succeeding with at risk and disadvantaged youth howard johnston, professor university of south...
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Succeeding with At Risk Succeeding with At Risk and Disadvantaged and Disadvantaged
YouthYouth
Succeeding with At Risk Succeeding with At Risk and Disadvantaged and Disadvantaged
YouthYouthHoward Johnston, ProfessorHoward Johnston, Professor
University of South FloridaUniversity of South Florida
andand
Heath Burns, SuperintendentHeath Burns, Superintendent
Angleton ISDAngleton ISD
30 Kids Born In the USA Today
• About 10 minutes worth.• An American born every 19
seconds.• Based on projections from the US
Census Bureau• Not counting immigrants…one of
whom arrives every 31 seconds.
What Does it Mean to Be AT RISK?
At Risk of What?
Out of those 30 children…19 are minority11 are poor11 were born out of wedlock15 were born to parents who will
divorce or separate
What Does it Mean to Be AT RISK?
4 were born into families earning $60,000 a year.
13 will live on public assistance14 will have no health care9 will drop out of school
So…who’s special? Whom to “include?”
What Does it Mean to Be AT RISK?
8 were born after prenatal exposure to drugs
19 after prenatal exposure to alcohol28 will try alcohol; 5-6 will be addicted19 will try drugs; 2-3 will be addicted12 were born into families earning
less than $14,000 a year
The Grim Status of Children in the USA
They are the poorest Americans.They have the worst health care.They are the most likely victims of
violence.They believe they face a bleak
economic future.
The Grim Status of Children in the USA
The are the most pessimistic about their own futures
than any generation since the Great Depression of the
1930s.
So What Can We Do?
I. Challenge the Regularities of
Schooling!
School Adjustment Fears:High Achievers
• Public Performance (academic)• Mastering physical space.• Difficulty of academic program.• P.E. Dressing & Showers• Failure• Grade retention
School Adjustment Fears:Low Achievers
• Grade retention• Public performance (academic)• Punishment• Unkind adults• Being ridiculed• Harassment• Difficulty of academic program
School Adjustment Fears:Alternative School
• Keeping up with work• Public performance• Difficulty of academic program• P.E. Dressing and Showers• Failure• Punishment
DIFFICULTY…or they just can’t do the work. Really?Given Achievement
Scores, Attendance, Prior Failure, Suspensions, Ethnicity, Sex, SES, Self Reported Attitudes…
Analysis placed 97% accurately in “passing” group…
BUT…Predicted that 83%
of failing kids should have passed, too.
Homework…or school work carried home.
• 49% of marking period failures were for “no homework.”
• 21% of grade level failure for “no homework”
But who does homework in the first place?
Predictors of who will do homework at all…
• Family income• Education level of the mother• Adult supervision outside of school• Teacher follow up
Preponderance of Lecture-Recitation-
Seatwork ModelField Independent
LearnersSetting:
Cooperative, Loose, Informal.
Focus: Concepts & General Principles
Field Dependent Learners
Setting: Formal, Structured, Individualized.
Focus: Information & Details.
Preponderance of Lecture-Recitation-
Seatwork ModelField DependentSocial Context:
Work together to benefit the group.
Reward: For effort, group contribution, common good.
Field IndependentSocial Context:
Work alone; everyone for him or herself.
Reward: For outcome, quality of product on predetermined standard.
What is Success?Field Dependent
Helping the group; getting group approval.
Field Independent
Meeting the standard; getting approval of authority.
Lack of Direct Instruction in Intellectual Strategies
39 “best” reading and social studies teachers observed teaching 17,997 minutes of reading instruction in 5 days.
• 45 minutes (.25%) devoted to direct instruction on comprehension skills.
• 17.7% of time spent assessing comprehension.
ISOLATION…out of the mainstream of school
life• Low levels of adult-student
interaction outside of class -- about 1/10 as much as other students.
• Status and friendship groups older and out of school– No pass no play effects– Status earned at job, in gang, in
family
Isolation, con’t.Low reward status in School
– 27% academic– 45% athletic– 18% artistic– 10% other
Isolation, con’t.Anonymity
– 71% of 9th Grade Sample– 48% of 6th Grade SampleNever called by name…
SO, WHAT CAN WE DO?
II. Build Strong Social Relationships and
Networks.
But We Only Have Them for 6 Hours a
Day!• 6.5-7.5 hours in school.• 4.0-6.0 involved with media.• 1.0-2.0 with peers and playmates.• 7.0-9.0 sleeping• 20.5-23.5 accounted for• 0.5-3.5 with “others,” including
parents
And They Still Don’t Know Us
• Are your Teachers happy?– Yes = 16– No = 12– DNK = 72
• Do Your Teachers like to spend time with you?– Yes = 17– No = 17– DNK = 66
And They Still Don’t Know Us
• Most Teachers Like Kids.– Yes = 20– No = 15– DNK = 65
• My teachers like to talk with kids informally.– Yes = 11– No = 25– DNK = 64
And They Still Don’t Know Us
My Teachers like to play and have fun.
Yes = 8No = 11
DNK = 81
Promote Social Bonding
School Success = Social BondingSocial Bonding =
Attachment + Commitment +Involvement + Belief
Attachment
• Familiarity• Attractiveness• Social-emotional bonds
Commitment
• Clear and obvious benefit• Rational assessment of group
assets
Involvement
• Amount and nature of participation
• Attractiveness of participation
Belief
• Faith in legitimacy of group• Confidence in group’s power• Conviction that “this group is for
people like me.”
SO, WHAT CAN WE DO?
III.Close the Opportunity
Gap.
3-9 P.M. Activity Pattern
1. Play outside, eat, homework, clean/chores, play bed.
2. Homework, clean kitchen, play, eat dinner, help clean up, TV, bed.
3. Eat, homework, play, TV, bed.4. Play on own, TV, begin homework,
dinner, TV, bed.5. Chores, homework, read or play, TV,
bed.
3-9 P.M. Activity PatternFor Low Achievers, age
10
1. Play outside, eat, homework, clean/chores, play bed.
2. Homework, clean kitchen, play, eat dinner, help clean up, TV, bed.
3. Eat, homework, play, TV, bed.4. Play on own, TV, begin homework,
dinner, TV, bed.5. Chores, homework, read or play,
TV, bed.
Achieving 10 year olds
• Snack, homework, play or TV, help parent with dinner & clean up, hobby or TV, reading, bed.
• Music lessons, dinner, homework, visit grandpa, errands, TV, game or read, bed.
• Visit aunt, swim, help fix dinner, homework, TV, bed.
Achieving 10 year olds
• Chores, play, read, homework, sign language class, dinner, TV, bed.
• Homework, snack, baseball practice, dinner, clean up, TV, read, bed.
High Achievers…
Spend more time in conversation with adults.
Receive explicit achievement training.
Have a regular pattern of behavior.Engage in anticipatory behavior.
Achievers…
Engage in activities extending the opportunity to read and write.
Engage in constructive learning besides homework (hobbies, games).
Participate in little unsupervised, passive recreation (e.g., TV, hanging out).
Achievers…
Do something important or special that establishes them as an important “player” in the school, family, or community.
Sphere I: School CultureHigh Impact
• Prep kids for life beyond HS.
• Policy focuses on achievement
• Teach/admin consistent about achievement goals.
• Teachers embrace external standards & assess.
Average Impact
• Prepare kids for graduation.
• Policy focuses on rules
• Teach/admin less consistent about achievement goals
• Teachers tolerate external standards & assess.
Sphere II: Academic Core
High-impact • Students encouraged
to take on academic challenges.
• Assessment data is used for future planning, e.g., curriculum improvements, teacher assignments.
Average Impact• Hurdles to access
the most challenging courses.
• Use data primarily to measure past student performance
Sphere IV: Teachers
High Impact• Teacher
placement driven by student needs and teacher expertise.
• Support for new teach focused on curric & instr.
Average Impact• Teacher placement
driven by teacher preference & seniority.
• Support for new teach more personal and social
Sphere III: Student Support
High Impact• Help in ways that
keep kids on track for college prep.
• Faculty assume responsibility to offer extra help
Average Impact• Help in ways that
delay entry to college prep.
• Extra help available, but optional
Sphere III: Student Support (con’t)
High Impact• Early warning
systems ID kids needing help
• Counselors actively monitor kids
• Use partnerships for post-sec opportunities
Average Impact• Help offered after
kid fails or falters• Counselors work
thru referrals• Use partnerships
for drop out & drug prevention.
Sphere IV: Teachers (con’t)
High Impact• Admin create
small classes for struggling students
• Principals have more control over who joins faculty
Average Impact• Class size
relatively equal• Principals tend to
accept teachers sent by district office.
Sphere V: Organization
High ImpactTime use determined
by academics9th graders get more
reading instructionMost time spent in
academic or grade level courses
Average ImpactTime determined
by multiple factors.
9th graders receive little reading
High proportion of time in remedial or basic classes
Sphere V: Organization (con’t)
High ImpactStrict in protecting
academic timeSenior year
relatively low academic challenges
Average ImpactFlexible time use
policiesSenior year
relatively low academic challenges