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ESO RECORD COPY TM-04024

Copy Mo. I of y \ESTI), BUILDING 1211

SUMMARY OF EFFORTS EXPENDED ON THE CONCEPT

OF "DYNAMIC UPDATE OF A MICROFILM FILE"

cys.

TECHNICAL REPORT NO. ESD-TR-65-90

.

&

u\

AUGUST 1965

G. Barboza

Prepared for

SUPPORT SYSTEMS DIVISION

DEPUTY FOR ADVANCED PLANNING

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS DIVISION

AIR FORCE SYSTEMS COMMAND

UNITED STATES AIR FORCE

L. G. Hanscom Field, Bedford, Massachusetts

Project 614.1

Prepared by

THE MITRE CORPORATION

Bedford, Massachusetts Contract AF 19(628)-2390

4fl0</K>^

Copies available at Clearing House for Federal Scientific and Technical Information (formerly Office of Technical Services).

Qualified requesters may obtain copies from DDC. Orders will be expedited if placed through the librarian or other person designated to request documents from DDC.

When US Government drawings, specifications, or other data are used for any purpose other than a definitely related government procurement oper- ation, the government thereby incurs no responsi- bility nor any obligation whatsoever; and the fact that the government may have formulated, fur- nished, or in any way supplied the said drawings, specifications, or other data is not to be regarded by implication or otherwise, as in any manner licensing the holder or any other person or corpo- ration, or conveying any rights or permission to manufacture, use, or sell any patented invention that may in any way be related thereto.

Do not return this copy. Retain or destroy.

ESD-TR-65-90 TM-04024

SUMMARY OF EFFORTS EXPENDED ON THE CONCEPT

OF "DYNAMIC UPDATE OF A MICROFILM FILE"

TECHNICAL REPORT NO. ESD-TR-65-90

AUGUST 1965

G. Barboza

Prepared for

SUPPORT SYSTEMS DIVISION

DEPUTY FOR ADVANCED PLANNING

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS DIVISION

AIR FORCE SYSTEMS COMMAND

UNITED STATES AIR FORCE

L. G. Hanscom Field, Bedford, Massachusetts

Project 614.1

Prepared by

THE MITRE CORPORATION

Bedford, Massachusetts Contract AF 19(628)-2390

FOREWORD

The concept of Dynamic Update of a Microfilm File and the subsequent design, development and fabrication of the feasibility prototype could not have been possible without the contributions of the following individuals. The author gratefully acknowledges the efforts of these people: Theodore E. Allen, Victor A. DeMarines, Robert J. Johnson, Roger M. Robillard, Robert D. Thompson, and Walter J. Cook.

Many other people, too numerous to mention, provided valuable assistance in the fabrication and assembly of the prototype hardware in addition to sample data base preparation. To these individuals I say — a job well done.

ABSTRACT

This document describes the development of the concept of "Dynamic Update of a Microfilm File. " Included is a com- plete description of the prototype hardware that was designed and fabricated to prove the feasibility of combining magnetic and photographic techniques of information storage. The prototype hardware possesses the capability of information storage, rapid update, retrieval and display.

REVIEW AND APPROVAL

This technical documentary report has been reviewed and is approved.

rr>\ ^JOU u£ , £ju~- DALE D. RYDER " Lt Colonel, USAF Project Officer

111

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION I

SECTION II

SECTION III

SECTION IV

SECTION V

SECTION VI

INTRODUCTION

DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPT

DESIGN APPROACH

STORAGE ELEMENT

READER/RETRIEVER MODULE

Magnetic Head Translation Mechanism

CONTROL PANEL AND DISPLAY MODULE ,

LOGIC AND POWER MODULE

UPDATE CAPABILITY

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF THE MAGNETIC HEAD TRANSLATION MECHANISM

ANALYSIS OF THE SLIDER CRANK MECHANISM

EXTENSION OF THE ANALYSIS OF THE FOUR- BAR GEOMETRY

MECHANICAL DESIGN

Drive Assembly

Recording Head Transport Assembly

Reader/Retriever Modifications

Plug-In Unit Subrack Assembly

FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION OF PROTOTYPE

GENERAL

Page

1

7

7

8

3

. 9

11

11

17

20

23

24

24

24

25

25

TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT. )

SECTION vn

APPENDIX I

APPENDIX II

APPENDIX III

Page

AUTOMATIC FRAME SEARCH MODE 25

First Stage Compare — Greater Than 27

First Stage Compare — Less Than 28

First Stage Compare — Equal To 29

INFORMATION UPDATE MODE 29

General 29

Variable Work Length Selection 30

Update Data Entry Mode 31

Update Display Mode 32

FUTURE DEVELOPMENT 33

PROTOTYPE LOGIC DESIGN 35

DESCRIPTION OF COMMERCIAL MICROFILM EQUIPMENT PROCURED FROM PROGRAM 64

DESCRIPTION AND UTILIZATION OF THE RECOVERY DATA BASE PREPARED ON MICROFILM 69

VI

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Page

1 Advantage of Consecutive Search 3

2 Storage Element Format 6

3 Geometrical Arrangement 12

4 Comparison of Displacement Functions 21

5 Comparison of Velocity Functions 21

6 Comparison of Velocity/Displacement Profiles 22

7 Constant Velocity Determination Velocity/ Displacement Profile — Four-Bar Mechanism 22

8 Simplified Logical Flow — Frame Search Mode 26

9 Simplified Logical Flow — Update Entry/Readout 26

10 Variable Work Length Selection Structure — Keyboard Shift Register 31

11 Control Panel Switches 39

12 Keyboard Panel Wiring Diagram 40

13 Pulse Network Schematic Diagram 41

14 Indicator Amplifiers (Subrack A) 42

15 Indicator Amplifiers (Subrack B) 43

16 Display Decoders 44

17 Display Drivers 45

18 Keyboard Entry Control 46

19 Shift Pulse Driver 47

20 Keyboard Shift Register 48

21 Registers 1-4 of 16 In Frame Counter/Shift Register 49

22 Registers 5-8 of 16 In Frame Counter/Shift Register 50

23 Registers 9-12 of 16 In Frame Counter/Shift Register 51

24 Registers 13-16 of 16 In Frame Counter/Shift Register 52

vii

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (CONT.)

Figure Page

25 Timing and Shift Pulse Generators 53

26 Clock Counter, Decoder, Reset Diagram 54

27 Forward/Reverse Control Diagram 55

28 Precount Control 56

29 Precounter Diagram 57

30 Selector Control for External Operation 58

31 Word Selection Diagram 59

32 Scan Counter and Reset Diagram 60

33 Read/Write Control 61

34 Read/Write Timing 62

35 Data Shift Register (112 Bit BCD) 63

36 Ground Control Point No. 1 76

37 Ground Control Point No. 2 77

38 Ground Control Point No. 3 78

39 Typical Distance Frame 79

40 Typical Individual Base Capability Frame 80

41 Typical Base Capabilities Summary 81

42 Typical Individual Base Weapon Capability 82

43 Update Associated with Base Destruction Report 83

44 Update Associated with Base Weapon Destruction 84

viii

SECTION I

INTRODUCTION

This document is a detailed summary of the efforts expended on the

development of the concept of a dynamically updatable microfilm information

storage, retrieval and display system. Included in this report is a description

of the hardware that was designed, developed and fabricated as a feasibility

prototype.

A complete set of logic drawings is included in Appendix I. A description

of the commercial microfilm equipment obtained for the program is contained

in Appendix II. Appendix III contains a description of the data base prepared to

illustrate the functional capability of dynamic updating.

SECTION II

DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPT

All command and control systems, planned or operational, have a standing

requirement for the compact storage and rapid retrieval of information. Micro-

film and other photographic media were studied to determine their suitability for

application in command and control. Some of the characteristics of microfilm

which are desirable in command and control are:

(1) High information packing density;

(2) Easy storage of documents, graphs, photographs, maps and

weather charts;

(3) Rapid retrieval;

(4) Information readily displayed by projection;

(5) High resolution and good definition;

(6) Information easily reproduced.

Physically, microfilm in reel form appears to lend itself more readily to

handling and transporting than do other microfilm forms (i. e., chips, strips,

scroll, etc.). A particularly convenient form of storage is provided by the

somewhat classic magazine. Magazines are available which allow rapid loading

and automatic threading of up to 100 feet of film.

A serious disadvantage of present microfilm systems is the nonexistance

of methods and equipment for rapid updating. The concept described here

utilizes a technique which makes use of the advantages of a reel microfilm system

supplemented with dynamic update and consecutive search capabilities.

Dynamic updating is accomplished by the use of a magnetic strip on the

microfilm in conjunction with read/write circuits. Consecutive search

capability (i. e., store present position and search forward or reverse from it)

provides a significant decrease in the retrieval response time relative to

commercial hardware (see Figure 1).

IB-14,172

1000 1500

FRAME NUMBER

Figure 1. Advantage of Consecutive Search

A system was developed which has the capabilities of:

(1) information storage;

(2) information retrieval;

(3) information display; and

(4) rapid update of filmed data base.

L J "Test Results: Retrieval Response of Two Microfilm Reader/Retriever Equipment Configurations," George Barboza, The MITRE Corporation, W-5929, April 1963.

In order to exhibit the feasibility of the technique, a limited capability

prototype was designed and fabricated. The basic design concept was to

assemble a working prototype using commercially available hardware (see

Appendix II) as much as possible.

The most significant accomplishment is the addition of the dynamic method

of updating the filmed data base. It is the belief of the author that this concept

of dynamic updating is indeed a worthwhile contribution to the state-of-the-art

in microfilm information storage and retrieval.

SECTION III

DESIGN APPROACH

r2l A study of the state-of-the-art in microfilm hardware revealed that

commercial equipment was available possessing many of the characteristics

desirable in the prototype. Simplicity of design was achieved in the prototype

by the procurement of a commercial 16-mm microfilm reader/ retriever and

associated camera equipment (see Appendix II) for the preparation of the storage

medium. The rotary camera equipment provided a high-speed device for filming

data. The film drive mechanism and projection optics of the commercial reader

were used in the prototype. A medium was developed which allowed magnetic

storage of the dynamic information in addition to photographic storage of the

static information (see Appendix B for definition of static and dynamic informa-

tion). It was desirable to view the photographic information during the updating

process. Thus, the magnetic read/write head was translated across the

stationary storage element. Consecutive search logic decreases the retrieval

response. Dynamic data entry is made via an input keyboard. An accessory

display is used to view selectable portions of the update information and provides

a means of visual error-check during data entry.

STORAGE ELEMENT

A single storage element was used to contain both the photographic and

magnetic information. Registration problems associated with the search and

transport of separate media were eliminated. The storage element selected for

the prototype equipment was 100-foot reels of 16-mm unperforated microfilm

[2] "Preliminary Survey of Information Storage and Retrieval Equipment for Command and Control Systems, " George Barboza, The MITRE Corporation, W-4841, March 1962.

(see Figure 2 for the physical format of the storage element). Document images

are stored on the lower portion of the film at a linear reduction ratio of 24 to 1.

The upper section is reserved for the 130-mil wide magnetic strip which is

applied after processing of the exposed film. Individual magazine elements, with

a capacity of storing 100 feet (« 2450 8. 5 by 11 inch reduced images) of processed

film are utilized to contain the film reels.

IA-14,178

MAGNETIC STRIP

ONE 100 ROLL WILL CONTAIN ÄJ 2450 IMAGES AT 24:1 REDUCTION

FILM SAFETY MARGIN

FILM SAFETY MARGIN

MAGNETIC STRIP

(MAGNIFIED VIEW) TRACK NO. 2

.032

LÄ .032

.038

Figure 2. Storage IE lement Format

.130

A blip is automatically affixed on the film under each document image

during filming of the data base. This blip (Figure 2) is used for two purposes.

Automatic retrieval is accomplished by simply counting the number of blips on

the film. A photodiode device senses and counts these blips as the film is

transported by the field of view of the sensor. The blip also provides a means

of centering the retrieved image for display on the reader screen.

After the 100-foot reel of film was exposed and processed (developed) the

film was sent to an outside contractor for the depositing of the magnetic strip.

Several inquiries revealed that only a single company was equipped to perform

this operation and the product received was of audio-tape quality. Later, tests

revealed that the quality (approximately 70 percent reliability of successful

read/write) did not approach a level required for digital application. Further

development is required in this area to produce a good, reliable (no bit dropout)

magnetic storage element.

Two tracks were sufficient to contain the update information. One of the

tracks was used to contain the binary coded data and the other utilized as a

timing synchronizer (clock track). Each information bit has a corresponding

timing bit to clock the information from the magnetic strip. A clock rate of

12. 5 kc and a head-to-tape relative velocity of approximately 20 ips, resulted

in a nominal packing density of 625 bits/inch/track. The 128 information bits

plus a 16-bit SOM (Start of Message) code are thus stored on approximately half

(0. 230 in.) of the available (0. 500 in.) image message length.

READER/RETRIEVER MODULE

The reader/retriever module houses the film transport motors, film drive

and guide, the magnetic head translation mechanism and the projection optics

for magnification and rear-projection of the retrieved image on the built-in screen.

Magnetic Head Translation Mechanism

A constant-velocity head translation mechanism was designed, fabricated

and integrated into the reader/retriever module. A detailed description of the

analysis and design of the head translation mechanism is included in Section V.

CONTROL PANEL AND DISPLAY MODULE

A control panel and display module was designed and fabricated to allow

keyboard entry of the update information. This module included a four-character,

in-line, numeric-only display to allow viewing of selectable portions of the update

information. Controls were included to perform other required functions such as

(1) power on, (2) read, (3) write, (4) clear register, (5) frame/word mode select,

(6) data entry, etc. These functions are discussed in more detail later in this

report.

LOGIC AND POWER MODULE

The logic and power module was designed, fabricated and mounted in a

standard size relay rack. This module contains the necessary logic and

storage registers to perform the frame search and dynamic data manipulations.

The decision-making processes are accomplished in this module which serves

as the central control for the entire system. Commercial power supplies are

also housed in this module.

SECTION IV

UPDATE CAPABILITY

As previously mentioned, the prototype was constructed to demonstrate

the feasibility of the concept of dynamic updating rather than to perform any

specific operational assignment. For this reason, the system capability and

accompanying complexity was established at corresponding levels. Appropriately

then, numerical update characters were all that was required. This allowed

(1) simplicity in the design of the accessory display, (2) minimum size of the

storage registers, (3) simple decoders, (4) a small, input keyboard device and

in general a small, low cost prototype that would accomplish its design ob-

jectives.

Data is stored in a binary coded decimal (BCD) format. A capacity of

32 numerical characters of changeable information was assigned to each micro-

film image. This means that, in addition to the static information stored

photographically, there are 32 characters of magnetic (dynamic) information

associated with every image or 32 x 4 = 128 bits. The total magnetic storage

capacity of one 100-foot reel is then in excess of 300, 000 bits.

A variable word length assignment was included in the design of the

present prototype. The 32 characters associated with each image can be

selected in three different word lengths (i. e., there are three modes of word

assignment operation). Of the 32 characters in any of the three modes, the

first four characters are assigned for use as the frame number designator.

The 28 characters remaining can be divided in one of the following addressable

forms:

(1) 7 words of 4 characters each;

(2) 14 words of 2 characters each; and

(3) 28 words of 1 character each.

9

Any one of these three modes is selectable at the control panel by the

3-position word mode selector. Figure 10 shows the variable word length options.

10

SECTION V

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF THE MAGNETIC HEAD TRANSLATION MECHANISM

When the concept of magnetic updating of a microfilmed data base was first

explored, there existed some doubt as to the amount of complexity involved in

attempting to accomplish the mechanical inversion of the magnetic tape/head

relation. A prime design requirement was to have the tape element fixed while

translating the magnetic head across the tape element. Display of the photo-

graphically stored image was desirable during the update process. A decision

was made to build a simple device with a one-track magnetic head which would

accomplish this task. This mechanism would serve a twofold purpose:

(1) Exhibit the simplicity of the required mechanical design, and

(2) Demonstrate that the concept (i. e., translating the head

across the tape) was a feasible approach.

A basic slider crank mechanism was selected for analysis of the velocity

distribution because of its geometrical and physical simplicity. The basic

geometry of the slider crank mechanism is shown in Figure 3. For reasons

described later in this section, this configuration was not used in the final

version.

ANALYSIS OF THE SLIDER CRANK MECHANISM

Referring now to the geometry of the slider crank mechanism in Figure 3,

we see that the expression for the slider displacement is:

X = R + L - R cos 0 - L cos 0 . (1)

Rearranging the right side of Equation (1) we have:

X= R(l - cos 0) + L(l - cos 0) . (2)

11

H SLIDER CRANK LINKAGE

CD

<0

I <

FOUR BAR LINKAGE

Figure 3. Geometrical Arrangement

12

We would now like to relate the two variables 9 and 0 in order to

eliminate 0 as a parameter because it is the crank angle 9 which is of pri-

mary concern. The geometry of the slider crank in Figure 3 indicates that

h = R sin 9 = L sin 0 (3)

or

R sin 9 = — sin 9 . (4)

L

Squaring both sides of Equation (4) we have

. 2 . R . 2 sm 0= — sin 9 . (5)

L2

Multiplying both sides of Equation (5) by (-1) and then adding 1 to both sides we

have

1 - sin2 0=1-^- sin2 0 . (6) L2

The intent here is to eliminate 0 by expressing it as a function of 9 = 9 (t)

which is a function of time. This parameter elimination is essential since the

ultimate aim is to differentiate the slider displacement X with respect to time to

obtain expressions for the velocity and acceleration of the slider block.

Now from the trigonometric identity

2 2 cos 0= 1 - sin 0 , (7)

we see that Equation (6) becomes

2 2 R 2 cos 0= 1 - sin 0= 1 -—ö sin 9 . (8) 2

L

13

Taking the positive square root of Equation (8) we see that

I 9 / R~ 2 cos 0 = J\ - sin 0 = 11-— sin 0

Multiplying Equation (9) by (-1) and adding 1 to both sides we have

(9)

R 2 (1 - cos 0) = - / 1 - — sin (10)

Equation (10) has exactly the same form as the last term on the right side of

Equation (2). Substitution of Equation (10) in Equation (2) yields

X = R (1 - cos 0) + L (1 - cos 0) = R (1 - cos 0) +

R2 . 2 1 - — sin (11)

or

X = R (1 - cos 6) + L R . 2 L - — sin = X(0) (12)

Equation (12) is now an expression for the displacement X in terms of the

parameter 0, which, as previously stated, is a function of time (i. e. , 9 = 0(t)).

Attempting to differentiate Equation (12) to obtain expressions for velocity and

acceleration will result in undue complexity. Therefore a simplification of this

equation is desirable.

Application of the binomial theorem to the expression under the radical

on the right side of Equation (12) gives the binomial series form

14

1 - 'R . -i-ig-a

1.3 /R . T sin

1 /R . ütSm

2.4. 6 I L

Since, in our case, R/L < 1 and sin 0 < 1, the terms beyond the square may be

dropped without appreciable error (i. e. , series converges rapidly). The

expression for the slider displacement becomes

R 2 X = R (1 - cos 0) + — sin 0 , (13)

where R, L are physical constants which are determined by the geometry

(i. e. , R, L do not vary with time). The expression for the slider velocity is

simply the derivative of Equation (13) with respect to time. Use of the derivative

of a function-of-a-function yi. e., X = X I 0 (t)J ) rule we have

V = dX _ dX dg dt " dö dt

where dö/dt = w is the angular velocity of the crank arm, R, and is constant

for our application. Therefore:

yT dX „ . _ dO 1 R /0 . . m dö V = — = R sm 0 — + - — (2 sin 6 cos 0) — .

dt dt 2 L x dt

Collecting similar terms and simplifying Equation (14) we get

(14)

V = ^ = Rw(sin0 +|| sin 20) . (15)

15

In Equation (15) we have used d0/dt = w and the trigonometric identity

2 sin 6 cos 0 = sin 20. The expression for the acceleration is obtained by

differentiation of Equation (15) to obtain:

dt ,dö R tn oox dö

cosö¥+^:(2cos2ö)¥

or, since w = d0/dt ,

A = Rw (cos 0 + — cos 20 ). (16)

The following, rewritten to summarize, are the simplest forms for the

displacement, velocity and acceleration of the slider block in the geometry of

the slider crank mechanism shown in Figure 3:

R2 2 X=R(1 -cos 9) +— sin 0 ,

ZLi

V=^r =Rw(sin 0 +^~ sin 20j , and (17)

A = Rw (cos 6 +—cos 20 }.

On the basis of this analysis, the slider crank mechanism was fabricated

and used to translate a single-track magnetic head across a magnetic strip on a

stationary 16-mm film. Output signals from the head were amplified and dis-

played on a scope. Results of the tests were so satisfactory that the feasibility

of concept was readily established.

A commercial microfilm reader was then procured. The physical

integration of the magnetic head mechanism with the film guide necessitated a

modification of the geometry of the head translation mechanism. This new

geometrical arrangement is shown in Figure 3 (lower section). Comparison of

the slider crank geometry with that of the new four-bar linkage indicated that the

16

slider crank was really a special case of the four-bar linkage. This can be

seen mathematically if, in the four-bar geometry, we allow "r" to approach

infinity. Indications were that instead of a completely new analysis, the one

previously derived could be extended to describe the four-bar geometry. This

was indeed the case as is shown in the following section.

EXTENSION OF THE ANALYSIS TO THE FOUR-BAR GEOMETRY

From Figure 3 (lower section) we see that

S = ro (18)

and X a #<IA% -=rtan- • (19)

The explicit expression for the variable a is, from Equation (19),

Substituting Equation (20) in Equation (18) we have

We are primarily interested in the velocity profile or more specifically

the velocity along the arc S as a function of time. Thus, we need to determine

the relationship between the horizontal velocity dX/dt and the arc length

velocity dS/dt. This is accomplished by differentiation of Equation (21) with

respect to time, keeping in mind that r is a geometrical notion, constant with

respect to time. Performing this operation we get

cbc d§ = dt V_

17

Rewriting Equation (21) in terms of S we have:

S = 2rtan"1(g) . (23)

Substituting the expression for X from Equation (17) into Equation (23) we get

-1 S = 2r tan 4rlSm ° J ' L|T (1-ÖOS0)

Since we desire the arc length S as a function of time, we proceed as

follows. As we recall, the term w = d0/dt appearing in Equation (17) is not a

function of time; i. e. , w = dö/dt is constant. If we integrate do = wdt we get

9 = wt + c, where c is a constant of integration. Using the condition 0 = 0 at

t = 0 we find that c = 0, so that

9 - wt, w constant . (25)

Substitution of Equation (25) into Equation (24) yields the desired expression for

the arc length as a function of time:

-1 r Ft ,_, ^ R2 .2 — (1 - cos wt) + —- sin wt

L2r 4rL J S = 2r tan — (1 - cos wt) + —— sin wt (26)

Substitution of Equation (25) into Equation (17) yields:

R2 2 X = R (1 - cos wt) +-rz~ sin wt ,

V = -T— = Rw (sin wt + — sin 2 wt j .

(27)

If we now substitute Equation (27) into Equation (22), we have the complex

expression for the velocity dS/dt as a function of time:

18

dS dt

1 +

Rwfsin wt + — sin 2 wt)

~7T R* VT —- R (1 - cos wt) + — sin wtl

(28)

In summary then, we have extended the analysis of the slider block geometry

to include the four-bar geometry. This extension is formalized by the parametric

equations.

R2 2 X = R (1 - cos wt) +—sin wt ,

dX _ / . R M n \ — = Rw (sin wt + — sin 2 wt J ,

1 r H „ ^ R2.2

|_2r~(1 "coswt) +4rTSm "^J

( sin wt + — sin 2 wt)

S = 2r tan

Rw ( sin wt + — sin 2 wt dS \ 2L dt

4r

R2 2 12

R(l - cos wt) + — sin wt •]

(29)

Slider Crank Mechanism

Four-Bar Mechanism

(30)

(31)

(32)

where R, w = dö/dt, r, L are constants.

The displacement function (Equation 29) is shown graphically in Figure 4.

The velocity profile as a function of time (Equation 30) is shown in Figure 5.

Since Equations (29) and (30) are a pair of parametric equations in the variable

t it is possible to obtain a functional relationship between the velocity and the

displacement. This relationship is shown in Figure 6.

Figures 4 through 6 also exhibit the same properties for the four-bar

linkage.

19

Finally, interesting comparisons can be made between the above relation-

ships. Equations (29) through (32) are decidedly different in form and the

geometry of the two mechanisms is dissimilar. It is interesting to note that

the comparisons shown in Figures 4, 5, and 6 bear striking similarity. This

is not an unfortunate event and, in fact, a most desirable and planned occurrence.

At first sight one might expect that the geometry, shown in Figure 3, for

the four-bar linkage, would not yield a constant velocity device. This is

indeed a false notion as the following observation will verify.

Examination of the standard formats used in commercial microfilm

hardware reveals that the normal pitch (distance between consecutive images)

on 16-mm film is in the order of 0. 50 inch. This means that the magnetic

information pertaining to a single image will be stored on 0. 50 inch of film.

Select the required 0. 50-inch travel from the available total head travel of 2

inches in the following manner. Graphically determine what value of S cor-

responds to the maximum dS/dt. Translate 0. 25 inch to the left and right of

that value to get the required 0. 50-inch head travel. Now determine the

corresponding values of dS/dt for these values of S. If we follow this procedure

in Figure 7 we see that the total velocity change is less than 5 percent of the

maximum velocity over the range of 0. 50 inch in S. A direct implication is

that a 5-percent deviation in output signal from the magnetic head results due

to velocity modulation. For our application this is a trivial change and, for

all practical purposes, we have a constant velocity device.

MECHANICAL DESIGN

On the basis of the preceding analysis the final configuration for the head

translation mechanism was selected. The basic geometry of the slider-crank

was expanded upon to accomplish the required function.

20

S 1.9 -

eo loo

TIME t (MILLISEC.)

Figure 4. Comparison of Displacement Functions

60 80 100 TIME- t (MILLISEC.)

Figure 5. Comparison of Velocity Functions

21

SLIDER CRANK MECHANISM V VERSUS X

FOUR BAR MECHANISM V V. VERSUS S

HEAD DISPLACEMENT (IN.)

Figure 6. Comparison of Velocity/Displacement Profiles

, MAX. VEL0CITY = 2I ,N / SEC MAX. VELOCITY CHANGE

HEAD DISPLACEMENT S (IN.)

Figure 7. Constant Velocity Determination Velocity/Displacement Profile - Four-Bar Mechanism

22

In general the design requirements consisted of two head translation

motions: Insert and retract the magnetic head to and from the magnetic strip;

and translate the magnetic head along the axis of the magnetic strip. Two main

assemblies were required to accomplish these motions: the drive assembly and

the recording head transport assembly.

Drive Assembly

The drive assembly provides a source of mechanical power to drive the

recording head transport assembly. The basic components are:

(1) A-c motor and gear reduction;

(2) Magnetic clutch/brake;

(3) Variable dwell cam assembly; and

(4) Gear train.

The motor and gear reduction units provide the necessary torque and

shaft speeds to translate the magnetic head at a nominal 20 ips velocity. A-c

power to the drive motor was originally wired into the reader/ retriever so that

the drive motor was running whenever a film magazine was inserted. Later a

shutoff switch was added.

Under control of one of the variable dwell cams, the magnetic clutch

engages or disengages the driving torque. A single cycle control provides

one-and-only-one pass of the magnetic head by the magnetic strip on the film.

Another variable dwell cam controls power to the head insertion/retraction

solenoid. The solenoid inserts the magnetic head onto the microfilm magnetic

strip during the forward stroke of the recording head transport assembly.

During the reverse stroke, solenoid power is cut off and the magnetic

head is retracted under spring tension.

23

Recording Head Transport Assembly

The recording head transport assembly is the mechanism required to

translate the magnetic head. The basic components are:

(1) Magnetic read/write head;

(2) Head insertion/retraction solenoid ; and

(3) Mechanical linkage to mount and traverse the head.

Reader /Retriever Modifications

Certain modifications were required in the reader/retriever in order to

accomplish the mechanical integration of the magnetic head translation

mechanism with the commercial reader/retriever. These modifications were

mainly concerned with the rework and redesign of the commercial film guide

but also included changes in the reader/retriever console.

Plug-In Unit Subrack Assembly

The printed circuit logic cards used to construct the required logical

functions were housed in light-weight aluminum subracks. Taper pin connectors

were used throughout the fabrication of the logic module. In this manner, ease

of fabrication and modular construction was obtained in the prototype equipment.

24

SECTION VI

FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROTOTYPE

GENERAL

The basic logical functions performed by the prototype may be divided into

two main categories: Automatic frame search mode and information update mode.

Simplified functional analogs of these categories are presented in Figures

8 and 9. However, the detailed logic workings are appreciably different in

engineering detail, than is indicated in these analogs. Since the purpose of this

section is to clarify the functional capability, these analogs were derived to

describe this capability in the simplest manner possible. Every effort was made

to avoid masking the explanation with undue complexity of detail.

A consecutive search capability was designed and built into the prototype to

improve the retrieval response times associated with the forward-only search

technique which was used in the commercial reader/retriever procured. Con-

secutive search is defined as the capability to store the present position or frame

number location on the film reel and search in either direction (i. e. , forward or

reverse). The logical flow involved in accomplishing this consecutive search

level of capability is shown in Figure 8. The advantages of consecutive search

over forward-only search is shown in Figure 1.

AUTOMATIC FRAME SEARCH MODE

The automatic frame search mode is selected at the control panel by

depression of the button labeled FRAME. When this mode is selected, the key-

board shift register is conditioned to receive frame number inputs from the

10-button input keyboard. As shown in Figure 8, the keyboard shift register is

used in the automatic frame search mode to receive and temporarily store the

frame number request entered via the input keyboard. An accessory display

25

|IA- 14,177 I

( KEYBOARD J

FRAME NO. REQUEST

ACCESSORY DISPLAY

KEYBOARD SHIFT REGISTER

f COMPARE J

FRAME COUNTER/SHIFT REGISTER

CONDITION COUNTER

SUBTRACT

f LESS THAN DRIVE FILM

FORWARD SLOW

OR EOUAL TO

GREATER DRIVE FILM

REVERSE FAST

A THAN

S A-B^S. TER THAN^^ ESS THAN/^ ^ECOUWJ^

ILESS THAN DRIVE FILM

REVERSE SLOW

OR EOUAL TO

|l A — I4,I79[

MAGNETIC STORAGE ELEMENT

Figure 8. Simplified Logical Flow-Frame Search Mode

UPDATE DATA

MAGNETIC HEAD

DATA

TIMING

UPDATE DATA

READ AMPLIFIER

UPDATE DATA

KEYBOARD AND DATA SHIFT REGISTERS

WORD NUMBER SELECT

UPDATE DATA DISPLAY MODE

4 CHARACTER DISPLAY

MAGNETIC HEAD

MAGNETIC STORAGE ELEMENT

UPDATE DATA

" DATA

TIMING

UPDATE DATA

UPDATE DATA

WRITE AMPLIFIER

KEYBOARD AND DATA SHIFT REGISTERS

CLOCK CLOCK CLOCK

TIMING

I i 1

DATA . ENTRY

1 1 t 1 ' II UPDATE DATA ENTRY MODE

CLOCK (KEYBOARD)

4 CHARACTER DISPLAY

Figure 9. Simplified Logical Flow-Update Entry/Readout

26

device (4 character numeric in-line) is used in the automatic frame search

mode to provide a visual display of the frame number request. This display

verifies the correctness of the frame number input.

Depression of a key on the keyboard generates a 4-bit (8-4-2-1) binary

code which corresponds uniquely to a numeric character (e.g. , 5=0101). The

last character of the mandatory 4-character input automatically starts the first

stage comparison cycle. During this cycle the contents of the keyboard shift

register are compared on a bit-by-bit basis with the contents of the frame

counter/shift register. The frame counter/shift register contains a binary

coded decimal indication of present frame location.

Logically, the first stage comparison determines the relative location of

the desired frame number with respect to present position along the length of the

film reel. If the film reel had just been loaded, the contents of the frame counter

shift register is zero. If previous requests have been made, the contents of the

frame counter shift register will be a direct indication of present position with-

in the film reel.

Referring now to Figure 8, we see that one of three possible logical

decisions is made as a result of the first stage comparison. Let us examine

each of these possibilities in turn.

First Stage Compare — Greater Than

If the first stage comparison indicates that the desired frame number is

numerically greater than the present position frame number, then an enable

film drive forward command is initiated. Since film drive is accomplished by

two reversible drive motors (i. e. , a high and a low speed) a logical decision is

now required to select which of these is activated. This function is accomplished

in the second stage comparison (Figure 8).

27

If the desired frame number is greater than the present position frame

number by a predetermined fixed amount, called the precount, then a drive film

forward fast command is initiated. This command causes power to be applied

to the high speed motor and the film begins to be driven forward at high speed

(600 fpm).

If the second stage comparison yields the result that the desired frame

number is less than or equal to the precount, then a drive film forward slow

command is initiated. This command causes power to be applied to the low

speed motor and the film begins to move forward at low speed (10 fpm).

In either of the above cases the film is now moving forward, causing the

image blips (see Figure 2) to be sensed by a photocell device. As each blip is

sensed by the photocell device a pulse is generated which adds one numerically

to the contents of the frame counter shift register. The first stage comparison

cycle is repeated as previously described. If this first stage compare still

results in a "greater than" then the second stage comparison decides whether

to continue driving at high speed forward or change to low speed forward. This

process continues in a cyclic fashion with the photocell increasing the frame

counter/shift register by one each and every time an image blip is sensed.

Ultimately, the cycle terminates with an "equal to" comparison in the first

stage compare. When this happens the enable film drive forward command is

withdrawn and a stop command is initiated. The stop command activates the

magnetic clutch/brake in the film drive mechanism and the microfilm reel stops

at the desired frame number. As the film stops the requested image is auto-

matically centered and rear-projected on the screen for display.

First Stage Compare — Less Than

If the first stage comparison (see Figure 8) indicates that the desired

frame number is numerically less than the present position frame number, then

28

an enable film drive reverse command is intiated. The photcell detects only the

presence of a blip and cannot detect direction of film travel. For this reason

then, a "less than" result in the first stage compare also gives rise to a

condition counter subtract command. This command conditions the frame counter/

shift register to subtract one numerically from its contents when a photocell pulse

is received.

The second stage compare following an enable film drive reverse command

is logically similar to that described in the "First Stage Compare-Greater Than"

section. Basically, the difference is one of reversing the polarity of the film

drive motor selected as a result of the second stage comparison.

Operationally, the prototype performs in a similar manner in both forward

and reverse search. As mentioned above, the main difference being that the

frame counter/shift register is adding in the forward search mode and sub-

tracting In the reverse search mode. High-speed film drive is accomplished

with the same drive motor with polarity of applied dc power governing the

direction of drive determined by the first stage compare. The same applies to

the low speed motor.

First Stage Compare — Equal To

If the first stage comparison indicates that the desired frame number is

equal to the present position frame number then a stop command is initiated.

Actually the stop command is initiated before any film motion takes place when

there exists an "equal to" comparison in the first stage compare.

INFORMATION UPDATE MODE

General

Operationally, the update functional flow mode is selected at the control

panel after the requested image is retrieved and positioned for display on the

29

reader screen. Now that the desired film image has been retrieved there is no

further need for storage of the frame number request in the keyboard shift

register. In the automatic frame search mode the keyboard shift register was

used to enter and compare frame number requests. After the requested image

is retrieved, this register may be cleared and used for the update informa-

tion. This time sharing of the register allows more efficient utilization and

deletes the need of separate registers to perform both functions.

The same keyboard is also used in both the automatic frame search mode

and the information update mode. Depression of the button labeled WORD at

the control panel conditions the logic so that keyboard entries now correspond to

designated word selection.

Variable Word Length Selection Structure

The designated word selection options are shown in Figure 10. Update

data totaling 32 numeric characters per film image can be selected in either of

three options. In all of the three options, the first four characters (Word

Number 0) were assigned to the frame number in order to provide a means

of verifying that the image retrieved was indeed the one requested. The re-

maining 28 character positions are used for data storage. Within these 28

characters the operator has the option of arranging the update data in any of three

ways by simply turning the word mode selector at the control panel.

In the "7 x 4" mode, data may be entered into or selected for display from

the keyboard shift register, in 7 words of 4 characters each. Correspondingly,

the "14 x 2" mode and the "28 x 1" mode have 14 words of 2 characters each and

28 words of 1 character each, respectively.

During operation in the information update mode, the keyboard is used to

accomplish two functions. The first of these is to select the word number (i. e. ,

position in keyboard shift register) while the second function is to enter data in

30

||A-I4,I80|

h FRAME _ NUMBER

WORD

NUMBER

7 WOROS Q 4 CHARACTERS PER WORD

0 12 3 4 3 6 7 7*4 MODE

k FRAME NUMBER"

WORD

NUMBER

TT o

_L_L

14 WORDS O 2 CHARACTERS PER WORD

1^ 10

_1_ 13

I

H 14 I4i2

MODE

WORD^

NUMBER

FRAME ■1. 28 WORDS G> 1 CHARACTER PER WOR NUMBER T

1 i I i 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 e 9 10 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 28« I

MODE

Figure 10. Variable Word Length Selection Structure - Keyboard Shift Register

that selected word number. The operator selects that word mode which cor-

responds to the format used in the initial preparation of the filmed data base.

Update Data Entry Mode

This mode of operation characterizes the manner in which data is entered

(or changed) during the information update mode. As shown in Figure 9 (lower

section) update data is entered into the keyboard shift register via the input key-

board. After completing the entry of all update data associated with the particular

film image, the WRITE button on the control panel is depressed. This action

causes the contents of the keyboard shift register to be written on the film

magnetic strip. The output signals are amplified before being written on the

magnetic storage element by the two-track head. A timing track is written

synchronously to facilitate readback.

31

Update Data Display Mode

Upon completion of film image retrieval, data is read from the film

magnetic strip by the two-track magnetic head. The data enters the keyboard

shift register after signal amplification in the read amplifier. The contents of

the keyboard shift register may now be selected by entering a word number into

the control keyboard (see Figure 9 - upper section). Depending upon the word

mode option (i. e. , 7x4, 14 x 2, or 28 x 1) determined during data entry, groups

of characters may be selected for display. For example, in the 7x4 mode, if

word number 2 is desired the operator enters a 2 into the keyboard. The four

characters associated with word 2 are then displayed on the accessory display.

If the operator then desires to change any or all of the characters in word 2

he clears the register by depressing the button labeled CLEAR K/B and re-enters

the new information. To complete the update process the operator then rewrites

the information (including changes) back onto the magnetic storage element. This

operation is accomplished by depressing the WRITE button at the control panel.

32

SECTION VII

FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

Present plans include the fabrication of a console for operation in an

airborne command post configuration. Redesign of some of the logic functions

will be accomplished in addition to a reworking of the electro-mechanical and

optical projection mechanisms. An integrated display will be added which allows

simultaneous presentation of an entire image update message (32 numerical

characters).

33

34

APPENDIX I

PROTOTYPE LOGIC DESIGN

CONTROL PANEL

Logical schematics of the control panel are shown in Figure 11. Section

VI of this document describes the logical functions associated with these

schematics. The wiring details for the control panel are shown in Figure 12.

The pulse network schematic in Figure 13 is used to convert the signal

levels from the keyboard to pulse outputs.

INDICATOR AMPLIFIERS

The indicator amplifier schematics shown in Figures 14 and 15 are used

to drive the incandescent lamps which indicate the binary coded contents of the

shift registers.

DISPLAY DECODERS AND DRIVERS

As shown in Figures 16 and 17, the display decoders convert the appropriate

1-2-4-8 code into a visual display of the representative numerical character.

KEYBOARD ENTRY CONTROL

The various modes of frame search, word select and data entry as

described in Section VI, are shown in schematic form in Figure 18. This logic

determines when a word request is completed and initiates an automatic sequence

of events which circulates the desired word into the keyboard shift register.

SHIFT PULSE DRIVER

As shown in Figure 19, the shift pulse driver schematic contains the

logic required to generate the 16 shift pulses during the scan period. During

this period of the frame search mode, the frame counter shift register contents

and the keyboard shift register contents are compared. 35

KEYBOARD SHIFT REGISTER

Figure 20 shows that flip-flop building blocks are utilized to construct the

16-bit shift register required to temporarily store, shift, and compare the in-

puts from the keyboard. As described in Section VI, this register serves a

dual purpose function by performing its operations during both the frame search

mode and update mode.

FRAME COUNTER/SHIFT REGISTER

The frame counter/shift register functions are described in Section VI and

shown in block diagram form in Figure 8. Essentially, the FC/SR stores the

present frame location and counts up or down depending upon the output of the

first stage comparison. The schematics for the frame counter/shift register

are shown in Figures 21 through 24.

SYNCHRONIZATION AND CLOCKING

Figures 25 and 26 show the basis for clocking and proper pulse shape

generation in order to provide synchronization of all the logical operations

described.

FORWARD/REVERSE CONTROL

Figure 27 shows the schematic associated with the manually selected

options of slow-speed film advance. These options are selected at the control

panel by the buttons labeled FORWARD and REVERSE.

PRECOUNT CONTROL AND REGISTER

The precount control (see Figure 28 and 29) is used in conjunction with

the precount register to provide a means of film speed transition in either the

forward or reverse directions. At a predetermined interval of 56 frames be-

fore the requested frame, the film drive motors are switched from high to low

36

speed. Then the precount register is counted down by photocell pulses and a

film stop command is initiated when the contents of this register are zero.

SELECTOR CONTROL FOR EXTERNAL OPERATION

A means of switching to the operational control of the commercial

Recordak logic is provided in the prototype for two reasons. The first of these

is to provide a means of error isolation, and the second is to demonstrate the

improvement in retrieval response attributable to the consecutive search

capability. The schematic for this selection is shown in Figure 30.

WORD SELECTION CONTROL

Two functions, depending on whether data is being entered or selected for

display, are shown in Figure 31.

If data is being entered, the word position into which the data is to be

entered is selected at the keyboard. The data mode is then selected and update

data entry is made via the keyboard.

If data is being selected for display, the appropriate word number is

selected and the corresponding characters are shifted and displayed on the

accessory display.

The functional operations pertaining to both these modes is described in

Section VI.

SCAN COUNTING AND RESET

The logic associated with scan counter reset, word comparison, and scan

counter is shown in Figure 32 and is self-explanatory.

READ/WRITE CONTROL

Figures 33 and 34 are the schematics associated with control and timing

of the data-read/write function described in Section VI.

37

UPDATE DATA STORAGE

The schematic for the updatable data shift register is shown in Figure 35.

As described earlier, this register provides a storage element for data to be

written onto or read from the film strip. Data is always formatted or changed

in the keyboard shift register and then transferred to the update data shift

register in preparation for rewriting on the magnetic strip.

38

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FORWARD SWITCH - REVERSE SWITCH"

Figure 11. Control Panel Switches

o

O I2v

o 0--I2.

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l?rf* f?(°f° frrf*|(?rr » N ■ o • » N a oO »CM« o9it « • oO

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TENS HUNORENS

IN-LINE DISPLAY UNIT

WORD MODE SWITCH

FILM CONTROL SWITCH °

O

O 07 o o o

Figure 12. Control Panel Wiring Diagram

r ~i "^H

4328 l

56Ü

i r~

PULSE NETWORK (PN)

3 A /oit ^T7

K/B -0

BI-13

■M7 K/B-0

PN

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(06-4)

t

(T3-8)

DIS

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K/B-2 K/B-4

(T3-I5) (G8-4)

K/B-4 K/B-8

(TIO-5) (G8-I9)

K/B-8

^P >«KP K/B-l

(F2-2)

K/B-2

'^P K/B-8

Figure 13. Pulse Network Schematic Diagram

DC-I

F5-9 DC -2

F5- 19 KBSR-I 67-9

KBSR-2 67 -19

KBSR-4 69- 9

KBSR-8 69-19

KBSR-IO 612- 9

KBSR-20 612-19

KBSR- 40 614-9

F T" T" ~5 £k ~F^ ~F ~F k KBSR-80

614-19

KBSR-8000

625- 19

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FCSR-2 HI I - 19

FCSR-4 HI5-9

FCSR-8 HI5-I9

FCSR-IO H2I- 9

FCSR-20 H2I-I9

FCSR-40 M25-9

F ~T ~T kk^ i^T7-^ FCSR -80 H25-I9

SC-i

TI7-I9

SC-16

T20-t9

FCSR-100

J II - 9

FCSR-200

Jll- 19

FCSR-400

JI9 -9

FCSR-800

J 15 - 19

FCSR-IOOO

J2I -9

FCSR-2000

J2i- 19

FCSR-4000

J 25- 9

Y~F~F~F~T~y~Y~V~V!> FCSR-8000

J25-I9

Figure 14. Indicator Amplifiers (Subrack A)

< > FOR/REV WC-I WC-16 STOP START SLOW/ FAST

R9-9 R9-I9 RIO-9 TI5-9 TI7- 19 RI3-9 RI3-I9 RI5-I9

R25

Figure 15. Indicator Amplifiers (Subrack B)

it

T2 E2

E2 E 15

(D3-22) 14X2 _!

(06-14) 28X1

(09-4) WOR0 DISPLAY

(06-13) 28X1

G23-9 —- 7 •

G23-4

GI8-9

L!4 2L 22 K/B SR 1000 (E6-2)

E2 EI6 19

16 20 21 22

-► K/B SR 1000 (E6-8)

E3 EI2

"fl>

21 22 K/B SR 1000 (E9-2)

E3 EI3 13

618-4

20 21 22 -*► K/B SR 1000 (E9-8)

E3 E8 EI9

13

16

GI2-9 — 20 3

GI2-4

7 21 22 -+> K/B SR 10 (EI3-2)

EI2 E9 is

16 LlP^ *• 22

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Figure 16. Display Decoders

100 -^-T\ 2ÖÖ _L 400 _i_ 800 _5_ V

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400 J0_|l2 BOO il ^y

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400 .11

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Figure 17. Display Drivers

5

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Figure 18. Keyboard Entry Control

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128

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I55,i5S- -8 <F7"13> K/B-

C0NNECT 3-5,8-10,13-15,18-20 OF ALL FF'» GR0UN0 6,7,16,17 OF ALL FF»

Figure 20. Keyboard Shift Register

«-IZ

M

8-iZ

M

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r

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(9-6

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63

APPENDIX II

DESCRIPTION OF COMMERCIAL MICROFILM

EQUIPMENT PROCURED FOR PROGRAM

A commercially available reader-printer was procured to serve as the

basis in which to perform modifications. Studies revealed that the Recordak

Model PESIC equipment possessed many of the desirable characteristics

required in the prototype.

The Model PESIC reader-printer features magazine loading and is

designed especially for frequent reference and high speed information retrieval.

Visual display of a stored image is achieved by rear projection on a built-in

screen. The optical path is designed to give a magnification of 23:1 on the

reader screen.

Plastic magazines are used to contain the 100-foot reels of 16-mm

unperforated microfilm. Insertion of the magazine in a slot in the side of the

reader console turns on screen illumination. A keyboard module adds push

button simplicity to retrieval of information on microfilm. An operator merely

keys a given index into the control keyboard, presses the SEARCH button and

the image of the desired document is flashed on the screen in a matter of

seconds. The search technique is basically a counting scheme which utilizes

a photocell sensing tube to count photo-opaque blips. Each blip (rectangularly

shaped) corresponds to and is located under each document image. Output

signals from the photocell are sent into a series of tube decade counters which

provide capability for 4-digit counting.

If a facsimile print of the document is desired, the operator presses the

print button, and the automatic exposure-print processing cycle is set in

motion. A photo-accurate 8.5- by 11.5-inch paper print emerges from the front

64

of the console? unit within 30 seconds. Image search can be resumed, or

additional prints started, 17 seconds after the first cycle has begun. The hard

copy capability of the commercial reader has been maintained in the prototype.

Following is a set of descriptive characteristics for the Recordak Model

PESIC equipment:

Magnification

Reader Screen

Film Magazine

Film Transport

Main Unit Controls

Visual Display 23 X Hard Copy Print 21 X

Translucent, tinted, daylight-type measuring 13 by 13 inches

Self-threading, reusable, 4-inch square by 1-inch deep, capacity of 100 feet of 16-mm, unperforated film

Search: High speed - 600 fpm Low speed - 12 fpm

Single frame advance and back space controls, rewind speed - 600 fpm

Keyboard selector - four column, 40-key console (units, tens, hundreds and thousands) with 10 pushbutton positions in each column.

Film selector - two-position slide switch to select for positive or negative film

Control selector - six-button key column

- "A" Advance Button. Film is advanced out of magazine from beginning of roll at high speed, with automatic stop cycle to pre- selected frame.

- "+1" Single Frame Advance Button - n-l" Single Frame Return Button - "+M Slow Speed Advance Button - "-" Slow Speed Return Button - "R" Rewind Button. Film rewinds

completely into magazine at high speed.

65

Electrical Requirements

Size and Weight

Console Controls

Hard Copy

115 v, 0. 6 amp, 60 cycle, a-c only

Console - 31 inches high by 16 inches wide by 28. 5 inches deep; 143 pounds.

On-off switch, focusing lever, print button, exposure control knob

Sensitized paper - supplied in 8.5-inch wide rolls 250 feet in length. Rolls have a black paper leader to prevent fogging and to permit room-light loading

- Printing Cycle - prints are auto- matically exposed, cut, processed and delivered squeegee dry at the front of the console unit above the reader screen hood.

- Print Access Time - 30 seconds for the first print and 17 seconds for additional prints of same film image. Search can be conducted 17 seconds after the print button is pressed.

- Processing Solution - Monobath- type can be used for approximately one week or 150 prints - whichever occurs first.

In order to provide high speed preparation of data base material on

microfilm a commercial camera unit was procured. An automatic paper feed

mechanism in the camera unit allows high speed microfilming of data base

material. For purposes of compatability with the Recordak Model PESIC, a

Recordak Reliant "500" was procured. The Reliant "500" is a rotary microfilm

camera capable of filming rates up to 500 check-size (or IBM cards) or 185

letter-size documents per minute. Interchangeable film units are commercially

66

available for 40:1, 32:1, or 24:1 reduction ratios. Accessory kits procured with

the camera unit include 3-line Kodamatic indexing and the Automatic Image

Designator kit. The former provides up to 1000 separate code line combinations

while the latter automatically affixes a "blip" under each document image at the

filming rates mentioned above.

Following is a set of descriptive characteristics for the Recordak Reliant

"500" Microfilm:

Reduction Ratio

Film Encoding

Controls

24:1

3-line Kodamatic or blip

Positive interlock on-off switch - insures that document feeder and microfilm are turned off in proper sequence

- Frame Counter - high speed, resetable counter gives accurate count of number of items filmed.

- High speed feeder - accepts up to 500 check- size or 185 letter-size documents per minute also guards against "double feeding"

- Feeder adjustment control - for setting different thicknesses of documents being photographed

- Spacing lever - adjusts spacing between document images

- Method lever - selects which surface of documents are to be filmed; upper, lower or both

- Film unit - magnetically locked in place allows fast removal and interchangeability

- Shutter motion signal light - displays proper operation of the camera shutter

- Film indicator - shows remaining film length in feet.

67

- Film motion indicator - displays proper film motion.

- Camera module lock - prevents unauthorized removal of film unit and guards against accidental fogging of film.

- Receiving chamber - adjusts instantly for varying document sizes

- Indicator lights - a pair of indicators show the method of microfilming whether upper, lower or both surfaces of document

Size . .. Camera unit: 17 inches high by 24 inches wide by 31 inches deep (with feeder)

Work station: 23-1/4 inches high, by 23-1/2 inches wide by 25 inches deep (width with shelves extended is 57 inches

Image mark designator: 9-1/2 inches high by 12 inches wide by 6 inches deep

Weight . .. Approximately 80 pounds total

68

APPENDIX m

DESCRIPTION AND UTILIZATION OF THE

RECOVERY DATA BASE PREPARED ON MICROFILM

GENERAL

A typical data base was prepared and filmed in order to provide a

meaningful demonstration of the microfilm prototype capability. The content

of the data base closely simulates the information required to support a version

of a recovery function (i. e., criteria for the recovery of returning strategic

aircraft). Although the information content possibly resembles that of a realistic

SAC operation, the data base is strictly fictitious and thus not classified.

DATA BASE DESIGN

A realistic data base cannot be designed without establishing well-defined

functional requirements. It is difficult, and perhaps impossible, to know what

data must be in the base without defining the nature of the output. One must

know the class of questions to be answered before a decision can be made as

to the amount and kind of information necessary in the file content. For these

reasons, certain hypotheses were established and the results that follow were

based on these hypotheses.

DESIGN HYPOTHESIS

By recovery is meant the assignment of returning aircraft to bases located

within the remaining range of the aircraft. Functionally, the returning aircraft

would enter CONUS by either of three established safe passage corridors. Each

aircraft would report to a Ground Control Point (GCP) in the appropriate corridor

as to his present position (lat-long.), range remaining (nautical miles), and

maintenance and fuel requirements. This aircraft would then be assigned to one

69

of a number of recovery bases within his remaining range. The criteria to be

used as the basis for the assignment of the aircraft to a particular base is:

(1) Base capability as a function of reassignment of the

aircraft for follow-on missions, and

(2) Dispersion, especially of the same aircraft type, to

prevent bonus destruction of the aircraft due to enemy

weapons expenditures on the recovery bases.

CLASSIFICATION OF DATA BASE INFORMATION

For the purpose of this data base the information to be stored was

classified into two general classes:

(1) Static information, and

(2) Dynamic information.

Static information is defined as that data which will not change during the

mission time of the system.

Dynamic information is defined as that data which will change one or more

times during the mission time of the system.

For this data base a logical division of the file content results in the

storage of the static information photographically and magnetic storage of the

dynamic information. As previously mentioned, these two storage techniques

utilize the same physical storage medium.

DATA BASE GENERAL CONTENT AND METHOD OF ENTRY

For the purpose of information retrieval associated with the performance

of the recovery task, it is assumed that three GCPTs have been established with

communication capability from them to the returning aircraft. It has been

hypothesized that these aircraft will return from their initial strike from the

70

North of CONUS through the safe passage corridors established by these GCP's

(see Figures 36, 37, 38). The communication area of coverage at each GCP

has been divided into 16 sectors of equal geometrical areas. For purposes of

simplicity, a reporting aircraft in any sector of a GCP is assumed to be located

at the geometrical center of gravity of that respective sector. The distances

from the centers of each sector to all designated recovery bases have been

calculated by computer and the print-out microfilmed and tabulated. Distances

have been listed in 100-nautical mile increments from each sector center.

Fudge factors were included in the calculations to account for aircraft positions

in any extremity of any sector. This means that if a particular tabulation shows

that an aircraft can reach a recovery base within its remaining range then it

is indeed true that it can.

Another means of data base entry is alphabetically by base name. This

tabulation was established in order to achieve and maintain current base status

of all bases involved in the recovery function. Hence, there are two direct

means of data base entry.

(1) By sector areas arranged and indexed by numerical order,

or

(2) By base name arranged and indexed by alphabetical order.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF DATA BASE CONTENT

The following contains the numbers and types of data files included in

the data base allocation. A data file can consist of one or more reduced images

of 8-1/2- by 11-inch page size. Each file has been assigned a frame number

which represents the reduced film image of the above pages.

71

FRAME ALLOCATION

1. Distance Frames (16 sectors/GCP x 3 GCPs) 1177 Frames

2. Individual Base Capability Files 241 Frames

3. Base Capabilities Summary 1 Frame

4. Individual Base Weapon Capability 241 Frames

TOTAL 1660 Frames

As mentioned above, some of the data files could be multiple pages so

that the entire data base is contained in 1757 pages.

Figures 39, 40, 41 and 42 show examples of each of the four above frame

categories.

A HYPOTHETICAL EXAMPLE

Let us assume that the data base described above has been formatted

and filmed. The 1757 pages of this data base are now contained in a magazine

measuring 4 by 4 by 1 inch. This magazine is now loaded into the prototype

reader/retriever. We will now show how the prototype capability can be

utilized to retrieve the desired information, display the retrieved image and

update the data base according to current status reports.

A hard copy index, tabulated and inserted into a loose leaf binder, serves

as the sole data base index. This index allows file entry either by base name

alphabetically or by sector number. Two different cases will be considered to

illustrate both indexing techniques.

For the first case, assume that a returning aircraft reports into GCP

1 and his report includes the following:

Present Position - 48 N, 63 E

Range Remaining - 1466 nautical miles

72

Aircraft Type - B-52

Maintenance Required

New Crew Required if Aircraft Reassigned for New Mission

Weaponry Required if Aircraft Reassigned for New Mission

Since the data base index includes the map shown in Figure 36, a quick

reference to it shows that this aircraft is now in Sector 1. We would now enter

the loose leaf index by flipping the tab labeled Sector 1. This page of the index

lists the frame location of all those bases between 1401 and 1500 miles from the

center of Sector 1 and shows that these bases are tabulated on frame 106. The

operator inserts the frame 1-0-6 into the input keyboard and the reader/retriever

automatically locates and displays the contents of this frame on the built-in

screen. This display will be in the form shown in Figure 38. Assume that

Kansas City has been tentatively selected as a recovery base for this aircraft.

It has been selected because it is within the aircraft's remaining range and this

base originally had facilities for B-52 maintenance. It is now quite logical to

inquire about the more detailed information relating to this base (i. e. , present

status, facilities, weapons available, etc.).

Figure 39 shows that the Individual Base Capability information for this

base is stored on Frame 121. The operator enters 1-2-1 into the control key-

board and the reader/retriever automatically locates and displays the contents

of Frame 121 on the screen (see Figure 40). The 32 numerical characters

associated with Frame 121 are now read from the magnetic strip on the film

into the keyboard shift register. The operator may now select any of the

numbered items in the column at the left of Figure 40. One simply depresses

the WORD button on the control panel, and then enters the word number desired

into the control keyboard. If the operator wanted the base status of Kansas City

then he would depress button 1 on the keyboard and the four-character assign-

ment for word 1 would be displayed on the accessory display. As shown in

73

Figure 40 there is a direct correspondence between the item numbers in the

column at the left and the four character word assignment (i. e. , numerical

characters within dashed boxes).

Assume that the operator selects Kansas City as a recovery base for this

aircraft on the basis of the information shown. He would then enter the appropri-

ate update changes via the control keyboard in order to maintain up-to-date

information on this base. For example, he may, by having assigned this aircraft

to this base, have used up: a B-52 Turnaround Capability (item 2), a B-52 crew

(item 4), some fuel (item 6), and added one aircraft to item 8. Additional

updating (see Figure 63) may be required on the Summary Files. These files

are cross-referenced and indicate that additional updating, may be required

on Frame 1419 (Base Capability Summary) and Frame 1525 (Individual Base

Weapon Capability). Figures 41 and 42 show the information contained in

Frame 1419 and Frame 1525, respectively. If update changes are required on

either of these frames the operator simply keys these numbers into the keyboard

and the reader/retriever automatically locates and displays the desired infor-

mation in a matter of seconds as described previously. We shall now consider

that this particular recovery task is complete and describe the other technique

for data base entry as the result of reception of a base destruction report.

Let us now assume that a report has been received that the base Loring

has been completely destroyed and follow the sequence of events necessary to

update our data base. As mentioned previously, the data base was indexed

alphabetically. The operator then selects the "L" tab in the loose leaf index

and finds that the Individual Base Capability frame for Loring is number 4. The

number 4 is entered into the control keyboard and the reader/retriever locates

and displays frame 4 (see Figure 43). The magnetic head traverses the film

strip and reads the information for this frame into the shift register. Now the

operator inserts the update information appropriate to the base destruction

74

report (e. g. , Base Status, item 1, is now closed). The destruction of the other

items (i. e. , 2 through 8) is subtracted from the totals in Frame 1419 (Base

Capabilities Summary) and the new totals re-entered via the keyboard and

written back onto the magnetic strip via the read/write head. Future references

to these files will yield complete up-to-date information. Figure 44 shows the

Individual Base Weapon Capability for Loring. If there were weapons at Loring

prior to this destruction report the loss of these weapons would be entered on

Frame 1661 (Weapon Summary Frame) in the same manner as described

previously.

75

-3 05

Figure 36. Ground Control Point No. 1

-q -q

IB-I4,I7S| "y^j

60° 105* 104° 103° 102° 101° 100° 99° 98° 97° 96° 95'

4 94- 93° 92° 9'° 90«

Figure 37. Ground Control Point No. 2

|IB-I4,I76|

oo

Figure 38. Ground Control Point No. 3

FRAME 106 BASES 1401 1500MILES FROM PT01 (N4743 W 6224)

BASE LAT LONG RANGE B52 MAINT B58 MAINT FRAME

MEMPHNAS N 3521 W 8952 1408 NO NO FRAME 107 BLYTHEVI N 3557 W 8957 1408 YES NO FRAME 108 MOODY N 3059 W 8312 1408 NO NO FRAME 109 MEMPHMUN N 3504 W 8958 1408 NO NO FRAME 110 GRANDFOR N 4756 W9706 1418 NO YES FRAME 111 MAXWELL N 3233 W 8622 1422 YES NO FRAME 112 CRAIG N 3221 W 8659 1424 YES NO FRAME 113 DANNELLY N 3218 W 8624 1425 NO NO FRAME 114 PATRICK N 2815 W 8036 1432 NO NO FRAME 115 OFF.UTT N 4107 W 9555 1444 YES NO FRAME 116 EPPLEY N 4118 W 9554 1447 NO NO FRAME 117 COLUMBUS N 3338 W 8827 1450 YES NO FRAME 118 MCCOY N 2827 W 8120 1455 YES NO FRAME 119 WHITE MAN N 3843 W 9333 1459 YES NO FRAME 120 KANSCITY N 3907 W 9435 1462 YES NO FRAME 121 ROSECRAN N 3946 W 9455 1469 YES NO FRAME 122 TYNDALL N 3004 W 8534 1486 NO NO FRAME 123 OLATHE N 3850 W 9454 1500 NO NO FRAME 124

Figure 39. Typical Distance Frame

FRAME #121

INDIVIDUAL BASE CAPABILITY

BASE NAME - KANSCITY

BASE INVENTORY

LATITUDE - N3907 LONGITUDE - W09435

B52 MAINTENANCE - NO

B58 MAINTENANCE - NO

1. BASE STATUS (OPEN = 1 CLOSED = 0)

IEÖ13 2- #of B52 TURNAROUND CAPABILITIES

n—r i_i- "IJiJ

g Ti]6j 3. #ofB58 TURNAROUND CAPABILITIES

uns [EH mm rmn

rriE

4. # of B52 CREWS AVAILABLE

5. # of B58 CREWS AVAILABLE

6. FUEL AVAILABLE - IN POUNDS X1000

7. WEAPONS AVAILABLE

YES =1 NO = 0

8. # of AIRCRAFT ON BOARD

SUMMARY FRAME NUMBER FOR PARTICULAR CAPABILITY (TO BE UPDATED IF NECESSARY)

B52 MAINTENANCE SUMMARY - FRAME #1419

B58 MAINTENANCE SUMMARY - FRAME #1419

BASE STATUS SUMMARY - FRAME #1419

B52 TURNAROUND CAPABILITY SUMMARY - FRAME #1419

B58 TURNAROUND CAPABILITY SUMMARY - FRAME #1419

B52 CREW SUMMARY - FRAME #1419

B58 CREW SUMMARY - FRAME #1419

INDIVIDUAL BASE WEAPON CAPABILITY

SEE FRAME #1525

Figure 40. Typical Individual Base Capability Frame

FRAME #1419

2

BASE CAPABILITIES SUMMARY

JH3 1. TOTAL NUMBER OF BASES OPERATIONAL

Li!!!!!] 2- TOTAL NUMBER OF BASES DESTROYED

■HTTSTTl 3. TOTAL NUMBER OF B52 MAINTENANCE BASES OPERATIONAL

rjjjjTi 4. TOTAL NUMBER OF B58 MAINTENANCE BASES OPERATIONAL

rjl|l[0j 5. TOTAL NUMBER OF B52 TURNAROUND CAPABILITIES

LXTLHHJ 6- TOTAL NUMBER OF B58 TURNAROUND CAPABILITIES

1 GIHTZ3 7. TOTAL NUMBER OF B52 CREWS AVAILABLE

LiimZi 8- TOTAL NUMBER OF B58 CREWS AVAILABLE

Figure 41. Typical Base Capabilities Summary

FRAME #1525

INDIVIDUAL BASE WEAPON CAPABILITY

00 to

BASE NAME - KANSCITY

T I Til 7*" 1. NUMBER OF 1 MEGATON WEAPONS AVAILABLE

i TT"T41 2. NUMBER OF 2 MEGATON WEAPONS AVAILABLE

i i0> i '—i—L—J

]—i—r~m

3. NUMBER OF 3 MEGATON WEAPONS AVAILABLE

J"~r~T~TcTJ 4. NUMBER OF 4 MEGATON WEAPONS AVAILABLE

1 ilTß"! 5. NUMBER OF 5 MEGATON WEAPONS AVAILABLE

j rTHTi 6. NUMBER OF 6 MEGATON WEAPONS AVAILABLE { I I J ,i

j | | jo] 7. NUMBER OF 7 MEGATON WEAPONS AVAILABLE

[""I \~To) 8. NUMBER OF 8 MEGATON WEAPONS AVAILABLE

j—PTTöl 9- NUMBER OF 9 MEGATON WEAPONS AVAILABLE I I ! I I

|—I' i In! 10. NUMBER OF 10 MEGATON WEAPONS AVAILABLE

WEAPON SUMMARY FRAME FOR ALL WEAPON TYPES

FRAME #1661 (TO BE UPDATED IF NEC- CESSARY)

Figure 42. Typical Individual Base Weapon Capability

FRAME #4

INDIVIDUAL BASE CAPABILITY

00 CO

BASE NAME - LORING

BASE INVENTORY

B52 MAINTENANCE - NO

B58 MAINTENANCE - YES

LATITUDE - N 4657 LONGITUDE - W 06753

SUMMARY FRAME NUMBER FOR PARTICULAR CAPABILITY (TO BE UPDATED IF NECESSARY)

B52 MAINTENANCE SUMMARY FRAME - #1419

B58 MAINTENANCE SUMMARY FRAME - #1419

mm nm

1. BASE STATUS (OPEN = 1 CLOSED = 0)

2. # of B52 TURNAROUND CAPABILITIES

ji|73 3. # of B58 TURNAROUND CAPABILITIES

ami

USE

4. #of B52 CREWS AVAILABLE

5. #of B58 CREWS AVAILABLE

6. FUEL AVAILABLE - IN POUNDS

7. WEAPONS AVAILABLE

YES =1 NO = 0

8. # of AIRCRAFT ON BOARD

BASE STATUS SUMMARY - FRAME #1419

B52 TURNAROUND CAPABILITY SUMMARY - FRAME #1419

B58 TURNAROUND CAPABILITY SUMMARY - FRAME #1419

B52 CREW SUMMARY - FRAME #1419

B58 CREW SUMMARY - FRAME #1419

INDIVIDUAL BASE WEAPON CAPABILITY

SEE FRAME #1420

Figure 43. Update Associated with Base Destruction Report

FRAME #1420

INDIVIDUAL BASE WEAPON CAPABILITY

BASE NAME - LORING

1. NUMBER OF 1 MEGATON WEAPONS AVAILABLE

2. NUMBER OF 2 MEGATON WEAPONS AVAILABLE

3. NUMBER OF 3 MEGATON WEAPONS AVAILABLE

00

4. NUMBER OF 4 MEGATON WEAPONS AVAILABLE

5. NUMBER OF 5 MEGATON WEAPONS AVAILABLE

6. NUMBER OF 6 MEGATON WEAPONS AVAILABLE

WEAPON SUMMARY FRAME FOR ALL WEAPON TYPES

FRAME #1661 (TO BE UPDATED IF NEC- CESSARY)

7. NUMBER OF 7 MEGATON WEAPONS AVAILABLE

8. NUMBER OF 8 MEGATON WEAPONS AVAILABLE

9. NUMBER OF 9 MEGATON WEAPONS AVAILABLE

10. NUMBER OF 10 MEGATON WEAPONS AVAILABLE

Figure 44. Update Associated with Base Weapon Destruction

Security Classification DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA - R&D

(Security claaeitieation of title, body ot abetrect and Indexing annotation muat be antarad whan the overall report ia claaaitied)

1 ORIGINATIN G ACTIVITY (Corporate author)

The MITRE Corporation Bedford , Mass.

2«. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

Unclassified 2b GROUP

3 REPORT TITLE

SUMMARY OF EFFORTS EXPENDED ON THE CONCEPT OF "DYNAMIC.UPDATE OF A MICROFILM FILE."

4 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES (Type of report and inclusive datea)

N/A 5 AUTHORfS; (Lmat name, tint name. Initial)

Barboza, George

6 REPORT DATE

July 1965 la. TOTAL NO. OF PAGES 7b. NO. OF REFS

8«. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO.

AF19(628)2390 b. PROJECT NO.

614.1

9«. ORIGINATOR'S REPORT NUMBERfSj

ESD-TR-65-90

9b. OTHER REPORT NOW (A ny other number» that may be eaaigned this report)

TM-04024 10. AVAILABILITY/LIMITATION NOTICES

Qualified requestors may obtain from DDC. DDC release to CFSTI (formerly OTS) authorized.

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 12. SPONSORING MILITARY ACTIVITY

Support System Division, Deputy for Advanced Planning. Electronic Systems Division, L. G. Hanscom Field. Bedford. Mass.

13 ABSTRACT

This document describes the development of the concept of "Dynamic Update of a Micro-

film File. " Included is a complete description of the prototype hardware that was designec

and fabricated to prove the feasibility of combining magnetic and photographic techniques

of information storage. The prototype hardware possesses the capability of informat i on

storage, rapid update, retrieval and display.

DD FORM 1 JAN 04 1473

Security Classification

Security Classification 14-

KEY WORDS LINK A

ROLE WT

LINK B LINK C

Photographic Recording Media

Microfilm

Information Retrieval

Information Storage

INSTRUCTIONS

1. ORIGINATING ACTIVITY: Enter the name and address of the contractor, subcontractor, grantee, Department of De- fense activity or other organization (corporate author) issuing the report.

2a. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION: Enter the over- all security classification of the report. Indicate whether "Restricted Data" is included. Marking is to be in accord- ance with appropriate security regulations.

26. GROUP: Automatic downgrading is specified in DoD Di- rective 5200.10 and Armed Forces Industrial Manual. Enter the group number. Also, when applicable, show that optional markings have been used for Group 3 and Group 4 as author- ized.

3. REPORT TITLE: Enter the complete report title in all capital letters. Titles in all cases should be unclassified. If a meaningful title cannot be selected without classifica- tion, show title classification in all capitals in parenthesis immediately following the title.

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5. AUTHOR(S): Enter the name(s) of authors) as shown on or in the report. Enter last name,' first name, middle initial. If military, show rank and branch of service. The name of the principal cither is en absolute minimum requirement

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la. TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES: The total page count should follow normal pagination procedures, i.e., enter the number of pages containing information.

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imposed by security classification, using standard statements such as:

(1) "Qualified requesters may obtain copies of this report from DDC"

(2) "Foreign announcement and dissemination of this report by DDC is not authorized."

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If the report has been furnished to the Office of Technical Services, Department of Commerce, for-sale to the public, indi- cate this fact and enter the price, if known.

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES: tory notes.

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13- ABSTRACT: Enter an abstract giving a brief and factual summary of the document indicative of the report, even though it may also appear elsewhere in the "body of the technical re- port. If additional space is required, a continuation sheet shall be attached.

It is highly desirable that the abstract of classified reports be unclassified. Each paragraph of the abstract shall end with an indication of the military security classification of the in- formation in the paragraph, represented as (TS), (S), (C), or (U).

There is no limitation on the length of the abstract. How- ever, the suggested length is from 150 to 225 words.

14. KEY WORDS: Key words are technically meaningful terms or short phrases that characterize a report and may be used as index entries for cataloging the report. Key words must be selected so that no security classification is required. Identi- fiers, such as equipment model designation, trade name, military project code name, geographic location, may be used as key words but will be followed by an indication of technical con- text. The assignment of links, rules, and weights is optional.

Use for additional explana-

Security Classification