summary discourse analysis by michael mccarthy
TRANSCRIPT
Discourse AnalysisbyMichael McCarthy
Elizabeth Ruiz
DISCOURSE ANALYSISMain authors: Harris and Austin. British discourse with K. HallidayAmerican discourse Dell Hymes Conversation analysis
Linguistics, semiotics, psychology,
anthropology and sociology.
Interdisciplinary approach
Study of the relationship
between languageand the contexts in which it is used
Study of spoken and
written interaction
Factors: linguistic, purely situational and non-linguistic
Non-linguistic Factors: intonation -tone contour, pitch level, hesitations, gestures.
Form and Function
Doing with the language (e.g. requesting, instructing)
FUNCTIONS
SPEECH ACTSRole of participants
Role of settings
SPOKEN LANGUAGE
• Framing move: right, okay, so, • An exchange: question-
answer-comment (Transaction)• Patterns: opening –answering
and follow-up move (initiation, response, follow-up)
• Structured situation and predictable situations such as in the classroom
Patterns of interaction
Speech acts: elicitations, replies, comments
How people behave and how they cooperate in the management of discourse
Adjacency pairs, turn-taking, conversational openings and closings, acts of politeness
WRITTEN DISCOURSE
Writers have time to think about to say and how to say
it, sentences are usually well formed in a way that the utterances of natural spontaneous talk are not.
• It is possible to find regularities• In paragraphs and their progression of the
whole text. Links cohesion (pronominalization, ellipsis and conjunctions).
• Coherence is the feeling that a text hangs together, that it makes sense
• Assume cause-effect relationship
• Depends on what we as readers bring to the text as what the author puts into
• A set of procedures and the approach of analysis
• Role of the readers and their experience + activate knowledge to make inferences and constantly asses their interpretations
• Textural patterns= illocutionary acts• Textual segments: a clause, sometimes
a sentence, sometimes a whole paragraph
TEXT AND INTERPRETATIONPhenomenon-reason relationship
Clause-relational approachLogical sequence relations
Logical sequencing and matching are the two basic categories of the clause-relational approach.
Texts often contain strong clues or
signals. Relationships between segmentsSupporting evidence (deducing relations)
LARGER PATTERNS IN TEXTS
• Situation-problem-response-evaluation of the response
• Problem-solution pattern• Conjunctions: signaling
devices signposting the text
FOR TEACHERS:
Teacher should learn to evaluate their input and output in the teaching / learning process