subnational redd+ in the amazon rainforest

Subnational REDD+

in the AmazonAmy Duchelle, Sven Wunder, Eduardo Marinho

THINKING beyond the canopy

Emergence of subnational REDD+ initiatives

Since 2007, hundreds of

subnational REDD+ initiatives

have emerged in the tropics

Since 2010, some evolved to

jurisdictional approaches (i.e.

led by states or municipalities)

Since 2004, Brazil has cut

deforestation by three fourths

(mainly by env. enforcement)

On-the-ground evidence for

how local people could benefit

or lose from REDD+

Field methods

-Proponent interviews

- Village, women’s,

household surveys

(intervention & control)

• 70+ villages

• 2000+ smallholders

• 121 largeholders

8 sites in South

America

Ucayali

Subnational REDD+ initiatives sampled (Brazil & Peru, 2010-2014)

Drivers of deforestation at sampled sites

0 2 4 6 8 10

Large-scale agric.

Large-scale infrastructure projects

Land grabbing

Large-scale timber harvest (legal)

Large-scale timber harvest (illegal)

Subsistence fuelwood collection

Mining

Large-scale ranching

Small-scale legal timber harvest

NTFP harvesting

Forest fires

Small-scale traditional agric.

Small-scale illegal timber harvest

Small-scale frontier agric.

Small to med-scale ranchers


Initiative categories

Project

Non-marketMarket

Jurisdictional

Market Non-market

• State/municipal boundary

• Local govt. leadership• Project boundary

• NGO/Co. proponent

Acre São Félix

Cotriguaçu

Jari/Amapá

Madre de Dios

Ucayali

Bolsa

Floresta

Transamazon


Smallholder income shares and REDD+ incentives (livelihood support)

67

Ucayali

71

Madre de Dios

49

São Félix do Xingu

34

Cotriguaçu

Livestock reliant sites:

• Sustainable milk

production (Cotri)

• ‘Best practices’ for

cattle ranching (SFX)

Forest reliant sites:

• Local Brazil nut

processing plant

(Madre de Dios)

• Small-scale timber

production (Ucayali)

Forest Livestock Agriculture Wage/Biz Other


REDD+ strategies disentangled

Tenure

regularization

Technology

improvements

Environmental

education

Payments for

Environmental

Services

Subsidies

Provision of inputs

Taxes

Tax exemptions

Regulatory measures

(Prohibition, Rules) e

Fines

Disincentives

CertificationCredit

Insurance

Market interventions

(Quotas,

max/min prices)

Courtesy of J. Börner


REDD+ interventions by initiatives

ENABLING CONDITIONS

Supporting environmental compliance (CAR, restoration)

Tenure regularization

Environmental education

Community MRV

INCENTIVES

Direct cash transfers (conditional)

Livelihood support (conditional)

Livelihood support (non-conditional)

DISINCENTIVES

Deforestation/fire control

Acre

Acre

Acre

Acre

SFX

SFX

SFX

SFX

Cotri

Cotri

Cotri

Jari

Jari

Jari

BF

BF

MDD

MDD

Ucay

Ucay

TAmaz

TAmaz

TAmaz

Acre

TAmaz


REDD+ & perceived tenure security

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

% p

arce

l sec

uri

ty

Secure Insecure


REDD+ & environmental compliance

Site Total land / hh (ha)

Forest cleared per year (ha)

Forest cover (%)

Annual rate clearing (%)

Acre 179 (355) 1.2 (0.9) 88.3 1.0

Transamazon 90 (70) 1.8 (2.5) 67.2 2.0

Cotriguaçu 55 (30) 1.4 (2.8) 42.4 2.5

São Félix do Xingu 74 (66) 1.6 (2.8) 47.0 2.2

Jari-Amapá 61 (69) 0.4 (0.7) 89.3 1.0

Madre de Dios 836 (596) 0.3 (0.6) 98.0 >0.001

Ucayali 2640 (2380) 0.2 (0.5) ~90 >0.001


Conclusion: REDD+ strategy mix

Independent of REDD+ type, proponents pursue

a mix of interventions (esp. enabling conditions,

positive incentives) that reflect local conditions

Environmental enforcement is a key disincentive

– but more from regulators than REDD+

proponents – often pre-dating REDD+ (Brazil)

Conditional PES remain limited so far; more faith

in changing livelihoods (ICDP+) – due to REDD+

financing horizons, managing local expectation,

compensatory focus, conservation paradigms…

Financial support for GCS-REDD+:Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation, Australian Agency for International Development,

European Commission, UK Department for International Development.

Publications: http://www.cifor.org/online-library/browse/mitigating-

climate-change.html

Videos/Blogs: http://blog.cifor.org/amazonia

http://www.cifor.org/online-library/browse/mitigating-climate-change.html

http://blog.cifor.org/amazonia


Characteristics of sampled REDD+ initiatives

Country Initiative Name Type of Proponent

Approach Funding source

Area (km2)

Brazil System of Incentives for Environmental Services (SISA), Acre

Government Jurisdictional (state)

Amazon Fund KfW

152,581

Brazil Cotriguaçu Sempre Verde, Mato Grosso

NGO Jurisdictional (municipality)

PackardFundo Vale

9,123

Brazil Sustainable Settlements in the Amazon, Pará

NGO Project Amazon Fund 2,299

Brazil Green Development in Amazon (SFX), Pará

NGO Jurisdictional (municipality)

Moore Amazon Fund

84,212

Brazil Bolsa Floresta, Amazonas NGO Project Amazon Fund Marriot

100,000

Brazil Jari/Amapá Private sector Project Biofílica 660

Peru REDD+ in Brazil Nut Concessions, Madre de Dios

Private sector Project BAM 2,907

Peru REDD+ in Native Communities,Ucayali

NGO Project AIDER, ITTO, TNC

907


Income shares at Amazon REDD+ sites

67

UcayaliMadre de DiosJari-Amapá

São Félix do XinguMato GrossoTransamazonAcre


Income sources at REDD+ sites

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Ucayali

Madre de Dios

Jari-Amapá

São Félix doXingu

Mato Grosso

Transamazon

Acre

% cash + subsistence income

Forest/Environ Agriculture Livestock Wage/Business Other