel. The sand silt ratios varied between c. 70% silt to 30% sand to 60% sand and 40% silt. The variations in colour and sand to silt ratios reflect natural drainage patterns. At least five large glacial erratic boulders were embedded in the subsoil and there was also a schist bedrock outcrop. A sondage was excavated to test the subsoil and ascertain that there were no buried ground surfaces. This sondage measured 2.30m N-S x 2.70m E-W and was 0.85m deep. It confirmed that F2 was the natural undisturbed subsoil and the test pit was completely flooded within two days. A few possible features were investigated in this trench and all except two turned out to be small stone holes filled with topsoil or skims of topsoil left by the machine.



Two pits, F3 and F4 were located at the NE corner of the trench and were excavated in a section that crossed over both of the features, which appeared as if they were intercutting. Prior to excavation it was not clear if this feature consisted of two pits or one figure of eight shaped pit and the overall dimension were 1.70m NNE-SSW x 0.80m NW-SE. The NW half of the feature was excavated in section and it became clear that the feature comprised two distinct depressions. The W ‘pit’ was designated as F3 and the E ‘pit’ was designated as F4. A small boulder at the SE corner of the feature had been dislodged by the machine and was removed and it is also of note that a large boulder protruding from the subsoil was present c. 1m SE of the possible pits. Both of the two ‘pits’ had exactly the same fill of pale grey brown 50% silt, 30% clay, 20% sand with moderate inclusions of pebbles on average 0.05m x 0.03m x 0.02m in size and up to 0.08m x 0.05m x 0.03m maximum and iron staining along the lines of decomposed roots. The fill was quite distinct from the topsoil and subsoil and was fairly compact and appeared to have been waterlogged on occasion. There were no concentrations of stones to suggest packing stones. In the excavation of the section across the feature one small piece of coal was recovered from the W pit, F3 and a small cinder from the E pit, F4. The W pit, F3 has a schist stone in the bottom of it and it could not be determined during excavation of the section whether this was natural or had been placed there. The small pieces of coal and cinder were small enough to have worked their way in and on completion of the section it was not possible to definitely determine if the pits were cut pits or the result of large boulders being removed. On completion of the excavation of the section F3 appeared to measure 0.76m NE-SW and was 0.18m deep and F4 measured 0.71m NE-SW and was 0.27m deep. The pits flooded in the heavy rain and lay under standing water for almost two weeks in the vain hope that the weather would improve and they would drain naturally. In the end an extension to the NE corner of the trench was excavated to allow the water to drain away. This extension to the NE corner of the trench measured 2.00m N-S x 2.00m E-W. The cuts of the pit appeared fairly convincing in section with a sharp top edge and well defined steep and compact sides. The bases were undulating and irregular and as mentioned above the bottom of F3 was covered with a friable schist slab which extended under the section line. Although the two pits were quite distinct and the edge between them quite narrow there was no indication of a cut line or differentiation in texture or fill. While it was easy to visualise where the cut should be there was no cut and the two distinct ‘pits’ merged into one feature with the same fill. When the features were finally drained, bailed and cleaned up the remaining half of the two possible pits were removed by mattock. The schist stone in the bottom of the W pit F3 was determined to be bedrock and the homogenous fill was consistent throughout the feature. The feature had an irregular base and the steep well defined edges on the W side are interpreted as representing the edge of the boulders that were removed. The other edges were more diffuse and irregular as one might expect if large stones had been dislodged and dragged out of the ground. The final excavation of this feature convinced the excavator that these two possible pits actually represent stone holes where large boulders have been ploughed out. The presence of a boulder at the NE corner of the feature at the start of the excavation and the presence of other large boulders elsewhere in the trench makes this the most likely explanation for this feature.



Figure 9: Photograph of Trench 3 as excavated, view to NW. Figure 10: Photograph of Trench 4 as excavated, view to NNW.



Figure 11: Photograph of Features 3 and 4 in Trench 4 as excavated in section, view to SE. Figure 12: Photograph of Trench 5 as excavated, view to ENE.



Trench 5 7.60m x 5.00m. 38 square metres. Aligned N-S at 8º. This trench was located on fairly level ground on a glacial terrace. Mid greyish brown silty sand (sand 60%, silt 40%) topsoil F1 was 0.30m deep and lay directly on the subsoil F2, which was homogenous pale orange brown slightly silty sand ( sand 90%, silt 10%) with occasional inclusions of small gravel and pebbles. The subsoil is a glacial till. A couple of burnt lime fragments and cinders in the topsoil indicate that the field had been limed and has had some material ploughed in to try and improve the drainage. A sondage 0.15m deep was excavated along the SE side of the trench to check the subsoils and confirm that there were no buried ground surfaces. None were present and the natural subsoil became stonier with depth. No archaeological features were present in this trench. Trench 6 9.00m x 9.10m. 87.3 square metres. Aligned NNE-SSW at 35º. This trench was located on fairly level ground on a natural glacial terrace. The topsoil F1 was medium brown silty sand, sand 60%, silt 40%, and 0.30m deep and lay directly on orange and grey sand subsoil, F2. The subsoil F2 contained frequent stones ranging from gravel and pebbles and cobbles and small boulders to three large boulders measuring 0.70m x 0.50m x 0.40m. Schist and white quartz were dominant as was seen elsewhere on site. An irregular linear spread of grey clayey sand running approximately E-W in the centre of the trench was a natural feature cause by water drainage patterns. No archaeological remains were present in this trench.



Figure 13: Photograph of Trench 6 as excavated, view to E. Figure 14: Photograph of Trench 7 as excavated, view to NNW



Figure 15: Photograph of posthole F3 in Trench 7 before excavation. Figure 16: Photograph of Trench 8 as excavated, view to NW.



Trench 7 21.60m x 10.00m. 216 square metres. Aligned NW- SE at 312º. This trench was located on a glacial terrace and the ground sloped gently away to the NW end of the trench. The ground surface appeared fairly level on the surface but schist bedrock outcrops running N-S revealed quite an undulating subsoil surface and machine cleaning was hampered by the presence of the bedrock outcrops. The topsoil F1 was 0.25m deep, sandy silt. Frequent schist bedrock outcrops were present over the higher ground in the trench, particularly towards the S end, and there was a deposit of peat that had built up in natural low depression at the NW corner. The subsoil F2 was glacial till of mixed orange – brown – grey mottled sands with frequent inclusions of sub angular cobble sized stones throughout and some larger boulders up to 0.70m x 0.60m x 0.30m in size. There were also a few pockets of iron panned sand and angular gravels. Four ceramic drains were present in the trench, three of terracotta horseshoes on slate bases and one of square pipe sections perhaps suggesting two incidents of laying terracotta drains. The drains were running NNW-SSE following the slope and spaced 3.96m (13 ft) apart with one missing due to bedrock outcropping. The terracotta drain cuts were 0.30m wide and the pipe sections were 0.30m deep in the cuts. The pipe sections measured 0.38m in length, were 0.02m thick and 0.09m wide and 0.07m high. A stone filled drain was also present at the bottom of the gentle slope away to the NW at the S edge of the peat deposit. This area flooded overnight. A single isolated circular pit / possible posthole F3 located on the higher ground in the centre of the trench was fully excavated. This feature was 0.30m diameter and 0.10m deep with a fill of medium brown 50% sand and 50% silt with iron staining on decomposed root lines, which was almost peat in its texture and consistency. This small pit had an irregular base and is interpreted as a possible stone hole or old fence post. No dating evidence was recovered but the nature of the fill suggests it was probably of fairly modern date. Trench 8 12.20m x 5.50m. 67.1 square metres. Aligned E-W at 188º. This trench was located on a glacial terrace on fairly level ground. The topsoil F1 was medium brown silty sand, 70% sand and 30% silt with moderate inclusions of sub angular and sub rounded pebbles and small cobbles up to 0.08m in size. The topsoil was 0.25m deep and lay directly on natural subsoil F2, which was homogenous pale brown sandy silt (silt 70%, sand 30%) with moderate inclusions of sub angular and sub rounded pebbles and cobbles. This trench was remarkable in the uniformity of the subsoil F2 compared to the other trenches. A test pit was excavated at the SW corner of the trench to test the subsoil was the natural soil horizon and that there were no buried ground surfaces. The test pit located a terracotta horseshoe pipe drain on a slate base at 0.63m below the ground surface. The line of the drain was



only visible in the subsoil intermittently as a linear concentration of small grits and gravels in a slightly darker brown sand fill indicating the increased water percolation on the drain line. The fact that this drain pipe cut, which was 0.30m wide, was not easily apparent on the uppermost surface of the subsoil, either visibly or by texture, led to a sondage being cut all along the W side of this trench and to test pits being excavated in several other trenches to test the subsoils and be certain that sufficient overburden had been removed. The sondage in this trench located another terracotta pipe drain 1.35m to the W of the first one but no other drains over a distance of a further 7.5m. The sondage was excavated to a depth of 0.90m deep and was 1.8m wide. It flooded completely overnight. No other archaeological deposits apart from the two terracotta horseshoe pipe drains laid on slate bases were present.



Figure 17: Photograph of Trench 8 sondage section, view to the W. Figure 18: Photograph of Trench 9 as excavated, view to ENE.



Trench 9 11.00m x 7.00m. 77 square metres. Aligned NNE-SSW at 33º This trench was located on an apparently artificial level platform located at the SW corner of the fenced off garden area. The vegetation in this area had a higher density of grass as opposed to the Juncus grass rushes that are the dominant ground cover in the field. Along the E side of the trench the ground drops away by c. 0.50m in a regular edge, indicating an artificial platform. The ground slopes away naturally to the NW. The topsoil F1 was 0.24m deep, medium brown silty sand, 50% sand, 40% silt and 10% clay and siltier towards the N side of the trench where the ground starts to slope gently. Underlying the topsoil F1 in the W half of the trench was F2, a layer of gritty 1900s midden material containing moderate inclusions of white earthenware pottery sherds with transfer print decoration in a sand and small gravel matrix. The mid brown soil matrix was composed of 50% sand, 30% silt and 20% clay with 35 % of the overall matrix composed of small pea grit gravels including frequent quartz gravels. Amongst the pottery sherds there were also a few fragments of early 20th century bottle glass, including a bullet nose carbonated water bottle, and cinders, frequent coal and charcoal fragments, a fragment of a stoneware bottle and one pottery sherd that could be identified as manufactured at Bells Pottery in Glasgow. The ceramic vessels represented included tea cups, soup plates and bowls. This layer F2 was up to 0.05m deep maximum and had apparently been deliberately deposited in this area to improve drainage. This midden spread F2 was concentrated in the SW part of the trench Documentary research later confirmed that a golf green / tee (Golf Green No. 1 of the 1900s golf course) had been located here and this gritty midden deposit F2 was undoubtedly deposited during the construction of the golf green. The natural subsoil F3 was mixed pale orange clayey sand, slightly silty sand and sand with c. 25% of the overall matrix composed of small pea grit sized gravel with pockets of slightly larger gravel up to 0.02m in size with pockets of pebbles and small cobbles. The subsoil F3 also contained moderate inclusions of sub angular and sub rounded stones of c. 0.08m x 0.08m x 0.06m in size throughout and also occasional larger boulders measuring up to 0.25m x 0.25m x 0.20m and rare large boulders of up to 0.70m x 0.40m x 0.30m. Patches of grey sand and patches of orange and grey mottled sands and gravels were also present. The subsoil could be described as classic glacial till. A sondage was excavated at the NE corner of the trench to look for redeposited soils that may have been used to build up and level the ground to create the golf green. The sondage measured 7m NW-SE and was 1.80m wide and 1.00m deep. No redeposited soils were present, indicating that the golf green had been created by truncation and levelling of a natural knoll. The gritty midden material had then been laid on to the subsoil to improve drainage before the turf for the green had been laid.



Trench 10 6.70m x 11.10m. 74.37 square metres. Aligned NNE-SSW at 32º. This trench was located to the NW of Trench 9 on a fairly level natural knoll on the other side of a very wet hollow with standing water from Trench 9. The ground slopes quite steeply away to the NE towards the garden area. The topsoil F1 was medium brown sandy loam composed of 80% sand and 20% silt and ranged from 0.15m to 0.20m deep. There were moderate inclusions of angular and water rounded pebbles and cobble sized stones and gravels. The topsoil overlay an isolated peat deposit in the SE corner of the trench in a natural depression where the ground slopes away and this peat contained a single fragment of a tree branch. The peat was dark chocolate brown silky silt and wet and up to 0.65m deep maximum and immediately started to fill with water on excavation and was flooded within a few hours. A piece of tree branch c. 0.70m x 0.20m and 0.07m thick was recovered from this peat deposit but it was not worked in any way and was not considered to be of any great antiquity. The peat lay directly on the natural glacial till subsoil. The subsoil F2 was mixed pale grey brown sands with silty pockets, frequent gravel, pebbles, cobbles and small boulders and had larger boulders protruding. The subsoil F2 was c. 65% sand overall. No archaeological remains were present.



Figure 19: Photograph of Trench 9 sondage section, view to the W. Figure 20: Photograph of Trench 10 as excavated, view to W, note peat formation in lowest corner.



Trench 11 7.00m x 4.00m. 28 square metres. Aligned NE-SW at 23º. This trench was located at the E side of the pond on fairly level but wet ground to investigate if any archaeological remains associated with the use or construction of the pond might be present. The pond itself was not disturbed. Topsoil F1 was medium brown sand 40%, silt 40% and clay 20% and 0.20m deep. It contained a single early 20th century sherd of a blue and gold painted transfer printed white earthenware soup plate rim of the same design as a single sherd recovered from Trench 9. It lay directly on glacial till natural subsoil F2. The subsoil was mottled orange and grey stony sand and clayey sand with frequent inclusions of gravels, pebbles, cobbles and small boulders up to 0.20m x 0.15m x 0.10m in size and rare larger boulders up to 0.70m x 0.60m x 0.40m. No archaeological remains were present. Trench 12 6.20m x 27.20m. 168.64 square metres. Aligned E-W at 114º. This large trench was excavated on a fairly level natural glacial terrace located between the pond and the water tanks at the top of the field. The trench dips down slightly in the centre following the profile of the hillside. The topsoil, F1, was medium brown silty sand (sand 50%, silt 35%, clay 15%) and was 0.25m deep. c.10 sherds of white earthenware pottery, including two with transfer print decoration and one sherd of spongeware, and two small piece of burnt flint indicating the field had been treated with lime were recovered. An irregular linear spread of grey sand running NE-SW across the centre of the trench in the natural depression was tested by a machine dug sondage and proved to be a natural feature and result of water drainage patterns. The sondage was excavated at the S baulk at 6.20m from the SW corner, it measured 2m E-W x 1.5m N-S and was 0.90m deep. This revealed natural silty sand in section. A further 7 possible archaeological features were investigated in this trench but all proved to be fills of ploughed out stone holes. These features appeared as irregular but distinct patches of sand or skims of topsoil left on by the machine and topsoil collecting in shallow irregular depressions. The stone holes in particular had quite compact fills of mottled grey sand with iron staining along old root lines. The subsoil F2 was mixed glacial till sandy subsoils varying in colour from orange to grey with pockets of pale grey brown sand and bright orange sand. Pockets of sub angular and sub-rounded cobbles, pebbles, gravel and small boulders of up to 0.20m x 0.15m x 0.15m were also present in the subsoil along with occasional larger boulders up to 0.70m in size. The E end of the trench was slightly higher ground and the subsoil was bright orange silty sand with pockets of coarse gritty sand with pea grit gravels. The central part of the trench on the slightly lower lying ground was more mottled grey, orange and brown sands with a higher silt proportion. This reflects the water run off and drainage patterns. No archaeological features were present in this trench.



Figure 21: Photograph of Trench 11 as excavated, view to the W. Figure 22: Photograph of Trench 12 as machine excavated, view to the E.



Trench 13 8.00m x 4.50m. 36.00 square metres. Aligned E-W at 114º. This trench was located to the SW of Trench 12 on higher ground on a natural glacial terrace. The topsoil F1 was mid brown silty sand, (60% sand, 40% silt) and was 0.25m deep and this lay directly on the subsoil F2. Subsoil F2 was mixed glacial till of orange and grey sands, mottled in places with pockets of pale orange brown silt, gravel with iron pan staining, angular and sub angular cobbles and small boulders up to 0.20m x 0.12m x 0.10m in size. No archaeological features were present. Trench 14 11.50m x 4.30m. 49.45 square metres. Aligned NNW-SSE at 330º. Located at the top of the hill on a W to E slope. The topsoil F1 varied from 0.15m to 0.30m deep and was deeper on the downslope side of the trench, indicating slope wash. The topsoil was medium brown silty sand, 60% sand and 40% silt and lay directly on the silty sand glacial till subsoil F2. The subsoil was orange in colour and contained pebbles, small boulders and some gravel. Two bedrock outcrops were present in the E side of the trench. No archaeological features were present. Trench 15 11.00m x 5.00m. 55.00 square metres. Aligned E-W at 62º. This trench was located at the top of the field at the W boundary. One of the topographic survey pegs was located at its W baulk and was used as one of the archaeological survey control points. The trench is located on the NE facing slope and slopes from W to E. The topsoil F1 was 0.25m deep mid brown sandy loam, sand 40%, silt 30%, clay 30%. The subsoil F2 was pale orange brown gritty sand with moderate inclusions of sub rounded cobbles, pebbles and small boulders of c. 0.20m in size and frequent gravel and grit inclusions. Fractured schist and iron staining were also present in the subsoil and a schist bedrock outcrop was present at the W end of the trench. One stone filled field drain 0.60m wide was present running NE-SW at the base of the slope and was left in situ. No other archaeological features were present.



Figure 23: Photograph of Trench 12 natural drainage feature tested by excavation. View to N. Figure 24: Photograph of Trench 13 as excavated, view to SE.



Trench 16 17 x 7m. 119.00 square metres. Aligned NE-SW at 38º This trench was located at the top of the field at the W boundary and encompassed a very obvious hollow and possible platform on the SW to NE slope. The trench commenced at the top of the slope, which sloped steeply down over about 3m over a distance of 6m to a hollow and then rose very gently up slope again onto a suspiciously level knoll. The vegetation in the hollow was predominantly Juncus grass indicating wet conditions and predominantly rough pasture grass on the level knoll indicating better drainage. The topsoil F1 varied between a mid to dark brown clayey loam, clay 40%, silt 30%, sand 30% and mid grey brown sandy silt (silt 60%, sand 40%) and was 0.30m deep on the slope and 0.20m deep on the level platform. The topsoil was up to 0.40m deep in the hollow. It contained occasional inclusions of sub rounded and sub angular cobbles of c. 0.07m x 0.04m x 0.04m on average and gravels. A few sherds of late 19th – early 20th century white earthenwares were present in the topsoil. The subsoil F2 was mixed glacial till with some schist bedrock outcrops in the SW. The subsoil was orange, grey and pale grey brown sand and clayey sand with pockets of gritty gravel and moderate inclusions of small sub rounded boulders of 0.15m x 0.15m x 0.08m on average and occasional larger boulders. A total of eight drains were present in this trench, all leading into the distinct hollow noted on the surface. Two boulder filled drains ran down the slope at the SW end of the trench into the hollow, which was at the junction of all eight drains and which apparently acted as a sump. A spread of stones at the junction of two of the stone filled drains in the hollow appeared to be a deliberate dumping of stones in this area, no doubt to try and improve drainage. Peat had formed in the hollow above the sand and gravel subsoil. A third boulder stone filled drain ran NE-SW across this hollow, and a further three cobble filled drains also met in this hollow and fed into the larger boulder filled drains. The stone drains were 0.60m wide and the larger boulder filled drains had flat cappings stones measuring 0.25m x 0.25m and between 0.08m and 0.10m thick. The boulders measured a minimum of 0.12m x 0.10m x 0.05m while the cobble fill of the smaller stone drains did not exceed 0.10m x 0.10m x 0.05m in size. Two terracotta pipe drains were also present, one running NW-SE across the hollow and the other running parallel to one of the main boulder filled drains running E-W. A sondage was excavated at the NE corner of the trench to look for redeposited soils that might have been laid down if a golf green had been created. The sondage measured 5.00m E-W and was 1.80m wide and was excavated to a depth of 0.65m. No redeposited soils were present and it appears most likely that, as at Trench 9, a natural knoll was truncated to form a level surface. The hollow on the W side of the platform is of natural origin and the level grassy platform at the E end has apparently been artificially levelled to form a golf tee. It seems likely that this knoll was selected as there was already a hollow present and it would have been easier to create an area of good drainage. The lay out of the drains is recorded in a sketch in the field notebook but all of the drains are considered late 19th – early 20th century in date. Although an effort was made to leave the drains undisturbed and intact there was some machine damage and the central hollow was a quagmire after the trench had lain open for a few days in the persistent and torrential rain.



Figure 25: Photograph of Trench 14 as excavated, view to S. Figure 26: Photograph of Trench 15 as excavated, view to W.



Figure 27: Photograph of Trench 16 after initial excavation before excavation of sondage at NE corner. View to ENE. Figure 28: Photograph of Trench 16 showing concentration of drainage measures for the golf tee and green. View to W.



Trench 17 9.30m x 5m. 46.5 square metres. Aligned NE-SW at 40º. This trench was located at the SW corner of the field on a small grassy knoll that sloped steeply down from W to E. The topsoil F1 was mid grey brown sandy clay, (clay 60%, silt 30%, sand 20%), 0.28m deep. This lay directly on orange sand and gravel natural glacial subsoil F2. The subsoil contained pockets of angular gravel and frequent stone inclusions of sub angular stones of 0.10m x 0.07m x 0.03m on average and a few boulders of up to 0.25m x 0.20m x 0.15m in size. No archaeological deposits were present in this trench. Trench 18 13.00m x 8.60m plus 3m x 2.7m extension. 119.90 square metres. Aligned NNW-SSE at 346º. This trench was located at the S field boundary at the bottom of the uppermost terrace across the field. Mature ash trees are located at the drystone wall field boundary a few metres to the S of the trench and the tree roots had caused considerable disturbance in the SW corner of the trench. Topsoil F1 was 0.25m deep with frequent tree roots throughout the S end of the trench. Two features were present, a stone filled drainage ditch F3, located in the SW corner of the trench and fire pit or hearth F4 located in the SE corner of the trench at the E baulk. The subsoil F2 was orange - brown sand (sand 60%, clay 25%, silt 15%) with frequent inclusions of angular gravel and small pebbles with inclusions of cobbles and small boulders up to 0.20m x 0.15m x 0.10m on average, consistent with the natural subsoil seen elsewhere across the site. The hearth F4 was located in the SE corner of the trench and was badly affected by flooding and standing water. An extension to the trench was excavated to reveal the entire feature and also to act as a sump for the water to drain into in order for excavation to proceed. The extension at the SE corner of the trench measured 3.00m N-S x 2.70m E-W and was excavated to a depth of 0.55m maximum. The hearth F4 was a well defined oval pit and measured 1.25m NE-SW x 0.92m NW-SE and was aligned NE-SW at 52º. A sandstone slab measuring 0.46m x 0.37m and 0.09m thick was located on the surface of the feature at its W end and although this did not show any sign of burning it is likely it was used as a flat surface for resting cooking pots during the use of the hearth. The fill of the hearth consisted of two distinct fills, F5 and F6. The upper fill, F5 was a matrix of pale grey brown silt 70%, sand 30% with a silky texture and frequent charcoal flecks concentrated around the E and W perimeter of the pit. A number of schist stones were present in the centre and N half of the pit, which may have been used as a hearth edging or for propping up cooking pots but they were not set into the ground or in a distinct pattern. It is likely that these stones were part of the hearth arrangement but had been dislodged when the hearth was no longer in use. The upper fill, F5 was concentrated towards the NE end of the feature where it filled the whole cut at the NE extremity and it was a maximum of 0.07m deep. It is probable that this fill did extend over the entire feature but it was eroded away from the W end of the feature by the flooding and continual bailing out. It is probable that this deposit represents ash and hearth rake-out.



The lower fill, F6 was concentrated towards the SW end of the feature A concentration of fractured white quartz was also present in the W end of the feature, which was the location of the greatest heat within the feature. The white quartz had been fractured by the heat of the fire and the many small fragments of quartz were probably originally part of one stone that had been shattered by the heat of the fire. This deposit was pale grey brown silty sand with 50% gritty sand, 30% silt and 20% clay and 75% of the deposit was made up of charcoal flecks and chunks up to 0.02m in size. The charcoal was concentrated at the SW end of the pit, where the source of the fire had been located. Pieces of twigs and small branches could be discerned amongst the charcoal fragments. Four tiny fragments of burnt bone were found at the S edge of the pit in this fill but all are too small, less than 5mm in size, to be identifiable. These have been retained along with a sample of this fill. One fire cracked burnt stone was recovered from the SW end of the pit but there was no convincing arrangement of hearth construction stones although some of the other stones did show signs of charring. This deposit was up to 0.04m deep The cut containing fills F5 and F6 is F4. The cut was oval in plan and well defined. On excavation, first in section when the NW half was removed and then in plan, the cut was revealed as a shallow scoop sloping gently down to the centre. The edges were in fact quite diffuse and were best defined at the SW end where the cut was steeper and the underlying natural had been burnt red from the heat of the fire. The feature has a flat bottom. The natural soil surface in the base of the pit is discoloured to a pale buff grey, with the exception of the orange – red staining where the source of heat was located at the SW end. This buff grey discolouration indicates burning and the staining in the subsoil indicates that quite a high temperature may have been reached in the heart of the fire, which extended over an area of 0.50m x 0.50m. The hearth did not contain any immediately datable material. The burnt bone has been kept and the feature was extensively sampled. The feature may date to any period from the Neolithic to last century and as an isolated feature we do not recommend processing the sample or obtaining a radiocarbon date at this stage. However, should other features be revealed during the development it may be appropriate to process the samples and date this feature. It is most likely this is a cooking hearth; there is no indication that it is pyre or cremation site. The stone filled drain, F3, was excavated in section by a machine excavated sondage. This feature appeared in plan as a linear spread of grey-brown silt in the SW corner of the trench. There was an outcrop of bedrock along its N side and both the drain and the bedrock strike continued under the S baulk. The stone filled drain was still partially functioning although it had been broken by tree roots and had silted up quite badly, which accounted for the spread of slightly gleyed sandy silt (70% silt, 30% sand) over the surface of the feature and sunken into a depression caused by the drains collapse, which indicates that this drain has flooded at this location on several occasions. The drain itself measured 1.35m in width and was 0.70m deep suggesting it was a major field drain rather than a feeder drain. There was iron panning under the drain in the natural subsoil F2, which was sand and gravel with occasional cobbles. The drain had a U shaped profile and the fill consisted of angular and sub-angular cobbles of up to 0.15m x 0.10m x 0.17m maximum in size in a matrix of silty sand, which had accumulated during the use of the drain. The sondage excavated to investigate the drain measured 1.2m N-S x 2.00m E-W and was excavated to a depth of 0.90m. The sondage flooded immediately on excavation.



Figure 29: Photograph of Trench 17 as excavated, view to W. Figure 30: Photograph of Trench 18 as excavated, view to N.



Figure 31: Photograph of Trench 18 hearth F4 pre-excavation, view to NW. Figure 32: Photograph of Trench 18 hearth F4 excavated in section, view to S.



Trench 19 13.00m x 6.20m. 80.60 square metres. Aligned NW-SE at 317º. Located to the E of Trench 18 on a natural terrace, pasture grass was dominant over Juncus grass. This trench was on fairly level ground and sloped very gently from S to N. The topsoil F1 was mid grey brown clayey sand, sand 60%, clay 30% and silt 10% with moderate inclusions of angular and sub angular pebbles of 0.06m x 0.04m x 0.03m on average and occasional small boulders up to 0.12m x 0.10m x 0.07m and it was 0.25m deep. The subsoil F2 was pale orange brown to grey clayey sand (clay 55%, sand 45%) with moderate inclusions of sub rounded and sub angular cobbles and small boulders and is natural glacial till. Two stone filled field drains located 4m apart were present in this trench and were left in situ. The drains ran NNE-SSW across the trench and were 0.50m wide. They contained a fill of generally water rounded cobbles and small boulders with some larger boulders up to 0.60m x 0.50m in a matrix of grey sandy silt (silt 70%, sand 30%). No archaeology other than the field drains was present in this trench. Trench 20 13.30m x 5.50m. 73.15 square metres. Aligned NW-SE at 311º This trench was located on a slight terrace at the base of the slope to the W of Trench 18. The topsoil F1 was mid grey brown sandy silt, (silt 70%, sand 30%) with occasional inclusions of pebbles and cobble sized sub angular and sub rounded stones and was 0.25m deep. A natural depression was present in the centre of the trench, which had been partially filled with a spread of cinder, coal fragments and ash up to 0.15m deep, F3, which had been deposited in the natural depression to aid drainage. Four sherds of early 20th century white earthenware were recovered from this deposit. This depression flooded immediately on excavation. There was a schist bedrock outcrop at the E side of the trench on the N side of the depression and another bedrock outcrop on the S side of the depression at the E edge of the trench. A stone filled drain, 0.70m wide, ran down slope from the W side of the trench into this depression, which may have acted as a soak away with the cinder infill. The subsoil, F2 was natural glacial subsoil of mottled orange – pale brown – grey sand and gravel of 0.02m on average with pockets of silty sand, clayey sand and sandy clay. No archaeological deposits other than the drain and cinder deposit F3 were present.



Figure 33: Photograph of Trench 19 as excavated, view to SE. Figure 34: Photograph of Trench 20 as machine excavated, note cinder spread in depression. View to NW.



Trench 21 9.00m x 5.30m. 47.7 square metres. Aligned N-S at 22º This trench was located at the SW corner of the garden area on land that is shown as enclosed into the garden in 1918 but as part of the field in 1860. The surface vegetation was pasture grass with no Juncus grass and the ground was fairly level, sloping very gently from SW to NE. The topsoil F1 was 0.26m deep and pale brown sandy loam. The natural glacial subsoil F2 was pale buff to orange brown gritty sand with stony pockets. F2 was confirmed as the natural horizon by the excavation of a sondage. A linear concentration of stones in the centre of the trench was investigated by the sondage in case it might have represented a drain. The sondage measured 1.35m N-S x 2.25m E-W and 0.95m deep and was excavated by machine to test the natural subsoils and confirm that no buried ground surfaces were present. The concentration of stones was confirmed to be a natural deposition. The gritty sand natural contained frequent inclusions of sub rounded, rounded and sub angular stones ranging from pebble to cobble size and less frequent small boulders of c. 0.22m x 0.15m x 0.15m in size. The sondage disturbed ground water and started to flood immediately. . Two drains, running down slope NW-SE, were present in this trench spaced 3.96m or 13 feet apart. The W drain was 0.51m wide with a fill of reddish brown silt (silt70%, sand 20%, clay 10%) with inclusions of coal and cinder fragments and had rounded cobbles of 0.12m x 0.08m x 0.08m present in a lower fill. The E drain was 0.23m wide with a fill of pale brown silty sand (sand 70%, silt 30%) with cinder inclusions. The drains were not excavated and were left in situ. One modern fence post 0.12m in diameter, with fence stake in situ was also located in this trench and may represent part of the fence line shown on the 1918 OS map. An apparently distinct circular patch of pale pinky grey sand was suspected of being a pit or post hole and was trowel cleaned. On excavation this possible feature turned out to be a diffuse and irregular patch of sand containing decomposing schist fragments and was interpreted as a natural soil formation. Trench 22 13m x 8.6 m. 111.80 square metres. Aligned E-W at 72º. This trench was located on a prominent, apparently natural, grassy knoll on the natural terrace at the NE corner of the field and appeared to have reasonable archaeological potential on topographic grounds. The trench was opened over fairly level ground on top of the terrace and sloped gently down to the E corner, where peat subsoil was present. The topsoil F1 was medium brown silty sand loam with frequent gravel inclusions and occasional cinders and frags of white earthenware and burnt flint, 0.30m deep. Small boulders and sub angular cobble sized stones were occasional inclusions in the



topsoil. The subsoil, F2, was mixed glacial sands and gravels with frequent inclusions of cobbles and small boulders. The orange – pale brown – grey mottled and patchy colouration of the subsoil was as seen elsewhere on the site. At the E end of the trench, on the downslope, six drains spaced 1.60m apart were present, no drainpipes were present. The regular linear fills were considered as possibly representing the bottom of plough furrows from rig and furrow agriculture but drainage seems the more likely interpretation. The SE corner of trench was the lowest point of excavation in the trench and a shallow deposit of peat was present at this natural water run off point. Formation of peat in the natural depressions was noted throughout the evaluation and is again an indication of how wet this field is. Possibly part of one of the two or three golf courses that have been present in this field over the 20th century. The greater abundance of white earthenware and cinder fragments and the closely spaced drains on the NNE downslope of the knoll shows an effort was made to improve drainage on this level glacial knoll. The topography of this trench has more in common with Trenches 9 and 16 then any of the others and the higher ratio of grass to Juncus grass bog rushes in the ground cover also indicates it is a little island of improved ground. Trench 23 2m x 1m. 2 square metres. Aligned NW-SE at 320º. This very small trench was located in the N enclosure on the W side of the demolished cottage. Excavation was hampered by the presence of extensive tree roots The topsoil, F1, was 0.25m deep, and was very dark brown sandy loam (sand 40%, silt 30%, clay 30%) containing frequent bricks, slate, white earthenware, fragments of sink etc, and general later 20th century rubbish in horticultural soil. Natural subsoil F2 was pale orange brown sand and gravel. No archaeological remains were present and no hard surface suggesting this enclosure was probably used for horticultural or agricultural purposes rather than as a surfaced courtyard.



Figure 35: Photograph of Trench 21 as excavated with sondage in foreground, view to N Figure 36: Photograph of Trench 22 as excavated, view to W.



Trench 24 8m x 4.25m. 34 square metres. Aligned NW-SE at 327º. Located in the garden area to the E of the demolished cottage. This trench was excavated in torrential rain and a sondage excavated along its E side flooded immediately on excavation and was backfilled after rapid recording. The rain continued overnight causing the remainder of the trench to flood and it was apparent that the disturbed drains, ground water and natural drainage had completely saturated the sondage location as the whole trench was flooded making further excavation and recording impossible. The trench was excavated in 0.05m deep spits to see if any changes in the soil could be determined, which might reflect flower or vegetable beds or differential usage but the topsoil was homogenous throughout. A sondage measuring 1.8m wide and 8.00m long was machine excavated along the E side of trench to a depth of 1m to expose full section of soils. This revealed a natural peat filled depression in the SE corner of the trench and indicated that the garden area had been artificially levelled and built up with horticultural soil. The topsoil F1 was silt 60%, clay 30%, and sand 10%, and almost black in colour and was a good quality horticultural soil, 0.40m deep. Inclusions of white earthenware pottery sherds, bottle glass, animal bone (fertiliser) and a few coal fragments were present but in very small quantities considering the garden usage. There were also rare inclusions of small sub-rounded and sub-angular pebbles measuring less than 0.05m in size but generally the soil was stone free and well cultivated. At the N end of the trench a curve of small angular boulders was present, which may have represented the edging of a flower bed. However, hand excavation was required to define this feature, which was buried under humic soil build up but this was not undertaken due to the flooded nature of the trench. Four drains were present in the trench, all sealed under the topsoil F1 and cut into the subsoil F2. This trench and Trench 25 were the only trenches in which discernable subsoil overlying natural deposits was present. The subsoil F2 was pale brown silty clay and 0.15 m deep. Subsoil F2 overlay a deposit of peat F3, concentrated in the SE corner of the trench in a natural depression. The peat was clayey silt and reddish brown to black in colour and contained twigs and bark. The peat deposit F3 was a natural formation in a hollow and was 0.30m deep maximum. The peat overlay mottled orange to grey sand 40%, silt 30%, clay 30% with frequent inclusions of gravel and small pebbles measuring 0.03m x 0.03m x 0.01m in size on average, which represents the natural horizon, F4. The uppermost 0.60m of natural soil contained moderate inclusions of gravel, pebbles and cobbles and became stonier with depth turning to grey clayey sand and gravel with inclusions of boulders up to 0.60m x 0.50m x 0.40m, the same as has been seen elsewhere across the site. Two of the drains were terracotta pipe drains made up of square sections with a circular opening through them. The other two drains were stone filled drains and were more substantial in nature. One of the stone filled drains was earlier than the other suggesting two phases of stone filled rubble field drains are present in the garden area. All of the drains are considered to be of 19th and 20th century date and there was no evidence of any earlier occupation or cultivation. The two phases of stone filled drains and the terracotta drains further indicate perhaps three phases of drain



installation and indicates that considerable efforts were made to create a well drained and productive garden. Trench 25 6.20m x 2.00m 12.4 square metres. Aligned NW-SE at 323º. This trench was located in the SE quadrant of the surviving level garden ground at the edge of the knotweed in a patch of grass and mint. The topsoil was removed in spits to look for differences in soil colour or texture that might indicate different flower or vegetable beds. No variations were observed and the topsoil F1 was dark brown to black silty loam, silt 60%, sand 20%, clay 20% and 0.45m deep. The topsoil was homogenous and very clean with hardly any inclusions indicating a well cultivated horticultural soil. The presence of only a few fragments of animal bone, cinder and less than 5 white earthenware sherds, including a fragment of a marmalade jar, was surprising as one might have expected more evidence of midden fertilisation. Underlying the deep horticultural soil was a distinct subsoil layer, F2. F2 was a 0.35m deep layer of pale to mid brown clayey silt, silt 50%, clay 35% and sand 15%. This deposit was also homogenous and generally very clean with only a few rare inclusions of burnt flint and lime nodules. The presence of burnt flint and lime nodules indicates this ground had been treated to reduce acidity and it appears that this subsoil, along with the subsoil located in Trench 24, represents initial preparation of the land for use as a garden. It is likely this artificial subsoil is made up of a reworking of the natural sand and gravels. No pottery or animal bone was present in this layer suggesting that it was a preparation soil rather than a cultivation soil. Underlying this made-up subsoil was the natural subsoil F3. F3 was pale grey to buff micaceous slightly clayey sand with occasional inclusions of angular pebbles and cobble sized schist stones. Three terracotta pipe drains were present in this trench, all running from W to E. One had a square pipe section and the other two were circular pipes. The cuts for the installation of the drains were not clearly visible in the cultivated soil but all had been cut into the made-up subsoil layer F2. The ceramic drains, which are later 19th century in date, were still functioning and two of them were left undisturbed. It was noted that one of the terracotta pipe drains had a fill of stones in its cut, which no doubt would have been deposited to aid water percolation down to the drainage track. The drain located at the S end of the trench was at a depth of 0.60m below the ground surface. The two drains located at the N end of the trench were located at 0.80m below the ground surface and were spaced 1.40m apart. A tree hole was present in the N half of the trench. No trace of any activity earlier that the 19th century documented creation of the garden was found. The presence of a made-up subsoil with 19th century drains between the horticultural soil and the natural soil horizon strongly suggests that this land was improved for a garden during the 19th century. Any earlier deposits that may have been present are likely to have been completely truncated and destroyed when the site was cleared and the made up subsoil was laid down.



Figure 37: Photograph of Trench 23 as excavated, view to NW. Figure 38: Photograph of Trench 24 as excavated and sondage backfilled, view to NW.



Figure 39: Photograph of Trench 24 section, view to W. Shows horticultural topsoil machine cleaned to made up subsoil and section to natural deposits showing two stone drains and peat at left of photograph. Figure 40: Photograph of Trench 25 as excavated, view to NW.



Summary and Conclusions The topsoil is generally sandy loam of an average depth of 0.25m throughout the field and this overlies the natural glacial till subsoil, which is generally orange – orange brown sand with pockets of silt, rarely clay and most frequently gravels and stones. Peat is present in the natural depressions and lower lying pockets of ground. The evaluation excavations have exposed only a handful of archaeological features. Despite the promising topography of the field with natural terraces providing potential level areas of good drainage suitable for settlement, no conclusive evidence of settlement of any period has been found. The field has generally been used for pasture and it was also used as a hayfield in the 1960s and probably at other times. There is remarkably little evidence of manuring with midden or night soil and only a handful of pottery sherds, all of late 19th – early 20th century date, were recovered form the topsoil in some of the trenches. A few pieces of burnt flint were also found in the topsoil indicating that the field has been limed in the past. The most common type of feature located were drains. Both stone filled ditches and terracotta pipe drains of both complete pipe sections and horseshoe pipe sections laid on a bed of slate are present. The stone drains are still working but invariably the terracotta drains are silted up and no longer working. The drains are generally not laid out in a regular pattern across the field and in only two trenches could a regular pattern of spacing of the terracotta drains at 4m or 13ft intervals be identified. Elsewhere with both the stone and terracotta drains the situation is much more ad hoc with drains being put in where they are needed. In some places in the field the drains can be located on the ground surface where they have collapsed. The main factor that has determined the drain layout across the field is the topography. The field is undulating and the water has naturally found its own way down the hill in the depressions between the natural terraces. During the worst of the rain during the evaluation the water run off across the surface of the field was easily observed following the natural channels and depressions in the ground surface. Bedrock outcrops under the turf have also been a factor in the location of drains in the field and in trenches where terracotta drains had been installed at a regular spacing, areas of bedrock had been avoided. Drainage channels and water run off and collection points were identified in the natural sediments in a number of trenches and pockets of peat were also located in some of the trenches. Considering the field is at the bottom of the hill and subjected to water run-off it would appear that it has probably never been developed or extensively utilised because of its drainage pattern making it generally too wet. The main drain and water management features of the pond and tanks at the W boundary and the canalised burn / channelled drain at the NW boundary of the site clearly indicate that serious measures to manage the drainage have been undertaken in the past. Other drainage related factors include the dumping of cinder and ash in a natural depression in Trench 20 and the laying of late 19th – early 20th century midden material in Trench 9 to improve the drainage for the golf green. In Trench 16 extensive stone and terracotta drains had been installed to accommodate the golf tee. Excluding the drains, which are not considered of archaeological significance, only nine archaeological features have been located. Of these features one pit and one post hole were definitely of modern date and contained late 19th - 20th century artefacts and



cinders and three other features are probably holes left when stones were ploughed out. One post hole of unknown date and one hearth, also of unknown date, offer the most potential for prehistoric activity. The hearth or fire pit in Trench 18 produced no artefacts to date it. A sample has been collected, which contains abundant charcoal and four fragments of burnt bone, all of which could be radiocarbon dated if necessary. The two remaining archaeological features are the made up preparation soil in the garden area and the midden spread under the golf green in Trench 9, both of which are 19th century in date. The total number of archaeological features, excluding drains, is only nine and only two of these has any potential to be pre-modern in date. This means that there is one archaeological feature for every c.190 square metres of the evaluated area. This is an extremely low density of archaeological features and of these, seven are modern in date. However, despite the field evaluation targeting the most likely spots for earlier occupation on topographic grounds and the paucity of archaeological features the possibility of further archaeological remains being present on the site still remains. Mitigation Strategy Recommendations Two archaeological features of unknown date are present and one hearth might be prehistoric in date even though no artefacts were present to provide an immediate date. However, the evaluation indicates that if archaeological remains are present within the site boundary they are of very low density. The weather conditions during the evaluation demonstrated poor drainage in the field with the run off water literally flowing down the hillside and the pockets of peat formation in natural depressions and drainage patterns revealed in the natural subsoil further indicates that this field has a tendency to be wet underfoot. However, the landscape has changed over the millennia and the site may have more attractive in the third or fourth millennium BC. It topographic location around the shoulder of the glen at the natural route junction to travel W or N is also a factor that favours it as a possible site for earlier occupation As this is the case it is appropriate to carry out some further limited monitoring of the topsoil stripping in the form of a minimal watching brief so that any further archaeological features can be identified and excavated. Ian Outch, the project manager, has indicated that the topsoil stripping of the field may be undertaken by a backhoe machine. This would mean clear areas of subsoil would be exposed and any archaeological features identified. Given the low density of archaeological features the excavator is of the opinion that it would not be necessary to watch all of the topsoil stripping in progress but to make periodic visits to examine stripped areas of several hundred square metres before they were disturbed further. Despite the low number of archaeological features identified it must be borne in mind that despite the evaluation trenches targeting the most promising topographic locations for archaeological remains, only 5% of the total site area has been evaluated. It is possible, though unlikely on topographic grounds, that archaeological remains are present in the areas that have not been evaluated.



In summary the archaeological evaluation has not produced significant archaeological remains and the further archaeological work recommended for the site is the minimal response. We recommend that a Negative Suspensive Consent is attached to the Planning Permission to ensure that an appropriate level of archaeological mitigation can be undertaken during development. We recommend monitoring of the site during the removal of the topsoil. This would entail a site visit by an archaeologist to walk over areas of the field that have been stripped of topsoil to look for archaeological features. Several hundred square metres could be assessed by an archaeologist at one time and methodical stripping of the topsoil would minimise the number of archaeological monitoring visits required. Any archaeological features identified could then be tested and evaluated by excavation. If significant archaeological remains are found to be present they would need to be isolated to allow for archaeological excavation to take place. A contingency sum to cover archaeological excavation should be included in the project budget. The garden area appears to date entirely to the 19th century and no further archaeological work is required in this part of the site. The pond and main drain should be maintained and left in situ if possible as they are major improvement features and landscape features. The early 20th century farm machinery lying at the NE corner of the field is an artefact related to local social history and should be removed and re-homed, locally if possible.



Discovery and Excavation in Scotland

LOCAL AUTHORITY: Argyll and Bute (LL & T National Park) PROJECT TITLE: Tarbet, Loch Lomond PARISH: Arrochar NAME OF CONTRIBUTOR: Fiona Baker NAME OF ORGANISATION: Firat Archaeological Services TYPE OF PROJECT: Evaluation NMRS NOs: N/A SITE / MONUMENT TYPE: 19th century garden, early 20th century golf courses, glacial terraces SIGNIFICANT FINDS: one undated hearth NGR: NN 318 044 centred START DATE: 20.9.04 END DATE: 11.10.04 PREVIOUS WORK: none PROPOSED FUTURE WORK: monitoring of topsoil stripping. MAIN DESCRIPTION: An archaeological evaluation comprising 25 excavation trenches covering 1700 square metres was carried out in the field and disused 19th century working garden and old petrol station site located on the W side of the A82 opposite the Tarbet Hotel. Despite the promising topography of glacial terraces on a hillside overlooking the natural divergence of the road up Loch Lomondside to the W and N and the glen to Arrochar being a tarbet, no significant archaeological remains were found. A single undated hearth and one undated post hole were located. Two golf greens with artificially levelled platforms, remnants of a golf course of 1900s date that ran through the glen from Tarbet to Arrochar, were present. The garden area is first shown on the 1860 First Edition OS map and no artefacts or deposits of earlier date were located in the garden area. PROJECT CODE: TLL04 SPONSOR: Burnside 102 Ltd ADDRESS OF MAIN CONTRIBUTOR: Hillcroft, Station Road, Rhu, G84 8LW, Argyll ARCHIVE LOCATION: With Firat Archaeological Services and to be deposited in the NMRS. Report lodged with WoSAS.



Acknowledgements The fieldwork, research and reporting are by Fiona Baker, Director of FAS. The survey of trench locations was done by Jimmy Wright and the report illustrations are by David Connolly. The machine was operated by Jamie Martin, assisted by Alan Paterson. The scope of the archaeological work was specified and monitored by Paul Robins of the West of Scotland Archaeology Service on behalf of Argyll and Bute Council. We are grateful to local historian Mary Haggarty for her assistance with historical research. Bibliography Baker F 1995-1998 The Loch Lomond Islands Survey. 5 volumes.

Unpublished reports for the Friends of Loch Lomond

Currie W N/D An Historical Description of Tarbet, Loch Lomond and District. Craig Jeffrey, Helensburgh.

Danielewski J 1987 Loch Lomond in Old Picture Postcards European Library, Netherlands.

Dennistoun J 1883 Cartularium Comitatus de Levenax, (The Chartulary of Lennox). Maitland Club, Edinburgh.

Dewar J 1964 The Dewar Manuscripts Vol. I, Scottish West Highland Folktales. Translated by H MacLean of Islay. (Chapters 12, 15, 17.) MacLellan and Co., Glasgow.

Fraser W 1869 The Chiefs of Colquhoun and their Country 2 vols. Edinburgh.

Fraser W 1874 The Lennox 2 Vols., Edinburgh.

Groome FH (ed) 1884 Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland Vol 1, p77. TC Jack, Grange Publishers, Glasgow and Edinburgh Haldane A R B 1952 The Drove Roads of Scotland. Thomas Nelson Edinburgh.

Irving J 1879 The Book of Dumbartonshire 2 vols. Edinburgh and London.

Irving J 1860 The History of Dumbartonshire. Dumbarton.

Laing R M 1974 Local History. in A Natural History of Loch Lomond.

Glasgow University Press.

MacDonald M 1991 The Clans of Scotland. Brian Trodd, London.

MacFarlane A 2001 Clan MacFarlane A History.

House of Lochar, Colonsay.



MacFarlane J 1922 History of Clan MacFarlane. D J Clark Ltd., Glasgow.

Macfarlane J 1980s-1990s Manuscript and MacFarlane historical research papers held at Helensburgh Library. 2 volumes of draft manuscript ‘History of Clan MacFarlane’. Copyright RLO MacFarlane.

MacLeod D 1891 Historic Families, Notable People and Memorabilia of the Lennox. Dumbarton.

MacPhail I M M 1974 Families of the Lennox: A Survey. in The Scottish Genealogist, Vol. XXII No 2.

MacPhail I M M 1962 A Short History of Dumbartonshire. Bennett and Thompson, Dumbarton.

McIan R R 1980 The Clans of the Scottish Highlands. Webb and Bower, Exeter.

Mitchell A Sir Ed. 1906-8 Geographical Collections Relating to Scotland by Walter MacFarlane.

Vol. II, 1907, 601-4. 3 vols. (Written in 18th century / c. 1720s).

Moir D G Ed. 1983 The Early Maps of Scotland. Vol. 2 up to 1850. 3rd edition, Royal Scottish Geographical Society, Edinburgh.

Moncrieffe of that Ilk 1967 The Highland Clans. Barnie and Jenkins, London.

Morrison A 1974 Archaeology in A Natural History of Loch Lomond.

University of Glasgow Press, Glasgow.

Mort F 1920 Dumbartonshire, in Cambridgeshire County Geography. Cambridge University Press.

Origines Parochiales Scotiae 1851 Volume I. Parishes of Luss and Arrochar, p30-32. Bannatyne Club, Lizars, Edinburgh. Paterson J 1893 Records of Excursions to Loch Lomondside In Ann. of the Andersonian Nat. Soc. 1, 55-6.

Pennant T 1771 A Tour in Scotland Chester.

RCAHMS 1992 Argyll Inventory 7. Mid Argyll and Cowal. Medieval and Later Monuments. RCAHMS.

RCAHMS 1978 The Archaeological Sites and Monuments of Dumbarton District,

Clydebank District, Bearsden and Milngavie District, Strathclyde Region. RCAHMS, Edinburgh.

Richardson T 1799 Guide to Loch Lomond, Loch Fine and Inverary.

2nd edition, John Murdoch, Glasgow.



Ross C 1792 The Traveller’s Guide to Loch Lomond. Paisley.

Sinclair J Sir Ed. 1791-99 The Statistical Account. Parish of Arrochar Vol. III, 430-437.

1978 Edition, Vol. IX, edited by Withrington D J and Grant I R with an introduction to Dunbartonshire by I M M MacPhail. Published by EP Publishing, Wakefield

Winchester H S c. 1918 Traditions of Arrochar and Tarbet and the Macfarlanes. (No details).

Maps 1777 Charles Ross. Map of the County of Dumbartonshire 1860 First Edition Ordnance Survey 1918 Third Edition Ordnance Survey 1944 Ordnance Survey 1976 Ordnance Survey 1:10,000 Sheet NN30SW Archive Contents and Location of the Archive The archive contains the following items:

• One bound hard copy of this report • One copy of report text on disk • All drawings as listed • All photographs as listed • Three field notebooks

Report Distribution Six copies of this report have been produced and distributed to:

• Burnside 102 Ltd / Alias Smith and Garratt • West of Scotland Archaeology Service (2 copies, 1 for Planning Authority and

disc copy) • National Monuments Record of Scotland including project archive • Helensburgh Library • Firat Archaeological Services



Drawings List

• Ironside Farrar Drawing No. 6557/104 – A3, 1:1250, Neighbour Notification

Plan and Topographic Survey • Ironside Farrar Drawing No. 5061/VC/028 – A1, 1:500, Detailed Planning

Application Proposed Landscape Layout • Ironside Farrar Drawing No. 5061/VC/029 – A1, 1:500, Outline Planning

Application Proposed Landscape Layout • Site Plan by Scottish and Southern Energy plc at A3 annotated by Caroline

Allen of IKM Consulting Ltd showing location of geotechnical test pits with handwritten A4 sheet describing pit locations

Firat Archaeological Services Field Drawings Drawing No. Scale Description 1 1:50 Tr. 24, NE facing section of sondage 2 1:10 Tr. 18, pre- ex plan of F4, shows upper fill F5 3 1:10 Tr. 18, NW facing section of F4 showing fills F5 and F6 4 1:10 Tr. 18, post-ex plan of cut F4 5 1:10 Tr. 4, NW facing section of F3 and F4



Photograph Lists Colour Print Roll No. 1 No. Direction (to) Description 1 W General view from filling station site of old garden 2 SW General view, pre-ex from NE corner of field 3 W General view, pre-ex from NE corner of field 4 S General view, pre-ex from NE corner of field 5 E General view, pre-ex from SW corner of field 6 N General view, pre-ex from SW corner of field 7 NNE General view, pre-ex from SW corner of field 8 ENE General view, pre-ex from SW corner of field 9 SW Water tanks 10 N Pond 11 E General view of garden 12 ESE General site view from SW corner of garden 13 N Tr. 1 as machine excav 14 N Tr. 2 as machine excav 15 N Tr. 3 as machine excav 16 S Tr. 4 as machine excav 17 N Tr. 4 as machine excav 18 SSW Tr. 5 as machine excav 19 E Tr. 6 as machine excav 20 NNW Tr. 7 as machine excav 21 SSE Tr. 7 as machine excav 22 NW Tr. 8 as machine excav 23 ENE Tr. 9 as machine excav 24 W Tr. 10 as machine excav 25 W Tr. 10 peat with waterlogged wood in SW corner of trench 26 W Tr. 11 as machine excav 27+28 W Tr. 12 as machine excav 29 E Tr. 12 as machine excav 30 N Tr. 12, possible feature after machine cleaning (natural) 31 N Tr. 12, possible feature pre-ex at S baulk (natural) 32 SE Tr. 13 as machine excav 33 S Tr. 14 as machine excav 34 NNE Pond bank 35 N Boulders at NE corner of pond 36 W Tr. 8, ceramic drain in sondage 37 E Tr. 8, ceramic drain in sondage 38+39 SE Tr. 8, line of ceramic drain in subsoil F2. 40 S Tr. 7, terracotta horseshoe drain



Colour Print Roll No. 2 No. Direction (to) Description 1 S Tr. 7, stone and ceramic drains and peat deposit 2 S Tr. 1, stone field drain 3+4 S Tr. 1, terracotta drain 5 N Tr. 2, terracotta drain 6 N Tr. 2, flooded 7 E Tr. 2, pit F3 pre-ex after machine cleaning 8 E Tr. 2, pit F3, pre-ex after trowel cleaning 9+10 S Tr. 2, pit F4 (fill F3) as excavated in section 11 S Tr.2, pit F5 pre-ex after machine cleaning 12 S Tr. 2, pit F5 re-ex after trowel cleaning 13 E Tr. 2, Pit F5 fill, F6 cut, NW facing section 14 SE Tr. 2, pit F5 / F6 after NW side removed 15+16 NW Tr. 4, F3 and F4 pre ex 17,18+19 SE Tr. 4, F3 excavated in section 20 W Tr. 15 as machine excav 21 ESE Tr. 16 under excavation 22 W Tr. 16 as machine excav 23 W Tr. 17 as machine excav 24 W Tr. 18, F3 stone field drain as machine excav 25 N Tr. 18, F4 as machine cleaned 26 N Tr. 18 as machine excav 27 W Garden viewed from old filling station 28 E Track along S side of garden 29 E Garden viewed from demolished building 30 NW Demolished building in the garden area 31 N Demolished building in the garden area 32 S Demolished building in the garden area 33 SW Woodland to W of demolished building 34 W Curved drystone retaining wall at SW of demolished building 35 NW Curved drystone retaining wall at SW of demolished building 36 N Southern enclosure on W side of demolished building, scale at

entrance 37 SW Quarry at SW corner of S enclosure, possible well 38 S N enclosure at W side of demolished building 39+40 E Main drainage ditch / canalised burn along NW side of garden



Colour Print Roll No. 3 No. Direction (to) Description 1+2 NE Greenhouse 3 SW Greenhouse 4+5 W Boiler at greenhouse 6 W detail of boiler at greenhouse 7 E Cold frames 8 S Cold frames (best preserved) 9 N Geotechnical Test Pit 21, N section, located at SW of Tr. 6 10 NW Tr. 20 as machine excav 11 SE Tr. 19 as machine excav 12 W Geotechnical Test Pit 22, E facing section 13 NW Tr. 23, as machine excav 14 N Tr. 21 as machine excav 15 S Tr. 9, sondage 16 W Tr. 9, sondage, W facing section 17 WNW General site view from SW corner of field of excavations 18 NW General site view from SW corner of field of excavations 19 N General site view from SW corner of field of excavations 20 ENE General site view from SW corner of field of excavations 21 ENE Tr. 16, 2 days after excavation following rain 22 W Tr. 16, sondage 23 S Tr. 16, N facing section of sondage 24,25,26+27 W Tr. 24, E facing section of sondage, note peat, drains and

horticultural soils 28 SE Tr. 24 sondage 29 NW Tr. 24, sondage 30 Vert/NE Tr. 7, post hole 31 ESE Tr. 7, post hole post-ex in section 32 SE Tr. 8 post-ex, W baulk section 33 NW Tr. 8 post-ex, W baulk section 34 W Tr. 8 post-ex, W baulk section 35 NNE Tr. 5 post-ex 36 NNW Tr. 4 post-ex 37 W Tr. 22 as machine excav 38+39 E Tr. 22 as machine excav 40 SW General view of excavations from NE corner of field



Colour Print Roll No. 4 No. Direction (to) Description 1 E Tr. 18, F4, hearth, pre-ex 2 NW Tr. 18, F4, hearth, pre-ex 3 W Tr. 15 post-ex 4 – 6 personal, removed 7 W Backfilling in progress 8 NE Tr. 4, pre-ex of sondage 9 E Tr. 4, pre-ex of sondage 10 SSE Tr. 18, F4 pre-ex 11 SW Tr. 18, F4 pre-ex 12 NW Tr. 18, F4 pre-ex 13 NE Tr. 18, F4 pre-ex 14+15 S Tr. 18, F4 in section, shows fills F5 and F6, N half removed 16 SSE Tr. 18, F4, hearth, post-ex 17 SW Tr. 18, F4, hearth, post-ex 18 NW Tr. 18, F4, hearth, post-ex 19 NE Tr. 18, F4, hearth, post-ex 20 SE Tr. 4, pits F3 and F4 after flood water drained by sump and

cleaned over 21 NNE Tr. 4, pits F3 and F4 after flood water drained by sump and

cleaned over 22 NW Tr. 4, pits F3 and F4 after flood water drained by sump and

cleaned over 23 SSW Tr. 4, pits F3 and F4 after flood water drained by sump and

cleaned over 24+25 SE Tr. 4, F3 and F4, post-ex 26+27 NW Tr. 25 as machine excav. 28 W Tr. 25, E facing section



Contact Addresses Alias Smith and Garratt Ltd Langbank Swinton Berwickshire TD11 3HY Contact: Hugh Garratt Telephone: 01890 840 643 Burnside 102 Ltd Stronafyne Arrochar Argyll and Bute G83 7AJ Contact: Iain Outch Telephone: 01301 702241 Firat Archaeological Services Hillcroft Station Road Rhu By Helensburgh G84 8LW Contact: Fiona Baker Telephone: 01436 820 334 West of Scotland Archaeology Service 20 India Street Glasgow G2 4PF Contact: Paul Robins Telephone: 0141 287 8335.

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