Submitted by:-

ZULQARNAIN ASLAM

(ID NO# 14184)

Course: MCS

SEMESTER 4TH

SUBJECT : ADVANCE COMPUTER NETWORK

Q1. a) Define Network?

b) What is a Link?

c) What is a node?

d) What is point-point link

ANS: a) Define Network

A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share resources (such as printers and CDs), exchange files, or allow electronic communications. The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams.

Two very common types of networks include:

Local Area Network (LAN) Wide Area Network (WAN)

You may also see references to a Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN), a Wireless LAN (WLAN), or a Wireless WAN (WWAN).

Local Area Network

A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is confined to a relatively small area. It is generally limited to a geographic area such as a writing lab, school, or building.

Computers connected to a network are broadly categorized as servers or workstations. Servers are generally not used by humans directly, but rather run continuously to provide "services" to the other computers (and their human users) on the network. Services provided can include printing and faxing, software hosting, file storage and sharing, messaging, data storage and retrieval, complete access control (security) for the network's resources, and many others.

Workstations are called such because they typically do have a human user which interacts with the network through them. Workstations were traditionally considered a desktop, consisting of a computer, keyboard, display, and mouse, or a

laptop, with with integrated keyboard, display, and touchpad. With the advent of the tablet computer, and the touch screen devices such as iPad and iPhone, our definition of workstation is quickly evolving to include those devices, because of their ability to interact with the network and utilize network services.

Servers tend to be more powerful than workstations, although configurations are guided by needs. For example, a group of servers might be located in a secure area, away from humans, and only accessed through the network. In such cases, it would be common for the servers to operate without a dedicated display or keyboard. However, the size and speed of the server's processor(s), hard drive, and main memory might add dramatically to the cost of the system. On the other hand, a workstation might not need as much storage or working memory, but might require an expensive display to accommodate the needs of its user. Every computer on a network should be appropriately configured for its use.

On a single LAN, computers and servers may be connected by cables or wirelessly. Wireless access to a wired network is made possible by wireless access points (WAPs). These WAP devices provide a bridge between computers and networks. A typical WAP might have the theoretical capacity to connect hundreds or even thousands of wireless users to a network, although practical capacity might be far less.

Nearly always servers will be connected by cables to the network, because the cable connections remain the fastest. Workstations which are stationary (desktops) are also usually connected by a cable to the network, although the cost of wireless adapters has dropped to the point that, when installing workstations in an existing facility with inadequate wiring, it can be easier and less expensive to use wireless for a desktop.

See the Topology, Cabling, and Hardware sections of this tutorial for more information on the configuration of a LAN.

Wide Area Network

Wide Area Networks (WANs) connect networks in larger geographic areas, such as Florida, the United States, or the world. Dedicated transoceanic cabling or satellite uplinks may be used to connect this type of global network.

Using a WAN, schools in Florida can communicate with places like Tokyo in a matter of seconds, without paying enormous phone bills. Two users a half-world

apart with workstations equipped with microphones and a webcams might teleconference in real time. A WAN is complicated. It uses multiplexers, bridges, and routers to connect local and metropolitan networks to global communications networks like the Internet. To users, however, a WAN will not appear to be much different than a LAN.

b) What is a Link?

A link (short for hyperlink) is an HTML object that allows you to jump to a new location when you click or tap it. Links are found on almost every webpage and provide a simple means of navigating between pages on the web.

Links can be attached to text, images, or other HTML elements. Most text links are blue, since that is standard color web browsers use to display links. However, links can be any color since the style of the link text may be customized using HTML or CSS styles. In the early days of the web, links were underlined by default. Today, underlining links is less common.

When a link is applied to an image, the link tag encapsulates, or surrounds the image tag. Since the image tag is nested inside the link tag, the image itself becomes a link. This method can be used to apply links to other elements such as <div> and <span> objects. However, since CSS can be used to stylize a link, an <a> tag with a CSS class or ID attribute is often used in place of a <div> or <span> tag.

Below is an example of the HTML for a text and image link:

Text Link: <a href="/definition/computer">Computer Definition</a>

Image Link: <a href="https://techterms.com/definition/computer"><img src="/images/computer.jpg" alt="desktop PC"></a>

Relative and Absolute Links

The first link above is a "relative link" because it does not include the domain name. Instead the link is relative to the current website. Any internal link on TechTerms.com, for example, does not need "https://techterms.com/" in the source. Rather, a relative link like "/definition/computer" is all that is required. Since the link starts with a forward slash, the path begins with the root directory. If a relative link does not start with a forward slash, the path is relative to the current URL.

The second link above is an absolute link because it includes the domain name. Absolute links are required for external links, which direct you to another website. They may begin with "http" or "https." Absolute links may also begin with two forward slashes ("//"). This is interpreted as "http://" for pages served via HTTP and "https://" for pages served via HTTPS.

NOTE: The "a" in the <a> tag stands for "anchor," since early hypertext documents often linked to anchors (or markers) within a page rather than other pages. The "href" within an <a> stands for "hypertext reference."

c) What is a node?

Any system or device connected to a network is also called a node. For example, if a network connects a file server, five computers, and two printers, there are eight nodes on the network. Each device on the network has a network address, such as a MAC address, which uniquely identifies each device. This helps keep track of where data is being transferred to and from on the network.

A node can also refer to a leaf, which is a folder or file on your hard disk. In physics, a node, or nodal point, is a point of minimum displacement or where multiple waves converge, creating a net amplitude of zero.

This page contains a technical definition of Node. It explains in computing terminology what Node means and is one of many hardware terms in the TechTerms dictionary.

All definitions on the TechTerms website are written to be technically accurate but also easy to understand. If you find this Node definition to be helpful, you can reference it using the citation links above. If you think a term should be updated or added to the TechTerms dictionary, please email TechTerms!

d) What is point-point link

What is Point-to-Point Protocol?

The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) denotes a group of networking protocols which imply a standard method for transporting multi-protocol information over the point-to-point links.

There are three major components of Point-to-Point Protocol:

A multi-protocol datagram encapsulation method A link control protocol for establishing, configuring and testing the link

connections A collection of network control protocols for controlling network-layer

protocols.

How Does a Point-to-Point Link Work?

A point-to-point link is a dedicated connection between two networking devices (such as two computers or a computer and a printer). The entire bandwidth of this link is used for data transmission between these two devices. Modern-day point-to-point links are made up of PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Networks) and modems. There are multiple connections between individual machines in a point-to-point network. The PPP can be used for connecting two different networks using point-to-point links and one system serves as an endpoint in each network. The endpoint communication occurs through phone lines and modems and at these endpoints Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) software is essentially a router for the physical network. This PPP configuration is used for setting up an internetwork that covers a greater geographical area.

The packet follows various routes to move from the source to destination. In the PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol), a data link protocol is helpful in providing a direct connection between two networking devices. PPP also provides encryption, authentication and compression mechanisms. Multiple physical networks like a phone line, fiber optic, serial cable, trunk line or radio links use PPP and it can also be used over broadband connectivity.

Q2. Define Shielded twisted pair (STP) and Unshielded Twisted pair(UTP) also discuss categories of UTP

ANS: Difference between Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) and Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cables

UTP: UTP is the type of twisted pair cable. It stands for Unshielded twisted pair. Both Data and voice both are transmitted through UTP because its frequency range is suitable. In UTP grounding cable is not necessary also in UTP much more maintenance are not needed therefore it is cost effective.

STP:

STP is also the type of twisted pair which stands for Shielded twisted

pair. In STP grounding cable is required but in UTP grounding cable

is not required. in Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) much more

maintenance are needed therefore it is costlier than Unshielded

Twisted Pair (UTP).

Difference between Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) and Shielded Twisted Pair(STP) cables:

S.NO UTP STP

1.

UTP stands for Unshielded twisted

pair.

STP stands for Shielded twisted

pair.

2.

In UTP grounding cable is not

necessary.

While in STP grounding cable

is required.

3.

Data rate in UTP is slow compared to

STP. Data rate in STP is high.

4. The cost of UTP is less.

While STP is costlier than

UTP.

5.

In UTP much more maintenance are

not needed.

While in STP much more

maintenance are needed.

6. In UTP noise is high compared to STP. While in STP noise is less.

7.

In UTP the generation of crosstalk is

also high compared to STP.

While in STP generation of

crosstalk is also less.

Q3. What is physical layer also discuss functions physical Layer

ANS: The physical layer is the first layer of the Open System

Interconnection Model (OSI Model). The physical layer deals with

bit-level transmission between different devices and supports

electrical or mechanical interfaces connecting to the physical medium

for synchronized communication.

This layer plays with most of the network’s physical connections -

wireless transmission, cabling, cabling standards and types,

connectors and types, network interface cards, and more - as per

network requirements. However, the physical layer does not deal with

the actual physical medium (like copper, fiber).

Techopedia explains Physical Layer

The physical layer is aimed at consolidating the hardware requirements of a network to enable the successful transmission of data. Network engineers can define different bit-transmission mechanisms for the physical layer level, including the shapes and types of connectors, cables, and frequencies for each physical medium. The physical layer sometimes plays an important role in the effective sharing of available communication resources, and helps avoid contention among multiple users. It also handles the transmission rate to improve the flow of data between a sender and receiver. The physical layer provides the following services:

Modulates the process of converting a signal from one form to another so that it can be physically transmitted over a

communication channel Bit-by-bit delivery Line coding, which allows data to be sent by hardware devices that are

optimized for digital communications that may have discreet timing on the transmission link

Bit synchronization for synchronous serial communications Start-stop signaling and flow control in asynchronous serial communication Circuit switching and multiplexing hardware control of multiplexed digital

signals Carrier sensing and collision detection, whereby the physical layer detects

carrier availability and avoids the congestion problems

caused by undeliverable packets Signal equalization to ensure reliable connections and facilitate multiplexing Forward error correction/channel coding such as error correction code Bit interleaving to improve error correction

Auto-negotiation Transmission mode control

Examples of protocols that use physical layers include:

Digital Subscriber Line Integrated Services Digital Network Infrared Data Association Universal Serial Bus Bluetooth Controller Area Network Ethernet

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