Summary of Previous Lecture

Political heads

Administrative heads

Corporations

Commissions

ombudsman

Planning in Pakistan

Definition and Meaning• Fritz Morstein Marx says;

- “Planning is preparation for action.

- It is the vital first step in any major administrative action. Planning is

means to an end.

- It is the process of formulating objectives to be realized by

administrative enterprise”.

Definition and Meaning• John D. Millet says,

- “Planning is process of determining the objectives

of administrative effort and devising the means

calculated to achieve them”.

- “Planning is the simply endeavor to apply foresight

to human activity, planning anticipate desired

results and prepared the steps necessary for their

realization”.• Those who fail to plan, actually plan to fail.

Types of Planning

• Development Planning

• Economic Planning

• Administrative Planning

Planning Process• There is no one best defined process of planning. • Steps involved vary from person to person and situation to situation. • Steps involved in planning are not rigid. • Seckler Hudson steps in planning are:

• Problem definition

• Exploration of information

• Defining possible alternatives

• Experimenting one or more tentative solutions

• Evaluation

• Reconsideration, readjustment or re-decision

Principles of Planning

• Unity of plan

• Continuity of plan

• Timing of the plan

• Suppleness of plan

• Precision in planning

Planning Machinery• Most countries of the world have established a planning agency of one kind or

another for the planning of economy and administration.

• The structure, composition and the internal organization may vary from country

to country but the functions they perform are almost similar.

• Planning agency is involved throughout in the planning process form formulation

to implementation and then post implementation.

• Head of planning agency vary in different government systems.

• Staff of planning is selected from variety of specialists and generalists.

Planning in Pakistan• Planning machinery

- Planning Commission

- Planning and development department / Board

- District Government / Zila Councils

• Sanctioning Machinery

Federal Level

NEC

ECNEC-executive committee of national economic council

CDWP- central development working party

• Provincial Level

- PDWP

- Departmental Sub-committee

• District Level

- Zila Council

Development Planning The Colombo Plan

First Five-Year Plan

Second Five-Year Plan

Third Five-Year Plan

Fourth Five-Year Plan

Fifth Five-Year Plan

Sixth Five-Year Plan

Seventh Five-Year Plan

Eight Five-Year Plan

Vision 2025-1000 plus conference

Chronology and Functions of Planning Machinery in Pakistan

Chronology of Planning Machinery

Development Board established in 1948 in the EAD (Economic affair Division)

Planning Board set up in 1953. First 5 year plan prepared for 1955-60

National Planning Board established in 1957

Planning Commission setup under the Chairmanship of President in 1959

Functions Consultation with: Federal Ministries / Provincial

Governments Donors Civil Society Formulation of National Plan Annual Plan Five Year Plan Rolling Plan Perspective Plan (15-25 Years) Project Management Approval of Development Projects Monitoring of Major Projects Evaluation of on-going and completed

projects

The budget process • Constitution:

- In Pakistan legal system, various provisions relating

to budget appear in the constitution.

- The budget when proposed as a bill before the

parliament & once accepted is an act of parliament.

- The procedure for general bills establishes that a

bill can originate in either in national assembly or in

senate.

Budget process…

• Once passed by the house in which it originates, it is

transmitted to another house & if passed without

amendment, is passed to the president for approval.

• The president must give his approval within 30 days.

• Once it receives presidential approval, it becomes a

law.

Role of Nation Assembly

• Before its presentation to N.A., the budget is

discussed by cabinet & approved.

• The rules then provide that the budget shall be

presented to N.A. by the finance minister on a date

determined by the head of the house.

• No other matter is discussed on the Budget day.

Role of Nation Assembly ….

• There then follow a period of at least two days

before any discussion of the budget.

• At least four days must then be allocated for

budget discussion.

Budget debate in national assembly

• The annual budget system is generally presented at

the N.A. during the 2nd week of June and is passed

by the beginning of last week of June.

• This process generally leaves 12 to 17working days

for the various stages in budget debate.

Role of senate in budget process

• Since 2003, it has been a requirement that the

budget statement is copied to the senate at the

same time as its presentation to the N.A.

• The senate may discuss the budget proposal &

make recommendation to the N.A.

Role of parliamentary parties

• The parliamentary parties do not make organized

advance preparation for budget debate.

• Some parties do hold meetings during two days

break b/w presentation and debate &are briefed by

financial experts.

Role of standing committees

• There are currently 41 N.A. standing committees,

each corresponding to a federal ministry or division.

• However, the current structure and practice

excludes standing committees from any role in

budget process.

Pre-budgeting consultation with civil society

• No pre or post budget consultation process is held.

• However, this is essential before to budget

announcement, the total available funds, rather than

any alternative to governments pending policies.

Corruption-Explanation of Terminology

• The misuse of one’s own authority.

• Corruption is the abuse of public office.

Types of corruption • Policy Manipulation

• Collusion

• Extortion

• Speed money

Transparency International

• NGO

• Monitors & publicizes corporate and political

corruption.

• It publishes an annual Corruption Perceptions Index

Historical perspective

• Corruption remains a substantial obstacle for

Pakistan.

• Various efforts have been made to stop corruption.

Key sectors affected by corruption in Pakistan

• Police and law enforcement

• Judiciary and legal profession

• Power sector

• Tax and customs

• Health and education

• Land administration

• Railway

• PIA

• Pakistan Steel

Moral Corruption in Our Society

Selfishness

Unawareness

Less temperament

No unity in the nation

Few Corruption Cases in Pakistan

• Haj corruption case

• Mighty corruption in health ministry

• Education-ghost school etc.

• Punjab Bank corruption scandal

• Pakistan Steel Mills corruption huge robbery in Pak

history

• NICL

Reasons of corruption

• Low Salaries

• The absence of transparency

• The absence of accountability

• The lack of moral leadership

Image of Pakistan as a Corrupt Country

• Transparency report of 2010.

• Pakistan ranked 34th in corruption.

Effects of Corruption On Pakistan

• Class Difference in society

• Still in the under development phase

• Weak institutional setup

• Immorality

How to Curb the Issue• Penalties should be strict

• Accountability of ruling officials

• Imparting Islamic Perspective

• Teaching morality/ethics.

“To bring the change you have to change”

• Allah will never change a grace which He has

bestowed on a people until they change what is in

their own selves. And verily, Allah is All-Hearer, All-

Knower. (SurahAl-Anfal; Ayat 53)

• The revolution is not an apple that falls when it is

ripe. You have to make it fall. Che Guevara

Challenges to institution-building

Pakistan’s list of political maladies is infinite, but includes:

• pervasive corruption, • incompetent politicians, • a military-dominated

state and bureaucracy, • ineffective political

parties, • an ethnically divided

nation, • unproductive foreign

policy, • and persistent internal

conflict (including terrorist activity).

Riots ensued across Pakistan after the assassination of Prime Minister Benazir

Bhutto.

Corruption and state incompetenceIssues:

• Disruption of balance in the power sector. 17th amendment passed by Musharraf in 2003 in order to perpetuate his rule; ceded many of the Prime Minister’s powers to the President.

• Lack of transparency in the public procurement process. Bribery a major obstacle in the effective and equitable provision of public services; federal law permits open competition for government contracts, but state officials award in exchange for bribes.

• Judicial accountability and inaction regarding extra-constitutional actions of federal officials. Judiciary the 3rd most corrupt sector in Pakistan; 86% of those surveyed by TI reported having to produce bribes to secure themselves a fair trial or to have their complaints addressed.

In 2008, Transparency International ranked Pakistan as the 138th most corrupt out of 179 countries.

Military officials as well as politicians commonly have records of corruption

charges. Current President Asif Ali Zardari has served several years in

prison for such offenses.

The army“The army appears unable to govern Pakistan itself, but will

not allow anyone else the opportunity to do so either.”

– Stephen Cohen, The Idea of Pakistan

ISSUES:• Recurring seizures of state power. The military is Pakistan’s most powerful institution and claims a role as the nation’s almighty guardian; it harbors an intense mistrust for politicians and has repeatedly seized control of the state from elected officials, citing their incompetence and corruption.• Failure of the military to denounce

Musharraf’s unconstitutional declaration of martial law in November 2007; though they disagreed with his actions, they did not want to infringe upon their “right” to take control in the event of political failure in the state.

• Monopolization of state/bureaucratic affairs. Military officials constitute an overwhelming majority of positions in civil sector jobs; Zia passed legislation that gives army personnel precedence over civilians in consideration for government posts, which is still in effect today. The military is also in ownership of numerous private enterprises…the total balance of its assets is US $20 billion, roughly 1/8 of Pakistan’s GDP.

Ineptitude of political parties

• Aside from PPP, ethnonationalism divides parties

• When conflict arises within party, party breaks up instead of resolving issues

• Chronic history of military leaders vs. untapped long-term potential of civilian leaders

After former President Pervez Musharraf failed to step down

after order had been restored to the state, as he clearly promised, riots erupted throughout Pakistan.

ethnonationalism

“Islam was meant to be the binding force – but for many, ethnic ties

have proved to be stronger.” – Owen Bennet Jones, Pakistan: the

eye of the storm

Issues:• Punjabi dominance. Given their higher accessibility to education in comparison to the other ethnolinguistic groups, Punjabis have been able to monopolize high-status positions within the state/bureaucracy. Causes much resentment in other groups, who see no share of Punjabi success.• Pakhtun separatism. Pakhtuns in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa complain of underrepresentation in government and a lack of institutionalized Islamic law; they demand either an autonomous homeland of “Pakhtunkhwa” or a “Greater Afghanistan” that would erase the Durand line and unite the Pakhtun peoples dispersed between Pakistan and Afghanistan. The possibility of a fusion of Pakhtun separatism with the Islamic militancy brewing in the tribal areas is of major concern to the state, which has had extreme difficulties extracting these militants in their current numbers.• Baloch insurgency. Balochistan is Pakistan’s most resource- rich province, containing large reserves of coal and natural gas; the state has control of these resources. It has made much money off of these operations by attracting FDI and has distributed them to much of the richer, higher-status areas (especially Punjab), but not to the Baloch. This has resulted in a renewed Baloch insurgency against the state, which began in 2004.

Foreign policy

• U.S. aid to Pakistan has fluctuated in last couple of decades

• Questions of Pakistani sovereignty and U.S. intervention

• Nuclear standoff with India, border issues with Afghanistan Anti-India protests in Azad Kashmir.

The continued conflict in Kashmir has radically politicized many

Pakistani youth and is deepening the already-great social divide

between Pakistanis and Indians.

Terrorism and religious/ethnic conflict

In 2000, the Central Intelligence Agency’s National Intelligence Council published a document that predicted what the world may look like in 2015, with special notes about Pakistan; lawlessness, corruption, and failures resulting from decades of

mismanagement.

• Musharraf weary of confronting militants in FATA (Federally Administered Tribal Areas) and NWFP (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)

• General Ashfaq Kayani knew how important victory was to ease tensions with U.S. and win U.S. aid, must prove to Pakistani people that it is Pakistan’s war, not America’s

• Kayani talked to tribal leaders, formed Lashkars and saw the restrictions of the Taliban

Militants in FATA.

Recommendations for saarc

#1 Terrorism and

Religious/Ethnic Conflict• Work to cut funding for

terrorist activities• Convince peoples of

FATA to turn against terrorists

#2

Ineptitu

de of political

parties

•Negotiation amongst

party members a

s

disagreements a

rise as

opposed to party sp

lits

•Properly tra

ining

civilians fo

r careers in

politics; p

roduction of a

competent civil

leadership

#3 Foreign Policy

• Bilateral negotiations on disarmament; a reduction of India’s nuclear program

in exchange for a reduction of Pakistan’s