subject catalogue of the rarest central asia...
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SUBJECT CATALOGUE OF THE RAREST CENTRAL ASIA
MANUSCRIPTS IN PUBLIC SECTOR UNIVERSITIES’
LIBRARIES OF PESHAWAR
By
Abdul Haseeb
AREA STUDY CENTRE
(RUSSIA, CHINA & CENTRAL ASIA)
UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR
(September, 2016)
SUBJECT CATALOGUE OF THE RAREST CENTRAL ASIA
MANUSCRIPTS IN PUBLIC SECTOR UNIVERSITIES’
LIBRARIES OF PESHAWAR
A dissertation submitted to the Area Study Centre (Russia, China, & Central Asia)
University of Peshawar in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
i
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this dissertation is the outcome of my
individual research and that it has not been submitted to any
other University for the grant of a degree.
May 2016
Abdul Haseeb
AREA STUDY CENTRE
UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR
Peshawar____________, 2016
ii
FINAL APPROVAL
This is to certify that we have read the dissertation submitted by Mr. Abdul Haseeb and it is our
judgment that this is of sufficient standard to warrant its acceptance by the University of
Peshawar, Peshawar, for the award of the Degree of Philosophy.
SUPERVISOR ________________________________
EXTERNAL EXAMINER ________________________________
DIRECTOR ________________________________
AREA STUDY CENTRE
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I have no words to express my deepest sense of gratitude to Almighty Allah, who enabled
me to complete this thesis, to contribute to the noble field of knowledge and for the good health
and wellbeing that were necessary to complete this research.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my Supervisor Dr. Nasib Dar for the
continuous support of my Ph.D study and related research, for his patience, motivation, and
immense knowledge. His guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this
thesis. I could not have imagined having a better advisor and mentor for my Ph.D study.
I am thankful and acknowledge the efforts and cooperation of Director Dr. Sarfaraz
Khan, Aera Study Center, University of Peshawar, without his precious support it would not be
possible to conduct this research and express my thanks and affectionate feelings to him and all
staff members of the Aera Study Center, University of Peshawar.
In particular, I am grateful to Mr. Syed Liaqat Ali, Chairman Department of Library and
Information Sciences, University of Peshawar, enlightening me the first glance of research, for
his help from the initial phase of the study synopsis development till the last phase of my
research. I am very grateful to Dr. Syed Minhaj Ul Hassan, Dean, Faculty of Arts and
Humanities University of Peshawar who has always helped me whenever I was stuck during my
research work. I am thankful to all the teaching and administrative staff of History Department,
University of Peshawar for their kind support at every stage of my research work. I am also
thankful to all those faculty members throughout the country for their insightful comments and
encouragement, but also for the hard questions which incented me to widen my research from
various perspectives.
My sincere thanks also goes to my professional colleagues Mr. Sahar Gul, Librarian Area
Study Center; Mr. Tahsin Ullah, Librarian Islamia College University; Mr. Tahir Jan Librarian,
Central Library University of Peshawar; Mr. Shahid Khan Librarian, Pashto Academy
University of Peshawar; Mr. Abdus Salam, Librarian, LOC, Islamabad; Mr. Rafiq Awan,
iv
Librarian, University of Information Technology, Lahore and all the staff members of Archives
Libraries including KPK, Punjab and Sindh who gave access to all relevant data.
At last but not the least I would like to thank my family who always were there with me
from the data collection, analyses till final compilation. Besides them my dear and loving friends
who supporting me spiritually throughout writing this thesis, for leading me into intellectual
pursuits with their magnificent devotion and for the confidence they have given me and my life
in general.
Abdul Haseeb
v
DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to my late teacher and mentor Prof. Dr. Muhammad Anwar Khan. I owe
my gratitude to a man whose faith was punctuality, whose devotion was discipline and whose
adherence was principles. He has inspired scores of his students in a good way.
ABDUL HASEEB
vi
ABSTRACT
The cultural and literary heritage of a nation can be found in their writings. Moreover, the
development of art, science and literature can be assessed historically through the use of these
writing available in manuscript form. They throw enough light on the times in which they were
written. It is a record of the knowledge, aesthetic literary and creative skill of the period in which
they were written. Manuscripts are therefore essentially thought to be the most important element
in tracing on the human heritage.
Since earlier, knowledge along with religion came to this part of the world through
Central Asia; therefore, most rather all such records are available in the prevailing languages of
the time like Arabic, Persian, Turkish or Pashto.
The University Campus at Peshawar is a conglomeration center of knowledge. Emerging
with Islamia College in the early part of the last century, it had by now grown into four
universities with couple of dozen institutions. The manuscript repositories amongst them are
mainly Islamia College (now university) and the University of Peshawar. They contain, to my
assessment, some of the rarest collections on socio-scientific knowledge besides religion and
ethics. Attempts have been made by scholars on the religio-ethical branches with no quest on
manuscriputal knowledge on science and technology. An attempt has been made in this research
at the thesis level to introduce this literature (socio-scientific) to the modern researchers and also
to make it public to them in appropriate subject catalogue form in the general catalogues of the
concerned libraries. The study tried to save the cultural Heritage / History and to identify the
literary achievements of Muslim scientists from the area. It will not only highlight the
importance of these works but with the availability of proper subject catalogue easy access to
these literary works will be possible. The research tried to fill out the information gap by tracing
these manuscripts in other parts of the world to dig out the metadata. The study will highlight all
other relevant work by Muslim scientist to open new areas for the coming researchers.
1
CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE ......................................................................................... 4
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 4
1.1 Background of the Study .......................................................... 4
1.2 Preservation .............................................................................. 7
1.3 Calligraphy ............................................................................... 8
1.4 Paper ......................................................................................... 9
1.5 Ink and Pens............................................................................ 11
1.6 Arrangement and Cataloging of Manuscripts ......................... 11
1.7 Dabiristans .............................................................................. 13
1.8 Masjids.................................................................................... 13
1.9 Maktabs .................................................................................. 14
1.10 Madrassas ............................................................................... 14
1.11 Islamia College Peshawar ....................................................... 15
1.12 Islamia College Peshawar Library ......................................... 17
1.13 University of Peshawar ........................................................... 19
1.14 Central Library, University of Peshawar ................................ 21
1.15 Pashto Academy ..................................................................... 23
1.16 Pashto Academy Library, University of Peshawar ................. 24
1.17 Maullana Hafiz Ghulam Jillani ............................................... 25
1.18 Syed Fazal Samdani................................................................. 27
1.19 Benefits of the Study .............................................................. 28
1.20 Gap identified ......................................................................... 29
1.21 Justification ............................................................................. 29
2
1.22 Objectives of the Study .......................................................... 30
1.23 Research Questions................................................................. 30
1.24 Limitation ............................................................................... 30
1.25 Delimitation ............................................................................ 31
CHAPTER TWO ...................................................................................... 32
LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................... 32
CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................. 43
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .......................................................... 43
3.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 43
3.2 Research Design ..................................................................... 43
3.3 Selection of Research Design ................................................. 44
3.4 Population ............................................................................... 45
3.5 Sampling ................................................................................. 45
3.6 Methods of Data Collection .................................................... 46
CHAPTER FOUR ..................................................................................... 50
SUBJECT CATALOGUE..................................................................... 50
4.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 50
4.2 Medical Science ...................................................................... 52
4.3 Philsosphy ............................................................................. 158
4.4 Veretinary Sciences .............................................................. 198
4.5 Astronomy ........................................................................... 206
4.6 Mathematics......................................................................... 215
4.7 Physics .................................................................................. 226
4.8 Chemistry............................................................................. 228
3
CHAPTER FIVE .................................................................................... 231
DISCUSSION,FINDINGS, CONCULSION ...................................... 231
5.1 Discussion ............................................................................. 231
5.2 Findings ..................................................................................... 247
5.3 Conclusion ................................................................................ 252
SUGGESTIONS ..................................................................................... 258
REFERENCES ....................................................................................... 262
APPENDICES ........................................................................................ 291
4
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The cultural and literary heritage of a nation can only be found in their
manuscripts. They possess various aspects of cultural life, tradition,
customs and values of a society. They are a backbone of the spiritual
wealth of language. A great nation is required to respect the heritage of
their forefathers and ancestors. They constitute a valuable record of the
past events and their achievements. Moreover, we can assess the history of
the development of art, science and literature through the use of these
manuscripts which are authentic and original in their form. They throw
enough light on the times in which they were written. It is a record of the
knowledge, aesthetic level, literary taste and creative skill of the times in
which they were written. Manuscripts are therefore essentially thought to
be the most important element in research activities1.
Manuscripts indicate the tendencies in social life, cultural life, political
and religious affairs which were in vogue in those times. They also
provide us aesthetic pleasure with their verbal beauty and charm and lead
us to understand the art and craft of a certain period of history2. The
development in the field of printing brought about a revolution and
reduced the tradition of writing by hand. In spite of this fact, the worth and
value of available manuscripts as a cultural and spiritual wealth of past
scholars has never been discredited. They are considered to be relevant
today as they were in the days gone by3.
1 Khan, A., Central Asian Manuscripts in Pakistan. The Times, 15
th February 1976
2Qutub, S., State of Manuscripts in Pakistan. InChineseLibraraianship:AnInternational
Electronic Journal, 34, 2012
3Haseeb, A., A Case Study of Islamia College Library, Unpublished M.A Thesis.
Department of Library and Information Science, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 2001-
02, p 64
5
Manuscripts are those documents or written compositions, such as letters,
diaries which have not been printed often, an author written or typed
original copy, distinguished from a printed or published version of the
same material4. The oldest manuscripts were found in Egypt written on
papyrus,while most of the ancient manuscripts were written on parchment.
The discovery of the Dead Sea scrolls, added immeasurably to the world
treasury. Writing manuscripts were widely practiced during the ancient
period. Manuscripts of the middle ages were beautifully illustrated in
colors on vellum which was a fine variety of parchment. Silk, cotton and
many more things were used for writing before the invention of the paper
in china. The study of ancient and medieval manuscript is highly
developed and complex discipline5.
In the past, Central Asia was consisting of sovereign states known as
Khanates. Because of contiguity with the then USSR, their rulers were
under the influence of it. However, the term Central Asia defies any
specific definition. It had no separate boundaries as of todays in
geographical context. Therefore, historians apply this term generally to the
area bounded on the north by Siberia and to the south by Iran,
Afghanistan, Pakistan and India.
It is called Central Asia because of the fact that it lies in the heartland of
Asia. The area covered by Central Asia is almost geographically
homogeneous and possesses the same cultural and ethnic qualities. To be
specific about the countries lying in Central Asia it is worthy to note that
Kazakhstan, Kirghizstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan were
part of the then USSR (now got independence from the USSR) including
Afghanistan and a province of China in Sinkiang namely Vighur. Some of
the existing parts of Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa were also considered to be
included in Central Asia6.
4Munawar. S. History of Writings. Unique Publishing, Karachi 1986, p 26
5Sahoo, J., Mohanty, B., Indigenous Methods of Preserving Manuscripts: An Overview.
The Orissa Historical Research Journal, XLVII (3), 2004
6Pierce, R., Russian Central Asia.Berkly, California 1960, pp 5-7
6
Central Asia was dominantly ruled by Islamic powers, therefore the roots
of Islamic knowledge and culture were strongly embedded in these states.
By virtue of this quality these areas have produced the world known
Islamic Scholars, Sufis and mystics. The galaxy of talent of Central Asia is
very large, but a few names in the list of saints, e.g. Ali Hujveri,
KhwajaAjmieri, Ali Hamadani,Khwarzimi are the names known as the
beginner in the field of modern science. The great Muhaddisin, the Sihah
Sittah, some world fame Muffassirin, are a few in the long list of scholars
and intellectuals born in Central Asia. When the present area of the then
NWFP was governed by the Muslim rulers, it also produced scholars and
therefore it is full of the cultural and literary heritage of Central Asia7.
The Central Asian rulers, advanced in Indian states with the hope to
spread the message of Islam. They established many Muslim dynasties in
India, which gave birth to the introduction of Muslim knowledge in the
Subcontinen8. Arabic and Persian languages superseded other local
dialects and these languages were used for literary purpose. Therefore a
large number of literary works by these eminent writers of Central Asia in
the shape of manuscripts is available in Persian, Arabic and Uzbeki in
Peshawar as well as other parts of the then India9. These manuscripts
belong to a variety of Islamic Subjects which include Tafseer, Tajveed of
the Holy Quran, Hadith, Fiqah, Tasawaf and apart from that geography,
Persian Prose and Poetry, social life animals and Tib are also available.
All the eminent scholars of Central Asia have contributed towards these
subjects. The manuscripts under study, explore these subjects in a lucid
language and we cannot overlook their unique quality in the field of
research and Knowledge. Researchers have put in concerted efforts to
collect and preserve them together before they are lost which would be a
7 Khan, A., Man and Matters of Central Asia. In Muslim Celebrities of Central Asia, no. ,.
Area Study Centre, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, p 3
8 Khan, A. History of Writing in the Sub-Continent. S.M. Asharf, Lahore 1986, p 17
9Fida.M.,Central Asian Mansucripts in Peshawar, unpulishedPh.D. thesis.p.31-35
7
great loss to human knowledge10
.
The University Campus at Peshawar is a conglomeration11
center of
knowledge emerging with Islamia College in the early part of the last
century, which has by now grown up into four universities with a couple
of dozen institutions12
. The manuscript repositories amongst them are
mainly Islamia College (now university) and the University of Peshawar.
They contain, to my assessment, some of the rarest collections of socio-
scientific knowledge besides religion and ethics. Attempts have been made
by scholars on the religio-ethic branches with no quest for manuscriptural
knowledge of science and technology. An attempt has been made at the
thesis level to introduce this literature (Socio-Scientific) to the modern
researchers and also to make it public to them in the appropriate subject
catalogue form in the general catalogues of the concerned libraries.
1.2 PRESERVATION
Preservation of manuscripts has always been a core issue for the
professionals. This problem continued since human beings started writing
and then to disseminate the knowledge. The same problem, was faced by
the CentralAsian scribers too, as they had to preserve the knowledge,
specially preservation of manuscripts remained a big problem for the
custodians all over the world13
. In modern days professionals are using
different chemicals, pesticides and repellent for the preservation of
manuscripts. Different modern technologies emerged with the passage of
time, but old traditional methods are still in practice, because of their
merits, such as; these methods are not harmful for the users medically, by
using these methods less is the adverse effect on the manuscripts and the
10
Kulachvi, A.R., Lubab-al-Maarif al-Ilmiyah. Peshawar 1971, p 9
11Univesity Campus includes Peshawar University, Islamia College University,
Engineering University, Agricultural University and Khyber Meidcal College
12 Khan, A., History of Islamia College. In Islamia College Library record.
13 An Interview with Fazal Hussain Basri, Afghan Scriber, on 27
th June, 2013
8
most important one among them is that these methods do not need any
specific skill or expertise, nor any special equipment and considered to be
the cheapest method of preservation of manuscripts as compared to other
modern methods14
.
The process of preservation of knowledge started since the process of
writing, so the preservation of the writing is as old as the process of
writing15
. In Cenral Asia from early periods different indigenous methods
were used by the writers and scribers for the preservation of manuscripts.
They were well aware of the fact that light, dust, heat and humidity are the
main enemies of these rare collections. In this regard, to protect them,
different methods, have been used which started from covering these
manuscripts in cloths. The manuscripts covered in cloth not only protect
them from dust, insects, but also from atmospheric humidity. Silk cloth
was usually used for this purpose similarly they were also kept in a heavy
wooden chest so that it may not be affected by the change in climate16
.
Another very well known method of protection inCentralAsia was placing
tobacco with these manuscripts. Some records showthat these manuscripts
were preserved by covering them in a wooden box herbals17
.
1.3 CALLIGRAPHY
Muslims are considered as the pioneers of decorated calligraphy. Islam
came to Central Asia as a magical force of Art. Writing as a decorated art
was never practiced with such devotion as Arabs did after the religion
spread all over the world. Different varieties of decorated calligraphic art
can be seen in the early Arab writings. This Art was begun by the Arabs in
14
Sahoo, J., Mohanty, B., Indigenous Methods of Preserving Manuscripts: An Overview.
In The Orissa Historical Research Journal, XLVII (3), 2004, pp. 28-32
15 Khan, A. History of Writing in the Sub-Continent. S.M. Asharf, Lahore 1986, pp.31-33
16 Gaur,R.C. and Chakraborty, M., Preservation and Access to Indian Manuscripts : A
Knowledge Base of Indian Cultural Heritage Resources for Academic Libraries. 2009,
pp. 90-98
17 ibid
9
the early years, but received its highest fulfillment at the hands of the
Persians. The Persian scribers started to write beautifully colored pages
with decorated titles in two different styles of writing those were
monumental and cursive. Central Asia was considered as a center place of
communication, keeping in view its geographical location and having a
number of regional religions centers. Nishapur, Mashhad in Khurasan and
Ghazna in Afghanistan emerged with distinctive calligraphic traditions
which were also carried out by scribers in the neighboring areas of the
region18
. In the first three centuries of Islam in the region most of the
writings were written in Arabic, but later on writings in Persian language
emerged in Bukhara. Records also show that Arabic language is mostly
seen in the manuscripts till the tenth century, afterwards the place has been
taken by the Persian language in Central Asia19
. Different styles have been
used while writing the manuscripts under discussion, these styles are as
follows:
Nasakh
Kufic
Behar
Shajari
Nastaleeq
ShikastaQadeem
Gunjan
Mushakaal20
1.4 PAPER
The paper is one of the great estinventions in human history, though our
knowledge about the history of paper is very limited. The first ever paper
18
Ibid., p-37
19 An Interview with late Dr. Arif Naseem, writer / Historian, on 4
th January, 2013
20 An interview with MaulanaSabooh,Translater working on the translation of
manuscripts with the Islamia College Library since 1990 on 15th
July, 2013
10
mill in Muslim history was started in Central Asia (Samarkand). The
Chinese were the inventors of paper and this art came to Central Asia
through the Silk Road. The record shows that paper manuscripts were
found in Kaochang, Kusha and Turfan in the early third century. Later on,
thisart came to Tibet around 650 and from therespread all over India. The
primary sources of manuscript writing show that in the ninth century
Tibetans were able to make paper from the raw material which was taken
from the Himalayan range21
. Some of the written sources show that in 751
paper production spread to Arabia from Samarkand. Sources indicate that
Arabs came to know about this art through Chinese prisoners who were
captured. The Arabs invented a paper mill in Baghdad in 793.The art of
paper making later on spread gradually from Central Asia to Europe and
then to the rest of the world22
. The Egyptian learned the art of paper
making from Arabs in the early tenth century. Four types of papers are
noted to be used for writing, the Central Asian manuscripts present on the
campus libraries.
1.4.1 KohKandhi
It is a known to be double paper in light brown color, was mostly used for
manuscript writings and was cheap in price.
1.4.2 Messri
It was a low quality paper in dark cream color and cheap in price.
1.4.3 KohKandhiRashmi
A soft paper like cotton, but very costly and usually used by worthy
people of that time, some of the very rare manuscripts were written on this
paper.
21
An Interview with Dr. Naseem, Ex-Director, Peshawar Museum, on 10th
March, 2014 22
Adle, C., and Habib, I., History of Civilization of Central Asia: Development in
Contrast: From the Sixteenth to the Mid-Nineteenth Century, Vol. V, UNESCO, Paris
2003, p. 313-317
11
1.4.4 Zarafshah
It is a very beautiful type of paper very soft and shining mostly in light
brown color. It is also a very costly paper and rarely used by people. Some
of the very rare manuscripts were written on these papers and usually used
by the Kings23
.
1.5 INK AND PENS
Generally black color ink has been used for writings these Central Asian
manuscripts, but usually the first word of the text is written in different
color ink than that of the text. Some of them are in Larjvardhi and red
color while some of them in golden colors. The colors used are mostly
black, red, larjvardhi, zaafrani and green.
Two types of ink were used:
a. Matmoss (Removable not Water Resistant)
b. Chair Matmoss (non removable and Water Resistant)24
1.6 ARRANGEMENT AND CATALOGING OF
MANUSCRIPTS
Arrangement and cataloging of manuscripts has always remained a core
issue for the professionals, which is one of the difficult problems to
overcome. It gained importance when different manuscriptual works were
printed and were simply known as manuscripts in print, which later on
resulted in the emergence of different rules for cataloging and arrangement
of these handwritten manuscripts and imprint manuscripts25
. These rules
such as Cutter's rules (1904) and ALA codes (1908) for manuscripts are
23
An interview with MaulanaSaboohTranslater working on the translation of manuscripts
with the Islamia College Library since 1990 on 15th
July, 2013
24 Ibid.
25 Hamid, A., Al-Musami Ba-Lubab-ul-Marif-ul-Ilmia-Fe-Maktabah Dar-ul-Uloom Al
Islamia Peshawar. Unpublished M.Phil. Thesis. University of Peshawar, Peshawar 1998,
p-20
12
commonly used all over the world. An elaborated attempt was made by
library of congress to draw up rules for cataloging of manuscripts. Library
of Congress list of subject heading and the American Library Association
also came with the same principles for cataloging of manuscripts26
.
It is doubtlessly clear that every manuscript throw enough light on the
subject in the history of any civilization. Early Central Asian manuscripts
have always gained importance among the researchers and professionals,
especially on the subject of the sciences. In past libraries/madrassa in this
region had to work out their own practices for cataloging of manuscripts
as per their needs. These manuscripts were a chief source of knowledge
by the Kings and considered them as pride for their kingdom27
.
Central Asian Muslim Scientists and scribes paid too much attention to the
arrangement and cataloging of these manuscripts as per their own
methods. With the passage of time detailed bibliographical description of
the manuscripts was considered as a necessary tool for the scholars and
professionals. The basic aim of cataloging is to provide easy access to the
required materials. Professionals now do believe that catalogue serves as
“key to the collection as a whole” and the rest has been left for the
researcher to dig the required material after having enough material in
form of catalogue and this is what constitutes research. Cataloguer is the
main judge who would know how match description is provided to the
readers/researchers about the individual manuscripts; he/she should be the
one to decide that what should be deducted while compiling a catalogue in
specific. Realizing the importance of manuscripts the scholars nowadays
keep the manuscript catalogue apart from the general book catalogue28
.
26
Fatima, N., Standardizing & Cataloguing Of Urdu Manuscript. University of Karachi,
Karachi 1992, p-22
27 Bukhari, S.,KhatatiAourHamaraRasmulKhat. Education Press. Karachi 1967, pp 50-54
28Fida.M.,Central Asian Mansucripts in Peshawar. Unpulished Ph.D. research
dissertation, p 426
13
1.7 DABIRISTANS
Dabiristans were known to be special higher secular schools in Central
Asia. The Dabiristans of Iran and Transorania gained popularity because
some of the very well known scribers learned the art of writing in these
Dabiristans29
.
The literary collections of these Dabiristans (manuscripts) were also
preserved for the coming generations. These were mainly established in
urban areas. These Dabiristans can be considered as an alternative of
libraries during the early phase of Central Asian literary history. With the
passage of time its curriculum was also modified and the range of
knowledge in these secular schools became fairly wide. The students in
these Dabiristans were known to be “Dabirs” after they reached to a
certain level and trained in any field of knowledge, they were sent to
Islamic courts, known to be Mobad (high priest) very much respected
because they were the individuals having knowledge both on religious and
secular aspects30
.
1.8 MASJIDS
In Central Asia masjids remained centers of religions worships. “Qutayba”
is the first masjid established in Bukhara. “Kitab al Qand fi Tarikh
Samarkand”. (History of the city of the Samarkand was written by Abu
Hafs Samarqandki, written in a masjid “Jawziyya” in Samarkand. Records
show that even different Muslim scientists used to deliver their lectures in
the masjid and scribers used to write those lectures to preserve them for
the coming generation. These written words in the form of manuscripts
were preserved by Ulemas in masjids. Bukhara, Transoxania, Farzana,
29
Mirbabaev,A., Zieme,P., and Furen,W.,The Development of
Education:Maktab,Madrasa, Science and
Pedagogy. InBosworth, C.E., and Asimov, M.S., Eds., History of Civilization of Central
Asia: The Age of Achievement:A.D. 750 to the End of the fifteenth Century, Vol. IV. ,
UNESCO, Paris 2000, pp. 31-32
30 Siddiqui, B.,History of Arts and Literature in Islam. Areeba, Lahore 1946, pp. 33-36
14
Khwarazm, Nisharpur, Samarkand, Ghazna, Merv and Khurasan were
very well known in this regard. These masjids played important role in
disseminating knowledge by writing multiple copies of one manuscript31
.
1.9 MAKTABS
Maktabs are elementary schools of learning, very little is known about
these Maktabs, especially their curricula. There are some references which
show the word Maktabs Khanas (School buildings) in some official
Central Asian documents. These Maktabs were usually situated near the
masjids and attached to the teacher (Alem) house. The teacher along with
his wife used to teach the girls and boys elementary education in separate
sections. A large number of manuscripts were the main source of
references while teaching the basic method of education and teaching in
these Maktabs, was mentioned by Abu Ali Sina in some of his works.
A large number of families sent their children to these Maktabs. The
importance of manuscripts in these Maktabs were also indicated by
different well known Central Asian writers32
.
1.10 MADRASSAS
Madrassas were very well-known places of writing and preserving
manuscript works in Central Asia. These Madrassas were the places of
learning higher religious and other studies. The origin of the Madrassas
can be traced from Nishapur in 997 when a teacher delivered lecture to
more than 500 students. These Madrassas were also known as “free
Universities” in any field of knowledge. The students of these Madrassas
were those who had taken their primary education. These were known to
31
Mirbabaev,A., Zieme, P., and Furen,W.,The Development of Education:Maktab,
Madrasa, Science and
Pedagogy. InBosworth, C.E., and Asimov, M.S., Eds., History of Civilizations of Central
Asia: The Age of Achievement:A.D. 750 to the End of the fifteenth CenturyVol. IV, Paris,
UNESCO 2000, pp32-33.
32Ibid., pp. 33-35
15
be a new kind of educational centers in the Muslim world,for both
religious and secular knowledge. The Madrassas having a large number of
manuscripts have more importance. The writers usually sent a copy of
their manuscript work to these Madrassas33
.
1.11 ISLAMIA COLLEGE PESHAWAR
The Dar-UL-Ulum,34
was founded by the late Nawab Sir Sahibzada Abdul
Qaiyum Khan in 1913 with active collaboration of Sir George Roos-
Keppel and a band of selfless workers devoted to the cause of Muslim
Education35
.
Islamia College and Collegiate School have, kept aloft the torch of
learning and knowledge among the valiant people of this region.
Established as they were, with a sacred objective of giving the
Musalmans, especially those in the Frontier Regions and the tribal belt
along with North West Frontier (now Khyber Pukhtoonkhva) the benefit
of western arts and sciences along with a careful training in the principles
and precepts of Islam, these institutions have achieved these objectives
significantly which their farsighted founders had so prophetically
visualized for them over a hundred years earlier36
.
The foundation stone of the college mosque and the College school were
laid on an auspicious day in the spring of 1911, by Haji Sahib of
Turangzai of revered memory. The ceremony was arranged on a grand
scale and hundreds of Ulema, the leading Khans, high officials and other
dignitaries were assembled to witness the occasion. The foundation stone
of the college was laid by Sir George Roos-Keppel. The construction of
the buildings was expedited with the help of the M.E.S. and the P.W.D.
authorities. The school started functioning in March 1913, while the
College classes opened six months later, on 1st October, 1913. To begin
33
Siddiqui, B.,History of Arts and Literature in Islam. Areeba, Lahore 1946, p 43
34Dar-UL-Ulum, name given to Islamia College, Peshawar.
35Islamia College, Peshawar Correspondence Regarding College Foundation Day File-54.
36Khan.A.,Islamia College Peshawar : An Overview. The Times. 2
nd October, 1975
16
with there were 26 students on the rolls of the College, ten members of the
teaching staff, one clerk, one accountant and only two hostels Butler and
Hardinge. Mr. L. Tipping was the first Principal, Mr. (Allama) Inayatullah
Mashriqi the Vice-Principal and Maulana Qutub Shah the Dean of
Theology. The building which now houses the college library, with its
unique and rarest manuscripts, was originally a Theology College for the
Ulema, and the Oriental Hostel their boarding house37
.
In the early years of its existence and even for quite some time after that
the College had to work hard, on the one hand for the fulfillment of its
objectives and on the other for breaking down the stiff resistance with
which the spread of “Western Science” was met. There were doubts and
misgivings, but in a surprisingly short time most of the initial difficulties
were overcome and the people realized the immense benefits brought
home to them. Within a few years the institution was able to fill a big gap
in the social and cultural life of the people, and provided opportunities for
youth which formerly were beyond the reach of many38
.
The tiny sapling planted above 100 years ago has prospered and grown
into a sturdy tree with hundreds of branches The part played by the Dar-
UL-Ulum in the intellectual life of the country, particularly in the North-
Western Regions of Pakistan and the Tribal Areas is monumental and of
the highest significance. There is hardly any department of life, private or
public, in which its alumni are not playing a creditable role. The training
and discipline imparted to them during their stay in this "Home of
Learning" give them a special impress and mark them out in any walk of
life they enter. The realization of this is the realization of the stupendous
importance of the work done by Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum Khan.
The Pushtoons of the North West Frontier Province (Now KPK) have
made this part of the sub continent their homelandfor many centuries past.
Being a brave and free people they never submitted to the yoke of foreign
37
Islamia College, Peshawar correspondence regarding college foundation day file-54.
38Khan.A., Islamia College Peshawar : An Overview. The Times, 2
nd October, 1975
17
domination. The Pushtoons of this region were shirked from western
education because of their religious antagonism fanned by the mullahs, it
was during that period when Sir Shahibzada Abdul Qayyum khan emerged
as their Saviour39
.
History of the Indo Pak subcontinent is littered with the glorious deeds of
the illustrious sons of Islam who dedicated their material energies for the
development of the Muslim Ummah in all fields especially in education
development40
. Enthused by the establishment of the Muslim University of
Aligarh by the Muslims of India similarly Sir Syed Ahmad Khan also feels
the need of the university and started his work which resulting in the
Sindh Madrasah tul Islam founded by Khan Bahadur. The same institution
blossomed in the mind of Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum khan in April
1911; he had realized that the key to their problem was modern education
which he had to make palatable for all sections of the Pushtoon society41
.
1.12 ISLAMIA COLLEGE PESHAWAR LIBRARY
Islamia College Peshawar was founded in 1913 for the education of
Muslims in general and resident of the region in particular. It was given
the name of DarulULUlum I Islamai. Sir Shahibzada Abdul Qayyum khan
worked as a secretary of its governing body till his death in 193842
. The
history of the Islamia College library is as old as the history of the college.
The library was established with the establishment of the college in 1913.
Mullana Abdur Rahim Kulachvi was given a chance to become the first
librarian which was accepted by him. In the beginning he divided the
library into two sections, English section and Oriental section later, these
39
Haseeb, A., A Case Study of Islamia College Library, Unpublished M.A Thesis.
Department of Library and Information Science, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 2001-
02, pp. 2-3
40 Manan, H.,History of Indo-Pak Sub-Continent. Lahore 1962, pp. 11-15
41Khan.A.,Islamia College Peshawar : An Overview. The Times, 2
nd October, 1975
42 An Interview with Abdul Hamid, Ex-Chief Librarian, Islamia College, University
Central Library, Peshawar, on 05th
December, 2012
18
were combined together for easy access for the users because of having
less number of professional staff in the library43
. The library is one of the
oldest amongst the libraries in Pakistan in general and in Khyber
Pukthoonkhva in particular. The library is catering not only to its readers
but also manages to fulfill the needs of the researchers to avail themselves
of its rich resources44
.
In the first decade after the establishment of the University of Peshawar
the resources of the library were used to meet the information needs of the
students, later the collection was transferred to the Central library
University of Peshawar and to some of the concerned departments.
Currently the library is having a collection of more than 90,000 printed
volumes which also includes some of the rare collection on the oriental
subjects. Besides the printed material, the library has a unique collection
of manuscripts45
.
The person behind the collection of manuscripts in the Islamia College
library is Mullana Ghulam Jillani. He had donated all this collection to the
college library, although the Afghan government at that time had offered a
handsome amount for the said collection which he refused. The total
number of manuscript collection in the library is 121646
. The second
person who will always be remembered was Abdur Rahim Kalachvi who
worked hard for the preservation of these manuscripts. He was a scholar
in the field of Islamic literature and languages. In his early professional
career, he worked as an editor with a newspaper (Wakkel) then he
remained a translator with a well known newspaper Zamindar, Due to his
knowledge and skill Mullana Abbul Kalam Azad offered him to work in
43
ibid 44
An Interview with Tehseen Ullah, Chief Librarian, Islamia College, University Central
Library, Peshawar, on 13th
March, 2015
45 Hamid, A., Islamia College Library. Diamond Jubliee 1913-88. Islamia College
Peshawar, Peshawar, pp. 47-54
46 ibid
19
his newspaper Al Hilal but he declined the offer due to some domestic
reasons47
.
When Mullana Ghulam Jillani collection was brought to the library the
task for the compilation of the record was given to him as an additional
duty. In a short time he compiled a catalogue under the title Daratul
Maariful Islamia which is a list of manuscripts existing that that time in
the library48
.
Currently the library is not only providing services to their own university
students but also facilitate the research scholars from other universities
and academic institutions49
.
1.13 UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR
The creation of then Dar-UL-Ulum (known as Islamia College,
University) is the very first step taken by Sahibzada Sir Abdul Qayyum,
which later on, paved the way towards the creation of the University of
Peshawar, which was like a ‘dream come true’ for the inhabitants of
Pathtunkhwa, who were in dire need of such an institute, which should be
easily accessible, affordable along with delivering quality education, while
preserving their culture as well50
.
After the creation of the Islamia College, which later pave the way for the
creation of the University of Peshawar, it was realized to establish a
commerce institute and as a result, Mohtarama Fatima Jinnah (sister of the
founder of Pakistan and an active member of the Pakistan Movement) laid
the foundation stone of the Quaid-e-Azam College of Commerce on 25th
47
Masnucripts Record Section, Islamia College Library 48
Masnucripts Record Section, Islamia College Library
49 An Interview with Tehseen Ullah, Chief Librarian, Islamia College, University Central
Library, Peshawar, on 13th
March, 2015 50
Khan.A., Islamia College Peshawar : An Overview. The Times, 2nd
October, 1975
20
October, 1962. On this occasion, she donated a cheque of Rs. 350,000/- to
the then Vice Chancellor Mohammad Ali51
.
One of the key points to be realized here is how quickly the founder of the
country agreed for establishing a university in this particular part of the
country. Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah had a vision that this
particular university would spread education not only in this province, but
would also positively influence the whole of the Middle East and Central
Asia. Keeping in view the geopolitical developments in Afghanistan, Iran,
Central Asia and Middle East (quite after the tragic demise of the
founder), we can comprehend that the founder had well foresighted all
these changes. Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah not only wanted this
university to act as a seat of learning, but to prepare its graduate in such a
way, who can play a positive role in the region. The founder considered
education as one of the foremost tools for not only development but also
for making conscious decisions as well. Here, we will not argue, whether
the University fulfilled the dreams of the founder or not, but it is crystal
clear that the founder underlined that the success of Pakistanis lay in
unity, faith and discipline52
.
Although, the founder of the country promised for a university in the
region, but his health did not allow him to see his ‘dream come true’ and
after two years of the tragic and sudden demise of the founder, the first
Prime Minister of Pakistan, Nawabzada Liaqat Ali Khan inaugurated the
University of Peshawar on 30th
October, 1950. The inauguration of the
University of Peshawar not only fulfilled the dream of the founder but also
it fulfilled the dream of Nawab Sir Abdul Qayyum. During the
inauguration of the University of Peshawar, the first Prime Minister of
Pakistan said,
“It is with great pleasure that I have come here today to perform the
inauguration of the Peshawar University. This is a historic day for the
51
Khan, Y. A., History of University of Peshawar-1950-1988. Khyber Printers, Peshawar,
p11
52Ibid., pp14-15
21
people of this province and for the Islamia College, which has been the
center of learning for such a long time and which has played an important
part in the creation of the university. The government and the people of
the province can take legitimate pride in their achievements as the
inauguration of the Peshawar University is an important landmark on the
road to progress which the province is traversing so rapidly and yet so
surely”. The first ever convocation of the university was held on 6th
March
1952, the then Governor General of Pakistan Mr. Ghulam Mohammad
delivered the convocation address. A total of 105 graduates was awarded
degrees, among which 11 were females53
. Currently the university is
having thousands of students at the masters level and hundreds of higher
levels (M. Phil, PhD) studying in different disciplines.
1.14 CENTRAL LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF
PESHAWAR
The referendum, at the time of partition brought the Pathans closer to their
neighbors who had already made remarkable progress in the field of
modern education. Their growing consciousness and impact of one unit by
the way of integration, led the Pathans to change their social outlook. The
people of this area started to adopt new methods and modernize their
educational structure. The advancement of knowledge was the basics of all
progress. This consideration laid down the foundation to establishthe
University of Peshawar in 195054
.
The Central Library of University of Peshawar was established in
February 1951. In the beginning, it was housed in a small room in the old
central training college building. It was later on shifted to the Science
Block. It was transferred to the present premises in 1957. The existing
three-storied building with an area of about 10,000 sq.ft., has a capacity
53
University of Peshawar, Annual Report 2005-2006. Univeristy of Peshawar, Peshawar ,
p 1
54Khan, A., Central Asian Manuscripts in Pakistan. The Times, 15
th February 1976
22
for about seventy-five thousand volumes. An additional block was added
to the library55
.
This library serves the staff and students of the Postgraduate Departments,
Constituent Colleges, Medical College and the Universities of Engineering
and Agriculture. In addition to the normal stock, the two most important
contributors were permanent loan from the United States Information
Service and research library of American Friends of the Middle East.
Along with this, there is a good oriental collection of precious, worthy and
rare books and Manuscripts. A number of collections on local history and
tribal customs and traditions have been donated to the library by
philanthropists of the province. All of these collections are very valuable
source for all those who are writing and who want to write on the history
of the province.
The Central Library strives for excellence in acquiring, organizing,
interpreting, preserving, and providing access to information resources and
services that support the University's curricular and research activities.
The Library achieves its mission by:
i. Developing and preserving collections that support the curriculum and
research interests of the main campus faculty and students
ii. Organizing convenient and seamless access to print, electronic, and other
resources to facilitate research
iii. Teaching patrons to use information resources and technologies
effectively and promoting lifelong learning skills
iv. Providing physical and network environment that encourage study,
scholarship, and collaborative learning
v. Retaining a staff committed to service excellence, continuous learning,
and leadership within the library profession
vi. Fostering collaborations throughout the University to create appropriate
partnerships and maximize resources
55
Khan, A. U., A Brief Account of Libraries of the University of Peshawar. In Pakistan
Library Bulliten, XII(3,4), 1986, pp. 82-83
23
vii. Creating an environment conducive to learning and research
viii. Cultivating effective relationships with administrators, faculty, and
students
ix. Cooperating regionally, nationally and internationally with other libraries
and consortia to acquire and share collections and resources with the
scholarly community
x. Building an organization that fosters cultural diversity56
1.15 PASHTO ACADEMY
The Pashto Academy was established in 1955 and a very well-known
Pashto scholar Maulana Abdul Qadir was appointed as its Director. The
academy duly justified its establishment and is rendering incredible
services to the Pashto language. The Academy is not purely a publication
body, but in fact, is a research institute as well. The academy is a scholarly
institute towards development of Pashto language and Pashto culture,
history, arts and literature. The academy is working with both modern and
classic Pashto57
.
The Pashto language was getting unfamiliar to modern researchers in the
absence of any research institute in the region. The establishment of
Pashto Academy paved the way towards research in both modern and
classic Pashto. Pashto Academy has produced hundreds of publications
consisting of modern literature, classics, scientific books, research
publications, booklets in basic Pashto and Pashto journals. Although the
library of the Pashto academy is small but has sufficient and valuable
collection of rare books, rare manuscripts, cassettes, tapes and
photographs of different scholars and poets. The government of Pakistan
has recently established a research cell in the name of famous Pashto poet
and warrior ‘Khushal Khan Khattak’58
.
56
An Interview with Ibrar Muhammad, Ex-Chief Librarian, Central Library, University
of Peshawar, on 17th
October, 2013
57Khan, Y. A., History of University of Peshawar-1950-1988. Khyber Printers, Peshawar,
58Khalid, H., A Catalogue of Pashto Manuscripts.University Press, Peshawar 2009, p 6
24
Having its cultural, religious and political reasons, the Central Asian
region has always remained important for Pakistan. The central point of
the region ‘Bokhara’ was considered to be the second home of Islam, after
the Saudi Arabia. After the Holy Quran, the most authentic book of
‘Ahadis’ named as “Bokhari Sharif” was also compiled by a mujaddid
from this region, ‘Bokhara’. The area not only rendered its services in
religious aspects, but also provided the Muslim world with some of the
most distinguished mystics, jurists, philosophers along with some very
well-known warriors and administrators. All these people served the
Muslim in the shape of spreading Islam across Eastern Europe, Middle
East and Far East59
.
At the end of the 18th
century and in the beginning of the 19th
century, the
research in Pashto and Pashto publications in Russia is not accidental. The
Russo Literary Academy decided to conduct research in Pashto language.
The very first article on Pashto language was published in the Soviet
Union in the 18th century in Petersburg. The same article paved the way
for many60
.
Hundreds of students are enrolled in the Academy for the award of
degrees both at masters and higher level.
1.16 PASHTO ACADEMY LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF
PESHAWAR
For the purpose of protection of the Pashto language, literature and
culture, the Pashto Academy was established in 1951, which is mandated
with teaching, research and publication activities. One of the core aims of
59
Nowshervi, A.R., Muslims: The Pioneers of Modern Sciences. Academy Science,
Peshawar 1993, pp. 17-18
60Khan, Y. A., History of University of Peshawar-1950-1988. Khyber Printers, Peshawar,
p 17
25
its establishment is to promote the Pashto language by utilizing all the
available resources61
.
The academy was founded by Maulana Abdul Qadir, who himself was a
great scholar. Having his tireless efforts for Pashto language, the people of
the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has a great respect and love for him, who not
only rendered his administrative responsibilities but also tried to explore
the hidden treasures of Pashto language. He also tried to enhance the
collection of the Pashto academy by donating some of the rare
manuscripts along with an adequate number of books.
As a strong foundation was laid by the founding director, the successive
directors also left no stone unturned to enrich the collection of the Pashto
academy by purchasing rare manuscripts as well as other books. All these
efforts resulted in reaching the collection of the academy to more than
50,000 along with 1,569 manuscripts in Pashto, Persian, Arabic and Urdu
on different subjects62
.
1.17 MAULLANA HAFIZ GHULAM JILLANI
Mullana Hafiz Ghulam Jelani, a very learned and scholarly person was a
resident of Mohalla Asiya in Peshawar City, Pakistan. He belonged to well
versed family and his forefathers has a huge collection of literary works
including printed books and manuscripts63
. Like his elders, he too used to
collect unique literary collections64
.
He went to Makka and Madina for performing Hajj, even their too his
thirst for searching unique literary collection compel him to search out for
germs of literature65
. He has a unique habit of collecting such literary
material he usually go for the original works. Thus most of his collections
61
Interview taken from Dr. Shaheen, Director, Pashto Academy, University of Peshawar,
dated 25/02/2014
62 Ibid.
63 Kulachvi, A.R., Lubab-al-Maarif al-Ilmiyah. Peshawar 1971, p 14
64 Ibid.
65 Khan, A., History of Islamia College. In Islamia College Library record.
26
were either written by the author or in front of the author or exact copy of
the original. Many of his collections were personally written by well
known scholar like Ahmad bin Imran Muqdasi, Allama Jabrati, Shiekh
Abdul Haq Muhadis Dehlvi and others. However if the original work were
not available, he used to copy it very carefully as is evident from hundred
of such copied manuscripts66
.
As a result of this, he was able to gathered treasure of unique literary
works. These collections of his were very dear to Mullana and only well
learned people were allowed to see them. After his death this unique
literacy collection was inherited by his wife and daughter as he had no
sons67
.
When the Amir of Afghanistan, at that time came to know about it, he
expressed his desire to transfer them to Kabul offering Rs 150000 to the
owners, but they refused to oblige68
.
After a few months the idea of establishing Dar-rululum-e-Islamia
materialized in the form of Islamia College Peshawar, the wife and
daughter were induced to dedicate their literary collection to this
institution. The owners agreed, thus this treasury of Manuscripts landed in
Islmia College Library69
.
The Islamia College Library has a total collection of more than fifteen
hundred manuscript collection on different subjects. The importance of
these manuscripts can be seen in the calligraphic work of this litrary
collection. Some of them are so rare that no other library posses those
manuscripts. Hakim Muhammad Ajmal Khan Dehlvi visited the library on
5th
December, 1915, and despite of his huge study of Medicine, he
66
Ibid. 67
Ibid. 68
Hamid, A., Al-Musami Ba-Lubab-ul-Marif-ul-Ilmia-Fe-Maktabah Dar-ul-Uloom Al
Islamia Peshawar. Unpublished M.Phil. Thesis. University of Peshawar, Peshawar 1998,
p. 6-9
69
Ibid.
27
specifically studied some of the collection and called them Dur-e-
Nayyab70
.
1.18 SYED FAZAL SAMDANI
Syed Fazal Samdani was the founder of known Institution Rafiyah ul
Islam in the history of Khyber Pukhtunkhva before independence. He
belonged from a very literary family in the region, his father Syed Fazal
Rabani was also a known literary figure71
. The institution was dreamed by
Syed Fazal Rabani but It was build and started by his son Syed Fazal
Samdani72
.
Mr. Syed Fazal Samdani never accepted any financial support from the
British government for the institution, though many times financial
support has been offered to him, but he refused to accept it as he was
against the policies of British government. He remained an active freedom
fighter during the freedom movement period. In politics he was an active
member of Muslim League. He has not only opened an office in his house
but also provided financial support when ever needed. The institution
worked till 1935, until it was banned by the then British government73
.
Syed Fazal Samdani was fund of collecting different known literary works
of Muslim scholars. These works have been mostly coppied from the
original work or purchased by him from different scribers of the time74
.
Being a literary person he travelled a lot to find out this Muslim hand
written treatise. He wrote it in his person dairy that most of these
manuscripts have been purchased during his stay in Afghanistan.
Furthermore, he also purchased manuscripts when he uses to go for Hajj
70
An Interview with Dr. Jamila Sudal, Ex-Director, Sheikh Zyed Islamic Centre,
University of Peshawar, on 9th
June, 2013 71
Ibid. 72
Ibid. 73
An Interview with Abdul Hamid, Ex-Chief Librarian, Islamia College, University
Central Library, Peshawar, on 05th
December, 2012
74 An Interview with Mian Attaullah, Incharge, Oriental Section, Central Library,
University of Peshawar, on 21st October, 2013
28
by road. In his personal dairy he talked about it that there use to be
different gathering where people specially the scribers brought these
manuscripts to be sold, these hand written works were having more
importance then gold. Those who did’nt have that much finaceses to
purchase it they use to copy it from the original work by paying less
amount of money to the owner. Records shows that he till his death has
collected more than eight thousand manuscripts in which most of them
were written in Arabic and Persian Languages. Having that much literary
collection he has established a private library of his rare personal
collections. In his last two years he spend most of his time staying in that
library his family members confirms that even he use to take his meal in
the library and no one was allowed to enter the premises of the library. He
died on 17th
September 1949. After his death some of his manuscript
collection ( in total 712) has been donated to University of Peshawar, by
his family members. Even today most of the manuscript collections are
there under the supervision of his son Mr. Farooq75
.
1.19 BENEFITS OF THE STUDY
i. To save the cultural Heritage / History
ii. To identify the literary achievements of Muslim scientists from the area.
iii. To highlight the literary importance of handwritten works.
iv. Availability of proper catalogue for easy access to these literary works
v. To fill out the information gap by taceing these works in other parts of the
word.
vi. To identify the physical position of these works.
vii. To evoborate the theme of these literary works.
viii. To organize these works as per their subjects.
75
An Interview with Mr. Farooq, son of Sayed Fazal Samdani, donor of manuscripts to
Univresity of Peshawar and Pashtu Academy, university of Peshawar, on 19th
May, 2013
29
1.20 GAP IDENTIFIED
The researcher tried to fill the information gap about the under study
manuscripts. It has been observed the some of the researchers tried to
identify the manuscript collection, but mostly they have given importance
to the manuscripts on the subject of religion and other related subjects.
The subject of sciences have been totally ignored in the previous studies.
The information gap in this study was filled by consulting different
institutions, Organizations and Libraries where other copies of these hand
written literary works are available. Pictures of different pages have been
sent to those organizations to properly identify the similarity of the
manuscripts, and then in information gap has been filled by taking
different information about the descriptive areas in the catalogue.
1.21 JUSTIFICATION
There is no proper catalogue available of the under study manuscripts in
the holding organizations. Some efforts have been made, but they do not
fully identify the descriptive areas of these hand written documents. It has
been observed that very few numbers of researchers know about the
presence of these manuscripts on their door steps. The available literature
of the manuscripts can'tfulfill the needs of the researcher on the theme of
these manuscripts as no affords have been made to find out the actual
theme of the work. The study will not only enable the library professionals
to use it as a source of reference and a tool for access but will also
generate a new sense in the future investigation in the related field of
manuscripts. The study will explore the descriptive information about the
manuscripts, which will be further use for the preparation of subject
catalogue.
30
1.22 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
i. To prepare a subject catalogue of rarest manuscripts the
Central Asian.
ii. To create descriptive metadata of each manuscript.
iii. To trace the path of these Central Asian manuscripts.
iv. To suggest measures/methods for properly managing
manuscripts in the Public Sector Universities, libraries.
1.23 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
i. Is sufficient descriptive information available in the
manuscripts to prepare a subject catalogue?
ii. What is the satisfaction level of users of descriptive metadata
of manuscripts?
iii. What is the path of these Central Asian manuscripts?
1.24 LIMITATION
For the following reasons this research could not be conducted as it should
be made more comprehensive.
i. Due to the unavailability of valid sources for tracking the route
from where these hand written documents travelled from the
original sources, however, the research, ample affords were made
to dig out the historical roots to find out the inhabitants of these
manuscripts.
ii. The study would be made more attentical if the subscribing dates/
periods may be traced out for all the manuscripts. The main reason
was the unavailability of tools, techniques, instruments and the
resources on the basis of which the age of the paper, ink or other
physical roof can be identified, through scientific techniques.
iii. A descriptive annotation has been added for each manuscript, but it
would have been more comprehensive if these manuscripts may be
partially or fully translated by the holding organizations or
31
permission may have been granted to the researcher. The services
of different language experts have been hired by the researcher for
the said reason. However, researchersutilized his full affords to dig
out and understand the text and the theme of these manuscripts by
making pictures of different pages and then consulted with the
language experts for adding detailed note on it.
1.25 DELIMITATION
The research study shall be limited to the manuscripts related to Central
Asia or manuscripts written by Central Asian scholars available in the
libraries of the University of Peshawar, Islamia college university
Peshawar, engineering university Peshawar and Agriculture university
Peshawar.
The research work will be delimited to those manuscripts which relate to
Pure Sciences, Applied Sciences and Social Sciences are written in four
different languages those are Arabic, Persian, Urdu and Pashtu.
32
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
A comprehensive review of the relevant literature has been made in order
to understand the research problem in the first phase of this research.
Manuscripts related studies were comprehensively reviewed to understand
different aspects of cataloguing of manuscripts. To meet the scope of the
study, different literatures were searched in published and unpublished
forms. Search engines such as Google, Yahoo, Alta Vista and Answer.com
were used. In order to find the relevant material from different databases
like Emerald, ERIC (Educational Resources Information Center), LISA
(Library and Information Science Abstracts), LISTA (Latinos in
Information Sciences and Technology Association), ASLIB (Association
of Special Libraries and Information Bureau) and EBSCO (Elton B
Stephens Company) were thoroughly surveyed which helped in
developing the research tools for collecting data.
Abdur Rahim Kulachvi,(1971) former-Librarian, Islamia College
Peshawar, prepared a descriptive list of manuscripts covering three
columns titled “Lubab-al-Maarif al-Ilmiyah”, highlights significance of
manuscripts at the Library of Islamia College, Peshawar. This work
comprises two volumes that contain 452 pages all together in the Urdu
version encompassing 1261 manuscripts76
.
Abdul Hamid (1998) another former-Librarian, Islamia College
Peshawar, conducted his research at M.Phil in which the author prepared a
descriptive list of manuscripts titled “Al-Musami Ba-Lubab-ul-Marif-ul-
Ilmia-Fe-MaktabahDar-ul-Uloom Al Islamia Peshawar” Comprising
two volumes, the work contains 1321 pages it is a catalogue of the
manuscript collection available at Islamia College University of
Peshawar.77
.
76
Kulachvi, A.R., Lubab-al-Maarif al-Ilmiyah. Peshawar 1971
77 Hamid, A., Al-Musami Ba-Lubab-ul-Marif-ul-Ilmia-Fe-Maktabah Dar-ul-Uloom Al
Islamia Peshawar, Unpublished M.Phil. Thesis, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 1998
33
Nasim Fatima (2010) a known archivist of Sindh, professor and former
chairperson, Department of Library & Information Sciences, University of
Karachi and remain principal Investigator in the Department of Archives
Karachi conducted her research work entitled “Standardizing &
Cataloguing Of Urdu Manuscripts” at Karachi University, in 1992
which was later published in the following year, having 670 pages.She
used various cataloguing codes in her work that contains 670 pages.
Moreover, she also formulated some cataloguing rules with a view to
standardizing Urdu manuscripts78
.
Muhammad Ismail (2006), Assistant Professor, Department of Library and
Information Sciences, University of Peshawar in his M.Phil.research work
entitled “Archival Material on Central Asia in the Directorate
ofArchives, Peshawar” in one volume at Area Study Center Peshawar,
having 221 number of pages,the work presents a list of all archival
documents and material regarding Central Asia encompassing the period
from 1849 to 1947 in the Directorate of Archives, Peshawar79
.
He revealed that the record kept in Peshawar Archives are indeed original
sources of history he further argue that the official records of the NWFP
and Punjab governments, Peshawar Archives has the honor of possessing
either the original documents, as described above, of the Pre-British or
their photographic reproductions, transcriptions or translations. He
concluded that archives or written records are the most reliable raw
material of history. It must be kept in mind that the coming generations
will never forgive us if on account of our neglect or indifference we fail to
bequeath it to them as a well preserved legacy. Our next duty is to set up
sound machinery for the speedy survey and salvage of all archival wealth
and the preparation of guides, calendars, indices etc.
78
Fatima, N., Standardizing & Cataloguing of Urdu Manuscripts. University of Karachi,
Karachi 1992
79 Ismail, M., Archival Material on Central Asia in the Directorate of Archives,
Peshawar, Unpublished M.Phil. Thesis, Area Study Centre, University of Peshawar,
Peshawar 2006
34
Ahmad (2008) “Research Studies of Libraries &Archival Record in
Directorate of Sindh Archives” Ph.D. research work, presents a
description of archival material available at the directorate of archives,
Sind. Currently, the author is working as an Assistant Professor at Islamia
University Bahawalpur. His research work contains 474 pages with an
index at the end. Moreover, he highlights numerous problems faced during
compilation of his research work80
.
Subhputo (2005) conducted a research on topic “A Comparative Study of
Provincial Archivist in Pakistan, their Impact on History, Culture and
Research Activities”. This research work is an attempt to know about an
Archives, and says that archives are property and to provide them proper
legislative protection. It is a comparative study of four Provincial
Directorates of Archives, it explains the collection of archival materials
including manuscripts81
.
Ameen &Shafique (2009) entitled “Oriental Collection in the Punjab
University Library a Case Study” Oriental Section in the Punjab
University Library is a key source for the primary data for the
researcher’s. The work by the nominate authors is also an example,
whichbasically explores the manuscript and rare book collection in the
oriental section of the Punjab Central Library. The work consists of an
introduction on oriental section, its scope and significance, followed by
the status of the collection. The manuscript in different languages, Arabic,
Persian, Urdu and Punjabi manuscripts. Different methods adopted for the
acquisition, preservation, conservation, cataloguing and resource access.A
number of professional and non-professional staff working in the oriental
section along with a survey among the user’s to know their satisfaction
80
Ahmad, S., Research Studies of Libraries & Archival Record in Directorate of Sindh
Archives, Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 2008
81 Subhputo, N. A., A Comparative Study of Provincial Archivist in Pakistan, their
Impact on History, Culture and Research Activities, Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis,
University of Sindh, Jamshoro 2005
35
level. In the end author indicated the different problems and different
suggestion to overcome these problems82
.
Qutab (2012) Manuscripts are known as intellectual cultural heritage of a
nation. Pakistan is enriched with this treasure left by Muslims antecedents
of the IndoPak Subcontinent. A number of institutional and personal
libraries hold a good number of manuscripts; especially on Islamic
subjects and Quran collections. It is important to highlight the hidden and
neglected state of these manuscripts for further research. This paper seeks
to reveal the pervious and current status of the manuscripts in Pakistan. A
broad picture of manuscripts in Pakistan will be presented through factual
data (i.e., total number, languages, institutional/personal holdings,
locations, age, writing styles and materials). Governmental and
professional efforts, awareness programs, state of digitization and access
issues will be highlighted. Recommendations are given for considerations.
“State Of Manuscripts In Pakistan” published in the 34 issue of Chinese
librarianship, highlighted the status of manuscripts especially the
collection on Islamic subjects. The author raised the issue of preservation
of manuscripts within the country. Besides these efforts taken by the
government, workshops and conferences held by different organizations,
different bibliographies complied, the surveys conducted and the articles
published in different journals.A list about the total number of
manuscripts, throughout Pakistan , the language, script, writing styles and
conditions in general of those rare collections, and others. Some positive
suggestions are added at the end83
.
Nosheen Fatima Warrich and Muzammil Tahira (2010) This study
explores the issues of conservation and preservation of the rare manuscript
collection in the Punjab University Library. The Library has the largest
collection of manuscripts in Pakistan, comprised of more than twenty-two
82
Amin, K., & Shafique, F., Oriental Collection in the Punjab University Library: A
Case Study. Lahore 2009
83 Qutub, S., State of Manuscripts in Pakistan. Chinese librarianship: An International
Electronic Journal, 34, 2012. Retreievd from http://www.iclc.us/cliej/cl34saima.pdf
36
thousand items. The collection is multilingual and multi-format, including
palm-leaf manuscripts. In this study, the data about the collection,
acquisition, organization of materials, methods of conservation, and
digitization of manuscripts were obtained from a focus group of relevant
library staff. The Library provides the listings of manuscripts in Arabic,
Sanskrit, Punjabi, Persian, and Urdu as well as a Sanskrit catalogue on its
website. The task of preserving the manuscripts will go through a strategic
planning process and then be taken as a project. Some measures have been
made for the conservation and preservation of such precious items for the
benefits of future generations. The study identifies the need for a proper
planning to preserve and maintain this rare collection and the issues faced
by the staff to digitize the manuscripts. “ManuscriptCollection in the
Punjab University Library:Assessing ManagementIssues” is a research
article published in Chinese librarianship,issue no 29, an international
electronic journal. It highlightsdifferent matters related to conservation
and preservation of manuscript collection in the Punjab University library.
The study explored the methods of acquisition, organization, conservation
and digitization of these manuscripts, which are in different languages
such as Arabic, Persian, Sanskrit, Punjabi and Urdu. The main objective of
the study is to know the manuscript management status, problems in
conservation and digitization. In the finding of the study, the methods of
cataloguing, preservation, management and easy access of retrieval of
those rare manuscripts have been mentioned84
.
Susan Asili (2005) The Arts and Social Sciences Library of the University
of Bristol, in addition to collections of European documents and
manuscripts, possesses a large collection of Buddhist manuscripts,
stemming from Tibet, Sri Lanka and India and presented to the Library by
Bristol dignatories. Amongst these collections, there are a few manuscripts
and documents in Persian and Arabic, a description of which can be found
84
Fatima, N., & Tahira, M., Manuscript Collection in the Punjab University Library:
Assessing Management Issues. Chinese Librarianship: An International Electronic
Journal, 29, 2010. Retrieved from http://www.iclc.us/cliej/cl29NM.pdf
37
below. Some of the manuscripts and documents are of particular interest,
including a farman of Muzaffar al-Din Shah, an illustrated manuscript of
the Sharaf-ndma of Nizarnmi from the eleventh Hijri century (seventeenth
century A.D.), and a collection of the Ghazals of Hadhiq-i GIlani. There
are no copies of the last work currently known to exist in Iran. “A
Catalogue Of The Arabic And Persian Manuscript In The Arts And
Social Sciences Library of The University OfBristol” is a subject
catalogue of manuscripts published by the British Institute of Persian
studies Vol. 43 This work shows the importance of Arabic and Persian
manuscript throughout the world. The author catalogues the entries as per
their subject with Para description, includes subject, date, title ,the
language used, number of folios, size, binding,paper, number of leaves
and number of lines. The said work is one of the valid sources on the
manuscript collections of Arabic and Persian languages85
.
Dunkin (2009) expressed that arrangement of manuscripts in the libraries
is not an easy task to do. It required “Arrangement And Cataloguing
ofManuscript” shows cataloguing rules for cataloguing of manuscript
such as cutter rules, ALA codes and library of congress cataloguing rules.
The study is related to the cataloguing of manuscripts only. The author
also tried to explore those people who worked on the said topic and came
with some positive results. The status of the catalogue and the user’s who
uses manuscripts are also deeply discussed which also includes problems
in the process of cataloguing manuscripts, user’s problems and
institutional problems86
.
Ann E. Hodges and Brenda S. McClurkin (2011)“Archives and
Manuscripts Processing Manual” published by University of Texas
Arlington. The work is specified to collection of Archives and
85
Asili, S., A Catalogue of the Arabic and Persian Manuscript in the Arts and Social
Sciences Library of the University of Bristol, in Iran, 43, British Institute of Persian
Studies, 2005, retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/4300693 accessed on
17/11/2013 23:42
86 Dunkin, P.S., Arrangement and Cataloguing of Manuscript, 2009
38
manuscripts present at the University of Texas. The importance of the
work can be seen as this work is a valid source of reference at the
department of history in the said university at graduate level on Archival
Sciences. The said publication has opened new ways for the researcher’s
to work on different aspects of those rare archival and manuscript
collections87
.
Nathan Rungold (1962) research paper titled “Subject AnalysisAnd
Description Of Manuscript Collections” published by the University of
Chicago press Vol. 53 which indicated different policy matters related to
the manuscripts. The author comes with different assumptions in the shape
of questions or queries people have about the subject cataloguing with
answers. This paper is considered as a bridge for making policies in the
said field. The author not only told us about the significance of
manuscripts but also highlighted the validity of these manuscripts as a
documentary sourcesespeciallyin Medieval and Ancient Period. The
author also made an analysis of different cataloguing practices in America
and came with some positive suggestions too88
.
Harriet Rstroff (1990), “Subject Access to Archival and Manuscript
Material” a research paper published by society of American Archivists is
another source related to the subject in discussion. The author is a very
known person as he remained the head of manuscript section in library of
congress. In this paper author highlighted the problems related to subject
cataloguing of manuscripts and use of machine readable catalogue in this
regard and its effectiveness. The author discussed the use of different
subject catalogue codes, different subject added entries, the problems,
needs and possible remedies in subject cataloguing of manuscripts89
.
87
Hodges, A.E., and McClurkin, B.S., Archives and Manuscripts Processing Manual,
University of Texas Arlington, Texas 2011
88Rungold, N., Subject Analysis and Description of Manuscript Collections. 53,
University of Chicago press, Chicago 1962
89Rstroff, H., Subject Access to Archival and Manuscript Material. Society of American
Archivists, 1990
39
Anit Kumar Jain, Sudhair Kumar, Subhajit Choudhury,KeertiBala Jain
and Bal Krishna Sharma(2003) The paper defines manuscripts in India,
states their importance and narrates in brief various types of manuscripts
available. The paper then studies dispersion of five million Indic
manuscripts in India and abroad. The paper reveals some earlier efforts to
catalogue them. A literature survey on the topic is included in the paper.
The paper gives an account of the National Mission for Manuscripts
(NMM) in India, its MRC, MCC, MPC, Kritisampada, Vijnananidhi and
its output. The paper then studies Scindia Oriental Research Institute,
(SORI), Ujjain, which is one of the Manuscripts Resource Centers in
National Mission for Manuscripts. Brief historical account of ancient city
Ujjain and establishment of SORI, its collection and collection of very rare
manuscripts are given. In the end paper concludes with need of
international cooperation and suggests for signing MOUs between
countries for cooperation on conservation and digitization of manuscripts
and prepare an international database and suggests National Mission for
Manuscripts (India) like programs in other countries. The paper also
suggests for the declaration of manuscripts as national property, cultural
heritage and world heritage “Rare Handwritten Manuscript Collection in
Indic Language at Scindia Oriental Research Institute” is a Joint effort by
a group of researcher’s. this research paper was presented under the
platform of IFLA at Singapore. The paper defines the manuscript
collection in India with its types. It also highlighted the earlier efforts of
cataloguing manuscripts in India and problems. The finding of the study is
the number of Indian manuscripts throughout the world the different
techniques used for cataloguing of manuscripts throughout India and
literature available on the said topic. The authors have also revealed the
national mission for manuscripts in India, by highlighted different
institutions working on the cataloguing,preservation and management of
manuscripts in India the already done efforts and future plans 90
.
90
Anit Kumar Jain, A.K., Kumar, S., Choudhury, S., Jain, K.B., and Sharma, B.K., Rare
40
Jyotshna Sahoo and Basudev Mahanty (2010) research paper titled
“Indigenous Methods of Perseverating Manuscript: an overview” is
another valid source on the topic under discussion. The authors considered
manuscripts as a precious national and cultural heritage in any country.
They divided their research work in two sections the old methods of
preservation and the new methods of preservations. More emphasis is
given to the indigenous method /old method of preservation because they
believe that this method is less harmful for human health, there are no
effects of these methods on the material and the most important is that it
doesn’t need any specific expertise and equipment’s. The research paper
shows different traditional methods used for the preservation of
manuscripts in different period of time. The work also identifies different
Herbal and Natural products used for the preservation of manuscripts.91
Gulsher Baloch (1996) compiled a catalogue titled “Catalogue of Persian
Manuscripts atOriental Section of Allama I.I.Kazi Library”. It
consists of 251 pages and was supervised by Rafia Ahmad Sheikh, a very
well known name in the field of research. The author has divided his work
in different subjects and then prepared a para wise catalogue of each
manuscripts present in the section of the said library. The said work shows
the professional approach of the author as well as of the supervisor . It is a
distinguished addition in the field of cataloguing manuscripts92
.
Hanif Khalid (2009) compiled “A Catalogue of Pashto Manuscripts” in
book form published by University Press Peshawar. The work contains
125pages, apart from its preliminary pages which include a preface and
forward in which the author tried to introduce the Pashto language its
history, significance and importance . It is a paper binding book with
Handwritten Manuscript Collection in Indic Language at Scindia Oriental Research
Institute, IFLA, Singapore 2013
91 Sahoo, J., and Mahanty, B., Indigenous Methods of Perseverating Manuscript: An
Overview. 2010
92 Baloch, G., Catalogue of Persian Manuscripts at Oriental Section of Allama I.I.Kazi
Library. unpublished Masters Thesis, University of Karachi, Karachi 1996
41
colorful title pages. It is one of the distinguish work in the field of
cataloguing manuscripts in which the author divided his work as per
different subjects such as religion, history, folklore, poetry, medicine's
metaphysics and theology93
.
Muhammad Ourabah Soualah and Mohammad Hassoun (2011) “Which
Metadata ForAncient Arabic Manuscripts Cataloguing”. In this work
the non-accessibility of Arabic manuscript are highlighted which are the
fragile state which is difficult in handling available in different locations
in the world. In this work digitization of manuscript are focused as well as
Arabic manuscript cataloguing problems and use of different statistical
approaches. The description includes, title,description, subject, source,
coverage, type and relation, intellectual property (creator, contributor,
publisher, rights)and version (date, format, identifier and language). This
workconsists of an introduction about cataloguing Arabic manuscripts, its
characteristics, access, digitization, structure of digitization, procedure and
problems faced in cataloguing94
.
Khaskhely,Mashkoor Hussain (1996) worked on compilation of subject
catalogue entitled “ Descriptive List on Manuscripts Available In
Shamsul UlmaDr.Umar Bin Muhammad Daudpota Sindh
Government Library” Hyderabad Sindh ,Culture and
Tourismdepartment Government of Sindh. It is a subject catalogue
containing 101 pages95
.
Choudry Muhammad Nazir ,Syed Ghoyur Hussain Sabzwari and
Muhammad Raiz (2013) worked on the huge data on the manuscript and
complied a manuscript titled “ Fehrist-E-Makhtoth” in National Library
of Pakistan ,Department of KutabKhanaJath ,Government of Pakistan.
93
Khalid, H., A Catalogue of Pashto Manuscripts. University Press, Peshawar 2009
94 Soualah, M.O., and Hassoun, M., Which Metadata For Ancient Arabic Manuscripts
Cataloguing, 2011
95 Khaskhely, M.H., Descriptive List on Manuscripts Available in Shamsul Ulma
Dr.Umar Bin Muhammad Daudpota Sindh Government Library,Culture and Tourism
Department Government of Sindh, Hyderabad 1996
42
Manuscript in different languages such as Arabic ,Persian ,Urdu ,Punjabi
,Hindi ,Rokni ,Turkish and Pashto are included96
.
Muhammad Nizamuddin (1957) “A Catalogue of the Arabic
Manuscripts in the SalarJang collection” which was published by
Dairatul-Ma-Arif-Ul-UsmaniaHyderabad, it is a subject catalogue of
Arabic manuscripts containing some useful information. On the available
manuscript collection in the Salar Jang Library97
.
96
Nazir, C.M., Sabzwari, S.G.H., and Raiz, M., Fehrist-E-Makhtoth. National Library of
Pakistan, Islamabad 2013
97 Nizamuddin, M., A Catalogue of the Arabic Manuscripts in the Salar Jang Collection.
Dairatul-Ma-Arif-Ul-Usmania, Hyderabaad 1957
43
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter attempts to briefly describe methodology, approach and
research techniques, that have been used in this research work, for issues
relating to cataloguing, physical conditions and descriptive notes with
especial reference to the historical manuscripts relevant to Central Asia.
Different research methods and techniques are employed to collect
informations and analyse the relevant data and different variables with
regard to these manuscripts. Theses include: historical enquiry or research
methods and mix research method/ approach. However, mix research
method/ approach further provides three different research techniques to
conduct an enquiry. These include: sequential techniques, concurrent
techniques and transformative techniques. Sequential technique aims to
describe or expand finding of one technique with other technique,
concurrent technique aims to combine qualitative and quantitiatvie data
for providing comprehensive analysis of the problem and transformative
technique, whearas, aims to confine at theoretical basis by containing data
of the both type98
.
3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN
Research design is a blueprint or an outline of designing, planning
and implementing research. There is a debate going on in social sciences
and humanities to discuss to adopt various considerations in research
design such as ontological (dealing with the nature of reality and question
of the particular reality), epistemological (dealing with the origin of
knowledge and methods to acquire it) and methodological
98
Creswell J. W., Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Method
Approaches (3rd ed.).London, England: SAGE 2009
44
considerations.99
Aims and objectives of the study facilitate a researcher to
determine research design and approach of the researcher managing to
manipulate the onotological and optimological decisions that contribute to
accomplish rationale of research design100
.
The interpretive and positivist approach differently look at social reality
and construct different ways to consider it and interpret it101
.
This study attempts to use triangulation method with a view to collect and
analyse the factors of existing phenomena. By this method, researcher
collect quantitative as well as qualitative data and analyse it separately to
reach to a conclusion.
3.3 SELECTION OF RESEARCH DESIGN
A multiple carteria is followed, in this research work, to select an
appropriate research design. To select a research design, a researcher
needs to grasp the following factors102
.
To comprehend entirely the elements of research design;
To realize strengths of the research design than weaknesses;
To understand appropriateness and effectiveness of the research
design for current research;
Moreover, a researcher needs to attempt to follow three criterion in
selecting a research design. These include: research problem, personal
experiences of researcher and audiences or public. It also lays emphasis on
skills and limitations of the researcher in terms of managing budget, time
and resources with a view to carry out a fesible research design.
99
Bryman, A., Quantitative and Qualitative Research Strategies in Knowing the Social
World. 1998. In May T., Williams M. (Eds.), Knowing the Social World . Open
University Press, Buckingham1998, pp. 138-157 100
Cohen, L., Manion, L. & Morrison, K., Research Methods In Education. 6th ed.,
Oxon: Routledge London 2007, p 22 101
Ibid. p 23 102
Walter, M., Social Research Methods: An Australian Perspective. Oxford University
Press 2006, p 30.
45
3.4 POPULATION
A researcher needs to investigate by drawing a suitable sample of the
targeted group or area from entire population with a view to procure the
possible outcome of a given research problem103
. For instance, Peshwar, in
the entire Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, is famous for inheriting numerous
manuscripts and rarebook collections of Central Asia owing to its
proximity to it. These manuscripts are preserved with various personalities
in their personal collections at Peshawar. However, some of the
collections have also been donated to libraries of colleges and University
at Peshawar. These institutions include: Islamia College University
Library, Pashto Academy Library and Central Library of the University of
Peshawar. This research work is confined to conduct a survey in tracing
out the manuscripts at various universities in the campus of Peshwar
alone. Total number of collected manuscript available at these libraries is
2881. These collections comprise of various subjects including: pure
sciences, applied sciences, social sciences and humanities. Moreover,
these manuscripts have mostly been ascribed in various languages such as
Arabic and Persian. Hence, the researcher has to engage a professional
language experts for translating respective manuscript.
3.5 SAMPLING
Sampling is a process of selecting targeted area representing the
entire population through various research techniques. It comprises steps
including: defining population, selecting frame of sampling, selecting
method of sampling and deciding size of sample.104
. The basis of sample is
either factor of probability or non-probability, however, various
techniques of sampling are used in either probability or in non-probability
to collect relevant data. For instance, techniques like random sampling,
103
Oppong, S.H., The Problem of Sampling in Qualitative Research. Asian Journal of
Management Sciences and Education, 2(2), 2013, p 204 104
Walter, M., Social Research Methods: An Australian Perspective. Oxford University
Press 2006. p 30.
46
systematic sampling, stratified sampling and cluster sampling in
probability, whearas, conventent sampling, accidential sampling,
surposive sampling and quota sampling techniques are used in non-
probability105
.This research study is comprised of different stratas and
subjects such as pure sciences, applied sciences and social sciences.
Similarly, this research study is confined to analyse some of the
manuscripts by selecting subjects such as medical sciences, astronomy,
philosophy, vetnary sciences, mathematics (including algebra), physics
and chemistry alone. Total number of these manuscripts are 117. Breakup
of the subjects is given as:
Medical Sciences 54
Philosophy 34
Astronomy 12
Mathematics 08
Veterinary Science 06
Physics 02
Chemistry 01
3.6 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
Data collection is an important technique in research work, used by
researcher, to collect data for the analysis. A researcher may use, at this
stage, any instrument to collect data for investigating standardized
variables with a view to validate data of the manuscript.106
. A worksheet
is prepared to collect data of these manuscripts, and followed the Library
of Congress (USA) as standardized variable. For citing references,
bibliography and other records, fields of Machine Readable Catalog
(MARC) have been followed.
105
Oppong, S.H., The Problem of Sampling in Qualitative Research. Asian Journal of
Management Sciences and Education, 2(2), 2013, p 209 106
Gay,L.R., & Peter, W.A., educational research: competencies for analysis and
applications. 6th
ed., pearson college division, 1999
47
3.6.1 Data Collection Instrument
Also a worksheet has been designed in accordance with the formate of
MARC including following fields:
1 Manuscript No
2 Ownership
3 Title
4 Author/Editor/Poet
5 Date
6 Subject/ theme
7 Language
8 Writer/Scriber
9 Place of Origin
10 Material on which the manuscript is written
11 Size of book
12 Size of text
13 No of lines
14 No of folios
15 Folios dimension in centimeter
16 Ink
17 Type of binding
18 Pages
19 Style of writing
20 Quality of paper
21 Condition of manuscript
22 Status (complete/incomplete)
23 Name of repository or institution
24 Source
25 Annotation
48
3.6.2 Intial Data Collection
In order to collect intial information and data with regard to the
manuscripts, researcher has personally visited all the targeted libraries in
the campus and individually filled the required coloums of the worksheet.
Numerous manuscripts did not include the required information entirely,
hence, the researcher attempted to find the rest of the informations and
copies of the manuscripts through internet surfing. Consequently, the
researcher has succeeded in finding some of the organizations that claimed
to possess copies of the required manuscripts.
3.6.3 Quantitative data collection
To fill each important information on the prescribed field of the
manuscript, the researcher has examined each of the manuscript page-wise
together with the title page. The relevant information has, thus, been
incorporated into statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) for
analysis.
3.6.4 Qualitative data collection
Historical method and participatory observation’s method have been used
to collect and validate qualitative data with regard to all of the
manuscripts. Various secondary and tertiary sources have also been used
to validate qualitative data, and side by side, services of translators have
also been hired with a view to translate the important terminologies and
textual information of the manuscripts. Moreover, field experts have also
been consulted in validating various information with regard to the
manuscripts.
3.5 Organizations Consulted for Data Validation
In order to confirm and validate the data at the most, various organizations
of different countries have been contacted. These includes oraganizations
from Iran, India, Turkey, United Kingdom, Germany and other private and
49
public sector institutions within the country which are mentioned in the
text.
3.6 Data Analysis
Following collecting the data with special regard to 117 manuscripts, it
has properly been organized, tabulated, analyzed and interpreted. Hence,
SPSS software has been used to conclude percentage and frequency to
comprehensively analyze of the collected data.
50
CHAPTER FOUR
SUBJECT CATALOGUE
4.1 INTRODUCTION
The work “Daghal Al Ayan” by a Syrian Christian (a physician with
Harun-Ur-Rashid) has been considered a primordial and systematic work
on diseases relating to human eye (ophthalmology). Similarly, the work
“Ashr Maqalat Fil Ayn” by Hunayn Ibn Ishaq (a pupil of Ibn-Masawayh)
is also regarded the most primitive work amongst others on the same
subject.107
However, the work of Ali Ibn Sahl, “Firdaus Al Hikma” in Arabic script,
dealing with medicine, gained popularity in the region of Central Asia.
The author of the Firdaus Al Hikma worked as physician at the court of
the caliph Al Mutawwakil there had also been some of the prominent
physicians of the time in that region, who all gained a good deal of
popularity even in Europe.108
These included: Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn
Zakariya Al Razi109
(popularly known in Europe as Rhazes), Ibn Sina Abu
Ali Husain Abdullah, Abu Bakr Rabi Bin Ahmad Al Akhuwayan Al
Bukhari, Zain Al Din Abu Ibrahim Ismail Bin Al Hussain, Ibn Nafis,110
Mansur Bin Muhammad Bin Ahmad Bin Yusuf Bin Faqih Iilyas, Baha Ud
Daula Din Qasim Bin Nurbakhsh Al Razi, Nur Ud Din Muhammad
Abdullah and Muhammad Zaman Tunakabuni.111
Al Razi’s masterpiece “Kitab Al Hawi” was considered as an encyclopedia
of medical sciences and had later been translated into various languages of
107
Khaliq, H., Hindoon Ki Taleem Muslamanoo Kay Ahid May. Idara-E-Tasheef-Wa-
Taleef, Karachi, pp. 67-69
108 Hamidullah, M., Tareekh-E-Musanifin. Makataba-E-Ibrahimia, Deccan, p 7
109 Lakhtakia, R., A Trio of Examples of Medieval Islamic Medicine; Al Razi, Avicenna
and Ibn Nafis. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal, 14(4), 2014, p 456
110 Prigent,F.L., & Delaval.D., The Discovery of the Pulmonary Circulation by Ibn al
Nafis During the 13th Century: An Anatomical Approach. The FASEB Journal, 2014, p
28
111 Hamidullah, M., Tareekh-E-Musanifin. Makataba-E-Ibrahimia, Deccan, p 9
51
the world. Similarly, he also produced “At-Tibb Al Mansuri” on the
subject of medicine ranging in ten volumes, however, he dedicated this
work to the then Prince Mansur Ibn Ishaq.112
Ibn Sina (popularly known as
Avicenna in Europe) was considered the greatest and distinguished
amongst other writers for contributing tremendously to the field of
medical sciences. He was prolific in producing both Arabic and Persian
literature on the subject of medical science. His works included: Kitab
Ash-Shifa (philosophy encyclopedia), Nijat, Sahifa and Al Qanun Fi
Tibb.113
At that time, his work was mostly considered as textbook and
chief guide in the relevant fields in various universities of Europe.114
Similarly, Al Bukhari’s work entitled: “Hidayatul Muta Allinin Fi” also
considered as an encyclopedia for dealing treatment of various diseases.
Zainuddin work entitled: “Nuru Luyun” Al Hussain’s works entitled:
“Zahkhira-I-Khwarizmshahi” and “Aghradu Al Tibb” also gained
popularity, in the similar field, at that time. Ibn Nafis, greatest physician of
the region after Ibn Sina. Yusuf Bin Faqih Iilyas’ works entitled: “Sharh
Tashrin Al Qanun” “Kifaya-I-Mansuri” and “Tashrih Bi Al Taswir” on
anatomy (generally known as Tashrih-I-Mansur); Bin Nurbakhsh’s work
entitled: “Khuylastu’T-Tajarib”; Abdullah’s dictionary on pharmaceuticals
entitled: “Alfaz L Adwiya”; and Tunakabuni’s work entitled: “Tuhfutu I
Mu Minin” were considered the most popular works on the subject of
medical sciences.115
Complete subject catalogue of manuscripts, currently
available at the campus’ different libraries, are enlisted below:116
112
Muhammad, Q., Muslmano Ki Ulmi Khidmat. Nidavat-Ul-Musanifin, Delhi 1950,
p10
113 Ibn Sina. Al Qanoon Fil Tib, Vol-4. (Urdu translation by Kantoori GH). Eijaz
Publishing House, New Delhi 2010, pp1425-1428
114 Muhammad, Q., Muslmano Ki Ulmi Khidmat. Nidavat-Ul-Musanifin, Delhi 1950,
p.11
115 Hamdani, S. K. H., Usool e Tib. pp 21-25
116 Fida.M., Central Asian Manuscripts in Peshawar. Unpublished Ph.D thesis.
52
4.2 MEDICAL SCIENCE
S.No 1
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 934
Ownership Pashto Academy Library University of
Peshawar
Title Tibb-Nama
Author Khushal Khan Khattak
Date 1323 AH/ 1905 AD
Language Pashto
Scriber Baz Faqir Khel
Place of origin Charssada, Pakistan
Material on which written Fragile brown paper
Theme Greek system of medicine
Size of manuscript 28 x19 cm
Size of text 21 x11 cm
No. Of lines 12
No. Of folios 32
Folios dimension 23 x 10 cm
Ink Black
Type of binding Hard binding
Pages 64
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of paper Half brown fine paper
Condition Good
Status Incomplete117
Repository/Institution Pashto Academy, University of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
117
Khattak, K.K., Tibb Nama. Manuscript, Charssada 1905
53
Annotation
There are two manuscripts of the same authors under the same title on the
same subject, available at the library of Pashto academy. Baz Faqir Khel
(a scriber and re-writer of various manuscripts)118
narrated that he took an
old copy of the original manuscript, penned by Khushal Khan Khattak
himself, from a local Hakeem Sayed Hussain of Charssada. As the original
copy was too spoiled to hardly legible. He made an abortive attempt to
copy from the original text, however, most of the texts were not
comprehensible and as a result the status of the manuscripts became
incomplete119
.
Khushal Khan Khattak (b. February 25, 1689), also known as Khushal
Baba at the region of Shahbaz Garha (currently in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa),
was not only a literary sufi, a great poet of Pashto language but also a
warrior. He encouraged the people of the region on Pashtun national
question against the Mughal emperors.120
He used to sit in a hujra along
with his friends, including some haqeems, who used to go to Kabul to
expand ambit of their hikmat (wisdom) and bring medicines along with
them on their way back. On one day, Khushal Baba expressed his urge of
joining them in their journey to Kabul and, hence, his friends’ very
happily agreed. The author, who himself was an intellectual, realized the
situation out there. There were two individuals, who had command on
bilingual languages such as Pashto and Arabic and they basically
translated AL-Qanon (work on medicine of Ibn-Sina) from Arabic into
Pashtu.121
He picked up 27 diseases out of the most common prevailing
diseases amongst people of Hashtnagar and their descriptions from AL-
Qanon. The author translated text in Pashtu at Charssada and handed over
to Haqeem Mukhtair Hussain, later on, for preserving and utilizing same
118
An Interview with late Dr. Arif Naseem, writer / Historian, on 4th
January, 2013
119 Ibid,
120 Banting, E., Afghanistan: The Culture Lands, Peoples, & Cultures. Crabtree
Publishing Company, 2003, p 28 121
Gibb,H.A.R., The Encyclopedia Of Islam. Brill archive 1954,pp 71-72.
54
in the field of medicine.122
In 1981, the same manuscript was published by
Pashto Academy at Peshawar. Apart from this manuscript, other
manuscriptual works of the same author are also available on different
subjects in the campus library of University of Peshawar. These include:
Baz Nama, Dastaar Nama, Swat Nama and Fazal Nama123
.
S.No 2
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 934/4
Ownership Pashto Academy Library, University of
Peshawar
Title Tibb-Nama
Author Khushal Khan Khattak
Date 1323 AH/ 1905 AD
Language Pashto
Scriber Not known
Place of origin Charssada, Pakistan
Material on which written Fragile brown thin paper
Theme Greek system of medicine
Size of manuscript 28 x19 cm
Size of text 21 x11 cm
No. Of lines 12
No. Of folios 32
Folios dimension 23 x 10 cm
Ink Black
Type of binding Hard binding
Pages 25
Style of writing Nastaleeq & Naskh
122
Rasa,S.R., Armaghan-E-Khushal. University Book Agency Peshawar, Pakistan , vol
II, 2001, p 176.
123 Morgenstierne, G., (1960). Khushhal Khan—the National Poet of the Afghans.
Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society 47, 1960, pp. 49–57
55
Quality of paper Half brown fine paper
Condition Good
Status Incomplete124
Repository/Institution Pashto Academy, University of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
It is a copy from the original text, which was scribed by an unknown
scriber. Difference of pages are seen in both the copies. The first copy,
whose scriber is Baz Faqir Khel, is covering 64 pages whereas the copy,
whose scriber is unkwnown, is having 25 pages. The copy of Baz Faqir
Khel was in Nastaleeq whereas the copy of unknown scriber was in both
Nastaleeq and Naskh. The status of both the manuscripts are incomplete.
For author description see manuscript no 1.
S.No 3
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 1116-1
Ownership Pashto Academy Library, University of
Peshawar
Title Daro Durmal
Author Abdul Hameed Mommand
Date Not known
Language Pashto
Scriber Abdul Hameed Mommand
Place of Origin Badabir Peshawar, Pakistan
Material on which written Half white paper
Theme Stomach diseases and its treatment
Size of Manuscript 23 x 16 cm
Size of Text 18 x 8 cm
No. of Lines 17
124
Khattak, K.K., Tibb Nama. Manuscript. Charssada 1905
56
No. of Folios 13
Folios Dimension 22x 15 cm
Ink Black
Type of Binding Paper binding
Pages 26
Style of writing Naskh, Nasteelaq
Quality of Paper Half white thin paper
Condition Good
Status Incomplete125
Repository/Institution Pashto Academy, University of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
Abdul Hameed Mumand, who was also known as Abdul Hameed
Mashokhel and Abdul Hameed Baba a known Sufi and poet of Pashto
language, born in seventeenth century (1664), in a small village, of
Mashokhel, situated near Peshawar. He received most of his education in
Peshawar126
and started his early writings in Pashto language,127
which
gained popularity and he also translated most of his work in Persian
language later on. In Persia,128
he was dubbed as Hameed, the hair-
splitter.129
In early phase, he produced Pashto poetry, however, he became
well known for his work on mysticism.130
His known works included:
Loves Fascination, The King and the Beggar and Pearls and Corals, which
were also translated into English language later on. He produced
numerous works on the subject of medicine including translation, from
125
Mumand, A.H., Daro – Durmal. Manuscript.
126 Bartold,V.V., Mussulman Culture. Book house, Lahore 1962, pp. 120-123
127 Raverty, H.G., (Ed.)., Abdul Hamid. Williams & Norgate, London 1862, p 85
128 Ibid 86
129 Fazil, A., Fazil, M., & Liban., Lubabul-Maraf-Ul-Illmai: Makataba Darul Illum Ul
Islamia , Makatabah Masriqia. Darul Illum Islamia Peshawar Ki Farasat-I- Katab, p 251
130 Sachau, E. and Ethé, H., Catalogue of the Persian, Turkish, Hindustani, and Pushtu
Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1889, col. 969 entry 1609
57
Arabic and Persian into Pashto and Dari, the works of various well-known
personalities. His exact date of death is unknown, however, he died in the
same house in 1732, where he was born131
. His work entitled: Daro-
Durmal, a medical discourse, dealing with the diseases of stomach and its
treatment. The work contains an introduction, which elucidated the
significance of his work. Every page of it begins with a word in large
format, as compared to the rest of the text. It is in the Pashto language and
also translated into Persian language132
. A copy of Persian translation of
the same manuscript can also be traced from the Majlis-e-Shurah Library,
Tehran. Another copy of the same manuscript can be obtained from the
personal collection of Samdani at Namamandi of Peshawar. The status of
this copy is complete, whereas, the copy, at the Pashto Academy Library,
University of Peshawar, is incomplete owing to missing of some of the
pages. At the beginning of this work, the author explored the factors
giving birth to various stomach diseases, their symptoms of diseases and
finally its treatment133
. There is another manuscript, affixed with this
manuscript, on Islamic History entitled: Shavaatul Islam.
S.No 4
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 1620
Ownership Islamia College University Library,
Peshawar
Title Zubda- Tul Tibb
Author Abu Ibrahim Ismail Bin Al Hussain
Date 1104 AH/ 1694 AD
Language Arabic
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Greek
131
Ibid
132 Mummand, A. H., Daro – Durmal. Manuscript.
133 Ibid.
58
Material on which written Brown thick paper
Theme Greek medicine, diseases & treatment
Size of Manuscript 28 x 18 cm
Size of Text 12 x 09 cm
No. of Lines 23
No. of Folios 110
Folios Dimension 12 x 7 cm
Ink Black
Type of binding Hard binding with printed cloth
Pages 213
Style of writing Naskh
Quality of paper Thick brown paper
Condition Good
Status Complete134
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
Abu Ibrahim Ismail Bin Al Hussain was a prolific writer and famous
physician of his times. He remained a student of well known physician,
Ibn Sadiq al Nishapuri, who followed the teachings of Ibn Sina135
. He
impressed Shahs of Kharazm (Qutb Al Din Muhammad and Aziz B.
Muhammad) and gave him the task to arrange a monumental medical
encyclopedia in Persian language, under the title Zakhira-Khawazimi
Shahi (The treasure of Khawazimi Shahi). It is one of the oldest
thesauruses amongst the whole medical sciences, which Shah used to take
it with him while traveling abroad136
.
Kitab Ul Zubda Tul Tibb is a medical instructional manual, the copies of
which can rarely be obtained, as many copies could not survive. It is a
134
Hussain, A. I. I. B. A., Zubda-Tul-Tibb. Greek 1694
135 Iskander, A.Z., A Descriptive List of Arabic Manuscript on Medicine and Science at
the University of California. E.J. Brill, Los Angles 1984
136 Ibid
59
gracefully written and the rubricated medical manuscript of the
seventeenth century137
. First phase of this manuscript dealt with the
theoretical medicines, which were arranged in tables and followed by the
diagnoses, to analyze urine and pulse. He also elucidated various other
diseases, such as body fever, tumor, sexual intercourse and sexually
transmittable illness138
. This work is translated into different languages
later on. Also a copy of it can be obtained from Brokalman, Germany,
Maktaba tul Turkiya, Turkey, Majlis Shurah Library, Tehran and Library
of Congress United State of America. He also produced other literature
included: Aghradu al Taaibb (the aims of medicine) consisting of two
parts at the request of Maj Dud Din Al Bukhari, who was a wazir at the
Court of Sultan Ala Ud Din. It is an immense and well-elucidated
thesaurus of medical sciences. Moreover, he also had produced numerous
commentaries on famous intellectuals, who worked in the field of medical
sciences139
.
S.No 5
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 1620
Ownership Islamia College University Library,
Peshawar
Title Zubda- Tul Tibb
Author Abu Ibrahim Ismail Bin Al Hussain
Date 1104 AH/ 1694 AD
Language Arabic
Scriber Not known
137
Ahmad, I., Tareek-Kay-Aoraq. Muhammad Ashraf, Lahore 1982, p 14
138 Nawshahi, A., Fihrist-i Nushkhah ha-yi khatti-i Farsi-i Muzah-i Milli-i Pakistan.
Nigashtah -i Sayyid. Markaz-i Tahqiqat-i Farsi-i Iran va Pakistan in Islamabad, Karachi
1983
139 Puri, A.A., Tareekh-E-Khatati. Idara-E-Taloh-E-Islam, Karachi 1958, p 5
60
Place of Origin Greek
Material on which written Light Brown thick paper
Theme Medicine, diseases and treatment
Size of Manuscript 28 x 18 cm
Size of Text 12 x 09 cm
No. of Lines 23
No. of Folios 110
Folios Dimension 12 x 7 cm
Ink Black and red
Type of binding Leather and Hard binding
Pages 213
Style of writing Nastaleeq +Naskh
Quality of paper Thick brown paper
Condition Good
Status Complete140
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
See S.No 4
S.No 6
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 1620/ 1
Ownership Islamia College University Library,
Peshawar
Title Zubda- Tul Tibb
Author Abu Ibrahim Ismail Bin Al Hussain
Date Not known
Language Arabic
Scriber Not known
61
Place of Origin Not known
Material on which written Brown thick paper, fragile
Theme Medicine, diseases and treatment
Size of Manuscript 27x17.5 cm
Size of Text 20x12 cm
No. of Lines 19
No. of Folios 120
Folios Dimension 25.5x14 cm
Ink Black
Type of binding Black leather binding
Pages 340
Style of writing Nastaleeq+ Naskh
Quality of paper Thick brown paper, fragile
Condition Fair
Status Incomplete141
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
See S.No 4
S.No 7
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 1622
Ownership Islamia College University Library
Peshawar
Title Hamiyat-I- Qanon
Author Ibn Sina
Date 1274 AH/1857 AD
Language Arabic
141
Hussain, A. I. I. B. A., Zubda-Tul-Tibb. Greek 1694
62
Scriber Muhammad Bin Ghulum Mahee-Ud-
Din
Place of Origin Jurjan
Material on which written Brown thin paper
Theme Types of fever and its treatment
Size of Manuscript 23x14.4 cm
Size of Text 14.5x7.5 cm
No. of Lines 15
No. of Folios 177
Folios Dimension 21x12cm
Ink Black and red
Type of Binding Hard red color leather binding
Pages 352
Style of writing Naskh
Quality of Paper Fragile brown thin paper
Condition Good
Status Complete142
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
This is a part of another manuscript written by the same author Ibn Sina
Qanoon-e-Shiekh. This work deals with types of fever, types of
tuberculosis and in detail along with the symptoms of the said diseases143
.
This work has divided into 7 sections including a muqadimah
(introduction) and natija (conclusion). A dictionary of different technical
words which are used in the text is first part of the text. Two parts of the
142
Hussain Bin Abdullah Bin Sina Abu Ali (Ibn Sina)., Hamiyat-I- Qanon. Manuscript
1857.
143 Shaik ur Raees Bu Ali Sina., Hamiyat-I- Qanon (Urdu Version) translated by H.K.
Kabeeruddin, Sheikh Mohammad Basheer & Sons, Lahore 1930
63
text deal with the fever whereas other two parts are dealt with
tuberculosis144
.
The work has been translated in different languages. The work has been
translated in English by R.K. Waidvad in 1801 who added an analysis
with the translation as he himself was a military doctor. It has been
published from Riaz of Saudi Arab in 1858 and from Deccan in 1861145
.
S.No 8
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 1615
Ownership Islamia College University library
Peshawar
Title Arjozia Sinayia
Author Ibn Sina
Date Not known
Language Arabic
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Not known
Material on which written Half white color paper
Theme Types of various treatments of diseases
Size of Manuscript 31 x 12.5 cm
Size of Text 10 x6 cm
No. of Lines 18
No. of Folios 96
Folios Dimension 14.5 x 6 cm
Ink Black
Type of Binding Hard binding
Pages 48
Style of writing Nastaleeq & Naskh
144
Farooq, M., Islam-Ur-Science. Grsha-E-Adab, Lahore 1957, p 70
145 Mahdavi, Y. Bibliographie of Ibn Sina. Tehran 1954
64
Quality of Paper Fine Half White Paper
Condition Good
Status Complete146
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
Ibn Sina produced this manuscript in the form of a rhyme on medicine. It
is also called Arjozia Sinayia Fil Tibb. This rhyme is specifically
composed on pulse, urine, eyes and fever. The work has been divided into
two parts; the first part is on: general principle, whereas, the other part is
on: regimes and therapeutics. It has also been translated in Latin by
Cremona in the middle of twelfth century, which gained popularity in
Europe during the middle ages147
. Owing to its popularity, it has also been
published, by several printing presses, at the end of sixteenth century and
the work has later been translated into various languages such as French,
Turkish and Persian. It English translation appeared in 1963 by Charles C
Thomas. Various commentaries have been produced on it including: Musa
Ibn Ibrahim Al Baghdadi and Ali Ibn Abdullah Ibn Haydur148
. It is
complete in Naskh style, whereas, rest of its copies is available in an
incomplete Nastaleeq and Kufic style149
, which can be obtained in various
libraries. These included: The Welcome Library of History and
Understanding of Medicine in London that contain all the rare poems of
various collection, such as Ibn Sina’s collection150
.
146
Hussain Bin Abdullah Bin Sina Abu Ali (Ibn Sina)., Arjozia Sinayia (Arjozia Sinayia
Fil Tibb).
147 Fazil, M., Nikhat, S., & Akram, M., Diabetes: From Ancient To Modern Era. Journal
of International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine (ISHIM). April/oct 2013-
2014, p 164
148 Sykes, P., A History of Persia,(3
rd ed.), vol. II . MacMillan, London 1963
149 Iskandar, A.Z., A Descriptive List of Arabic Manuscripts on Medicine and Science at
the University Of California. E.J. Brill, Los Angles 1984, p 110
150 Mahdavi, Y., Bibliographie of Ibn Sina. Tehran 1954
65
S.No 9
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 175
Ownership Central Library University of
Peshawar
Title Arjozia Sinayia
Author Ibn Sina
Date Not Known
Language Arabic
Scriber Not Known
Place of Origin Not Known
Material on which written Half white fragile paper
Theme Basic component of medical science
Size of Manuscript 12.5x9cm
Size of Text 8x9
No. of Lines 16
No. of Folios 18
Folios Dimension 6 x5cm
Ink Black and red
Type of Binding Leather binding
Pages 48
Style of writing Nastaleeq and Naskh
Quality of Paper half white fragile paper
Condition Good
Status Complete151
Repository/Institution Central Library University of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
See S.No 8
151 Hussain Bin Abdullah Bin Sina Abu Ali., Arjozia Sinayia (Arjozia Sinayia Fil Tibb).
Manuscript
66
S.No 10
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 1580
Ownership Islamia College University Library
Peshawar
Title Qanoon Sheikh
Author Ibn Sina
Date 1080 AH, 1669 AD
Language Arabic
Scriber Not Known
Place of Origin Not Known
Material on which written Brown color fragile paper
Theme Medicine, diseases and its treatment
Size of Manuscript 13x9 cm
Size of Text 22x4cm
No. of Lines 27
No. of Folios 245
Folios Dimension 30x17cm
Ink Black and red
Type of Binding Hard binding with red leather
Pages 490
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Thick, brown and fragile paper
Condition Good
Status Complete152
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
152
Hussain Bin Abdullah Bin Sina Abu Ali (Ibn Sina)., Qanoon Sheikh. Manuscript 1669
67
Annotation
This manuscript is a very informative medical treatise and one of the rarest
works on the subject. It is a part of a large collection comprising on 13
volume under the title Al-Qanoon.153
S.No 11
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 166
Ownership Central Library, University of
Peshawar
Title Qanoon Sheikh
Author Ibn Sina
Date 1080AH/ 1669AD
Language Arabic
Scriber Not Known
Place of Origin Not Known
Material on which written Half white thin paper fragile
Theme Different diseases and its treatment
Size of Manuscript 33.5x22 cm
Size of Text 23x14cm
No. of Lines 33
No. of Folios 75
Folios Dimension 33x21
Ink Black and red
Type of Binding Leather binding
Pages 158
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Half white thin fragile paper
Condition Good
153
Sarton, G. Avicenna; Physician, Scientist, Philosopher. Bull. New Academy of
Medicine, 1955, pp. 31:307-317
68
Status Complete154
Repository/Institution Central Library, University of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
See S.No 10
S.No 12
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 1580
Ownership Islamia College University Peshawar,
Library
Title Qanoon Sheikh Ruba-Maal-E-Jat
Author Hussain Bin Abdullah Bin Sina Abu Ali
(Ibn Sina)
Date 1243 AH/1827AD
Language Arabic
Scriber Hakeem Abdullah Peshawari
Place of Origin Peshawar (Pakistan)
Material on which written brown fine quality paper
Theme Medicine and explanation of human body
parts
Size of Manuscript 39x22cm
Size of Text 26x13cm
No. of Lines 28
No. of Folios 678
Folios Dimension 36x14cm
Ink Black
Type of Binding Hard binding
Pages 1356
Style of writing Naskh
154
Hussain Bin Abdullah Bin Sina Abu Ali (Ibn Sina)., Qanoon Sheikh. Manuscript 1669
69
Quality of Paper Brown fine quality paper
Condition Good
Status Complete155
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
The said manuscript is very important medical treatise taken from a huge
volume which is available in six volumes and this work is volume 3156
.
S.No 13
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 1596
Ownership Islamia College University Library
Peshawar
Title Tashreeh Al Aaza
Author Ibn Sina
Date 1251 AH/ 1835 AD
Language Arabic
Scriber Ghulam Jailani
Place of Origin Not known
Material on which written Brown paper
Theme Anatomy
Size of Manuscript 25 x15 cm
Size of Text 16 x8 cm
No. of Lines 15
No. of Folios 129
Folios Dimension 8 x7.5 cm
Ink Black
155
Hussain Bin Abdullah Bin Sina Abu Ali (Ibn Sina)., Qanoon Sheikh Ruba-Maal-E-
Jat. Manuscript, Peshawar 1827
156 Kahya, E., Avicenna. Evaluation of Avicenna’s Anatomical Studies, 1(4), 2000, p 49
70
Type of Binding Black color leather binding
Pages 258
Style of writing Naskh
Quality of Paper Brown paper
Condition Good
Status Complete157
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
Al-Qanon of Ibn Sina, the most prominent and famous written
contribution in field of medicine, has further divided into different
sections and parts under different titles. It is principally a part of Kitab Ul
Qanon and dealt with anatomical sections of the original work.158
Various
commentaries, at different stages and on the text, have also been added by
the author. He also quoted commentary of Ibn Nafees on the anatomy
entitled: Kitab Ul Qanon. The organization of the entire text comprises of
the anatomical section of Kitab Ul Qanon, however, it has incorrectly been
catalogued under the title of Rasala Fil Tashrih159
.
This work has been reproduced in various places by different scribers,
such as Ishak, who was a physician in Shahr Daylaman, a small town in
Persia, situated at the South-West of Lahijan, near Caspian Sea.160
Another copy of it had been reproduced by Muhammad Rafi Bin
Abdullah, who was born in Tabriz and resided in 1705 AD at Asfahan.
157
Hussain Bin Abdullah Bin Sina Abu Ali (Ibn Sina), Tashreeh Al Aaza. Manuscript
1835.
158 Ergin, O., Ibn Sina Bibliography: In the Great Turk and Medicine Master Ibn Sina.
Istanbul 1937
159 Heath, P., Allegory and Philosophy in Avicenna. University of Pennsylvania Press,
Philadelphia 1992
160 Darmani, N. A., Avicenna: The Prince of Physicians and a Giant in Pharmacology.
71
Muhammad Amin, who remained a chief physician in Syria, had also
reproduced the text in 1840 AD161
.
S.No 14
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 1645
Ownership Islamia College University Library
Peshawar
Title Ilm Al Adwiyah Qanon Skeikh
Author Ibn Sina
Date Not known
Language Arabic
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Not known
Material on which written Fragile brown thick paper with margins
Theme Various medicines and its formations
Size of Manuscript 23x 16 cm
Size of Text 18 x 12 cm
No. of Lines 20
No. of Folios 184
Folios Dimension 14 x 9 cm
Ink Black
Type of Binding Hard red leather binding
Pages 367
Style of writing Naskh , Nastaleeq and kufic
Quality of Paper Fragile brown thick paper
Condition Poor, Miserable
Status Complete162
161
Shah,M. H., The General Principles of Avicena’s Canoon of Medicine. Naveed Clinic,
Karachi 1966
162 Hussain Bin Abdullah Bin Sina Abu Ali (Ibn Sina), Ilm Al Adwiyah Qanon Skeikh.
Manuscript.
72
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
Ibn Sina is one of the greatest Central Asian writers, who produced
masterpieces on medicine. He became popular from his well-known work
entitled: Al-Qanon, which has later been translated in numerous
languages. He was a prolific writer in both Arabic and Persian
languages163
. He produced on each and every branch of sciences and his
other contribution, such as Kitaul Shifa, also gained popularity amongst
intellectuals of the Europeans and of Muslim world.164
It is another effort,
in the medical sciences, of the said author. His work contains an
introduction, a conclusion and three commentaries with regard to the
related works at the end. It has also been written in three different styles
such as Naskh, Nastaleeq and Kufic165
. After physical verification of the
whole text and consultation with different professionals, it has been noted
that he consulted different scribbles for writing this manuscript. He came
to conclusion that this work had been produced before writings such as Al-
Qanon and Al-Shifa.166
This manuscript has subsequently been published
in India and later on in Tehran. It is also digitalized through E-sources and
different institutions including: British Museum. Some of the institutions
in China claim of possessing the original of the same manuscript.
163
Shah,M. H., The General Principles of Avicena’s Canoon of Medicine. Naveed Clinic,
Karachi 1966
164 Rahman,S.Z., & Virak,Z., Ibn Sina’s Canon Of Medicine. Ibn Sina academy, Aligarh
2012
165 Jun, E.I.,Akpin,C.,& Izgi,C., A Catalogue of Islamic Medical Manuscripts in the
Libraries of Turkey: Arabic, Turkish and Persian. Islamic History, Art and Culture
Research Center Istanbul, Turkey 1984
166 Zahoor,A., Abu Ali Al Hussain Ibn Abdullah: Ibnsina ( Avicenna).
73
S.No 15
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 1655
Ownership Islamia College University Library
Peshawar
Title Jamma Tul Fawaid
Author Yousaf Bin Muhammad (Yousafi)
Date Not known
Language Persian
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Afghanistan
Material on which written Fragile brown thick paper
Theme Identification of diseases & its treatment
Size of Manuscript 23 x 15 cm
Size of Text 16 x 9 cm
No. of Lines 21
No. of Folios 104
Folios Dimension 14 x 12 cm
Ink Black
Type of Binding Hard leather binding with black color
Pages 208
Style of writing Nasteelaq
Quality of Paper Brown thick paper
Condition Fair
Status Incomplete167
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
167
Yousaf Bin Muhammad, Jamma Tul Fawaid. Manuscript. Afghanistan.
74
Annotation
It is a medical discourse, which deals with the prescription of various
disease of human body, mostly relevant to head injuries. It is an extension
of the author’s own work entitled: Alaj ul Amraz, which was an immense
volume of the eleventh century.168
Its text has been divided into three
parts. Its first part contains commentaries on variety of works dealing head
injuries; the second part aims to explain various kinds of head diseases and
their treatment. Third part elucidates the formulation of the medicine and
identifies affects of head injuries on the other parts of human body. The
first and third part of the text is incomplete, whereas, the second part in
complete form169
.
The said manuscript has been published by Department of information and
Islamia art Tehran. Other copies of the same manuscript have found in
Brokal Mal, Makataba Islamia Shuj Kwait and Makataba Islamia Fil
Katab Iraq, Samdani personal collection.
S.No 16
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 1627
Ownership Islamia College University Library
Peshawar
Title Shifa-Al-Halal ( Tuhafa-e- Khani )
Author M. Bin M.Abdullah
Date 1037 AH/ 1627 AD
Language Persian
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Afghanistan
168
Pormann,P. E., Smith. E., Medieval Islamic Medicine. Georgetown University Press,
Washington, D.C 2007
169 Ghori, S. A.K., Siddiqui, T. & Ali, S.A., A Catalogue of Arabic and Persian Medical
Manuscript in the Library of Institute of History of Medical and Medical Research, vol. I.
Institute of History of Medicine and Medical Research, New Dehli.
75
Material on which written Brown thick paper
Theme Teeth diseases and its treatment
Size of Manuscript 23 x 15 cm
Size of Text 16 x 8 cm
No. of Lines 21
No. of Folios 103
Folios Dimension 8 x 7 cm
Ink Black
Type of Binding Hard binding covered with printed cloth
Pages 806
Style of writing Naskh
Quality of Paper Fragile brown paper
Condition Good
Status Complete170
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Abdullah Ibn Muhammad, during
seventeenth century, was a great Muslim physician, whose written
contributions, in Muslim sciences, are in great numbers171
. He was born in
Iran and acquired most of his education in Iran. He remained a student of
seeking hikmat under supervision of prominent hakeems172
. Later on, he
was migrated to Afghanistan to join the group of hakeems at the court of
the Mughal. It is also known as Tuhfa-A-Khani-Fil-Tibb, which has been
divided in four parts along with preface at the preliminary pages and a
170
Muhammad Bin Muhammad Abdullah, Shifa-Al-Halal (Tuhafa-e- Khani ).
Manuscript. Afghanistan 1627
171 Nasr, S.H., Islamic Science. World of Islamic Festival Publishing, England 1976, p
270
172 Wickens, G.M., The Middle East As A World Centre Of Science & Medicine. In
Savory, R.M., (ed.). Introduction to Islamic Civilization. Cambridge university press,
1976, pp. 110
76
nateja at the end of the work. It is a voluminous work, which provides
prescriptions over one hundred seventy diseases including: first part
highlights the symptoms of the diseases and second part has discussed and
analyzed the data, already available on the subject. Whereas, it also
identifies impact, in its third part, by investigating various medicines and
their usage for the diseases and the fourth phase aims to explore the
formulation of those medicines173
.
The Mughal emperors used this manuscript at their court and also kept it
along with them during travel abroad. Some of the sources confirm the
preservation of small copies of this heavy volume by the Mughal
Emperors.174
It depicts an authentic approach of the author, which has
later on been taught as text at various maktabs and madrassas175
. Its copies
can be obtained from Maktubal Islamia Tehran. It has also been published
at Tehran by the Department of Information and Islamic Art.
S.No 17
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 1588
Ownership Islamia College University Library
Peshawar
Title Zakhira Khawarzin Shahi
Author Zain Ud Din Ismail Bin Hussain
Date 1034 AH/ 1625 AD
Language Persian
Scriber Muhammad Afzal
173
Muhammad Bin Muhammad Abdullah, Shifa-Al-Halal (Tuhafa-e- Khani ).
Manuscript Afghanistan 1627.
174 Robinson, F., Ottomans-Safavids-Mughals: Shared knowledge and connective
Systems.
175 Shoja, M.M., Tubbs, R.S., The history of anatomy in Persia. Journal of Anatomy
2007, pp. 210:360
77
Place of Origin Khawarzim
Material on which written White best quality paper
Theme Eye disease
Size of Manuscript 38.5 x42.5 cm
Size of Text 26 x 14.5 cm
No. of Lines 30
No. of Folios 593
Folios Dimension 37 x 23 cm
Ink Black
Type of Binding Hard binding in red color leather
Pages 593
Style of writing Naskh
Quality of Paper Best quality fine paper
Condition Good
Status Complete176
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
Zain Ud Din Ismail Bin Hussain Jurjani was a contemporary of the famous
poet Khaqani. He was flourished in the region, of Ala Udin Takush, ruler
of Khawarzin at that time. Ala Udin Takush awarded him for producing
this masterpiece and got numerous copies of it177
. It has been examined
after the physical verification of the text that the author has credited his
work to the ruler of his time, also acknowledged his efforts and interest on
176
Zain Ud Din Ismail Bin Hussain, Zakhira Khawarzin Shahi. Manuscript Khawarzim
1625.
177 Shoja, M.M., Tubbs, R.S., Khalili, M., Khodadoost,K., Loukas,M., & Gadol,A.,
Ismail Jorjani (1042-1137) and His Descriptions of Trigeminal Neuralgia. Hemifacial
Spasm, and Bell’s Palsy, Neurosurgery, 2010, 2(431)
78
the subject.178
Other copies of the same manuscripts are obtainable at
different libraries in India and Makatabul Islamia Tehran.
It is a part of encyclopedic work, which aims to deal with different
diseases with special focus on the eyes. The original work is organized
into twelve volumes. This work is based on Ibn Sina work entitled: Al-
Qanon together with his own experience in the field179
. It has been divided
in ten different parts. Digital form of the work is also available. This work
was used as a text later on in the field of medical science, many copies of
the same manuscripts have been written by different scribers. Other
contribution of the author, in the field, includes: Ajhrad Ud Tibb (The
Aims of Medicine), which was produced somewhere during twelfth
century180
.
S.No 18
Subject Medical Science
Manuscript No 1589
Ownership Islamia College University library
Peshawar,
Title Zakhira-Khawazimi Shahi (vol. 6-10)
Author Zain-ud-Din Ismail Bin Hussain Khan Alvi
Date 1034 AH
178
Jurjani,I., Zakhira Khawarzin Shahi. (Urdu translation by Khan H.H.). New Delhi:
Idara Kitabush Shifa; 2010, 2(8),18-21
178 Ardekani, M.R.S., & Moatar,F., A Research Conducted on the Life and Works of
Hakim Sayyid Ismail Jurjani. Journal of the International Society for the History of
Islamic Medicine, 2005, 4(7), 17
179 Jurjani, A.H., Zakhira Khwar-zam Shahi (H. H. Khan, trans.)., India, Lucknow:
Munshi Nawal Kishore. Tehran 1903, pp 23-24, 171
180 Jorjani, I., Zakhira Khawarzin Shahi. (Manuscript dated 1206). Facsimile of
manuscript Iran Cultural Foundation, Tehran 1976
180 Hosseini, S.F., Alakbarli, F., Ghabili, K., & Shoja, M.M., Hakim Ismail Jorjani
(1042-1137 AD: ): Persian physician and jurist. Archive Obstetrics and Gynecology
Journal, 284(3), 2011, pp 647-50
79
Language Persian
Writer Not known
Place of origin Khawarzim
Material on which written
Manuscript theme
Light brown paper
Pharmacy
Size of Manuscript 28x18+9
Size of text 20x12
No. of lines 21
No. of folios 726
Folios dimension (cm) 26.5x16
Ink Black & red
Type of binding Hard binding
Pages 1452
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of paper Light brown thick paper
Condition of manuscript Good
Status Complete181
Repository /Institution name Islamia College University Peshawar
Source
Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
Zain Ud Din Ismail Ibn Hussain Jurjani was a Persian physician born in
Gorgan (Iran). Apart of his command on the subject of medical he also
learned theological philosophical and ethical sciences182
. He remained a
pupil of Ibn Abi Saddiq, Ahmad Ibn Farrokh and the famous poet
Khaqani183
. He flourished during the reign of Qutb Ud Din Muhammad
181
Zain Ud Din Ismail Bin Hussain, Zakhira Khawarzin Shahi. Manuscript. Khawarzim
1625
182 Jorjani, I., Zakhira Khawarzin Shahi. (Manuscript dated 1206). Facsimile of
manuscript Iran Cultural Foundation, Tehran 1976
183 Ashtiyani,S.C., Zarei,A., & Elahipour, M., Innovations and Discoveries of Jorjani in
Medicine. Journal of Medical Ethics History Medicine, 2(16), 2009
80
who was the ruler of Kharazim. He remained the court physician with Ala
Ud Din Takash who was the son of Qutb Ud Din. Later on, he moved to
Marv and then to Heart184
.
His medical treatise entitled: Zakhira-Khawazimi Shahi is dedicated to
Qutb Ud Din Muhammad. It is an encyclopedic work, the original work
consists of 12 volumes,185
which is a part of that original work. The author
has taken references from the Ibn Sina’s work Al Qanun and added his
own experiences into it186
. The said work deals with the diseases relating
to eyes and the work is divided into ten different chapters. The work has
been later on published from Iran and India. A copy of the original work
can be found in the British Musum Library and Jamatul Ashrafiya Iran.
S.No 19
Subject Medicine Science
Manuscript No 1650
Ownership Islamia College University Peshawar,
Library
Title Qaraleadeen Kaseer (Zakhair Al-Tar )
Author Hakeem M. Alvi Syed M. Hasssan
Date 1199AH/1785 AD
Language Persian
Writer Not known
Place of origin Sheraz (Iran )
Material on which written
Manuscripts theme
Paper good quality
Headache (causes & treatment )
Size of Manuscript 41x22 cm
Size of text 33x15 cm
184
Ibid
185 Jurjani A.H., Khan. H.H. (trans.)., Zakhira Khwarzam Shahi, vol. 1 . Munshi Nawal
Kishore, Lucknow 1903, p 23-24, 171.
186 Jurjani, I., Khan.H.H. (trans.)., Zakhira Khwar-zam Shahi. Munshi Nawal Kishore,
Lucknow
81
No. of lines 27
No. of folios 184
Folios dimension (cm) 30x13 cm
Ink Black
Type of binding Hard binding with red color leather
Pages 366
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of paper Fine color white paper
Condition of manuscript Good
Status Complete187
Repository/Institution name Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
Zakhair Al Tar is a commentary by Hakim Mohammad Hashim Alvi Khan
on well known work Zain Uddin bin Hussain Jurjani entitled: Zakhira-
Khawazimi Shahi. The author was known as eminent physician of his
times, who had command on the formulation of Greek (Unani)
Medicine188
. Formulation of Unani medicine is derived from the works of
Hippocrates (popularly known as, Buqraat). Numerous pupils owned him
as their teacher such as Mohammad Hashim was one of them. Roots of
Unani formulation are imbedded in Central Asia and traced out by the
Arab traders. The Khiljis, Tughlaqs and the Mughals emperors, not only,
provided state patronage to the scholars in the field of Unani medicine, but
also employed them as court physicians189
. It is written in an elegant style
and has been divided into four different sections. The author has stressed
upon mostly diseases concerning to head. The work also contains an
introduction and a Natija. There is a list of those ingredients which are
used in the formation of those medicines which the author has mentioned
187
Alvi, H.M., Hassan, S.M., Qaraleadeen Kaseer. Manuscript. Sheraz, Iran 1785
188 Bender, C. A. Great Moments in Pharmacy: A history of pharmacy in pictures.
Nortwood Institute Press, Detriot 1967
189 Ibid
82
in the text of the manuscripts.190 Other copy of the same manuscript can be
found in the private collection of Mr. Ismail Hussain in his personal
Library in Hangu Maktaba-e-Makhtotat-e-Islamia, but that copy is
incomplete in status as it contains less pages and the researcher came to
know after evaluation that the end pages of the manuscript are missing.
Sources also confirm that the original copy of the work has been translated
into many languages and, hence, published in parts191
.
No 20
Subject Medical Science
Manuscript No 1690
Ownership Islamia College University Library
Peshawar
Title Sharh Hayakal-Al-Noor
Author Abdul Fatha Yahya Bin Habash
Date 1014 AH/1605 AD
Language Arabic
Writer Not known
Place of origin Not known
Material on which written
Manuscript theme
Brown thick fine quality paper
Introduction on basics of pharmacy
Size of Manuscript 19x13+1 cm
Size of text 13x7cm
No. of lines 21
No. of folios 66
Folios dimension (cm) 19x12
Ink Black
190
Shoja, M.M., Tubbs, R.S., The History of Anatomy in Persia. Journal of Anatomy,
210(361), 2007
191 Albatshan,E.M., Rare Arabic Manuscripts In India. Manuscripts In India, 93 (2-3), pp.
391-428
83
Type of binding Hard binding with red color leather
Pages 133
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of paper Brown thick paper fine quality
Condition of manuscript Good
Status Complete192
Repository / institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
Jalal al-Din Muhammad Ibn As'ad al-Dawani was born in 1426AD at
Kazarun of Iran, a village of Dawan. He got his early education from his
father, who also remained as pupil of Sayyid al-Sharif Al-Jurjani
(d. AH 816/AD 1413). He was well known for his literary and teaching
potentials during his times, and worked for numerous years at the court of
the Timurid rulers. He also became popular as teacher in various madrasas
(seminaries) such as Begum madrasa (Dar al-Aytam) at Shiraz. Moreover,
he also became popular in the west for his well known work entitled:
Akhlaq-e-Jalali. His other recorded works, ranging to seventy, included:
Anwar Rul Al Shafia, Sharah Aqaid e Jilani and Sharah Tajreed193
. This
work entitled: Hayakil Nur, is a commentary on the original work of
Shihab al Din Yahya Ibn Habash Ibn Amirak Abul Futuh Al Suhrawardi,
who was the pioneer of philosophical tradition, such as Illumination
(Ishraqi)194
. It is divided into three different sections and subsections
under various headings and sub headings. The author has very elegantly
explained the formation of different medicine in the text. Apart from this
the author has identified the diseases, which the medicine should be used
192
Abdul Fatha Yahya Bin Habash, Sharh Hayakal-Al-Noor. Manuscript. 1605
193 Sabra, A.H., The Scientific Enterprise. In lewis, B. (Ed.)., The world of Islam. Thames
& Hundson, London 1976, p 185
194 Jun, E.I.,Akpin,C.,& Izgi,C., A Catalogue of Islamic Medical Manuscripts in the
Libraries of Turkey: Arabic, Turkish and Persian. Islamic History, Art and Culture
Research Center, Istanbul 1984
84
for. He also shared his life experiences195
.
Ghulam Jailani got this
manuscript during his pilgrimage for Hajj. He further added that this was
the original copy of the work as other copies were incomplete and they
were written in different styles. This copy has been taken from a local
scriber of Afghanistan196
.
S.No 21
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 143
Ownership Central Library, University of
Peshawar
Title Hall Al-Mujiz
Author M.B.FakhrudDin JamalUdDin Al Qasrai
Date 932 AH/ 1526 AD
Language Arabic
Scriber Hussain Bin Mar Haji Samarqand
Place of Origin Samarqand
Material on which written Brown thin paper
Theme Principle of medicine making
Size of Manuscript 26 x 17cm
Size of Text 20 x12 cm
No. of Lines 27
No. of Folios 196
Folios Dimension 26 x 17 cm
Ink Black and red
Type of Binding Hard binding
Pages 382
195
Meili, A., Al-Naggar, A.H., & Mosa, M.Y. (trans.)., Arab Science and Its Importance
in the Development of World Science. Dar Al-Qalam, Cairo 1962
196 Fazil, A., Fazil, M., & Liban., Lubabul-Maraf-Ul-Illmai: Makataba Darul Illum Ul
Islamia , Makatabah Masriqia. Darul Illum Islamia Peshawar Ki Farasat-I- Katab.
Peshawar, p 300
85
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Fragile, Brown Thin Paper
Condition Good
Status Complete197
Repository/Institution Central Library, University of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
Muhammad bin Muhammad Aqsarai produced a commentary on the work
Mujiz of Ibn Nafees. It is also known as Sharah Mujiz Al Qanon, which is
an encyclopedic work, available in Arabic language, dealing with
medicine198
. It is also claimed to have a copy of the original work. The
grandson of Imam Razi, who began studying medicine from his father and
concluded Mujiz as text book. He studied Brizi and also learnt from Al
Majusi and Najeeb Ud Din Samarqand and, hence, appreciated the efforts
of both the authors in the field of medicine. His date of birth is not known,
however, some sources quote his date of death is 1379. He was a Persian
and worked as physician in his entire life. Sources confirm that most of his
literary production emerged from Samarqand; however, his work
remained as discourse for upcoming generation working in field on
medicine199
.
He is remembered as one of the greatest amongst the authors of the
Muslim world. His other well-known contributions included: Hashaiya Al
Kashaf and Sharah Al Diyah200
. This work has explored the different
terminologies of medical science and their daily usage. Mostly Greek
197
Muhammad Bin Fakhrud- Din- Jamal- Ud-Din Al Qasrai, Hall Al-Mujiz. Manuscript.
Samarqand 1526
198 Ibid,166
199 Lakhtakia, R., A Trio of Examples of Medieval Islamic Medicine: Al Razi, Avicenna
and Ibn Nafis. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal, 14(4), 2014, p 458
200 Masic, I., On Occasion of 80
th Anniversary of Birth of Ibn-Nafis Discoverer of
Cardiac And Pulmonary Circulation. Medical Arth, 64(5), 2010, pp. 309-13
86
medical terminology has been added in the work. At the end of the work,
he has also provided a nomenclature and works of well-known Muslim
scientists201
.
S.No 22
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 1610
Ownership Islamia College University Library
Peshawar
Title Taleef Sharafi
Author Hakim Muhammad Sharaf Khan
Date Not known
Language Persian
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Herat
Material on which written Brown thin color paper
Theme Medicine formation & its importance
Size of Manuscript 23 x18 cm
Size of Text 18 x9 cm
No. of Lines 17
No. of Folios 55
Folios Dimension 23 x13cm
Ink Black
Type of Binding Hard binding
Pages 110
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper fragile Brown color paper
Condition Fair
Status Complete202
201
Muhammad Bin Fakhrud- Din- Jamal- Ud-Din Al Qasrai, Hall Al-Mujiz. Manuscript.
Samarqand 1526
202 Khan, H.M., Taleef Sharaf. Manuscript.
87
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
Hakim Muhammad Sharif Khan was born in eighteenth century in
Uzbekistan and was also known as Sharif Khan Tabeeb and Tabeeb
Sharif. His uncle was a physician and he was very much inspired from
him. Though his father wants him to engage in some other field but he
stressed to be in touch with his uncle. He gained his initial education from
his uncle and than from a known tabeeb of the time “Hakim Masud”. He
started his practice with his uncle. Apart from engaging him in the field of
medicine, he was also enticed to learn different languages including
Arabic, Persian and Turkish203
. He remained a court physician in Shah
Alam II and his son Akbar II. Sources confirm that his literary
contribution emerged during his services as a court physician. There are
different references about his literary contributions but some authors have
misled by quoting him with another physician of the time having the same
name. He dedicated most of his literary contributions to Shah Alam II and
his son Akbar II. He is very well known for his works, which he had
written on Indian drugs204
.
This work is written in Persian language, based on the author personal
experiences. The author had divided the work into two different sections.
He has also added a Natija in the end pages. The first section of the work
introduced with different diseases as well as the terminologies that were
used to identify those diseases. The author also added symptoms of those
diseases.205
The second part included the treatment of those diseases along
with the process of formation of medicine. This work of the author has
203
Axworthy, M., A History of Iran: Empire of the Mind. 2008, p 104
204 Wadood, A., Hamary Ullama Shahi. Haderabad 1907, p 29
205 Brockelmann, C., History of Arabic literature, vol. 2. Brill, Leiden 1937-1942, p 864
88
been later on translated into different languages and published by different
publishers in India and Iran both in parts and as a whole206
.
S.No 23
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 1593/2
Ownership Islamia College University Library
Peshawar
Title Tuhfat Ul Mumineen
Author Hakeem Muhammad Momin Khan
Date Not Known
Language Persian
Scriber Not Known
Place of Origin Not Known
Material on which written Light brown paper
Theme Introduction and basic pharmacy
Size of Manuscript 30x16 cm
Size of Text 21x10cm
No. of Lines 21
No. of Folios 478
Folios Dimension 29x14
Ink Black and Red
Type of Binding Hard Binding
Pages 956
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Light brown, thin paper
Condition Good
Status Complete207
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
206
Storey, C.A., Persian Literature: A Bio-Bibliographical Survey, vol II. Royal Asiatic
Society, London 1971, pp 283-5
207 Khan, H. M., Tuhfat Ul Mumineen. Manuscript.
89
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
Momin Khan Momin, also known as Hakeem Khan, was born in Delhi
(India) in Kashmiri family. His father was a physician by profession who
also served in the Mughal court as a physician. Momin Khan Momin was
also a physician and gained his education in the same field from his
father.208
There were also some other members of his family belonging to
the same profession. The name hakeem was given to him because of his
especiality in the field as the word Hakeem in Urdu language is being used
for physician209
.
Notwithstanding the field of medicine, he also gained knowledge and
having command on other subjects such as mathematics, geometry,
astronomy, algebra, physics, music and philosophy. Momin Khan Momin
gained popularity from his poetic work and known to the Mughal rulers as
one of the greatest poets of the time. He used the word Momin as takhallus
(poetic name).
His work is a literary contribution in the field of pharmacy, which has
been translated into different languages. The work has been published
from Daccan (India) in 1836210
. His work has been divided into 5 sections;
the first section of the work is an introduction including the basics of
medicine formation and the historical background of the formation of
medicine211
. The second section is a dictionary of all those technical
terms, which have been used in the text by the author including the names
of the diseases and the material used for the formation of those medicines.
208
Zouelm, A. & Sadiqqi, Z.A., Iran Shenasi. Quarterly Journal on Persian
Studies,3(11), Tehran 1995, p 17
209 Ghori, S. A.K., Siddiqui, T. & Ali, S.A., A Catalogue of Arabic and Persian Medical
Manuscript in the Library of Institute Of History of Medical and Medical Research, vol.
1. Institute of History of Medicine and Medical Research, New Dehli
210 Razvi, S. A. H., A History of Science, Technology, and Culture in Central Asia, (10),
University of Peshawar, Peshawar 1991, p 352
211 Ahmad, I., Tareek-Kay-Aoraq. Muhammad Ashraf, Lahore 1982, p15
90
The third section of the work deals with the process of formation and its
utilization for different diseases, whereas, the forth section is a Natija212
.
S.No 24
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 1593
Ownership Islamia College University Library
Peshawar
Title Tuhfat Ul Mumineen (part I)
Author Hakeem Muhammad Momin Khan
Date Not Known
Language Persian
Scriber Not Known
Place of Origin Not Known
Material on which written Light brown paper
Theme Introduction and basic pharmacy
Size of Manuscript 30x16 cm
Size of Text 21x10cm
No. of Lines 21
No. of Folios 478
Folios Dimension 29x14
Ink Black and Red
Type of Binding Hard Binding
Pages 956
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Light brown, thin paper
Condition Good
Status Complete213
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
212
Khan, H.M., Tuhfat Ul Mumineen. Manuscript.
213 Khan, H.M., Tuhfat Ul Mumineen. Manuscript
91
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
Tuhfat Ul Mumineen a treatise in Persian language on the subject of
medical that was dedicated to the Shah Sulayman who was the Safa’avid
ruler of Persia during 1666-1694 AD. This is a summary of the actual text
Tuhfat Ul Mumineen by Hakeem Momin Khan Momin214
. The author of
the work has clearly mentioned that these both manuscripts including
summary have been written at the same time. Similarlrly, he also added a
dictionary of the medical terms in the same work, which has been used in
the large treatise215
. The author has also given it a title: Tuhfat Ul
Mumineen (part I). For author description see Manuscript No. 23.
S.No 25
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 156
Ownership Central Library, University Of
Peshawar
Title Dastur-ul-Ilaj
Author Sultan Ali Khorasani
Date 1527 AD
Language Persian
Scriber Not Known
Place of Origin Not Known
Material on which written Half white paper, fragile
Theme Diseases and its treatments
Size of Manuscript 25x15 cm
Size of Text 23x11 cm
No. of Lines 18
214
Razvi, S. A. H., A History of Science, Technology, and Culture in Central Asia, Vol-1.
University of Peshawar, Peshawar 1991, p 352
215 Ahmad, I., Tareek-Kay-Aoraq. Muhammad Ashraf, Lahore 1982, p15
92
No. of Folios 76
Folios Dimension 24x17
Ink Black
Type of Binding Hard binding
Pages 155
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Half white thin fragile paper
Condition Poor
Status Complete216
Repository/Institution Central Library, University Of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
Sultan Ali Khorasani was a known Persian physician of sixteenth century
who was also known as Hakim Ali Tibb Khurasani. His father was a
physician by profession. He gained his initial education from him in
Khorasan217
. Later, he travelled to Transoxiana and from thence onward
to Samarqand with a purpose to enhance his education. He began to write
the said manuscript on the request of Abu-Al Muzaffar Mahmud Shah
Sultan. This work was completed in 1527 AD and the author, thus,
dedicated it to the Sultan218
.
It is a famous treatise dealing with hygiene, the definition of technical
terms in the field of medical science, health and disease. This manuscript
contains chapters, which are further subdivided into sub-headings219
.
216
Khorasani, S.A., Dastur-ul-Ilaj. Manuscript. 1527
217 Dawood, I., Makhtotat-E-Persia. Ferogh-E-Urdu, Lahore, p 43
218 Muhammad, L., Islami Nazaria-E-Taleem. Nafees Academy, Deccan 1978, p 37
219 Sultan Ali Khorasani, Dastur-ul-Ilaj. Manuscript. 1527
93
S.No 26
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 226
Ownership Pashto Academy Library, University of
Peshawar
Title Tibb Sadiq
Author Muhamamd Sadiq Bin Haji Abdullah
Date Not Known
Language Persian
Scriber Not Known
Place of Origin Not known
Material on which written Half white paper
Theme Diagnosis of diseases and its treatment
Size of Manuscript 25x15 cm
Size of Text 19x11cm
No. of Lines 16
No. of Folios 86
Folios Dimension 21x12cm
Ink Black
Type of Binding Black leather binding
Pages 131
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Half white thick paper, fragile
Condition Fair
Status Incomplete220
Repository/Institution Pashto Academy, University of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
220
Abdullah, M.S.B.H., Tibb Sadiq. Manuscript.
94
Annotation
Ibn Abi Sadiq Al Nishaburi, Abu Al Qasim Abdul Rahman Ibn Ali
flourished in the eleventh century who was also known as Ibn Abi Sadiq.
He was a Persian physician, born in Khorasan, and travelled throughout
Central Asia to gain medical knowledge. He was also known for his work
which he contributed in the subject of Muslim philosophy. He remained a
student of Ibn-Sina and was known as the Buqrat-e-Saani (second
Hippocrates)221
. He wrote many commentaries during his time, he
remained a court physician and scholar of Mughal emperor Jehangir222
.
His work was a medical treatise, which is divided into three parts. The
first part of it comprises names of drugs in alphabetical order; second part
deals with the names of diseases; whereas third part describes the
procedure of treatment and the symptoms of diseases. The author has
attached a natija in the end pages, which is totally based on his own
practical experience223
.
S.No 27
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 1625
Ownership Islamia College University Library
Peshawar
Title Nafeesi Sharaha Asbak Wal Alaamat
Author Nafees Bin Aud Karmani
Date 827 AH/ 1423 AD
Language Arabic
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Not known
Material on which written Light brown paper
221
Muhammad, Q., Muslmano Ki Ulmi Khidmat, Nidavat-Ul-Musanifin, Delhi 1950, p
25
222 Muhammad, S., Silsila-E-Tareekh. Makataba-E-Jadeed, Lahore 1921, p 109
223 Abdullah, M.S.B.H., Tibb Sadiq. Manuscript.
95
Theme Diseases and its treatment
Size of Manuscript 27 x20+ 3.7 cm
Size of Text 15 x 8 cm
No. of Lines 19
No. of Folios 288
Folios Dimension 12x6 cm
Ink Black and red
Type of Binding Hard binding covered with cloth
Pages 318
Style of writing Naskh
Quality of Paper Fragile brown color paper
Condition Good
Status Complete224
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
This manuscript is a commentary on work entitled: “Al Asbab Wal
Alamat” of Nagib Ul Din Abu Hameed Muhammad Bin Ali Samarqandi.
It was written on the causes, symptoms and treatment of different diseases
at Samarqand. The work has been written for Ulugh Beg, the then ruler in
1424 AD. Other commentary of Al Karmani on Nagib Ul Din Samarqani
is seemed incomplete because the end of Samarqandi’s encyclopedia is
missing too225
. During the course of eighteenth century, the text has also
been translated in Persian language by Muhammad Akbar, who was also
known as Muhammad Arzani under the titles Akbers Medicines and Tibb-
e-Akbari226
. Though, it is a complete copy, however,227
it does not cover
the end chapters. However, he deliberately did not affix the encyclopedic
224
Karmani, N.B.A., Nafeesi Sharaha Asbak Wal Alaamat. Manuscript. 1423
225 Smet, D.D., The Harmony of Intellect: Neo-Platonism and Gnosticism Ismaili in the
work of Hamid ad-Din al-Kirmani, Louvain, 1995
226 Arzani, M.A., Hussain, M., (trans.)., Tibb-e-Akbar. Faisal Publications, India, p 525
227 Kirmani, A. B. N. B.A., Kabeeruddin, H.K., (trans.)., Kuliyaate Nafisi. New Delhi.
96
work to it. This work is commonly known as Al- Samarqandi
Discourse228
. Other copies of the same manuscript can also be traced out
from Istanbul, Zaiden, Paris, Tehran, India and United Kingdom.
S.No 28
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 165
Ownership Central Library, University of
Peshawar
Title Sharah Tashrih Qanoon Al Sheikh
Author AlaUdDin Ali B. Abu Al Hazm Qureshi
Date Not Known
Language Arabic
Scriber Not Known
Place of Origin Not Known
Material on which written Half white thick and large size paper
Theme Medicine/ diseases and its treatment
Size of Manuscript 33x21.5cm
Size of Text 23x14.5cm
No. of Lines 21
No. of Folios 140
Folios Dimension 32x21cm
Ink Black and red
Type of Binding Leather binding
Pages 28
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Half white fine and large size paper
Condition Very good
Status Complete229
228
Paul. E. Walker, Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani: Ismaili Thought in the Age of al-Hakim,
London, 1999
229 Ala-Ud Din Ali Bin Abu Al Hazm Qureshi, Sharah Tashrih Qanoon Al Sheikh.
97
Repository/Institution Central Library, University Of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
Alaudin Ali Bin Abu Al Hazm Quershi, who was also known as Ibn
Nafees, produced a commentary on Ibn Sina great collection Al-
Qanoon230
. This a small treatise on medicines and diseases, which
provided a brief summary of the above mentioned work231
.
S.No 29
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 151
Ownership Central Library, University of
Peshawar
Title Hudud Ul Imraz
Author Muhammad Akbar Arzani
Date 1190 AH/ 1776AD
Language Persian
Scriber Muhammad Syed Muhammad Baqa
Place of Origin Kabul (Afghanistan)
Material on which written Brown color paper
Theme Medical science dictionary
Size of Manuscript 23x14cm
Size of Text 14x8.5cm
No. of Lines 15
No. of Folios 60
Folios Dimension 22x13.5cm
Ink Black and red
Type of Binding Hard binding
230
Hamarneh,S., Arabic Manuscripts of the National Library of Medicine. Journal for the
History of Arabic Science, 1(99). Washington, D.C., 1977
231 Hamarneh, S., Catalogue of Arabic Manuscripts on Medicine and Pharmacy at the
British Library. Cairo: Egypt 1975
98
Pages 119
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Brown color paper
Condition Fair
Status Complete232
Repository/Institution Central Library, University of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
It is a medical treatise dealing with different secret diseases. The author
has divided the work into three different sections. Initially the work was
written in Arabic language. The first section of the work deals with the
different technical words used in the text, a type of dictionary. The second
section of the work deals with the symptoms of different hidden disease in
human body including both male and female233
. While the third section of
the works explains the process of treatment and the intake of medicine234
.
The translated urdu version of the work is published, however, it has not
yet been completed as some of the diseases have not still been included in
the published work235
. Other copies of the same manuscript can alo be
found in the Library Islamic Consultative, Tehran. The under discussion
manuscript is attached with another manuscript under the title Asrar al
Tib.
232
Arzani, M. A., Hudud Ul Imraz. Manuscript. Kabul 1776
233 Ibid.
234Storey, C.A., Persian Literature: A Bio-Bibliographical Survey, 2(2): E.Medicine.
Royal Asiatic Society, London 1971, p 268
235 Jun, E.I., Akpin, C., & Izgi, C., A Catalogue of Islamic Medical Manuscripts in the
Libraries of Turkey: Arabic, Turkish and Persian. Islamic History, Art and Culture
Research Center, Istanbul 1984
99
S.No 30
Subject Medical science
Manuscript No 1624
Ownership Islamia College University Library
Peshawar
Title Mughni Sharh Mujiz known as Sadidi
Author Sadid-uddin Gazroni
Date Not known
Language Arabic
Writer Not known
Place of origin Not known
Material on which written
Manuscript theme
Half white color
Treatment of various diseases
Size of Manuscript 24x15 cm
Size of text 10x8 cm
No. of lines 18
No. of folios 121
Folios dimension (cm ) 8.3 x 6 cm
Ink Black
Type of binding Hard binding and colored cloth
Pages 176
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of paper Good quality
Condition of manuscript Fair
Status Complete236
Repository/ institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
236
Al Kazaruni., Sadid-uddin Gazroni. Manuscript.
100
Annotation
Sadid Ud Din Muhammad Ibn Masud Al Kazaruni was a very well known
physician from Kazerun (Iran). He gained popularity from his
commentaries such as Al Mughi fi Sharah al Mujiz and Materia Medica237
.
Apart from his literary contributions in the field of sciences, he also wrote
a biography of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), which was originally
written in Arabic and then translated into different languages later on238
.
This work is a commentary on Ibn Nafis work Muziz239
.
S.No 31
Subject Medical science
Manuscript No 1621
Ownership Islamia College University Library
Peshawar
Title Kitab-al-Iqna
Author Abul Hassan Saeed B.HibatUllah Alfalsfi
Date 481AH
Language Arabic
Writer Ahmad Bin Muhammad Bin Pinhan
Place of origin Not known
Material on which written
Manuscript theme
Good quality paper
Diseases and its treatment
Size of Manuscript 23.5x16+8
Size of text 17x12.5
No. of lines 21
237
Sadiduddin, G., Al Mughi fi Sharah al Mujiz. The Education Press, Calcutta, 1832, pp
691-692
238 Edward, R., Hermann, E., & Ashraful, M.., A Descriptive Catalogue of the Arabic and
Persian Manuscripts in Edinburg University Library. Hertford s. Austin & Sons Ltd.,
1925
239 Kabiruddin, M., Kulliyat Nafeesi Mukammil. Idara Matbuaate Sulaimani, Lahore
1934
101
No. of folios 347
Folios dimension (cm) 19x14
Ink Black
Type of binding Hard binding
Pages 693
Style of writing Naskh
Quality of paper White thick paper
Condition of manuscript Good
Status Complete240
Repository/ institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
The author of this manuscript was Abul Hassan Saeed Bin Hibataul Ullah
Al Tabib, who was a surgeon of great stature and remained at the court of
Bamir Ullah as his court physician.241
This manuscript was written in four
editions having the name of Kiatbal Iqna242
. The manuscript is a
translation of the original Greek books on the topic along with the
personal experiences of the author. It is a comprehensive study of
mechanisms, which has elegantly been explained by the author including
details of both minor and major surgeries243
. Another copy of this
manuscript can also be found in Al Beruni medical library in Tashkent.
Apart from this book, Abdul Hassan also produced literary contributions
in the fields of philosophy and medicine. Other known works of the author
are Kitabal Khalqat and Al Hudod Al Faraq244
.
240
Abul-Hassan Saeed Bin Hibat-Ullah., Alfalsfi Al Tabib, Kitab-al-Iqna. Manuscript.
481AH
241 Iskandar, A.Z., A Catalogue of Arabic Manuscripts on Medicine and Science in the
Welcome Historical Library. Welcome Historical Medical Library, London 1967
242 Morani, H., & Montasir, A.H., Reading in the History of Arabic Sciences. University
of Mousil, Iraq 1974
243 Ibid.
244 Fazil, A., Fazil, M., & Liban., Lubabul-Maraf-Ul-Illmai: Makataba Darul Illum Ul
Islamia , Makatabah Masriqia. Darul Illum Islamia Peshawar Ki Farasat-I- Katab. p 296
102
S.No 32
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 1642
Ownership Islamia College University Library
Peshawar
Title Kitab Majul Al Isam Dar Allam
Author Mansoor Ibn Ilyas
Date Not Known
Language Persian
Scriber Not Known
Place of Origin Not Known
Material on which written Fine Half White Paper
Theme Medical concepts, diseases & treatment
Size of Manuscript 24.5x17.5 cm
Size of Text 18x11cm
No. of Lines 17
No. of Folios 89
Folios Dimension 22x20
Ink Black
Type of Binding Hard binding
Pages 178
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Half white fine paper
Condition Good
Status Complete245
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
245
Mansur Ibn Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Ibn Yousaf Ibn Ilyas, Kitab Majul Al Isam Dar
Allam. Manuscript.
103
Mansur Ibn Ilyas, a Persian physician, whose real name was Mansur Ibn
Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Ibn Yousaf Ibn Ilyas, was born in Shiraz in late
fourteenth century246
. He belonged to a respectable educated family and
most of his family members were related to different literary fields
including fields of medicine. He gained his initial education from his
relatives247
. He travelled to Tabriz, Herat, Samarqand and Tashqand to
enhance knowledge in the field. As the family had a rich scientific
background of literary works. He also started writing in the field of
medical science248
. Apart from educating himself in the field, he also got
command on different languages such as Persian, Arabic and Turkish. He
is very well known for his coloured atlas of human, commonly known as
“Mansur anatomy”249
. His other literary contributions are:
i. Kifaya Mansuri
ii. Tashtihi Mansuri
iii. Tashrihi-I-Badan-I-Insan250
( Mansur anatomy)
The manuscript is an analysis on his own work “Mansur’s anatomy”. He
not only described the chart of human body but also he quoted the other
historians, who quoted him.251
He also appreciated the efforts, made by
different Muslim scientists.
246
Zarshenas, M.M., Zargaran, A., Mehdizadeh, A. & Mohagheghzadeh, A. Mansur Ibn
Ilyas (1380-1422 AD): A Persian Anatomist and His Book of Anatonomy, Tashrih-I-
Mansuri. Journal of Medical Biography, 24(1), 2016, pp 67-71
247 Zakariya, M.A., Kitabul Mansoori. CCRUM. Dept of AYUSH, Ministry of H & FW.
Govt. of India, New Delhi 1991
248 Fazil,A., Fazil,M., & Liban., Lubabul-Maraf-Ul-Illmai: Makataba Darul Illum Ul
Islamia , Makatabah Masriqia. Darul Illum Islamia Peshawar Ki Farasat-I- Katab, p 297
249J. Newman, A., Tashrīḥ-i Manṣūr-i: Human Anatomy between the Galen and
Prophetical Medical Traditions. French Research Institute in Iran, Tehran 1998, pp. 253–
271.
250 Man r ibn Mu ammad ibn A mad, Tashr al-badan active 14th century. Islamic
Culture and the Medical Arts," NLM, Sept. 12, 1994-Jan. 13, 1995.
251 Russell, G., & Elyas,E., Encyclopeadia Iranica. vol. 8, pp 16–20
104
S.No 33
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 1617
Ownership Islamia College University Library,
Peshawar
Title Qanoon Cha
Author Muhammad Bin Umar Chaghmini
Date Not known
Language Arabic
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Pakistan
Material on which written Fragile brown thick paper
Theme Diseases and its treatments
Size of Manuscript 22 x 14 cm
Size of Text 16 x 9 cm
No. of Lines 11
No. of Folios 73
Folios Dimension 22 x 13 cm
Ink Black
Type of Binding Black color leather binding
Pages 146
Style of writing Naskh
Quality of Paper Brown color paper
Condition Good
Status Complete252
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
252
Mommand Ibn Muhammad Ibn Umar Chaghmini, Qanoon Cha. Manuscript. Pakistan
105
Annotation
Mommand Ibn Muhammad Ibn Umar Chaghmini was also known as
Sharaf Ul Din Muhammand Ibn Muhammad Ibn Umar Al Chagmini al
Khwarizmi, a Muslim physician, who was born in Chagmini, at a village
near Kharazm (Khiva), now Uzbekistan. He selected some of the famous
diseases, from Al-Qanon of Ibn Sina, in Arabic language and also
reproduced it in Persian language, under the title of Qanon Cha. He
analyzed it by appreciating both the original work and the author. This
work gained popularity amongst other eminent intellectuals of time, as the
text was written and readable in Persian language. Various authors had
produced commentaries on this work. He also produced other
contributions, both in Persian and Arabic languages253
. However, very
little was known with regard to the author that created confusion, between
him and Chagmini, who was also known as contemporary physician254
.
However, some authors also began speculating that Chagmini lived after
Nasir Din Tusi, as Chagmini quoted his works in several occasions255
.
Rest of its copies can be obtained from Mataba Tul Turkya, Turkey (S.No
184) and Brokal Alman, Germany.
S.No 33
Subject Medical science
Manuscript No 1617
Ownership Islamia College University Library
Peshawar
Title Qanoon cha
253
Batirel, H.F., Early Islamic Physicians and Thorax. Anotonomy Thorac Surgery, 67(2),
1999 pp. 578-80. Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed
254 Iskander, A.Z., A Descriptive List of Arabic Manuscript on Medicine and Science at
the University of California. E.J. Brill, Los Angles1984
255 Nawshahi, A., Fihrist-i nushkhah ha-yi khatti-i Farsi-i. Muzah-i Milli-i Pakistan.
Nigashtah -i Sayyid. Markaz-i Tahqiqat-i Farsi-i Iran va Pakistan in Islamabad, Karachi
1983, p 179
106
Author Mahmud Bin Umar Chaghmini
Date In the era of Ahmad Shah Abdali
Language Arabic
Writer Muhammad Bin Saad-ud-Di Qadri
Place of origin Not known
Materialon which written
Manuscript theme
Half white fine paper
Medical description
Size of Manuscript 22.5x15
Size of text 15x9
No. of lines 11
No. of folios 73
Folios dimension(cm) 22x15.5
Ink Black
Type of binding Hard binding
Pages 144
Style of writing Naskh
Quality of paper Fine paper
Condition of manuscript Good
Status Complete256
Repository / institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
The author of this manuscript is Mahmud Ibn Muhammad Ibn Umar
Chagmini, a Persian, who was born in Khargem (Khiva), now Uzbekistan.
The personal life of the author is little known and historians have often
confused him with another physician by the same name. Most probably,
the author flourished after Nasir Al Din Al Tusi.
Other copies of the manuscript can be found in the private collection of
Samdani, however, pages are in less number. This work was used as a text
book for the students of medicines in his time. Mahumad Ibn Muhammd is
256
Mommand Ibn Muhammad Ibn Umar Chaghmini, Qanoon Cha. Manuscript. Pakistan
107
also known for his astronomical work Al Mulakhass Fi Al Haya Al
Basita257
.
S.No 35
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 1647
Ownership Islamia College University Library
Peshawar
Title Akhatayarat-e-Badleai
Author Sheikh Ali Ibn Husain Al-Ansari
Date 770 AH
Language Persian
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Not known
Material on which written Thick good quality paper
Theme Various diseases and its treatment
Size of Manuscript 18x3 cm
Size of Text 14x7 cm
No. of Lines 21
No. of Folios 16
Folios Dimension 18x13.5 cm
Ink Black
Type of Binding Hard binding
Pages 32
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Half white thick fine paper
Condition Good
Status Complete258
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
257
Major, R. H., A History of Medicine. CC Thomas Publisher, Springfield, Illinois 1954,
Barni, S.H., Tarekh-E-Shakhsiyat. Sind Sagar Academy, Lahore 1958
258 Sheikh Ali Ibn Husain Al-Ansari, Akhatayarat-e-Badleai. Manuscript. 770 AH
108
Annotation
Ali Ibn Hussain Al-Ansari was a Persian physician of the fourteenth
century, who was also commonly known as Haji Zain Atar. He was born
in Shiraz. He left for Samarqand to enhance his education in the field of
medical sciences.259
The author also remained in the court of Shah Shuja
during 1358-1384. Very little has been known about the author as he had
been quoted by different subnames in historical records260
.
It is rare work that is available in the historical records. Different copies of
the said work are available in different private and academic institutions
such as Islamic Medical Manuscripts, National Library Of Medicine,
Faharasati Makhtot Al Tibb Islamia Fi Maktabi Al Tanoya Ilami Tibb,
Makhtotat Makatabi Al Haj Hadayati Iran, Institute Of Oriental Culture
Tokyo and Culture And Artistic Institute Iran. The manuscript initially
published in 1771 and later on published by Oxford University in 1875261
.
S.No 36
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 1609/1
Ownership Islamia College University Library
Peshawar
Title Rubaiyat Yusufi
Author Yousaf Bin M. Bin Yousaf Tuyab Heravi
Date 944 AH/1537 AD
Language Persian
Scriber Not Known
259
Ramezany,F., & Ardakani, M.R., Ali Ibn Hosein Ansari ( 1330-1401): A Persian
Pharmacist and his Pharmacoedia Ektiyarat-I-Bad-I. Journal of Medical Biography,
19(2), 2011, pp 80-3
260 Richter-Bernburg, L., Persian Medical Manuscripts at the University of California,
Los Angeles: A Descriptive Catalogue, vol. 4 . Udena Publications, Humana Civilitas,
Malibu 1978, p 32
261 Ibid p 33
109
Place of Origin Not Known
Material on which written Brown thin, fragile paper
Theme Diseases and treatment
Size of Manuscript 18x14+4 cm
Size of Text 14x7cm
No. of Lines 13
No. of Folios 126
Folios Dimension 18x8.5cm
Ink Black
Type of Binding Hard binding
Pages 252
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Brown thin paper, fragile
Condition Poor
Status Complete262
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
Yousaf Bin Muhammad Bin Yousaf Tuyab Heravi was a known physician
who was born in Khorasan and got his early education from Khorasan.
Later on, he moved to Herat and then to India, Where Zahir Uddin
engaged him in court as a court physician263
.
The known Yousafi Risala was originated by him, which was initially
dedicated to Babar and then to Humayoon after the death of Babar. The
author worked with Humayoon too. Some of his known works are Risala
Mozlom Elaj Ul Amraz (Persian), which dealt with the treatment of
different diseases. His Jamail Fawaid Ya Tibb Yusafi was an analytical
approach towards the already available works in the subject of medicine,
262
Yousaf Bin Muhammad Bin Yousaf Tuyab Heravi, Rubaiyat Yusuf. Manuscript. 1537
263 Razvi, S. A. H., A History of Science, Technology, and Culture in Central Asia, Vol-1.
University of Peshawar, Peshawar 1991, p 353
110
penned by different Muslim scholar of the time264
. Some other known
works are Fawaid Al Yousafi (Persian) and Fawaid Al Akhyar (Arabic).
Apart from it, he gained popularity by composing an alphabetical medical
dictionary and an encyclopedia. The encyclopedia was about the
prominent physicians in the Muslim history and of the time with the works
in the alphabetical order. In Europe, he was known for his famous work
Jawahir Al Lughah Wa Bahar Al Jawahir and Ainul Hayat. This
manuscript contains a preface and a natija. The author has divided the
works in 4 different sections including chapter on children diseases265
.
This work was also used as a text for the students. A copy of the same
manuscript can also be found at the personal library of Samdani. Baqir
Mehai conducted his research on the said manuscript.
S.No 37
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 1609/2
Ownership Islamia College University Library,
Peshawar
Title Tibb-E-Yousafi
Author Abu Al Hassan M. Ibn Yousuf Al Amiri
Date 1164 AH/ 1750 AD
Language Arabic
Scriber Not Known
Place of Origin Not Known
Material on which written Brown paper, fine quality
Theme Diseases and its treatment
Size of Manuscript 27x17 cm
Size of Text 21x10cm
No. of Lines 21
264
Catalogue of Persian Medical Manuscript in Istanbul. University Department of
Library and Documentation Istanbul. Retrieved from http://katalog.istanbul.edu.
265 Yousaf Bin Muhammad Bin Yousaf Tuyab Heravi, Rubaiyat Yusuf. Manuscript. 1537
111
No. of Folios 416
Folios Dimension 27x17
Ink Black
Type of Binding Hard black leather binding
Pages 832
Style of writing Naskh
Quality of Paper Brown color fine paper
Condition Very Good
Status Complete266
Repository/Institution Islamia College University, Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
Abu Al Hassan Muhammad Ibn Yousaf Al Amiri was born in Nishspur,
Khorasan (Iran). He was also known as Abu Al Hassan Muhammad Ibn
Yousaf Al Amiri Nishapuri. He gained his initial education from Khorasan
under the supervision of Abu Zayd Al Balkhi. Later on, he moved to
Baghdad and me intellectuals like A-Tawhidi and Ibn Miskawayah.
Through, he wrote on many subjects along with command, however, he
was very well known as a theologian and philosophies. He tried to focus
the basis of philosophy. He spent most of his time in Baghdad and
travelled frequently and died in Nishapur267
.
Abu Al Hassan Muhammad Ibn Yousaf Al Amiri was a prolific writer of
Muslim history. He was from Persian origin who had produced writings
on many subjects including metaphysics, biology, medicine, Sufism,
philosophy and interpretation of Holy Quran268
. His main works included:
i. Kitab Al Amad Ala I-Abad
ii. Al Taqir Liawjuh Al Taqdir
iii. Inqadh Al Basher Min-Al Jahr Wal Qadar.
266
Abu Al Hassan Muhammad Ibn Yousuf Al Amiri, Tibb-E-Yousafi. Manuscript. 1750
267Osler, W., The Evolution of Modern Science. Yale University Press, New Haven 1921
268 Youssefi, Tibb-E-Yousafi. Youssefi’s Medicine, Lahore 1927
112
S.No 38
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 1608
Ownership Islamia College University Library,
Peshawar
Title Hashia Sharh Asbab Wal Alawat
Author Burhan Uddin Karmani
Date Not Known
Language Arabic
Scriber Not Known
Place of Origin Samarqand
Material on which written Brown paper, fine quality
Theme Stomach, kidney Diseases and its treatment
Size of Manuscript 30x19 cm
Size of Text 21x11cm
No. of Lines 21
No. of Folios 346
Folios Dimension 29.5x18
Ink Black and red
Type of Binding Hard binding
Pages 692
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Brown color fine paper
Condition Fair
Status Complete269
Repository/Institution Islamia College University, Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
269
Burhan Uddin Nafis Ibn Iwad Karmani, Hashia Sharh Asbab Wal Alawat. Manuscript.
Samarqand
113
Annotation
Burhan Uddin Karmani also known as Burhan Uddin Nafis Ibn Iwad
Karmani, was born in Karman. His father was also a known physician and,
hence, he gained his initial education from his father and later started
practice under supervision of his father270
. He was a court physician under
Ulgh Beg and dedicated his work to Ulgh Beg. This work gained a great
deal of popularity and, hence, various commentaries had been developed
on it271
. His most of the literary works on the subject of medicine emerged
during his services as court physician in Samarqand, some of his works
were Sharah Muzaj Al Qanon Li Ibn Sina Fi Al Tibb, Sharah Al Asbab
Wa Al Alamat, Sharah Al Amrad Al Juziyah and Kitab Al Fusul. Ibn
Nafis and Hakim Nafis were two different Muslim scholars.
“Hashia Sharah Asbad Wa Alamat” is a commentary on the original work
“Asbab Wa Alaamat” of Najib Al Din Hamid Muhamamd Ibn Ali Ibn
Umar. It is an authentic and informative manuscript which contains useful
information on the sign, reasons of various diseases and its treatment. As
the author remained a popular hakim of his time, however, he had added
his own practical experiences in the text on different pages272
. His work
can also be found in some of the libraries of Iran, however, the status is
incomplete as those copies contain less number of pages. The author also
added a natija and index of the names of the diseases at the end273
.
270
Fazil, M., Nikhat, S., & Akram, M., Diabetes: From Ancient to Modern Era. Journal
of International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine (ISHIM), 167, 2013-2014.
Retrieved from www.ishim.com
271 Paul. E. Walker, Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani: Ismaili Thought in the Age of al-Hakim.
London 1999
272 Allama Burhanuddin Nafees bin Auz Kirmani, Kabeeruddin, H.K., (trans.)., Sharh
Asbab Wal Alawat, (Urdu Translation). Idare Kitab us Shifa, New Delhi
273 Burhan Uddin Nafis Ibn Iwad Karmani, Hashia Sharh Asbab Wal Alawat. Manuscript.
Samarqand
114
S.No 39
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No Not known
Ownership Islamia College University Library,
Peshawar
Title Sharh Asbab Wal Alawat
Author Burhan Ud Din Kirmani
Date 1180 AH/1766AD
Language Arabic
Scriber Not Known
Place of Origin Samarqand
Material on which written Brown paper, insects eaten
Theme different types of Diseases and its treatment
Size of Manuscript 28 x21+5 cm
Size of Text 16x14cm
No. of Lines 17
No. of Folios 20
Folios Dimension 26x21
Ink Black and red
Type of Binding Red leather binding
Pages 57
Style of writing Naskh
Quality of Paper Brown insects eaten, fragile paper
Condition Good
Status Complete274
Repository/Institution Islamia College University, Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
274
Burhan Uddin Nafis Ibn Iwad Karmani, Sharh Asbab Wal Alawat. Manuscript.
Samarqand 1766
115
Annotation
“Sharh Asbab Wal Alamat” is a dictionary, written by Burhan Ud Din
Kirmani who is also known as Burhan Ud Din Nafis Ibn Iwad Kirmani,
commonly known as Hakim Nafis.275
The dictionary was written along
with his commentary entitled: “Hashia Sharah Asbab Ul Alamat” on the
original work of Najib Uddin Hamid Muhammad Ibn Ali Ibn Umar title
Asbabul Wa Alamat276
. The dictionary contains the definitions of those
medical terms which were used in the Hasyia Sharah Asbab Ul Alamat277
.
This manuscript is attached with another manuscript relating to Islamic
History. A dictionary is also attached in Hashiya Sharah Asbad Al Alamat
in the end pages, however, that dictionary contains less pages as compare
to the under discussion dictionary278
. A copy of this manuscript can also
be found in the personal collection of Samdani (for the futhor description
see serial No. 38).
S.No 40
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No Not Given
Ownership Central Library, University Of Peshawar
Title Hashia Sharh Asbab Wal Alawat
Author Burhan Uddin Karmani
Date 1285 AH/ 1868AD
Language Arabic
Scriber Muhammad Al Husaini Al Qummi
Place of Origin Samarqand
Material on which written Good light brown paper
275
Retrieved from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/arabic/EP2_EP5.html
276 Daftary, F., The Ismailis: Their History and Doctrines. Cambridge 1990, p 113
277 Allama Burhanuddin Nafees bin Auz Kirmani, Kabeeruddin, H.K., (trans.)., Sharh
Asbab Wal Alawat, (Urdu Translation). Idare Kitab us Shifa, New Delhi
278 Fazil,A., Fazil,M., & Liban., Lubabul-Maraf-Ul-Illmai: Makataba Darul Illum Ul
Islamia , Makatabah Masriqia. Darul Illum Islamia Peshawar Ki Farasat-I- Katab, p 300
116
Theme Different Diseases and its treatment
Size of Manuscript 30x19 cm
Size of Text 21x11cm
No. of Lines 21
No. of Folios 346
Folios Dimension 29.5x18
Ink Black and red
Type of Binding Leather binding
Pages 551
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Good quality light brown color paper
Condition Good
Status Incomplete279
Repository/Institution Central Library, University of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
See S.No 38
S.No 41
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 1613
Ownership Islamia College University Library,
Peshawar
Title Behrul Jawahir
Author Yousaf Bin Muhammad al-Harwi
Date Not Known
Language Arabic
Scriber Not Known
Place of Origin Not Known
279
Burhan Uddin Nafis Ibn Iwad Karmani, Hashia Sharh Asbab Wal Alawat.
Manuscript. Samarqand 1868
117
Material on which written Thick paper, fragile
Theme dictionary and encyclopedia
Size of Manuscript 28x21 cm
Size of Text 16x14cm
No. of Lines 20
No. of Folios 86
Folios Dimension 26x21
Ink Black
Type of Binding Hard binding
Pages 472
Style of writing Naskh
Quality of Paper Brown thick paper
Condition Good
Status Complete280
Repository/Institution Islamia College University, Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
The author Yousaf Bin Muhammad has been divided this work into three
sections. The first section of the work is a list of different terminologies
related to the human body. Each terminology explains utilization in the
human body in an alphabetical order and it also fully indicates those
terminologies, which would be discussed in the subsequent text281
. The
second section deals with the different diseases of human body starting
from head to leg282
.
A variety of statements, regarding the status of this manuscript, had been
given by the different organization. However, difference in number of
280
Yousaf Bin Muhammad al-Harwi, Behrul Jawahir. Manuscript.
281 Ibid.
282 Youseef. M. H., The Behrool Jawahir: A Medical Dictionary. In The Physician of
Herat edited by Hakeem Abdul Mujeeb. Hakeem Abdul Mujeeb’s Medical Press,
Taltahhah. Calcutta1830. Retrieved from www.al-mostafa.com, accessed on November
11, 2015
118
pages can be seen283
. Other copies of the same manuscripts found in
Maktaba Ashfia, Iran and Welcome Library Of Medicine, London284
.
S.No 42
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 155
Ownership Central Library, University of Peshawar
Title Lughat-Ul-Tibb
Author Muhammad Bin Yousaf Harwi
Date 1291 AH/1874 AD
Language Arabic
Scriber Not Known
Place of Origin Not Known
Material on which written Half white & white fragile paper
Theme Medical terminology
Size of Manuscript 22x14.5cm
Size of Text 14x8.5
No. of Lines 13
No. of Folios 199
Folios Dimension 20x14cm
Ink Black and red
Type of Binding Hard leather binding
Pages 397
Style of writing Nastaleeq
283
A. Z. Iskandar, A Catalogue of Arabic Manuscripts on Medicine and Science in the
Welcome Historical Medical Library. The Wellcome Historical Medical Library, London
1967, pp. 68–9
284A.Z. Iskandar, Jawahir al-lughah wa-Bahr al-jawahir: mu‘jaman mukhtalifan lil-tabib
Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi, al-Mashriq, vol. 57, 1963, pp 331–334
119
Quality of Paper Thin and fragile paper
Condition Fair
Status Incomplete285
Repository/Institution Central Library, University of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
This manuscript is a dictionary of medical terminologies of the time286
.
The author also included the name of diseases and the drugs. This work is
also known as Behr-ul-jawahir287
. This work was later on published from
Hakeem Majeed Medical Press Calcutta, India.
(see futhor description on S.No 36).
S.No 43
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 1583
Ownership Islamia College University Library
Peshawar
Title Anwar- Ul- Wahshi Hasiyah Nafis
Author Ibn Nafis
Date Not Known
Language Arabic
Scriber Not Known
Place of Origin Not Known
Material on which written Half white color paper
Theme Diseases and its treatment
Size of Manuscript 29.5x19 cm
285
Muhammad Bin Yousaf Harwi, Lughat-Ul-Tibb. Manuscript. 1874
286 A.Z. Iskandar, "Jawāhir al-lughah wa-Baḥr al-jawāhir: mu‘jaman mukhtalifan lil-
tabib Mu ammad ibn Y suf al-Haraw " [in Arabic], al-Mashriq, vol. 57, 1963, pp. 331-
334
287 Schullian, D.M., & Sommer, F.E., A Catalogue of Incunabula and Manuscripts in the
Army Medical Library. Henry Schuman, New York 1950, pp 298-99
120
Size of Text 23x13 cm
No. of Lines 23
No. of Folios 336
Folios Dimension 30x13
Ink Black
Type of Binding Hard binding
Pages 756
Style of writing Naskh and Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Half white thin color paper
Condition Good
Status Complete288
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
Ala Al Din Abu Al Hasan Ali Ibn Hazn Al Qarhi Al Dimashaqi was an
Arab physician. He was born in Damascus in the twelveth century. He was
very well known as Ibn Nafees amongst other Muslim physicians. He also
gained popularity from his writings. He was also a philosopher and a Sufi
figure289
. Most of his written works had been used as a text book in the
school of medicine. Sources confirmed that he had more than hundred
literary collections. His works relating to the field of medical science and
philosophy gained more popularity amongst the people of that time. He
was not only known to be the chief physician of that time but also a
reliable amongst the political figures of Muslim290
. Hence, he used to
288
Ala Al Din Abu Al Hasan Ali Ibn Hazn Al Qarhi Al Dimashaqi, Anwar- Ul- Wahshi
Hasiyah Nafis. Manuscript.
289 Lakhtakia, R., A Trio Of Examples Of Medieval Islamic Medicine ; Al Razi,
Avicenna And Ibn Nafis. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal, 2014,14(4): 457.
Epub 2014 oct 14. US National Library Of Medicine National Institute Of Health.
290 Numan, M.T., Ibn Al Nafis: His Seminal Contributions to Cardiology. Pediatric
Cardiology 35(7), 2014, pp. 1088–1090
121
travel to different areas including Central Asia and South Asia for
treatment of different Muslim leaders. He used to leave procedure,
formation and treatment of drug in written form before leaving for another
location291
. This manuscript was written in Samarqand. It is a huge
encyclopedia of medical treatise, which is divided into 17 different
sections including an introduction and a natija. The author explained in
detail different diseases, its drugs and process of formation of the drugs292
.
The author also appreciated the efforts of early different Muslim scholars.
He added his personal experiences in terms of special cases in his work. A
list is also attached with the work of known Muslim scientists who
contributed literary in the field of medical science293
.
S.No 44
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 169
Ownership Central Library, University Of Peshawar
Title Khulasat-I-Tajarib
Aut Author Baha Ud Daula Ibn Ameer Qayum Ud Din
Date 1192 AH/ 1778 AD
Language Persian
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Ray (Tehran)
Material on which written Brown color paper
Theme A collection of medical treatise
Size of Manuscript 30 x 17cm
Size of Text 24 x 13 cm
No. of Lines 21
291
Said, H.M., Knowledge of the circulation of the blood from Antiquity down to Ibn al-
Nafis. Hamdard medicus, 37 (1), 1994, p 35
292 Ala Al Din Abu Al Hasan Ali Ibn Hazn Al Qarhi Al Dimashaqi, Anwar- Ul- Wahshi
Hasiyah Nafis. Manuscript
293 Ibid.
122
No. of Folios 488
Folios Dimension 29 x 16 cm
Ink Black and red
Type of Binding Red leather binding
Pages 974
Style of writing Naskh
Quality of Paper Fine quality brown paper
Condition Good
Status Complete294
Repository/Institution Central Library, University Of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
Baha Ud Daula Nurbakhshi was born in Turusht in the town of Ray during
fifteenth and sixteenth century Persian physician (renowned as Rhazes the
Second), who had been a well-known physician of Ray, situated near
Tehran. In some of the sources the name of the author appeared as Nuri
and not of Nurbakhshi instead295
. Cyril Elgood, a British Orientalist, who
mentioned of Nurbakhshi as “the greatest physician who ever lived in
Persia after the passing of the golden age of the caliphs of Baghdad”296
.
He was recognized, from the same manuscript, Khulasat-I-Tajarib (The
Summary/ Synopsis of Experience), which was composed in 1501 CE in
the village of Tarasht, near Ray (present-day Tehran)297
. It is a
comprehensive work on the subject of health, causes, symptoms,
treatments and formulation of medicine on such diseases. His own
294
Baha Ud Daula Ibn Ameer Qayum Ud Din, Khulasat-I-Tajarib. Manuscript, Ray 1778
295 Shoja, M.M., Agutter, P.S., Shokouhi, G., & Tubbs, R.S., When Cold Becomes Hot
and Hot Becomes Cold: Unearthing a Historical Report. International Journal of History
and Philosophy of Medicine, 5(1), 2015, p 3
296 Elgood C. A Medical History of Persia and the Eastern Caliphate from the Earliest
Times until the Year A.D. 1932. Cambridge University Press, London 1951
297 Richter-Bernburg, L., Persian Medical Manuscripts at the University of California,
Los Angeles: A Descriptive Catalogue, Humana Civilitas, Vol. 4. Udena Publications,
Malibu 1978
123
experiences and discussions, on other works, added more value to the
work. The author also made diagrammatic addition to authenticate his own
expertise on various diseases. It is divided into twenty eight chapters,
covering almost all the diseases of that time298
. Though, it is in Persian
language, however, it was later translated in various other languages. The
original copy of the text was written in Naskh, whereas, rest of the copies,
which appeared later on in Nastaleeq style. Various commentaries on the
same manuscripts are also available in the manuscriptual form299
. The
other copy of the said manuscript can be found in Schoenberg Institute for
Manuscript Studies, University Of Pennsylvania Library.
S.No 45
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 1598/1
Ownership Islamia College University Library
Peshawar
Title Qarab-Din-Qadari
Author Hakim Muhammad Arzani
Date 1126 AH/ 1811 AD
Language Persian
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Not known
Material on which written Brown thick paper
Theme Different diseases& its treatment
Size of Manuscript 25x19cm
Size of Text 17 x11 cm
No. of Lines 19
No. of Folios 319
Folios Dimension 23
298
Baha Ud Daula Ibn Ameer Qayum Ud Din, Khulasat-I-Tajarib. Manuscript. Ray 1778
299 Storey C. Persian Literature: A Bio-Bibliographical Survey, Volume II. London 1971
124
Ink Black
Type of Binding Hard binding
Pages 638
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Fragile brown thick paper
Condition Good
Status Complete300
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
Muhammad Akbar Ibn Mir Haji Muhamamd Muqim Arzani was well
known physician, similar to Akbar Arzani of eighteenth century. He had
several written contributions in different fields, especially to sciences301
.
Despite his popularity as writer and physician, he was also a prominent
Sufi of his time. His work entitled: Qaraba- din-i- Qari, had been
recognized in good books302
. He tribute his work entitled: phamacopoela,
to Sayeed Abdul Qadr Gilan, who was considered amongst the pioneers of
Sufism and its order, of which Akbar Arzani was also a member303
. His
written contributions included: Mizan Al Tibb Tibb Akbari, Taraf Amraz,
Mujrrabat-I-Akbari, Muajiz al Qanun and Mofarah-Al-Gholoob304
. It is a
compound medicament for all the parts and limbs of the human body. It is
300
Arzani, H. M., Qarab-Din-Qadari. Manuscript. 1811
301 Aggarwal, N. K., Muhammad Akbar Arzani (1772): Mughal physician and translator.
Med Biography 20(65), 2012, p 68
302 Nawshahi, A., Fihrist-i Nushkhah Ha-Yi Khatti-I Farsi-i. Muzah-i Milli-i Pakistan,
Karachi nigashtah -i Sayyid. Markaz-i Tahqiqat-i Farsi-i Iran va Pakistan in Islamabad,
1983. (Translated into English) Catalogue of the Persian manuscripts in the National
Museum of Pakistan at Karachi December 10, 2009 303
Keshavarz, F., Descriptive and Analytical Catalogue of Persian Manuscripts in the
Library of the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine. Wellcome Institute for the
History of Medicine, London 1986, pp. 57-58
304 Storey, C.A., Persian Literature: A Bio-Bibliographical Survey. Vol. II, Part 2. Royal
Asiatic Society, London 1971, p 268
125
arranged alphabetically, by the name of the compound; however, a
medical dictionary has also been added at the end to facilitate the readers
with regard to its significance305
. This work was subsequently published in
India and Iran306
. Other copies of the work can be traced out in India, Iran,
Turkey and Afghanistan. The digital copy of this manuscript is also
available in e-sources.
S.No 46
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No Not Known
Ownership Central Library, University of Peshawar
Title Mujarabat-E- Akbari
Author M. Akbar Bin Haji M. Muqim Arzani
Date 1262 AH/1845 AD
Language Persian
Scriber Not Known
Place of Origin Not Known
Material on which written light brown color paper
Theme various diseases and its treatment
Size of Manuscript 28x17cm
Size of Text 14.5x8cm
No. of Lines 18
No. of Folios 94
Folios Dimension 10x8.4cm
Ink Black
Type of Binding Hard Binding
Pages 107
305
Shabadi, M. H. A. K., Mizan ut Tib, (Ist Ed.). National Council for the Promotion of
Urdu Language, New Delhi 1992
306 Richter-Bernburg, L., Persian Medical Manuscripts at the University of California,
Los Angeles: A Descriptive Catalogue, vol. 4, Udena Publications, Malibu 1978, pp. 151-
155
126
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Light Brown Color Paper, Fine Quality
Condition Good
Status Complete307
Repository/Institution Central Library, University of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
Muhammad Akbar Ibn Mir Haji Muhammad Muqim Arzani was a known
physician of late seventeenth and early eighteenth century. He is very well
known for his medical treatise Qarabadin-i-Qadri, which was written as a
tribute to Sayyid Abd Al Qadir308
. Qadir was the founder of Sufi order
Arzani and the author was a member of that order. His other known
literary contributions included: handbook “Mizan Al Tibb”309
and a
descriptive commentary on “Qanuncha”310
. This work is a short collection
of compound remedies and theories.311
Various sources confirmed its date
of publication in 1807. Another copy of the same manuscript can be found
in the Army Medical Library but the script of it is written in Naskh,
whereas, the copy in the Central Library, University of Peshawar is
written in Nastaleeq. The date, mentioned above, was for the manuscript
written in Naskh. Samdani had donated the same from his huge collection,
however, two other copies of the same manuscript are still there at his
307
Muhammad Akbar Bin Haji Muhammad Muqim Arzani, Mujarabat-E- Akbari.
Manuscript. 1845
308 Keshavarz, F., Descriptive and Analytical Catalogue of Persian Manuscripts in the
Library of the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine. Wellcome Institute for the
History of Medicine, London 1986, pp. 57-58
309 Shabadi, M.H.A.K., Mizan Ul Tib. Matba Nami Tej Kumar, Lukhnow 1957
310 Storey, C.A., Persian Literature: A Bio-Bibliographical Survey. Vol. II, Part 2. Royal
Asiatic Society, London 1971, p 268
311 Richter-Bernberg, L., Persian Medical Manuscripts at the University of California,
Los Angeles: A Descriptive Catalogue, vol. 4. Udena Publications, Malibu 1978, pp. 151-
155
127
personal collection. The said collection has been published in 1815 under
the same title from New Jersey.
S.No 47
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No Not Known
Ownership Central Library, University Of Peshawar
Title Risala Tanqih Al Maraq Wal Ahataraq
Author Muhammad Al Murad Al Hanafi
Date 1124AH/ 1712 AD
Language Arabic
Scriber Not Known
Place of Origin Not Known
Material on which written Half white color paper
Theme Disases of madness and burning
Size of Manuscript 29x17 cm
Size of Text 15x9 cm
No. of Lines 21
No. of Folios 15
Folios Dimension 12x9 cm
Ink Black and red
Type of Binding Hard binding
Pages 31
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Half white fine quality paper
Condition Good
Status Complete312
Repository/Institution Central Library, University Of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
312
Muhammad Al Murad Al Hanafi, Risala Tanqih Al Maraq Wal Ahataraq. Manuscript.
1712
128
Annotation
This medical manuscript is an outstanding work of the author who was
commonly known as Muhammad Al Murad Al Hanafi Ashtari Al Burhani
Al Tarabi.313
The work deals with causes, diseases and treatment of
insanity (madness) and burning314
.
S.No 48
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 401
Ownership Central Library, University Of Peshawar
Title Khulast-I-Shinai
Author Muzar B.M.AlHusaini AlShinai AlKhashani
Date 10th
-11th
century
Language Persian
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Not known
Material on which written Half white fragile paper
Theme Diseases and its treatment
Size of Manuscript 17x8cm
Size of Text 10x7cm
No. of Lines 19
No. of Folios 67
Folios Dimension 8.5x6cm
Ink Black
Type of Binding Black leather binding
Pages 332
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Half white fragile paper
313
Hamarneh, S., Arabic Manuscripts of the National Library of Medicine Washington,
D.C. Journal for the History of Arabic Science, vol. 1, 1977, p 99
314 Iskandar, A.Z., A Descriptive List of Arabic Manuscripts on Medicine and Science at
the University of California, Los Angeles. Brill, Leiden 1984
129
Condition Fair
Status Complete315
Repository/Institution Central Library, University Of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
It is a medical treatise manuscript by a well known Persian physician and
pharmist Muzar Bin Muhammad Al-Husaini Al-Shinai Al-Khashani of
Kashan. This manuscript is one of the famous works of the author. The
work is a medical compendium dealing with the treatment of diseases316
. It
is based on authentic ancient and work on medical sciences317
. It consists
of two “ Kitab” (section). The first section is further subdivided into three
section dealings with health care, general treatment, simple medicine and
formation of those medicines. The second section of the manuscript deals
with chronic diseases, non-chronic diseases and compound medicines in
detail318
.
S.No 49
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 172
Ownership Central Library, University of Peshawar
Title Shifa-Al Asqam Wa Dawa Al Alam
Author Khazir Bin Ali Bin Kitab ( Haj Pasha)
Date 1132 AH/1719AD
Language Arabic
315
Muzar Bin Muhammad Al Husaini Al Shinai Al Khashani, Khulast-I-Shinai.
Manuscript, 10th
-11th
century
316 C.A. Storey, Persian Literature: A Bio-Bibliographical Survey, Vol. II, Part 1: A.
Mathematics, B. Weights and Measures, C. Astronomy and Astrology, D. Geography.
Luzac, London 1958
317 Habibullah, A. B.M., & Khan, M.S., Descriptive catalogue of the Persian, Urdu &
Arabic manuscripts in the Dacca University Library. University Library, Decca 1966.
318 Muzar Bin Muhammad Al Husaini Al Shinai Al Khashani, Khulast-I-Shinai.
Manuscript, 10th
-11th
century
130
Scriber Abdul Rashid
Place of Origin Not known
Material on which written Half white, thick and fragile paper
Theme Various diseases and its treatment
Size of Manuscript 28x17cm
Size of Text 21x9 cm
No. of Lines 21
No. of Folios 282
Folios Dimension 28x17cm
Ink Black
Type of Binding Black color leather binding
Pages 563
Style of writing Naskh and Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Half white, thick and fragile paper
Condition Good
Status Complete319
Repository/Institution Central Library, University of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
Khizar Bin Ali Bin Kitab commonly known as Haj Pasha, was a muslim
writer in the field of medical science. He flourished during the region of
Sultan Bayazid Akmil- Ud-Din author of Linaya Hidayah and Malavi. He
learned logic and philosophy from Mubrak Shah320
. During his stay in
Egypt, he was caught by unknown diseases and suffered a lot. This
incidence forced him towards the field of medical sciences and he started
learning and writing about the field321
. He traveled throughout Central
Asia for the said purpose apart from his own writing. He also wrote
319
Khazir Bin Ali Bin Kitab, Shifa-Al Asqam Wa Dawa Al Alam. Manuscript. 1719
320 Kahya, E., Turkey and Turkish People from the Beginning of the Ancient Ages to
Today. TUTAV, Ankara 1991
321 King, D.A., A Survey of the Scientific manuscripts in the Egyptian National Library .
Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake 1986, p 171-2
131
commentaries on many known works including the work of Qutab Uddin
Razi and Ibn Sina. Apart from the said work, other works of the same
author included: Shifa Ul Asqam (Alamaqalatul Ula Wal Maqalat Us
Saniyah), Shifa Ul Asqam (AlamaqalatulUla) and glosses on Sharah
Mutalah.
The said work is a medical treatise on medical science322
. It consists of
four books and each book deals with principle of profession, diet, diseases
of bodies and description about general diseases respectively323
. It was
published by Anjuman-i-Ilami tibb Deccan, India.
S.No 50
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 1631
Ownership Islamia College University library
Peshawar
Title Maqalat Abi
Author Abu Mansur B. Nooh Al Qamari Al Bukhari
Date Not Known
Language Arabic
Scriber Not Known
Place of Origin Not Known
Material on which written Brown thick color paper
Theme Diseases and its treatment
Size of Manuscript 29.5x19cm
Size of Text 23x13 cm
No. of Lines 23
No. of Folios 336
Folios Dimension 30x13 cm
322
Ghori, S. A.K., Siddiqui, T. & Ali, S.A., A Catalogue of Arabic and Persian Medical
Manuscript in the Library of Institute of History of Medical and Medical Research, vol. I.
Institute of History of Medicine and Medical Research, New Dehli, p 101
323 Khazir Bin Ali Bin Kitab, Shifa-Al Asqam Wa Dawa Al Alam. Manuscript. 1719
132
Ink Black and red
Type of Binding Leather binding
Pages 620
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Brown thick paper
Condition Good
Status Complete324
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
Abu Mansur Hassan Ibn Nooh Al Qamari, a Persian physician, was born
in Khoarasan during tenth century. He gained his early education from
different maktabs of Khoarasan. He flourished during the region of Al-
Mansur to whom he dedicated his known work Al- Shamsiyah, Al
Mansuriyah. He remained the court physician during his region325
.
Sources confirms that Ibn Sina remained his students during that time. In
Khoarasan, it is a huge encyclopedia work under the title Maqalat Abi
Mansur. As indicated from the title, it is an effort made by the author to
discriminate all the knowledge in the field of the work326
. The author
pinpointed each and every experience relating to the field. He not only
appreciated the earlier Muslim scientists but also used their works as a
source of inspiration for him327
. This work contains all the diseases of
human body. The work is divided into twenty five different sections. Each
section has been furher divided into different subsections328
. The other
324
Mansur Abu Mansur Hassan Ibn Nooh Al Qamari Al Bukhari, Maqalat Abi Mansur.
Manuscript
325 Bartold,V.V., Mussulman Culture. Book house, Lahore 1962, p 121
326 Elgood, C., A Medical History of Persia and the Eastern Caliphate: From the Earliest
Times until the Year A.D. 1932. Cambridge University Press, 1951, p 185
327 Catalogue of the Persian manuscripts in the National Museum of Pakistan at Karachi.
Karachi 1983, p 123
328 Mansur Abu Mansur Hassan Ibn Nooh Al Qamari Al Bukhari, Maqalat Abi Mansur.
Manuscript
133
well known works of author included: Kitubul Ghani Wa Ul Mani (The
Book of Life and Death) and Kitab Illah Il Ilal.
S.No 51
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 157
Ownership Central Library, University Of Peshawar
Title Khulasa
Author Abu Mansoor AlHassan Bin Nuh Al Qamari
Date Not known
Language Arabic
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Not known
Material on which written Half white thin paper
Theme Problems in body parts & its medicine
Size of Manuscript 25.5 x 17 cm
Size of Text 18 x11
No. of Lines 17
No. of Folios 292
Folios Dimension 25 x 16 cm
Ink Black and red
Type of Binding Black leather binding
Pages 582
Style of writing Nastaleeq (shekesta)
Quality of Paper Fragile thin paper
Condition Good
Status Complete329
Repository/Institution Central Library, University Of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
329
Abu Mansoor Al Hassan Bin Nuh Al Qamari, Khulasa. Manuscript
134
The author Abu Mansoor Al Hassan Bin Nuh Al Qamari was born at
Khurasan and also spent most of his time at the same city. He was a
known Persian physician during tenth century. He remained the teacher of
Ibn Sina and also served as physician at the court of the prince Samanid Al
Mansoor330
. Very little has been known about the author and his works.331
According to some sources, various other contribution of the author did
neither appear nor properly preserve, as he delegated most of his work in
serving the prince. However, some of his preserved contributions
included: Kitab Ul Ghina Wa Al Muna (the book of wealth and wishes),
which was also known as Al Shamsiyah Al Mansuriyah (The Mansuriyan
Sunshade). This manuscript is divided into three parts including part a title
of Kitab. It is dealt with various parts of human body, from head to feet,
diseases, their causes, symptoms and their treatments332
.
S.No 52
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 151/ 1
Ownership Central Library, University Of Peshawar
Title Haqaiq Asrar-Ul-Tibb
Author Sijzi
Date 1050 AH/ 1636 AD
Language Persian
Scriber Sheikh Abdul Qaim
Place of Origin Not known
Material on which written Half white thin paper
Theme Diseases of human body and its treatment
Size of Manuscript 23 x14 cm
330
Sezgin, F., History of Arab Writing: Alchemy Chemistry Botany agriculture to about
430 H. E, part 4. J. Brill, Leiden 1971, p 319
331 Ullmann, M., The medicine in Islam. Handbook of Oriental Studies, Section 1. E.J.
Brill, Leiden 1970, pp. 147- 236
332 Abu Mansoor Al Hassan Bin Nuh Al Qamari, Khulasa. Manuscript
135
Size of Text 14.5 x8.5 cm
No. of Lines 13
No. of Folios 83
Folios Dimension 22.5x 13.5 cm
Ink Black and red ( heading )
Type of Binding Hard binding
Pages 164
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Fragile, insect eaten half white thin paper
Condition Good
Status Complete333
Repository/Institution Central Library, University Of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
Masud Ibn Muhammad Sijzi was a known physician of his time in the
eastern part of Iran. On terminology of the medicine, he wrote Haqaiq
Asrar-Ul-Tibb (the truth of the secrets of medicines) in Arabic
compendium, which was dedicated to a wazir in Baghdad Sadr Al Dawlah
Abu Al Mufkar Qasim Ibn Iraq Ibn Jaffar334
. It was originally written in
Arabic language, however, it was translated into various other languages
later on. A scriber, Sheikh Abdul Qaim, had scribed copy of the work in
Persian language335
. Various commentaries have been produced on the
same work in different languages. According to the archival records, Zain
Al Abidin Ibn Shah Muhammad Al Astarabadhi had produced original
333
Masud Ibn Muhammad Sijzi, Haqaiq Asrar-Ul-Tibb. Manuscript. 1636
334 Ihsanoglu, E., Catalogue of Islamic Medical Manuscripts (in Arabic, Turkish, and
Persian) in the Libraries of Turkey. Research Centre of Islamic History, Art and Culture,
Istanbul 1984, p 248
335 Ullmann, M., The medicine in Islam. Handbook of Oriental Studies, Section 1. E.J.
Brill, Leiden 1970, P 237
136
copy of it336
. One can obtain its original copy from Brockelman, which is
divided into four parts. The author discussed his own experiences and
knowledge in the same work, however, he also valued the literately
contribution of other authors on same subject, who were present at that
time. A dictionary is also added at the end of the manuscript, which
enhanced its significance337
.
S.No 53
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 150/ 2
Ownership Central Library, University Of Peshawar
Title Kitab-Al-Ajhdhiyah-WaAl-Ashribah
Author Abu Hameed B. Ali B. Umar Al Samarqani
Date 1180 AH/ 1766 AD
Language Arabic
Scriber Gul Muhammad
Place of Origin Afghanistan
Material on which written Half white paper
Theme Diseases and its treatment
Size of Manuscript 24x 15.5 cm
Size of Text 18 x9 cm
No. of Lines 22
No. of Folios 83
Folios Dimension 24 x15 cm
Ink Black and red
Type of Binding Leather binding
Pages 101
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Fragile half white paper
336
Hamarneh,S., Arabic Manuscripts of the National Library of Medicine, Washington,
D.C.," Journal for the History of Arabic Science, 1977, vol. 1, pp. 204
337 Masud Ibn Muhammad Sijzi, Haqaiq Asrar-Ul-Tibb. Manuscript, 1636
137
Condition Good
Status Complete338
Repository/Institution Central Library, University Of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
Abu Hameed Bin Ali Bin Umar Al Samarqani, who was also known as
Abu Hameed Muhammad Ibn Ali Ibn Umar Najeeb Ud Din Al Samarqani,
had been popular for producing work entitled: Kitab-Al-Ajhdhiyah-WaAl-
Ashribah (the book of food and drink)339
. It is very difficult to identify the
status of manuscript, as diverse information have been given by different
but authentic sources,340
such as the Al-Aqsa Mosque Library, East
Jerusalem, each one of them claims to have the original copy of the work.
Also, the original copy contains 41 pages and has been physically affected
by various factors such as insects and humidity, whereas, elsewhere the
number of pages are mentioned differently341
. It is a copy of original work,
taken from Samdani’s Collection of Central Library, University of
Peshawar, which contains 101 pages and was re-written in Afghanistan.
Personal letters of Samdani’s personal collections stress that the same
copy has been purchased from a scriber, resided in Afghanistan, Mahmood
Ibn Muhammad. His letters also narrated to find two other copies of the
same author of similar manuscript, during course of purchase, which
contain similar number of pages342
.
338
Abu Hameed Bin Ali Bin Umar Al Samarqani, Kitab-Al-Ajhdhiyah-WaAl-Ashribah.
Manuscript, Afghanistan 1766.
339 Al-Samarqandi, Najib Al-Din Abu Hamid Muhammad Ibn Ali Ibn Umar. Complete
Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 2008 p 32
340 Ibid. p 33
341 Iskandar, A. Z., A Study of al-Samarqandi's Medical Writings, vol.85. The Museon ,
1972, p 460
342 Abu Hameed Bin Ali Bin Umar Al Samarqani, Kitab-Al-Ajhdhiyah-WaAl-Ashribah.
Manuscript. Afghanistan 1766
138
S.No 54
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 150/1
Ownership Central Library, University of Peshawar
Title Usul-Al-Tarakib
Author AbuHameed M.IbnAliIbnUmarAlSamarqani
Date 1180 AH/ 1766 AD
Language Arabic
Scriber Gul Muhammad
Place of Origin Samarqand
Material on which written Half white paper
Theme principles of drugs formation and uses
Size of Manuscript 24 x15.1 cm
Size of Text 18 x9 cm
No. of Lines 15
No. of Folios 46
Folios Dimension 24 x15 cm
Ink Black and red
Type of Binding Hard binding
Pages 92
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Fragile half white paper
Condition Good
Status Complete343
Repository/Institution Central Library, University of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
343
Abu Hameed Muhammad Ibn Ali Ibn Umar Al Samarqani, Usul-Al-Tarakib.
Manuscript. Samarqand 1766
139
Annotation
This Manuscript is a medical discourse of a famous physician,344
who was,
later on, assassinated during the Mughal invasion of India345
. Moreover,
his famous literally contributions included:
i. Asba Bul Alamat Fil Tib
ii. Al Ajizia Waal Sharabh Al Sah
iii. Al Ajzia Waal Sharabh Al Amraj.
The work is adopted elegant style of Nastaleeq. Its original copy can be
obtained from the Treasure of Oriental Manuscript in Abu Rayhan Al
Biruni, the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the
Republic of Uzbekistan. Rest of its copies can also be obtained from
Brockelman. Sources confirm its publication in the India during last
decades of the seventeenth century and also a copy of the same manuscript
is also available in digital format346
.
S.No 55
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 142
Ownership Central Library, University Of Peshawar
Title Sharah Tashri Al Qanon
Author Abu Alhassan AllauddinAlibinabiAlhazam
Alqarshi Al Mutayyib
Date 1224 AH/ 1809 AD
Language Arabic
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Not known
344
Campbell, D. C., Arabian Medicine and its Influence on the Middle Ages. Philo Press,
1974
345 Iskander, A.Z., A Descriptive List of Arabic Manuscript on Medicine and Science at
the University of California. E.J. Brill, Los Angles 1984
346 Ullmann, M., Islamic Medicine: Islamic Surveys. Edinburgh University Press,
Edinburgh 1978
140
Material on which written Brown thin paper
Theme Diseases of human body and its treatment
Size of Manuscript 24x 17 cm
Size of Text 15.5 x14 cm
No. of Lines 15
No. of Folios 145
Folios Dimension 24 x17 cm
Ink Black and red
Type of Binding Hard leather binding
Pages 455
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Fragile brown thin paper
Condition Good
Status Complete347
Repository/Institution Central Library, University Of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
It is an abridgement of the heavy collection by Ibn Sina Al- Qanon and the
work is divided into five chapters including an introduction and khatima.
It has been used as an instruction manual for medical students, who apply
it during their practical work. Abu Al Hassan Allauddin Ali Bin Abi Al
Hazam Al Qarshi Al Mutayyib (Ibn Nafees) was a native, belonging to
Quraish vicinity in Mahvaran Naher. He worked as physician and
remained pupil of Ibn Al Dukhwar, who taught him knowledge of
medicine348
. His other contributions included: Alshamil, Sharah Tashreeh
Al Qanon, Rasla Al Ada, Al- Mukhtar Min Al-Aghdhiyah, Al- Mujiz Fi
Al -tibb, Al- Risalah Al-Kamiliyah Fi Al-Sirah Al-Nabawiyah and Al
347
Abu Al hassan Allauddin Ali bin abi Al hazam Al qarshi Al Mutayyib. Sharah
Tashrih Al Qanon. Manuscript. 1809
348 Nafees, I., Kitab tashrih al-Qanoon li-Aba al-Hasan Ala al-Din ibn Aba Hazm al-
Qurasha al-Dimashqa Ibn Al-Nafas. Cairo, 1988.
141
Rasla Kameleyyah. His work had been also translated into various other
languages such as Latin and Persian. His contemporaries used to call him
second Avicenna (Ibn Sina)349
. Other copies of the said manuscript
available in King Saudi University and University of Toronto.
S.No 56
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 153
Ownership Central Library, University Of Peshawar
Title Tehqiq Al Qawaid Sharh Qanoncha
Author Junaid Ullah Haziq
Date 1284 AH/ 1867 AD
Language Arabic
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Not known
Material on which written Half white thin paper
Theme Treatment of different diseases
Size of Manuscript 22x 14 cm
Size of Text 15 x 7.5 cm
No. of Lines 17
No. of Folios 136
Folios Dimension 21 x10 cm
Ink Black and red
Type of Binding Hard binding
Pages 272
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Fine quality half white paper
Condition Good
Status Complete350
349
Meyerhof, M., & Schacht,J., The Theologus Autodidactus of Ibn al-Nafis. Clarendon
Press, Oxford 1968 350
Haziq, Junaid Ullah., Tehqiq Al-Qawaid Sharh Qanoncha. Manuscript. 1867
142
Repository/Institution Central Library, University Of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
The author of this manuscript himself, remained a great physician, and
also translated his experiences through text. It is a commentary on work
entitled: Qanon Cha of Sharaf Uldin Mahmud Bin Umar Chagmini, in
elegant style of Nastaleeq351
. List of the content is provided in the
preliminary pages and a natija at the end of the manuscript.352
The author
has contributed by making comments on every disease, which has been
quoted by Chagmini in his Qanoncha353
. Rest of its copies can be obtained
from Majles-E-Shuraha of Iran and Medical Catalogue Manuscript in
Turkey.
S.No 57
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 162
Ownership Central Library, University Of Peshawar
Title Qaraba Din or Makhzan Al Faraid
Author Not known
Date 1197 AH/ 1782 AD
Language Arabic
Scriber Muhammad Raza
Place of Origin Not known
Material on which written Brown paper along with half white margin
Theme Human body parts, disease & treatment
351
The Encyclopaedia of Islam. 1st edition, ed. M. Th. Houston, T.W. Arnold, R. Basset,
and R. Hartmann, 4 vols. E.J. Brill, London 1934
352 Emilie, S. S., Attitudes Toward Dissection in Medieval Islam. Journal of the History
of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 50(1), 1995, p 71
353 Sarton, G., The Study of the History of Science. Harvard University Press, Harvard
1936, p 5
143
Size of Manuscript 31 x20cm
Size of Text 20 x12 cm
No. of Lines 21
No. of Folios 246
Folios Dimension 32 x20 cm
Ink Black
Type of Binding Red color leather binding
Pages 246
Style of writing Naskh
Quality of Paper Brown thick paper
Condition Good
Status Complete354
Repository/Institution Central Library, University Of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
A medical treatise, written by an unknown author, was divided the work
into four session including an introduction and conclusion. The author has
quoted all the well known medical works by Muslim scientist and
appreciated their efforts355
. The work contains a description of medical
treatment. The author has also given the symptoms of each disease in
detail. He has also given the references of other known works by different
Muslim authors about different diseases.356
In the text, the author has
shared his own practical experiences relating to the formation of medicine.
Various different diseases have been highlighted by heading and
subheadings in the text357
. Other copies of the same manuscript can be
found in Makhtab-E-Islamiya, Hanjo (Pakistan). It is personal private
library having more than thousand medical manuscripts in different
354
Qaraba Din or Makhzan Al Faraid. Manuscript. 1782
355 Gibbs, H.A.R. [et.al]., The Encyclopaedia of Islam. (2nd ed.). E.J. Brill, Leiden 2002
356 Puri, A.A., Tareekh-E-Khatati. Idara-E-Taloh-E-Islam, Karachi 1958, p 5
357 Iskandar, A.Z., A Catalogue of Arabic Manuscripts on Medicine and Science in the
Welcome Historical Library. Welcome Historical Medical Library, London 1967
144
languages. There is no record found about the publication of the said
manuscript though other manuscripts had the same title, which were
published early in different languages by different authors.
S.No 58
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 147
Ownership Central Library, University of Peshawar
Title Kitab-Al-Maeta
Author Abu Sahal Isa B.Yahya AlMashihi Al
Jurjani
Date Not Known
Language Arabic
Scriber Not Known
Place of Origin Samarqand
Material on which written Brown/ half white paper
Theme Diseases and its treatment
Size of Manuscript 29x14 cm
Size of Text 23x14cm
No. of Lines 24
No. of Folios 86
Folios Dimension 28x17cm
Ink Black and red
Type of Binding Leather binding
Pages 170
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Brown thick paper
Condition Good
Status Complete358
358
Abu Sahal Isa Bin Yahya Al Mashihi Al Jurjani, Kitab-Al-Maeta. Manuscript.
Samarqand
145
Repository/Institution Central Library, University of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
Abu Sahal Isa Bin Yahya Al Mashihi Al Jurani, a friend of Ibn Sina, was
born in Bukhara. Sources confirm that he remained as a teacher of
medicine and worked in consonance with Ibn Sina. The author quoted that
he learned a lot of fields from Ibn-Sina. He got has initial education in the
said field from Baghdad and then came to Khorasan for his practice. Soon
he was engaged by Shah Mohammad Bin Safee. At the time of taking
throne by Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni, a large number of scientists were
imprisoned including Ibn Sina and the author of the manuscript359
.
The author literary contributions can be found on two subjects of medicine
and wisdom (philosophy). These included: show the wisdom of God in the
creation of man, total medicine, total medicine and cent in medicine360
.
The original work of the manuscript consists of hundred Maqalat whereas
the manuscript currently, available in the Central Library of Peshawar,
University of Peshawar consists of twenty six Maqalat( chapters). It has
been mentioned in the text by the author that this manuscript is a part of
the original work as it was written from the original text361
. Other copies
of the same manuscript are present in different libraries of Iran, India and
personal collection of Samdani. The work was published by library of
Biblesloniyan.
359
Autobiography of I. S. completed by al-Juzajani, preserved by Ibn al-Qifti, Ta'rikh al-
Hukama', ed. Lippert, 413 (German trans. by P. Kraus in Klinische Wochenschrift, 1932
360 Ghori, S. A.K., Siddiqui, T. & Ali, S.A., A Catalogue of Arabic and Persian Medical
Manuscript in the Library of Institute Of History of Medical and Medical Research, vol.
1. Institute of History of Medicine and Medical Research, New Dehli
361 Abu Sahal Isa Bin Yahya Al Mashihi Al Jurjani, Kitab-Al-Maeta. Manuscript.
Samarqand
146
S.No 59
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 146
Ownership Central Library, University of Peshawar
Title Sharah Al Kifaya Fi Usul Ilm Tibb
Author Abu Ali Muhammad Bin Umar Al Hadrani
Date 1218 AH/1803AD
Language Arabic
Scriber Not Known
Place of Origin Not Known
Material on which written Half white thin fine paper
Theme Various body diseases and its treatment
Size of Manuscript 18x12 cm
Size of Text 13x8cm
No. of Lines 15
No. of Folios 33
Folios Dimension 18x11
Ink Black and red
Type of Binding Hard binding
Pages 37
Style of writing Naskh
Quality of Paper Half white thin fine paper
Condition Good
Status Complete362
Repository/Institution Central Library, University of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
Abu Ali Muhammad Bin Omar Hadrami also known as Ahmad Bin
Shuaib. It is a commentary on “Khafiya” written by Jamal Uddin
362
Abu Ali Muhammad Bin Umar Al Hadrani ,Sharah Al Kifaya Fi Usul Ilm Tibb.
Manuscript, 1803.
147
Muhammad. It contains 152 verses and 4 chapters363
. The works explains
the principles of medical science of various diseases, its treatments and
symptoms364
. The author appreciated the efforts of Jamal Uddin, but also
raised some question marks; especially on head diseases relating to head
disease. This was also quoted in his original work “Kafiyah”365
.
S.No 60
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 1652
Ownership Islamia College University Library
Peshawar
Title Alfaz-Ul-Adwiyah
Author Nur-ud din M. Abdullah Bin Hakim Ain Ul
Mulk Sherazi
Date 1166 AH/1753 AD
Language Persian
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin India
Material on which written Brown color thick, fragile paper
Theme Medical dictionary
Size of Manuscript 28x14.3 cm
Size of Text 22x14cm
No. of Lines 17
No. of Folios 318
Folios Dimension 20x12cm
Ink black
Type of Binding Hard binding in brown color leather
363
Abu Ali Muhammad Bin Umar Al Hadrani, Sharah Al Kifaya Fi Usul Ilm Tibb.
Manuscript. 1803
364 Ibid; Razvi, S. A. H., A history of science, technology, and Culture in Central Asia,
Vol-1. University of Peshawar, Peshawar 1991, p 351
365 Covington, R., Rediscovering Arabic Science. Saudi Aramco World Category, 2007
148
Pages 291
Style of writing Different Naskh and Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Brown color thick fragile paper
Condition Good
Status Complete366
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
Nur-ud din Muhammad Abdullah Bin Hakim Ain Ul Mulk was born in
Shiraz. He was commonly known as Nur-ud din Muhammad Abdullah
Bin Hakim Ain Ul Mulk of Shiraz. He travelled throughout Central Asia;
he remained in Herat and Ghazni to enhance his knowledge in the field.
He remained under the guideline of his father who was also a physician367
.
This work is a description of various drugs by the author. It is divided into
a “mukaddimah” and four faidas (Chapters). The manuscript also contains
a natija along with alphabetical dictionary of drugs, arranged according to
the first and second letters of each word. The work also contains a list of
physicians and surgeons of the time and in history along with their
works368
. The author of the work also added his own personal experiences
in the said work which has been identified in different paragraphs. The
work is further divided in headings and subheadings369
. Nur Ud Din
Muhammad Abdullah Bin Hakim Ain Al Mulk is very much known for
his editorial work of the private letters of his uncles Abu al Fadi and Faidi.
366
Nur-ud din Muhammad Abdullah Bin Hakim AinUl Mulk Sherazi, Alfaz-Ul-Adwiyah.
Manuscript. India 1753
367 Storey, C.A., Persian Literature: A Bio-Bibliographical Survey, Vol. II, Part 2. Royal
Asiatic Society, London 1971, pp. 255-
368 An English translation of the treatise was published in Calcutta in 1793: Ulfaz
udwiyeh, or The Materia Medica, in the Arabic, Persian, and Hindevy languages.
Compiled by Noureddeen Mohammad Abdullah Shirazy ... with an English translation. F.
Gladwin, Calcutta 1793
369 Nur-ud din Muhammad Abdullah Bin Hakim AinUl Mulk Sherazi, Alfaz-Ul-Adwiyah.
Manuscript. India 1753
149
He remained a court physician with Mughal emperor Shah Jehan370
. His
literary contribution can also be found in the field of Sufism including a
treatise terminology of sufis entitled: Maratab al Wajood371
. Records show
that other copy of the same manuscript can also be found in the Central
Library, University of Peshawar. However, after field survey the
researcher came to know that the copy is missing from the premises of the
Library. English version of the same copy had been translated by F.
Gladwin in 1793 and was published from Calcutta.
S.No 61
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 163
Ownership Central Library, University of Peshawar
Title Alfaz-Ul-Adwiyah
Author Nur-ud din M. Abdullah Bin Hakim Ain Ul
Mulk Sherazi
Date 1166 AH/1753 AD
Language Persian
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin India
Material on which written Half white thin paper
Theme Medical dictionary, medicine type
Size of Manuscript 28x14.3 cm
Size of Text 22x14cm
No. of Lines 17
No. of Folios 318
Folios Dimension 20x12cm
370
Keshavarz, F., A Descriptive and Analytical Catalogue of Persian Manuscripts in the
Library of the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine. Wellcome Institute for the
History of Medicine, London 1986, p 78
371 Schullian, D.M., and Sommer, F.E., A Catalogue of Incunabula and Manuscripts
in the Army Medical Library. Henry Schuman, New York 1950, p 4
150
Ink Black
Type of Binding Hard leather binding
Pages 291
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Half white fragile paper
Condition Good
Status Complete372
Repository/Institution Central Library, University of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
See S.No 60
S.No 62
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 1603
Ownership Islamia College University Library
Peshawar
Title Dastoor-Al-Ajaaib
Author Daud Bin Umer Al Antaki
Date 1171AH/1757AD
Language Arabic
Scriber Not Known
Place of Origin Egypt
Material on which written Half white paper
Theme Medical science encyclopedia
Size of Manuscript 25x15 cm
Size of Text 17x10cm
No. of Lines 24
No. of Folios 293
372
Nur-ud din Muhammad Abdullah Bin Hakim AinUl Mulk Sherazi, Alfaz-Ul-Adwiyah.
Manuscript. India 1753
151
Folios Dimension 24x11
Ink Black and red color
Type of Binding Red color binding
Pages 586
Style of writing Naskh
Quality of Paper Light brown fair quality paper
Condition Good
Status Complete373
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
Daud Bin Umer Al Antaki was a blind and known physician of his time.
His nick name was Al Basir (the non-seeing). Daud was one amongst the
three great names of Arabic medicine during the fnd fifteenth centuries.
The other names included: Yusuf Ibn Ismail Al Kutbi and Khadir Ibn Ali
Haji Basa374
. He was born in Antioch and he later travelled to Damascus
and Cairo to study medicine375
. He was very well known for his writings
his most known work included: the memento, which dealt with
pharmacopoeia and contained 1712 names of drugs whereas the Qanoon
of Ibn Sina contained 800 names. The current work is also an
encyclopedia work about the Unani medicine376
.
Other works are:
1. Tazyim Al Awaq Bi Tafsil Ashwaq Al Ushshaq
2. Tadhkirat Uli Al Albab Wa Al Jamil Lil Ajab Al Ujab
3. Nuzhat Al Adhan Fi Islah Al Abdan
373
Daud Bin Umer Al Antaki, Dastoor-Al-Ajaaib. Manuscript. Egypt 1757
374 Maddison,F.R., & Smith,S.E., Science, Tools & Magic: Khalili Collection of Islamic
Art. Oxford University Press, London 1997, p 37
375 Brockelmann, C., History of Arabic Literature, vol. 2. Brill, Leiden 1942, p 491
376 Hamarneh,S.K., Catalogue of Arabic Manuscripts on Medicine and Pharmacy at the
British Library. University of Egypt, Cairo 1975, pp 234-237
152
4. Majmd Al Manfi Al Badanuyah Wa Yalihi Al Mufid Fi Al Tibb, Wa
Yalihi Al Malaki Fi Al Tibb
5. Al Nawadir
6. Tazyin Al Aswaq Fi Akhbar Al Ushshaq377
.
S.No 63
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 1626
Ownershi Islamia College University Library
Peshawar
Title Fatahi Sharah Qanon Cha
Author Yahah Mullah Nisapuri Fatahi
Date 1086 AH/1675 AD
Language Arabic
Scriber Muhammad Mehdi
Place of Origin Nisapuri, Iran
Material on which written Brown thin paper
Theme Medical sciences, anatomy
Size of Manuscript 32.5 x13.5 cm
Size of Text 9x 5 cm
No. of Lines 23
No. of Folios 505
Folios Dimension 11.5 x10 cm
Ink Black
Type of Binding Red color leather binding
Pages 252
Style of writing Naskh
Quality of Paper Fine brown thick paper
Condition Good
Status Incomplete378
377
Daud Bin Umer Al Antaki, Dastoor-Al-Ajaaib. Manuscript. Egypt 1757
153
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
Fatahi Haqeem Nisaburi Muhamamd Bin Yahaha Sibak was a Persian
poet born in Nisapur during the Tamurid era. Very little has been known
about the personal life of the author including: his birth and his family.
Moreover, he was also an accomplished calligrapher and worked as
scriber of his time. He flourished during the reign of Shah Rukh, son of
Amir Taimur and spent most of his work at Tehran379
. His known
contribution included: Hosn-O-Din (Beauty and Heart) and Sabestan-E-
Naket-O-Golestan-E-Logat. It is a commentary on Qanon Cha of
Muhammad Bin Umar Chagmini. He not only produced commentary on
Qanon Cha, however, he also expressed his views on works of relevant
authors in the field of medicine380
. A medical encyclopedia has been
added at the end of this manuscript. He also used terminologies of poetry
to create interrelationship in the field of medicine381
.
S.No 64
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 1337
Ownership Islamia College University Library
Peshawar
Title Farahang Sarury
Author M. Bin Qasim Bin Haji M. Kashan
Date 1095 AH/ 1684 AD
378
Fatahi Haqeem Nisaburi Muhamamd Bin Yahaha Sibak, Fatahi Sharah Qanon Cha.
Manuscript. Nisapuri. Iran 1675
379 Bijli, S. M., Early Muslims and their Contribution to Science: Ninth to Fourteenth
Century. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli Delhi 2004, p 44
380 Hamidullah, M., Tareekh-E-Musanifin. Makataba-E-Ibrahimia, Deccan, p 33
381 Fazil,A., Fazil,M., & Liban., Lubabul-Maraf-Ul-Illmai: Makataba Darul Illum Ul
Islamia , Makatabah Masriqia. Darul Illum Islamia Peshawar Ki Farasat-I- Katab, p 304
154
Language Persian
Scriber Imam Uddin Bin Taj Uddin
Place of Origin Peshawar, Pakistan
Material on which written Brown Fragile Paper
Theme Medical Science Dictionary
Size of Manuscript 22x15 cm
Size of Text 17x9cm
No. of Lines 21
No. of Folios 334
Folios Dimension 22x15
Ink Red and Black
Type of Binding Hard red color leather binding
Pages 773
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Brown fragile insect eaten paper
Condition Good
Status Complete382
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
Muhammad Qasim Bin Haji Muhammad of Kashan (Iran) who was a
known figure in the field of medicine, philosophy, Sufism and poetry.
Sururi was his famous work. It is also called as Majma-Ul-Furs that was
dedicated to Shah Abbas the great383
. The work is a medical dictionary,
which is the first education among the two. It contained a preface while
the second edition contained two prefaces384
. In the second edition of the
382
Muhammad Qasim Bin Haji Muhammad Kashan, Farahang Sarury. Manuscript.
Peshawar 1684
383 (n.n)Contribution to Persian lexicography. Journal of Asiatic society of Bengal, 37
(1), pp. 16-17
384 Muhammad Qasim Bin Haji Muhammad Kashan, Farahang Sarury. Manuscript.
Peshawar, 1684
155
Sururi, historical records confirm that it was caused by the Farhang
Jehanghiri by merging into Hindustani customs. Apart from it, the author
also wrote about the Farhang in the text. His other known work included:
Mirat-Ul-Alam. He left for Mecca from Hindustan and died on the road385
.
S.No 65
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 86
Ownership Central Library, University Of Peshawar
Title Khulasat-Ul-Lughat
Author Ismail Bin Lutfullah Al Bakharzai
Date Not Known
Language Arabic and Persian
Scriber Not Known
Place of Origin Not Known
Material on which written Fine brown paper
Theme Medical dictionary, Lexicon( Arabic word
into Persian)
Size of Manuscript 26 x 15 cm
Size of Text 18x7cm
No. of Lines 15
No. of Folios 102
Folios Dimension 25x15
Ink Black and red color
Type of Binding Leather binding
Pages 120
Style of writing Nastaleeq
385
Nawshahi, A., Fihrist-i nushkhah ha-yi khatti-i Farsi-i. Muzah-i Milli-i Pakistan,
Karachi nigashtah -i Sayyid. Markaz-i Tahqiqat-i Farsi-i Iran va Pakistan in Islamabad,
1983.(Translated into English) Catalogue of the Persian manuscripts in the National
Museum of Pakistan at Karachi, December 10, 2009, p 273.
156
Quality of Paper Brown, thin fine quality paper
Condition Good
Status Complete386
Repository/Institution Central Library, University Of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
The author of the manuscript is Ismail Bin Lutfullah Al Bakharzi. He was
a great writer, scholar as well as a warrior who fought in the Deccan wars
against sahu and died as governor of the Balaghat 1046 AH. Other work of
author was Khulasat-Al-Islam387
.
This manuscript is a medical lexicon, which deals with the explanation of
Arabic medical terms in simple Persian language. The book is divided into
28 sections each section is further subdivided into 3 subsections388
. A
lexicon is dealt with the explanation of Arabic medical terms in simple
Persian language. The book is divided into 28 sections, each sections is
further subdivided into 3 chapters389
. Other copy of this work can be found
in the collection of manuscripts of King Saud University.
S.No 66
Subject Medical Sciences
Manuscript No 1606
Ownership Islamia College University Library
Peshawar
Title Jezya Tul Ramooz
Author Hakeem Shah M. Bin Sheikh M. Azam
Date 1293 AH/ 1876 AD
386
Ismail Bin Lutfullah Al Bakharzai, Khulasat-Ul-Lughat. Manuscript.
387 Masumi, M.S., Bengal Contribution to Islamic Learning-I. Islamic Research Institute,
International Islamic University, Islamabad 1967, pp. 168-169
388 Ismail Bin Lutfullah Al Bakharzai, Khulasat-Ul-Lughat. Manuscript.
389 Catalogue of the Persian Manuscript in the British Museum. Manuscript British
Museum dept. of Oriental Printed Books , London 2013
157
Language Arabic
Scriber Fazal Qadir
Place of Origin Peshawar, Pakistan
Material on which written Half brown color paper
Theme Description of heart diseases & its treatment
Size of Manuscript 28x17 cm
Size of Text 21x10 cm
No. of Lines 21
No. of Folios 211
Folios Dimension 28x16
Ink Black and red
Type of Binding Black leather binding
Pages 422
Style of writing Naskh
Quality of Paper Half brown color paper
Condition Good
Status Complete390
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
Muslim Persian scientists and scholars contributed a lot for the
improvement in the field of medical sciences. There literary contributions
are still preserved in the form of manuscripts for the upcoming generation.
These literary collections served as a primary data for researcher, which
signified the capacities of Muslim science in the field. One amongst them
was Hakeem Shah Muhammad Bin Sheikh Muhammad Azam and there
had been some great Muslim scholars/ scientists who wrote on
cardiovascular concepts. Hakeem Azam was also known to be the
specialist in the said. His ancestors migrated from Khorasan to Herat and
390
Hakeem Shah Muhammad Bin Sheikh Muhammad Azam, Jezya Tul Ramooz.
Manuscript. Peshawar 1876
158
later on to India. Hakeem Muhammad Azam khan was born in 1814 and
did in 1902391
. He wrote many books in the field including Eksir Azam,392
Ramuz-E-Azam, Qarabadin-E- Azam, Naiier Azam.
In this collection the author generally introduced different heart diseases,
their symptoms and drugs to overcome these diseases. The author also
emphasized on the importance of pulse reading for physicians393
. He
divided the work in 3 different chapters. Furthermore, the work is divided
into different heading and subheadings394
. This work initially emerged in
Arabic language but it was also translated later on into Persian and Urdu
in India. Urdu translation text was published later on, which is also
available online in digital form.
4.3 PHILSOSPHY
S.No 67
Subject Philosophy
Manuscript No 1665
Ownership Islamia College University Library,
Peshawar
Title Sadra Sharh Hidayat Al-Hikmat
Author Sadr Ud Din Shirazi
Date Not known
Language Arabic
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Shiraz
391
Zargaran,A., Zarshehas, M.M., Haghigi, A.B., & Mohagheghzadeh, A., A Short
Introduction To 19th
Century Persian Books On Pulsology: Naiier Azam. Journal of
Research on History of Medicine, 3(1), 2014, p 23
392 Khan, M.,A. Eksir Azam. Matba Nizami, Kanpur 1289 (AH), p 4
393 Khan, A., Azam, N., Muslim Sciences. Al- Maa, Tehran 1854/2010
394 Hakeem Shah Muhammad Bin Sheikh Muhammad Azam, Jezya Tul Ramooz.
Manuscript. Peshawar 1876
159
Material on which written Light brown paper
Theme Philosophy & logical description
Size of Manuscript 28 x 18 cm
Size of Text 25 x16 cm
No. of Lines 17
No. of Folios 306
Folios Dimension 24 x16 cm
Ink Black
Type of Binding Red leather binding
Pages 376
Style of writing Naskh
Quality of Paper Fragile light brown paper
Condition Poor
Status Complete395
Repository/Institution Islamia College University, Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
Sadr Ud Din Muhammad Shirazi also known as Mulla Sadra. He was born
in Shiraz in the house of Khwajah Ibrahim Qarami, who was a rich man
and known politician396
. He was the only child of their parents, and was
named Muhammad after his birth but was called Sadra. Later on he was
nicked named Mulla which means alam (knowledgeable)397
. He studied
mathematics, astronomy, medicine, philosophy, Islamic law and
jurisprudence398
. He was a great Iranian, philosopher, theologian and alam
395
Sherazi, Sadr-ud-Din., Sadra Sharh Hidayat Al-Hikman. Manuscript. Shiraz
396 Rizvi, S., Reconsidering the life of Mulla Sadra Shirazi. Pembroke College, 2002, p
181
397 Nasr, S.H.,Sadr al-Din Shirazi (Mulla Sadra). in M. M. Sharif ed., A History of
Muslim Philosophy, Vol. II. Wiesbaden, 1966, p 958; Covington, R., Rediscovering
Arabic Science. Saudi Aramco World Category, 2007
398 Kamal, M., Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy. Ashgate Publishing, 2006, pp. 9
& 39
160
of his time. He was named as the most influential Muslim philosopher of
Muslim world during that time and known to be the master of
illuminationist (Ishraqi). He brought a new philosophy insight in dealing
with the nature of reality399
. He was the master all the science subjects, his
two prominent teachers were included: Baha Uddin Al Amili and Mir
Damad.400
After obtaining the education, he opened a madrassa in Shiraz
and started his writing Al Hikma Al Mutaaliya, Asalat Al Wajud, Kital Al
Mashair Al Hikma Al Arshiyya401
.
It was published by Al-Matba Al Ulm containing 230 pages whereas the
original volume contains 376 pages in fifteen different sections. Princeton
University Arabic collection Cairo Minasian has another copy of the same
manuscript containing less then 376 pages. It is a commentary on Hidayat-
al-Wikmah written by Athir Al Din Al Abhari dealing with History of
Islamic philosophy. The author has also highlighted and appreciated the
works of early Muslim philosophers402
. Another copy of the said work
can be found in Dar-E-Ahyaul-Turash Al-Arabi Berot, Lebnon.
399
Khaliq, H., Hindoon Ki Taleem Muslamanoo Kay Ahid May. Idara-E-Tasheef-Wa-
Taleef, Karachi, pp 67-69
400 Nasr, S.H.,Sadr al-Din Shirazi (Mulla Sadra). In M. M. Sharif (ed.), A History of
Muslim Philosophy, Vol. II Wiesbaden 1966, p 958
401 Muhammad, M., Hamari Ulmi Tareekh, pp133-134
402 Rizvi, S., Mulla Sadra Shirazi: His Life, Works and Sources for Safavid
Philosophy. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2007; Fazil, A., Fazil,M., &
Liban., Lubabul-Maraf-Ul-Illmai: Makataba Darul Illum Ul Islamia , Makatabah
Masriqia. Darul Illum Islamia Peshawar Ki Farasat-I- Katab, p 319
161
S.No 68
Subject Philosophy
Manuscript No 1666
Ownership Islamia College University Library
Peshawar
Title Kitab Al Hikmat Muthaliyah
Author Sadr Uddin Shirazi
Date 1281 AH/1864 AD
Language Arabic
Scriber Mullah Nur Muhammad
Place of Origin Not Known
Material on which written Half white fragile paper
Theme Philosophy and Meta physics
Size of Manuscript 35x20
Size of Text 13.5x7.5
No. of Lines 27
No. of Folios 96
Folios Dimension 30x17
Ink Black
Type of Binding Black leather binding
Pages 281
Style of writing Naskh
Quality of Paper Half white fragile paper
Condition Fair
Status Incomplete403
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
See S.No 67
403
Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Muhammad, Qutubi. Manuscript. 1074
162
S.No 69
Subject Philosophy
Manuscript No 213
Ownership Central Library, University of Peshawar
Title Mir Zahid Bar Mullah Jalal
Author Mir Zahid
Date 1225 AH/1810 AD
Language Arabic
Scriber Baqi M. Bin Maulana Ashoor Muhammad
Place of Origin Musha (Afghanistan)
Material on which written Half white paper
Theme Philosophical different approaches
Size of Manuscript 30 x 18 cm
Size of Text 28 x 16 cm
No. of Lines 19
No. of Folios 72
Folios Dimension 28 x14 cm
Ink Black
Type of Binding Red leather binding
Pages 44
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Fragile and poor quality light brown paper
Condition Poor
Status Incomplete404
Repository/Institution Central Library, University of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
404
Zahid, M., Mir Zahid Bar Mullah Jalal. Manuscript. Musha 1810
163
Annotation
Mir Zahid was a distinguished author and philosopher who flourished
during the region of mughal emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir. He was son of
Qadi Muhammad Aslam. He held the office of “Sadr” at Kabul405
. He also
wrote a super commentary on “Mawqif” section on Al Umur Al Amah,
which ranked very high in scholastic literature406
. He also wrote glosses on
others. His other two works included: Sharh Al Tahdhib and the Risalat Al
Qutbiyyah. All these glosses are generally known as Al- Hawash Al
Thalathat Al Zahidiyyah407
. Another copy of the said work can be found
in Maktaba-E-Rahmania, Multan.
S.No 70
Subject Philosophy
Manuscript No 1215
Ownership Islamia College University Library,
Peshawar
Title Mir Qutubi
Author Syed Sharif Al Jurjani
Date Not known
Language Arabic
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Not known
Material on which written Light brown paper
Theme Foundation of Philosophy
Size of Manuscript 25 x15 cm
Size of Text 22 x14 cm
405
Farooq, M., Objectification’ of Islam: A Study of Pakistani Madrassah Texts. Pakistan
Journal of History and Culture, XXXI (1), 2010, pp. 39-40
406 Fazil,A., Fazil,M., & Liban., Lubabul-Maraf-Ul-Illmai: Makataba Darul Illum Ul
Islamia , Makatabah Masriqia. Darul Illum Islamia Peshawar Ki Farasat-I- Katab, p 318
407 Robinson,F.,The Ulama of Farangi Mahall and Islamic Culture in South Asia. C.
Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2001, p 49
164
No. of Lines 21
No. of Folios 80
Folios Dimension 22x 12 cm
Ink Black
Type of Binding Black leather binding
Pages 140
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Fragile and poor quality paper
Condition Poor
Status Complete408
Repository/Institution Islamia College University, Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
Ali Ibn Muhamamd Al Jurjani was born in Astarabad (Iran) and died in
Shiraz. He was known as Al Jurjani and Al Sayyid Al Sharif409
. He was
one of the popular traditionalist theologians of fifteenth century. He
gained his education initially from Herat, Egypt and then
Constantinople410
. He started his teaching and emerged as an alam411
(knowledge). It is because of his popularity in teaching that he was called
upon by Taimur to his capital Samarqand. He remained in Samarqand. He
was very well known for his work Kitab al Rifat (Books of Definitions)
which was a short dictionary of theology and philosophy412
.
408
Syed Sharif Al Jurjani, Mir Qutubi. Manuscript.
409 Muhammad, M., Hamari Ulmi Tareekh. pp 30-31
410 King, D.A., A Survey of the Scientific manuscripts in the Egyptian National Library.
Winona Lake, Eisenbrauns 1986, p 171-2
411 Dawood, I., Makhtotat-E-Persia. Ferogh-E-Urdu, Lahore, pp 29-32
412 Alauddin, M., Karekh Musanifin. Nidavat-Ul-Musanifin, Delhi 1951, p 20; Ali ibn
Muhammad Jurjani, Adud Al-Din Abd Al-Rahman Ibn Ahmad Iji & Muhammad Sadiq
Ali Laknawi. Kitab Al-Mustatab Min Tasnifat Shams Al-Hudá Ka-Al-Qamar Fi Nujum
Al-Sama Mawlana Abu Al- Ali Al-Musammá Bi-Sharh Al-Mawaqif. Nawal Kishawr, 1877
165
S.No 71
Subject Philosophy
Manuscript No 473
Ownership Central Library, University of Peshawar
Title Mir Qutubi
Author Syed Sahrif Al Jurjani
Date Not known
Language Arabic
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Not known
Material on which written Light brown paper
Theme Foundation of Philosophy
Size of Manuscript 25 x15 cm
Size of Text 22 x14 cm
No. of Lines 21
No. of Folios 80
Folios Dimension 22x 12 cm
Ink Black
Type of Binding Black leather binding
Pages 140
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Fragile light brown paper
Condition Poor
Status Complete413
Repository/Institution Central Library, University Of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
See S.No 70
413
Syed Sharif Al Jurjani, Mir Qutubi. Manuscript.
166
S.No 72
Subject Philosophy
Manuscript No 208
Ownership Central Library, University Of Peshawar
Title Mir Qutubi
Author Syed Sahrif Al Jurjani
Date Not known
Language Arabic
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Not known
Material on which written Light brown paper
Theme Foundation of Philosophy
Size of Manuscript 25 x15 cm
Size of Text 22 x14 cm
No. of Lines 21
No. of Folios 80
Folios Dimension 22x 12 cm
Ink Black
Type of Binding Black leather binding
Pages 115
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Fragile and poor light brown paper
Condition Poor- damaged
Status Incomplete414
Repository/Institution Central Library, University Of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
See S.No 70
414
Syed Sharif Al Jurjani, Mir Qutubi. Manuscript.
167
S.No 73
Subject Philosophy
Manuscript No 1748
Ownership Islamia College University Library,
Peshawar
Title Mir Aisa Ghuji
Author Syed Sharif Al Jurjani
Date 1252 AH/ 1836 AD
Language Arabic
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Not known
Material on which written Light brown paper
Theme Basic component of philosophy
Size of Manuscript 25 x15 cm
Size of Text 22 x14 cm
No. of Lines 8
No. of Folios 42
Folios Dimension 22x12
Ink Black, blue and red
Type of Binding Black leather binding
Pages 77
Style of writing Naskh
Quality of Paper Fragile and poor light brown paper
Condition Poor
Status Incomplete415
Repository/Institution Islamia College University, Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
415
Syed Sharif Al Jurjani, Mir Aisa Ghuji. Manuscript. 1836
168
Annotation
It is a commentary on a work of logic, called Aisa Ghuji by Athar Uddin
Abhari416
. The work is divided into four different sections of which one of
the section deals with the critisim, raised by Sharif Jurjani, on the original
work417
. The status of the manuscript is complete, whereas, other copies of
the same manuscript can be found in different libraries of India and
Iran.418
This work was later on translated and printed by Shahmosh
printing press of India and King Fahad University Riaz. King Fahad
University claimed to have the original copy of the work, which is lying at
the University having 233 pages. For author description see serial No. 70.
S.No 74
Subject Philosophy
Manuscript No 219
Ownership Central Library, University of Peshawar
Title Hashiya Bar Sharh Mutaliha
Author Al Syed Sharif Jurjani
Date Not known
Language Arabic
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Not known
Material on which written Half white paper
Theme commentary on philosophy and logic
Size of Manuscript 22x12
Size of Text 18x8
No. of Lines 118
416
Dhanani, A., Jurjani: Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Ali alḤusayni alJurjani (alSayyid al–
Sharif. The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer, New York 2007
417 Hasani, A., Makhtutat. Hyberabad, pp 63-64
Fazil, A., Fazil, M., & Liban., Lubabul-Maraf-Ul-Illmai: Makataba Darul Illum Ul
Islamia , Makatabah Masriqia. Darul Illum Islamia Peshawar Ki Farasat-I- Katab, p 317
418 Syed Sharif Al Jurjani, Mir Aisa Ghuji. Manuscript. 1836
169
No. of Folios 72
Folios Dimension 17x8
Ink Black
Type of Binding Black color leather
Pages 167
Style of writing Naskh
Quality of Paper Fair half white paper
Condition Fair
Status Complete419
Repository/Institution Central Library, University of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
It is a gloss by Al-Syed Sharif on Qutub-Ud Din Razi Tahtani’s
commentary and on work known as “Mutalih-Al-Anwar” of Siraj-Al-Din
Abu Al Thana Mahmud Bin Abu Bakr Urmawi. According to Loth, it is
wrongly ascribed to Mullah Qutab Ud-Din420
. Other copy of the said work
can be found in Maktaba Matbuat Al Islamia. For author description
See S.No 70.
S.No 75
Subject Philosophy
Manuscript No 1672
Ownership Islamia College University Library
Peshawar
Title Kitab Al- Shifa
Author Ibn Sina
Date Not known
Language Arabic
419
Al Syed Sharif Jurjani, Hashiya Bar Sharh Mutaliha. Manuscript.
420 Browne, E.G., A Literary History of Persia: From Firdawsi to Sadi, vol. II.
Cambridge University Press, New York1956, p 143
170
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Not known
Material on which written Light brown paper
Theme Philosophic Concepts and Logic
Size of Manuscript 35 x20 cm
Size of Text 32 x18 cm
No. of Lines 27
No. of Folios 416
Folios Dimension 32 x18 cm
Ink Black, red and blue
Type of Binding Red leather binding
Pages 324
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Fragile light brown paper
Condition Fair
Status Complete421
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
The said collection is one the greatest literary achievements of Ibn-i-
Sina.422
It is philosophical encyclopedia, which is divided into four parts
including the subjects of philosophy, logic, mathematics, astronomy,
arthematics, natural sciences and metaphysics423
.
421
Ibn-Sina, Kitab Al-Shifa. Manuscript.
422 Nasr, S.H., The achievements of Ibn Sina in the field of science and his contributions
to its Philosophy. Islam & Science, 2003, p 1
423 Haque, A., Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim
Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists. Journal of Religion
and Health, 43(4), 2004, pp. 376-77
171
S.No 76
Subject Philosophy
Manuscript No 1673
Ownership Islamia College University Library,
Peshawar
Title Kitab Al- Shifa
Author Ibn Sina
Date Not known
Language Arabic
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Not known
Material on which written Light brown paper
Theme Philosophic Concepts and Logic
Size of Manuscript 35 x20 cm
Size of Text 32 x18 cm
No. of Lines 27
No. of Folios 416
Folios Dimension 32 x18 cm
Ink Black, red and blue
Type of Binding Red leather binding
Pages 324
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Fragile light brown paper
Condition Fair
Status Complete424
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
See S.No 75
424
Ibn-Sina, Kitab Al-Shifa. Manuscript.
172
S.No 77
Subject Philosophy
Manuscript No 1673
Ownership Islamia College University Library
Peshawar
Title Shafai- Sheikh
Author Ibn Sina
Date 1025 AD
Language Arabic
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Not known
Material on which written Light brown paper
Theme Description on philosophical approaches
Size of Manuscript 35x 20 cm
Size of Text 32 x18 cm
No. of Lines 33
No. of Folios 512
Folios Dimension 23 x17 cm
Ink Black, red and blue
Type of Binding Red color leather binding
Pages 1040
Style of writing Naskh
Quality of Paper Good quality light brown paper
Condition Good
Status Complete425
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
425
Ibn-Sina, Kitab Al-Shifa. Manuscript. 1025
173
Annotation
This manuscript is the copy of the work under the title “Kitab Al Shifa”. It
is also called as the second Nuskha of Kitab Al Shifa with elaboration.
The work has been divided into 27 different sections. This manuscript was
used as a text in the institutes of learning. The work covers almost all the
diseases and treatment of the time426
.
S.No 78
Subject Philosophy
Manuscript No 208
Ownership Central Library, University of Peshawar
Title Qutubi
Author Abu Abdullah M. Ibn M. Qutub Din Razi
Thathani
Date 1074AD
Language Arabic
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Not known
Material on which written Light brown paper
Theme Different philosophical approaches
Size of Manuscript 25 x15 cm
Size of Text 7 x 4.5 cm
No. of Lines 19
No. of Folios 120
Folios Dimension 23 x 11 cm
Ink Black
Type of Binding Black leather binding
Pages 180
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Fragile light brown poor paper
426
Ibid
174
Condition Poor
Status Incomplete427
Repository/Institution Central Library, University of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
Qutabi is a commentary by Qutub Udidn Muhammad, whose full name is
Abu Abdullah Muhammad Bin Muhammad Qutub Ud Din Razi Thathani.
He was a Persian Muslim philosopher.428
The said work is a commentary
on “Shamsiyah”, which was written by Najm-Ud-Din Umar Bin Ali Al
Qazwani. The original title of the work, as mentioned by the author in the
text, is Tahrir-Ul-Qawaid Al Mantaqah Tul Fi Sharah Al Risala Al
Shamsiyah, however, the work is commonly known as Qutubi429
.
Whereas, the work of Syed Sharif Jurjani is known as Mir Qutubi.430
The
author had dedicated this work to Amir Ahmad Sharal Al Din431
. The
work dealt with the different Islamic approaches towards philosophy432
. It
was printed in 1815 in Calcutta433
. Other copies of the same manuscripts
are available in different libraries of the world especially in Iran, under the
title Sharah Risala Shamsiya434
. Though, there are differences in the
pages, however, the status of the manuscript is incomplete.
427
Abu Abdullah M. Ibn M. Qutub Din Razi Thathani, Qutubi.manucript. 1074
428 Storey,C.A., Persian Literature: A Bio-Bibliographical Survey, p 77
429 Witkam,J.J., Inventory of the Oriental Manuscripts of the University of Leiden, vol I.
Ter Lugt press Leiden , 2007, p 84
430 Naseem, H., Muslim Philosophy: Science and Mysticism. Sarup & Sons, 2001, pp 98-
100
431 Nawshahi, A., Fihrist-i nushkhah ha-yi khatti-i Farsi-i. Muzah-i Milli-i Pakistan,
Karachi 1983, p 190
432 Farooq, S. & Farooq, T., Shah Aur Awam Ka Inkalab. Makataba Jahan-numa, Lahore
1971, pp 104-111
433 Hasani, A., Makhtutat. Hyberabad, pp 68-69
434 History of Writings In Persia, pp 17
175
S.No 79
Subject Philosophy
Manuscript No 209
Ownership Central Library, University of Peshawar
Title Hasihya Sadiq Bar Baqi Al Mizan
Author Mullah Sadiq
Date 1213 AH
Language Persian
Scriber Mullah Hasim Harawi
Place of Origin Herat
Material on which written Light Brown Paper
Theme Philosophy and Logic
Size of Manuscript 20x15
Size of Text 18x11
No. of Lines 20
No. of Folios 45
Folios Dimension 16x9
Ink Black
Type of Binding Black Leather Binding
Pages 79
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of paper Fair
Condition Fair
Status Incomplete435
Repository/Institution Central Library, University of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
Mulla sadiq was a famous philosopher and scholar of his time. He was
flourished during eleventh century and was a scholar at the court of
435
Sadiq, M., Hasihya Sadiq Bar Baqi Al Mizan. Manuscript. Herat 1213
176
Mughal Emperor Jehangir436
. He wrote several books including
commentaries and glosses on grammer, philosophy and logic437
. His
famous book of logic was used a textbook in Dars-E-Nizamia438
.
This manuscript is a commentary on Mizan Al Mantiq. The said
manuscript is very informative treatise on logic. The author wrote a gloss
on it and, hence, it was prescribed as a text book in schools. It was
published in Lucknow at 1261 AH439
. Another copy is available in
Maktaba Qasmiya Sindh, Pakistan.
S.No 80
Subject Philosophy
Manuscript No 479
Ownership Central Library, University of Peshawar
Title Hasiyah Mirak Bar Mullah Jalal
Author Mullah Jalal
Date Not known
Language Arabic
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Herat, Afghanistan
Material on which written Half white paper
Theme Foundation of philosophy & logic
Size of Manuscript 20x10
Size of Text 18x8
No. of Lines 15
No. of Folios 55
436
Witkam,J.J., Inventory of the Oriental Manuscripts of the University of Leiden, vol. I.
Ter Lugt press Leiden , 2007, p 70
437 Saliba, G., Arabic Sciences and Philosophy, vol.3. 1993, p 164
438 Nasr, S.H., and Leaman, O., History of Islamic Philosophy, 1996, p 301
439 Sharif, M.M., History of Muslim Philosophy, Vol 2. Allgauer Heimatverlag ,
Germany 1996, p 920
177
Folios Dimension 18x7
Ink Black and red
Type of Binding Black leather binding
Pages 24
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Half white good quality paper
Condition Good
Status Complete440
Repository/Institution Central Library, University of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
The full name of the author is Shams Al Din Muhammad Bin Mubarak
Shah Bukhari, commonly called as “Mirak”. He was a great philosopher
of eighteenth century441
. He was a native of Herat and migrated to India
during the rule of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, who appointed him as a
tutor for his sons442
. The author wrote famous commentaries that was dealt
with physics amd metaphysics. It was styled and famous as “Mullah
Jalal’s” commentaries443
. The manuscript is one of the famous works of
the author, which is dealt with the philosophy, logic and philosophical
approaches in detail444
.
440
Jalal, M., Hasiyah Mirak Bar Mullah Jalal. Manuscript. Herat
441 Nasr, S. H., Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land
Of Prophecy. Suny Press, 2006, p 167
442 Hamid, A., Islam Ka Phalsafa-E-Tareekh. Makhtaba Charagh-Ra, Lahore 1958, pp
37-41
443 Mudasir, K., History of Muslim Philosophers, p 212
444 Junaid uddin, A., Sufiyay E Islam, Tareekhdan, Hyderabad 1960, p 39
178
S.No 81
Subject Philosophy
Manuscript No 1755
Ownership Islamia College University Library
Peshawar
Title Hasiyah Mirak Bar Mullah Jalal
Author Not known
Date Not known
Language Arabic
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Herat
Material on which written Half white paper
Theme Foundation of philosophical methods
Size of Manuscript 20x10
Size of Text 18x8
No. of Lines 15
No. of Folios 55
Folios Dimension 18x7
Ink Black and red
Type of Binding Black leather binding
Pages 24
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Half white, good quality paper
Condition Good
Status Complete445
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
See S.No 80
445
Hasiyah Mirak Bar Mullah Jalal. Manuscript. Herat
179
S.No 82
Subject Philosophy
Manuscript No 223
Ownership Central Library, University of Peshawar
Title Sharah Hikmatul Ain
Author Shams Uddin Muhammad Bin Mubarak
Date 948 AH
Language Arabic
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Not known
Material on which written Half white paper
Theme Basic of philosophy and logic in detail
Size of Manuscript 18x12 cm
Size of Text 16x10 cm
No. of Lines 19
No. of Folios 140
Folios Dimension 16x8
Ink Black and red
Type of Binding Black leather binding
Pages 26
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Half white, fair quality paper insects eaten
Condition Fair
Status Incomplete446
Repository/Institution Central Library, University of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
This manuscript is a commentary on the famous work entitled: “Hikmat
Al Ain” of Najam Aldin Abu Bakr Bin Omar Katibi Kazwini. It was dealt
with the physics and metaphysics and it was commonly known as
446
Shams Uddin Muhammad Bin Mubarak, Sharah Hikmatul Ain.Manuscript. 948 AH
180
Mirak447
. Many glosses were written on this work and the most famous
glosses were written by Abu Al Hasan Ibn Muhammad Afzal and Syed
Harfi Jurjani448
.
S.No 83
Subject Philosophy
Manuscript No 472
Ownership Central Library ,University of Peshawar
Title Hasiyah Al-Kirmani
Author Khalil Bin Muhammad Al-Kiramai
Date 776 AH/ 1374 AD
Language Persian
Scriber Baba Adam Bin Hafiz Al- Madani
Khalilullah
Place of Origin Not known
Material on which written Half brown paper
Theme Philosophy Approaches and logical method
Size of Manuscript 20x15
Size of Text 18x13
No. of Lines 21
No. of Folios 86
Folios Dimension 18x12
Ink Black and red
Type of Binding Hard leather binding
Pages 114
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Half brown paper, fair quality
Condition Fair
Status Complete449
447
Khaliq, H., Hindoon Ki Taleem Muslamanoo Kay Ahid May. Idara-E-Tasheef-Wa-
Taleef, Karachi, pp 67-69; Ismail, M., Ulma-E-Hind. pp 4-6
448 Muhammad, M., Hamari Ulmi Tareekh, pp 54-56
181
Repository/Institution Central Library, University of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
The manuscript was written by Khalil Bin Muhammad Al-Kiramai who
wrote different glosses. The said work is a gloss on Qutubi. The work had
been divided into 7 different sections. Each section has been highlighted
by different titles. It also contains an introduction and a natija. The sixth
section of the work is a dictionary, which is in an alpbatical order of all the
technical terms450
. The author tried to compare Qutubi work with the
literary works of other Muslim philosophers and scholars451
. Notes are
attached with the manuscript indicating the theme of the work452
. Other
copies of the same manuscripts can be found in fairistai makhtot-e-
mohebiyya Tehran. It is attached with other 3 manuscript, namely
Hasiyah Bar Qutubi, Sharah Khubrah and Hasiyah Bardi Bar Sharah Asia
Ghuji.
S.No 84
Subject Philosophy
Manuscript No 1660
Ownership Islamia College University Library
Peshawar
Title Sharh Mutalah
Author Abu Abdullah M.BinM. Qutub-Ud-Din Razi
Date 689AH
Language Arabic
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Not known
449
Khalil Bin Muhammad Al-Kiramai, Hasiyah Al-Kirmani. Manuscript. 1374
450 Dawood, I., Makhtotat-E-Persia. Ferogh-E-Urdu, Lahore, pp 44-45
451 Sharif, M. M., A History of Islamic Philosophy, Vol. 1. Wiesbaden: Otto
Harrossowitz 1963, p 221
452 Walker, P. E., Early Philosophical Shiism, Cambridge, pp 88-89
182
Material on which written Light brown
Theme Logic and logical description
Size of Manuscript 28x22
Size of Text 10x8 cm
No. of Lines 19
No. of Folios 88
Folios Dimension 25x20
Ink Black
Type of Binding Black leather binding
Pages 224
Style of writing Naskh
Quality of Paper Light brown, good quality paper
Condition Good
Status Incomplete453
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
It is a commentary on the Siraj-Ud-Din Abu Al Thana Mahmud Bin Abu
Bakr Urmawi’s work “ Mutalah Al Anwar” which is a treatise on logic454
.
S.No 85
Subject Philosophy
Manuscript No 1661
Ownership Islamia College University Library
Peshawar
Title Sharh Mutalah
Author Abu Abdullah M.BinM. Qutub-Ud-Din Razi
453
Abu Abdullah Muhammad Bin Muhammad Qutub-Ud-Din Razi, Sharh Mutalah.
Manuscript. 1290
454Naseem, H., Muslim Philosophy: Science and Mysticism. Sarup & Sons 2001, p 99
183
Date 689AH/ 1290AD
Language Arabic
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Not known
Material on which written Light brown
Theme Logic and logical description
Size of Manuscript 28x22
Size of Text 10x8 cm
No. of Lines 19
No. of Folios 88
Folios Dimension 25x20
Ink Black
Type of Binding Black leather binding
Pages 242
Style of writing Naskh
Quality of Paper Light brown, good quality paper
Condition Good
Status Complete455
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
See S.No 84
S.No 86
Subject Philosophy
Manuscript No 216
Ownership Central Library, University Of Peshawar
Title Maulvi Abdul Hakim Bar Qutubi & Mir
Qutubi
455
Abu Abdullah Muhammad Bin Muhammad Qutub-Ud-Din Razi, Sharh Mutalah.
Manuscript. 1290
184
Author Maulvi Abdul Hakim Sailkoti
Date Not known
Language Arabic
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Not known
Material on which written Light brown paper
Theme Various philosophical approaches
Size of Manuscript 30 x10 cm
Size of Text 26 x8 cm
No. of Lines 26
No. of Folios 80
Folios Dimension 26 x9 cm
Ink Black and red
Type of Binding Black leather binding
Pages 310
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Fragile light brown
Condition Fair
Status Complete456
Repository/Institution Central Library, University Of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
Abdul Hakim Sialkoti was born in Sialkot. His father Sheikh Shams Uddin
was a teacher. He gained his primary education from his father later on he
went to Herat where he got command on logic and philosophy. He was
also known as Fazil Sailkot and Fazil Lahori457
. His literary work is still
taught in international universities and madrassa458
. Just because of his
456
Sailkoti, M. A. H., Maulvi Abdul Hakim Bar Qutubi & Mir Qutubi. Manuscript.
457 Schimmel, A., Islam in the Indian Subcontinent, vol. 2. BRILL, 1980, p 100
458 Wadood, H., Makhtutat Islamia. Lahore 1957, p 111-112
185
literary and teaching services, the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan had him
weighted twice in silver and once in gold459
.
The said work is a gloss on the work Qutubi and Mir Qutubi. The author
has divided the work in three sections. One section of the work deals with
the author’s own analysis while the other two sections are summaries of
the two titles mentioned above460
. Other copy of the same manuscript can
be found in maktaba Ismailia. The original work is written in Arabic
language but later on it was translated into Persian and Urdu. It has been
also published from India.
S.No 87
Subject Philosophy
Manuscript No 1688
Ownership Islamia College University Library
Peshawar
Title Hal Mushkalat Al Isharat
Author Nasir Ud Din Tusi
Date 10th
-11th
century
Language Arabic
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Shiraz
Material on which written Half white paper
Theme Philosophical commentary
Size of Manuscript 20x18 cm
Size of Text 16x18 cm
No. of Lines 25
No. of Folios 380
Folios Dimension 18x16 cm
Ink Black
459
Ibid.
460 Ibid.
186
Type of Binding Black leather binding
Pages 254
Style of writing Naskh
Quality of Paper Half white paper, fair quality paper
Condition Fair
Status Incomplete461
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
Khwaja Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Hassan Tusi, who was bitterly
known as Nasiruddin Tusi born in Khorasan in a small village of Tusi462
.
He was not only a prolific Islamic scholar but also known as an architect.
He has command on various fields of sciences which includes physics,
chemistry, biology, astronomy, mathematics, philosophy etc463
. He
travelled throughout Central Asia and remained a student of well known
Muslim scientist to learn both the theoretical and practical aspects in
different fields of sciences464
. His literary works on different subjects are
still considered to be the primary sources of Islamic writings. Ibn Khaldun
also quoted him as the greatest Persian Muslim scholar of his time465
. His
writings are mostly in Persian language, however, he also contributed in
Arabic. Tusi has about 150 works, of which 25 are in Persian language
and the remaining is in Arabic language,466
and there is one treatise in
Persian, Arabic and Turkish language. Apart from his literary contribution
in the field of science, he also wrote on religious topics. He is known to be
amongst those Muslim writers whose works are still preserved in large
461
Nasir Ud Din Tusi, Hal Mushkalat Al Isharat.Manuscript. 10th -11th
century.
462 Alauddin, M., Karekh Musanifin. Nidavat-Ul-Musanifin, Delhi 1951, pp 20-21
463 Ismail, M., Ulma-E-Hind. pp 53
464 Uzma, H., Tareekh-E-Falsafa. Faran Limited, Karachi 1981, p 57
465 Hamid, D., Khwajah Nasir al-Din Tusi: The philosopher/vizier and the intellectual
climate of his times. Routledge, London 1996.
466 Alauddin, M., Karekh Musanifin. Nidavat-Ul-Musanifin, Delhi 1951, p 67-68
187
number467
. These primary sources do not only highlight the achievement
of Muslim scientists in the field of sciences but also facilitate the current
researchers in different branches of sciences468
.
This work is a philosophical work written in reply to the question raised in
“Al Isharat” of Ibn Sina. This commentary by “Qoala” was in 3 volumes.
The volume I deals with logic, the volume II deals with physics and
volume III deals with metaphysics and it is partly composed in reputation
of the critics of Razi. Copies of the said work are available in various
libraries469
.
S.No 88
Subject Philosophy
Manuscript No 480
Ownership Central Library, University of Peshawar
Title Yakrozi Sharah Aisa Ghuji
Author Saad Uddin Bin Masud Bin Umar Tuftazani
Date 1192 AH/ 1778AD
Language Arabic
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Not known
Material on which written Light brown fragile paper
Theme Introduction to logic and philosophy
Size of Manuscript 25x15 cm
Size of Text 23x14
No. of Lines 13
No. of Folios 68
Folios Dimension 23x14 cm
Ink Black and red
Type of Binding Black leather binding
467
Muhammad, M., Hamari Ulmi Tareekh, pp 70-71
468 Haq, S.A., Qadeem Mashriq. Maktaba-E-Fareedi, Karachi 1958, pp 106-107
469 Navasuddin, Tareekh Maktotat-e-Arabia, p 166-167
188
Pages 50
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Light brown fragile and poor quality paper
Condition Poor
Status Incomplete470
Repository/Institution Central Library, University of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
The author was, also known as Al-Taftangani (1322-1390), born in
Taftazan (Khorasan). He completed his education in different institutions
of Herat, Samarqand and Khwarizm. He served actively during the Taimur
region. Ibn Hajar al asqalani remarked about the author that “science
ended with him in the east” and that no one can ever replace him. He spent
most of his time in Sarakhs471
. In 1930, he died in Samarqand and was
buried in Sarakh. He was very well known for his writings in the field of
grammar, theology, law, rhetoric (Islamic jurisprudence). His literary
contributions were thought as a text books in the Ottoman madarassas.
Most of his writing is in Arabic languages, however, he also started
writings in Persian language472
. His Persian writing was translated into
Turkish and other languages. His known works included: Kuhf-Al-Asrar
and Sharah-I-Az-Zanjani473
.
The work is a commentary on the Athis-Al-Din Abhari Essa Ghuji
(Introduction to Logic). It is worth mentioning here that the said work is
written in one day. The work has been divided into three different
470
Saad Uddin Bin Masud Bin Umar Tuftazani, Yakrozi Sharah Aisa Ghuji. Manuscript.
1778
471 Hughes, A. W., Muslim Identities: An Introduction to Islam. Columbia University
Press, 2013, p 194
472 Al-Taftazani, Sad al-Din Masud ibn Umar ibn Abd Allah. A Commentary on the
Creed of Islam: Sad al-Din al-Taftazani on the Creed of Najm al-Din al-Nasafi (Earl
Edgar Elder Trans.). New York: Columbia University Press 1950, p 20
473 Charagh, I.A., Ulmah Sarhad. Lahore 1963
189
sections474
. Other copies of the said manuscript can be found in
Brokalman and Jamia Um-Ul-Qura.
S.No 89
Subject Philosophy
Manuscript No 217
Ownership Central Library, University of Peshawar
Title Hashiya Hafiz Daraz Bar Qadi Muslim
Author Hafiz M. Ahsan Bin M. Siddiq Bin M.
Ashraf Al-Kushabi
Date Not known
Language Arabic
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Not known
Material on which written Half white paper, fair
Theme Philosophical approaches and logic
Size of Manuscript 25x15
Size of Text 22x12
No. of Lines 28
No. of Folios 90
Folios Dimension 22x16
Ink Red
Type of Binding Black leather binding
Pages 178
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Half white, fair quality
Condition Fair
Status Incomplete475
474
Saad Uddin Bin Masud Bin Umar Tuftazani, Yakrozi Sharah Aisa Ghuji. Manuscript.
1778
190
Repository/Institution Central Library, University of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
Hafiz Muhammad Ahsan Bin Muhammad Siddiq Bin Muhammad Ashraf
Al Khushab was commonly known as Hafaz Daraz owing to his heighted
personality476
. He was born at Khushab and later settled at Peshawar,
(Pakistan)477
. He was a prolific writer and author of many works. He also
wrote a commentary of “Sahi”.A full account of his life is given in “Ulmai
Sarhad” by “Muhammad Shafi” Sabir478
.
S.No 90
Subject Philosophy
Manuscript No 1742
Ownership Islamia College University Library
Peshawar
Title Sharah Al Isharat
Author Fakhuruddin Al Razi
Date 755 AH/ 1354AD
Language Arabic
Scriber Khawaja Bin Muhammad Bin Burhan
Place of Origin Gulistan
Material on which written Light brown paper
Theme General Theories of philosophy and logic
Size of Manuscript 30x18 cm
Size of Text 29 x17
475
Hafiz Muhamamd Ahsan Bin Muhamamd Siddiq Bin Muhammad Ashraf Al-
Kushabi, Hashiya Hafiz Daraz Bar Qadi Muslim. Manuscript.
476 Witkam,J.J., Inventory of the Oriental Manuscripts of the University of Leiden, vol I.
Ter Lugt press Leiden , 2007, p 317
477 Sharif, M.M., History of Muslim Philosophy, vol. 2. Allgauer Heimatverlag GmbH,
Germany 1966, p 901
478 Charagh, I.A., Ulmah Sarhad. Lahore 1963
191
No. of Lines 31
No. of Folios 110
Folios Dimension 28x17
Ink Black
Type of Binding Black leather binding
Pages 175
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper light brown good quality paper
Condition Good
Status Complete479
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
Imam Fakhr-Ud-Din Al Razi was one of the known figures in the writings
of Islamic theology. Apart from theology he also wrote on other subjects
including history, literature, Law, science and philosophy. He was born in
Ray near Tehran (Iran). The subject of philosophy got his attraction in his
early age and, hence, he visited Khwarazan and Transoxania where he
remained in touch with the known theologians480
. Different controversies
followed him throughout his life and because of that he traveled to
different places including Khorasan, Samarqand, Bukhara and India.481
But finally he settled in Herat where he build a madarassa and started
teaching. Sources confirm that most of his literary work was written in
Herat which he used as a text for his madarassa. The said treatise is on the
subject of logic, natural, philosophy, theology and metaphysics482
. It is a
479
Fakhuruddin Al Razi, Sharah Al Isharat. Manuscript. Gulistan 1354
480 Cooper,J., Al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din (1149-1209). Routledge Encyclopedia of
Philosophy, Routledge, 1998.
481 Gilman, D. C., Thurston, H. T., & Colby, F. M., Fakhr-ad-Din ar-Razi. New
International Encyclopedia 1905, (1st ed.). Dodd, Mead New York.
482 Richard Maxwell Eaton, The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-
1760,University of California Press,1996, p 29
192
commentary on Sina’s known work Al Isharat Wa Al Tanbihat. The
author added his own introduction and a natija (conclusion) in it;483
and he
also expressed his other works (personal experiences by giving reference).
i. Al Mabahith Al Mashriqiyya Fi Ilm Al I Lahiyyat Wa Tabiyat
ii. Mafatih Al Ghaib484
iii. Al Tafsir Al Kabir
iv. Kitab Al Nafs Wa Iruh Wa Sharh Quwa Huma
v. Lubab Al Isharat485
S.No 91
Subject Philosophy
Manuscript No 1710
Ownership Islamia College University Library
Peshawar
Title Sharah Hidayat Al Hikmah
Author Qadi Mir Hussain Bin Moin Uddin Al
Maybudi
Date 1253AH/ 1837AD
Language Arabic
Scriber Qadi Mir Hussain B. Moin Uddin Al
Maybudi
Place of Origin Not Known
Material on which written Light brown paper
Theme General Philosophy
Size of Manuscript 30x20 cm
Size of Text 28x18.5
483
Fakhuruddin Al Razi, Sharah Al Isharat. Manuscript, Gulistan 1354
484 King, D.A., A Survey of the Scientific manuscripts in the Egyptian National Library .
Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake 1986, p 171-2
485 Sachau, E., and Ethe, H., Catalogue of the Persian, Turkish, Hindustani, and Pushtu
Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1889, col. 969 entry 1609
193
No. of Lines 21
No. of Folios 108
Folios Dimension 27x17
Ink Black
Type of Binding Red leather binding
Pages 318
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Light brown good quality paper
Condition Good
Status Complete486
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
Qadir Mir Hussain Maybudi was a Persian philosopher who was
commonly known as Al Maybudi. He was the son of Khwaja Moin Al Din
who was the amir of Yazd in the region of Qaraquyunlu Jahan Shah. The
author remained the student of Jalal Uldin Dawani487
. He gained
popularity by writing this commentary. He also remained the chief judge
of yazd. Apart from his other series, he continued teaching in the subject
of logic and geometry during the period488
. The said work is a
commentary on Athir Al Din Al Abharis Hidayat Al Hikma. The said
work was used as a text book for the beginners on the subject of
philosophy. The work was given the title of “Maybudhi” at that time and
very well known to the people by the same title.
Other works included:
486
Qadi Mir Hussain Bin Moin Uddin Al Maybudi, Sharah Hidayat Al Hikmah.
Manuscript, 1837
487 Pourjavady, R., Philosophy in Early Safavid Iran: Najm Al-DIn Mamd Al-Nayrz and
His Writings of Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science, vol.82. BRILL, 2011, pp
11,15, 32
488 Nasr, S.H., Islamic Philosophy from its Origin to Present: Philosophy in the Land of
Prophecy. University of New York, 2006, pp 209-11
194
i. Sharah Al Hidayah: famous commentary on Athir Al Din Abhari. It is for
the beginners on the subject of philosophy.
ii. Sharah-I-Divan-I-Ali- Ibn Talib ( poems of Ali Ibn Abi Talib)
iii. Munshaat
iv. Jam-I-Giti-Numa
v. Sharah Al Kafiayh Fi Al Nahw
This manuscript is a commentary on the Sheikh Athir Al Din Umar Al
Abhari’s work entitled: Hidayat Al Hikmah, a well known book on
general philosophy. It is known as “Maybudhi” and held in great
respect489
.
S.No 92
Subject Philosophy
Manuscript No 477
Ownership Central Library, University of Peshawar
Title Sharah Hidayat Al Hikmah
Author Qadi Mir Hussain Bin Moin Uddin Al
Maybudi
Date 1253AH/ 1837AD
Language Arabic
Scriber Qadi Mir Hussain Bin Moin Uddin Al
Maybudi
Place of Origin Not Known
Material on which written Light brown paper
Theme General Philosophy
Size of Manuscript 30x20 cm
Size of Text 28x18.5
No. of Lines 21
No. of Folios 108
489
The Relation between Sufism and Philosophy in Persian Culture. Hamdard Islamicus,
6(4), 1983, pp. 33–47; Qadi Mir Hussain Bin Moin Uddin Al Maybudi, Sharah Hidayat
Al Hikmah. Manuscript. 1837
195
Folios Dimension 27x17
Ink Black
Type of Binding Red leather binding
Pages 308
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Light brown poor quality paper
Condition Poor
Status Incomplete 490
Repository/Institution Central Library, University of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
See S.No 91
S.No 93
Subject Philosophy
Manuscript No 481
Ownership Central Library ,University Of Peshawar
Title Al-Shamsiyyah
Author Najim Al Din Umar Bin Ali Al Qazwani
Date Period of 695 AH
Language Arabic
Writer Not known
Place of origin Not known
Material on which written
Manuscript theme
Light brown paper
Approaches of logic:Conception, Judgment ,
Subject Matter
Size of Manuscript 25x15
Size of text 23x14
No. of lines 11
490
Qadi Mir Hussain Bin Moin Uddin Al Maybudi, Sharah Hidayat Al Hikmah.
Manuscript. 1837
196
No. of folios 65
Folios dimension(cm) 22x12
Ink Black
Type of binding Black leather binding
Pages 68
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of paper Light brown ,fragile paper
Condition of manuscript Poor
Status Complete491
Repository/institution Central Library ,University Of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
It is a small discourse on logic, produced by Najam Ud Din Umar Bin Ali
Al Qazwani, who was also known as Al Kitibi. He had been remained a
pupil of Nasir ud din Tusi. Najam’s work had gained a good deal of
reputation and attracted the attention of numerous eminent scholars, who
worked hard to produce refined commentaries492
. These contributors
included: Qutub al din Mahmud bin Muhammad Razi and Sayyad Sharif
Jurjani. Moreover, Qutubi and the topmost Mir Qutubi were considered
the initial commentaries on the subject. These commentaries have also
been used as text book in India. The author is very well known for his this
work Al- Shamsiyyah which is work containing information about logic of
Shamsuddin. His work inspired the different great Muslim scientists like
Ibn Sina. Although Sina criticize him on different occasions but still
considered his this work as one of the major collection in Muslim
writing493
.
491
Najim Al Din Umar Bin Ali Al Qazwani, Al-Shamsiyyah. Manuscript. 695 AH
492 Nasr, S.H., Islamic Philosophy from its Origin Present: Philosophy in the Land of
Prophecy. University of New York Press 2006, pp 315, 326
493 Robinson, F., Ottomans-Safavids-Mughals: Shared knowledge and connective
Systems. Pp. 41,42,44
197
The principal characteristic of the manuscript is very brief and to the
point, however, the author has resolutely produced resolution of various
logical issues. Its introduction deals with knowledge and its various kinds,
such as Tasawur (Conception), Tasdiq (Judgment) and The Mawdu
(Subject Matter of Logic)494
.
S.No 94
Subject Philosophy
Manuscript No 1069
Ownership Islamia College University Library
Peshawar
Title Sharah Hayakil Al Nur
Author Jalal Uddin Dawani
Date Not known
Language Arabic
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Dawan, Iran
Material on which written Light brown paper
Theme Comparative philosophical approaches
Size of Manuscript 22x15cm
Size of Text 20x14
No. of Lines 7
No. of Folios 40
Folios Dimension 19x13 cm
Ink Black
Type of Binding Leather binding
Pages 67
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Good
Condition Good
494
Najim Al Din Umar Bin Ali Al Qazwani, Al-Shamsiyyah. Manuscript. 695 AH
198
Status Complete495
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
This Manuscript is a commentary on celebrated ascestic Shahab Uddin
Abdul Fateh Yahya Ibn Hasbash Ibn Amirak Al Suhrawardi’s work
Hayakil Al Nur496
. It is a treatise on the subject of philosophy497
. This
manuscript was published in Darul Kutub Alelmiya, Barot.
For author description see S.No 10
4.4 VERETINARY SCIENCES
S.No 95
Subject Veretinary Sciences
Manuscript No 108
Ownership Pashto Academy Library, University of
Peshawar
Title Baz Nama (manzoom) verses
Author Khushal Khan Khattak
Date 1292 AH/ 1875 AD
Language Pashto
Scriber Not Known
Place of Origin Rustum Distt Mardan, Pakistan
495
Dawani, J. U., Sharah Hayakil Al Nur. Manuscript. Dawan, Iran
496 Jun, E.I.,Akpin,C.,& Izgi,C., A Catalogue of Islamic Medical Manuscripts in the
Libraries of Turkey: Arabic, Turkish and Persian. Islamic History, Art and Culture
Research Center Istanbul 1984
497 Meili,A., Arab Science and Its Importance in the Development of World Science.
(Transalated to Arabic by Al-Naggar,A.H., & Mosa,M.Y. from French text). Dar Al-
Qalam Cairo, Egypt 1962
199
Material on which written Brown thin fragile paper
Theme Hunting of birds, diseases & treatment
Size of Manuscript 23x16cm
Size of Text 15x11
No. of Lines 11
No. of Folios 36
Folios Dimension 25x15cm
Ink Black
Type of Binding Hard binding
Pages 61
Style of writing Nastaleeq shekasta
Quality of Paper Brown thin fragile paper
Condition Good
Status Complete 498
Repository/Institution Pashto Academy, University of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
The said manuscript is the well known work of the Khushal Khan Khattak.
It is written on baz which mean falcon. Though, a lot of works had been
written on the subject in Greek and Persian literature, however, this work
was a unique with regard to its language and style of writing in verses
form499
. The manuscript is dealt with falcons, various diseases and its
treatment through different herbs. The work also deals with description
about the method of hunting other birds, types of birds their diseases and
treatment as well as it also describes training falcon for hunting of
different birds500
.
For author description see S.No 1.
498
Khattak, K.K., Baz Nama.Manuscript. Mardan 1875 499
Rasa,S.R., Armaghan-E-Khushal. University Book Agency Peshawar, Pakistan , vol
II, 2001, p 176
500 Gibb, H.A.R., et al.,The Encyclopedia Of Islam. Brill archive 1954, pp 71-72
200
S.No 96
Subject Veterinary Sciences
Manuscript No 109
Ownership Pashto Academy Libaray, University Of
Peshawar
Title Baz Nama
Author A grand son of Khushal Khan Khattak
Date 1293 AH/ 1876 AD
Language Pashto
Scriber Marfood s/o Masaud
Place of Origin Rustum Distt Mardan, Pakistan
Material on which written Fine thick paper
Theme Types of birds & hunting through birds
Size of Manuscript 24x16cm
Size of Text 17x9
No. of Lines 17
No. of Folios 29
Folios Dimension 19x10cm
Ink Black
Type of Binding Hard binding
Pages 59
Style of writing Naskh
Quality of Paper Thick fine paper
Condition Good
Status Complete501
Repository/Institution Pashto Academy, University Of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
See S.No 96
501
(A grand son of Khushal Khan Khattak), Baz Nama. Manuscript, Mardan, Pakistan
1876
201
S.No 97
Subject Verterinary Sciences
Manuscript No 64
Ownership Pashto Academy Library, University of
Peshawar
Title Tibb Hawanat
Author Not known
Date Not known
Language Persian
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Not known
Material on which written Half white thick fragile paper
Theme Animal diseases and its treatment
Size of Manuscript 25x15cm
Size of Text 19x11 cm
No. of Lines 16
No. of Folios 86
Folios Dimension 24x14 cm
Ink Black and red
Type of Binding Hard binding
Pages 171
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Half white thick fragile paper
Condition Good
Status Incomplete502
Repository/Institution Pashto Academy, University of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
502
Tibb Hawanat. Manuscript
202
Annotation
Tibb hawanat is a medical treatise on animal diseases and its treatment.
The author has divided the work in 33 different sections. Each section has
been further subdivided in 5 sections. Most part of the work deals with the
treatment of horses. The author also highlighted the symptoms in different
birds of horses503
. He also acknowledged the early contributions of Iranian
scientist such as Mohammad Ibn Zakariya Razi and Ismail Bin
Muhammad Abdullah504
. He also quoted Ibn Sina in different occasions of
the text. Apart from horses, the author also wrote on the diseases of other
animals such as goats, sheeps and dogs. Two parts of the works specially
describes tretamnet of dog bites505
.
S.No 98
Subject Veterinary Sciences
Manuscript No 497
Ownership Pashto Academy Library, University Of
Peshawar
Title Dastur Al Said
Author Muhamamd Bin Khawja Yousaf
Date Not known
Language Pashto + Persian
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Not known
Material on which written Thin brown paper
Theme Training of birds, their diseases & treatment
Size of Manuscript 33x21 cm
503
Ibid.
504 Tadjbaksh, H., Traditional Method Used To Controlling Animal Diseases In Iran.
Rev. sci tech. off.int.Epiz, 13 (2), 1994, pp. 599-614
505 Browne, E.G., A Literary History of Persia: Modern Times (1500-1924), Vol IV.
Cambridge University Press New York 1953
203
Size of Text 22x13 cm
No. of Lines 14
No. of Folios 27
Folios Dimension 33x21
Ink Black
Type of Binding hard binding
Pages 98
Style of writing Naskh
Quality of Paper Thin brown paper
Condition Good
Status Complete506
Repository/Institution Pashto Academy, University Of Pesahwar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
The author has given special emphasis to different best species of falcon
and methods of training and treatment of bird’s diseases. Dastur Al Said
written by Muhammad Raza Bin Yousaf507
. The work has been dedicated
to Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. The author was also known as Khawaja
Muhammad Sadiq son of Khwaja Muhammad Yousaf508
.
S.No 99
Subject Veterinary Sciences
Manuscript No 1651
Ownership Islamia College University Library
Peshawar
Title Fars Nama
Author M. Ali Ibn Talab Al Zahidi Al Kelani
506
Muhamamd Bin Khawja Yousaf, Dastur Al Said. Manuscript
507 Ibid.
508 Fazil, A., Fazil, M., & Liban., Lubabul-Maraf-Ul-Illmai: Makataba Darul Illum Ul
Islamia , Makatabah Masriqia. Darul Illum Islamia Peshawar Ki Farasat-I- Katab, p 251
204
Date 1290 AH/ 1873 AD
Language Persian
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Iran
Material on which written Paper in blue, green & white colors
Theme Horses types, its diseases and treatments
Size of Manuscript 22x16 cm
Size of Text 17x8.5
No. of Lines 14
No. of Folios 65
Folios Dimension 21x14 cm
Ink Black
Type of Binding Hard binding in brown color leather
Pages 138
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Thick different colors paper
Condition Good
Status Complete
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani509
Annotation
Fars-nama is a Persian term using mostly for those written materials that
deal with hoarses. Different other titles were also used with the subtitle for
farsnama such as Kayal Nama, Tib Ul Afris and Tuahfat Ul Sadr but most
of the works emerged in the title farsnama510
. A variety of Arabic books is
dealt with hoarses. These Arabic works, which later on translated into
Persian language. Sources confirm that these materials are currently
available in different other languages too including Turkic, Chineses,
509
Muhamamd Ali Ibn Talab Al Zahidi Al Kelani, Fars Nama. Manuscript, Iran 1873
510 Ullmann, M., The medicine in Islam. Handbook of Oriental Studies, Section 1. E.J.
Brill, Leiden 1970, p 220
205
Spanish and Urdu511
. Another copy of the said work can be found in
British Council Library and pictorical presentation of the work is also
available in the University of Tehran, vol I, p 605.
The said work of the author contains a lot of information about various
types of hoarses especially irani hoarses. The author himself was owner of
hoarses which was source of earning for him512
.
S.No 100
Subject Veterinary Sciences
Manuscript No 438
Ownership Pashto Academy Library, University of
Peshawar
Title Fars Nama
Author M. Ali Ibn Talab Al Zahidi Al Kelani
Date 1290 AH/ 1873 AD
Language Persian
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Iran
Material on which written Half white thich fragile paper
Theme Horses types, its diseases and treatments
Size of Manuscript 22x16 cm
Size of Text 17x8.5
No. of Lines 14
No. of Folios 65
Folios Dimension 21x14 cm
Ink Black
Type of Binding Hard binding
Pages 128
Style of writing Nastaleeq
511
Keshavarz, 1986, pp. 357–8
512 Fazil, A., Fazil, M., & Liban., Lubabul-Maraf-Ul-Illmai: Makataba Darul Illum Ul
Islamia , Makatabah Masriqia. Darul Illum Islamia Peshawar Ki Farasat-I- Katab, p 308
206
Quality of Paper Half white thick fragile paper
Condition Good
Status Incomplete513
Repository/Institution Pashto Academy, University of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
See S.No 99
4.5 ASTRONOMY
S.No 101
Subject Astronomy
Manuscript No 1675
Ownership Islamia College University Library, Peshawar
Title Nihayat Al Adrak Fi Durratul Aflak
Author Qutbud Din Mahmud Bin Masud Shirazi
Date Not known
Language Arabic
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Tabriz, Iran
Material on which written Half white paper
Theme Astronomy & mathamics
Size of Manuscript 41 x22 + 5 cm
Size of Text 15.5 x 9 cm
No. of Lines 17
No. of Folios 861
Folios Dimension 17 x12 cm
Ink Black and red
Type of Binding Hard binding
Pages 1722
513
Muhamamd Ali Ibn Talab Al Zahidi Al Kelani, Fars Nama. Manuscript, Iran 1873
207
Style of writing Naskh
Quality of Paper Fine half white paper
Condition Good
Status Complete514
Repository/Institution Islamia College University, Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
Qutbud Din Mahmud Bin Masud Shirazi was a known poet of Persian
language as well as physician and Sufi (mystic) of thirteenth century. His
writings, on various fields, included: astronomy, mathematic, physics,
philosophy, theory of music and Sufism. He received his basic education
from his father, Zia Al Din Masud Kazeruni, who was also as known
physician and a Sufi. His father taught as well as practiced his medicine at
the hospital, situated in Shiraz515
. His father died, when he was at the age
of fourteen and, hence, it continued learning under the supervision of his
uncles, such as Kamal Ud Din Abul Khayr, Sharfud Din Zaki Bushk Ani
and Shamsud Din Muhammad Kishi. All of them were skillful in the field
of medical sciences516
. . Later, he also left Shiraz for Maragha for taking
guidance from Nasir Ud Din Al Tusi. Subsequently, he reached Baghdad
through Khurasan. During his travel, he continued writing and eventually
succeeding in producing Meftah Al Meftah, Ekhtiarat Al Mozaffariya and
Askkaki. However, he actively practiced medicine in later part of his
life517
.
514
Qutbud Din Mahmud Bin Masud Shirazi, Nihayat Al Adrak Fi Durratul Aflak.
Manuscript. Tabriz, Iran
515 Khan, M. A.R.,. Muslim Contribution to Science and Culture: A Brief Survey. S.M.
Ashraf, Lahore 1969, p 48
516 Saliba, G., Revisiting the Astronomical Contacts between the World of Islam and
Renaissance Europe: The Byzantine Connection. 2006, p 368
517 Goldschmidt, A., & Davidson, L., A Concise History of the Middle East. Westview
Press, 2009, p 127
208
His work was a chronological discourse on astronomy. He also composed
the manuscript of Durrat Ul Laj Li Gharrat’d Dubuj (The Pearl of the
Crown for the Grow of Dubj) somewhere at Baghdad. He divided this
work into twenty five different chapters together various commentaries518
.
He left Tabriz and later died in 1311 AD. The work was published by
Makatabtul Aoqaf Al Ama, Baghdad.
S.No 102
Subject Astronomy
Manuscript No 222
Ownership Central Library, University Of Peshawar
Title Risala Rubbah Mujib
Author M. Abdullah Qutab Shah Abbasi Turvi
Date 1351 AH/ 1932 AD
Language Persian
Scriber Hafiz Habib Ur Rehman
Place of Origin Not known
Material on which written Half white paper
Theme Astronomy and astronomical work
Size of Manuscript 20 x 15 cm
Size of Text 18 x 12 cm
No. of Lines 14
No. of Folios 69
Folios Dimension 16 x9 cm
Ink Black and red
Type of Binding Hard paper sheet binding
Pages 16
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Fair half white paper
518
Qutbud Din Mahmud Bin Masud Shirazi, Nihayat Al Adrak Fi Durratul Aflak.
Manuscript. Tabriz, Iran
209
Condition Fair
Status Complete519
Repository/Institution Central Library, University Of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
Muhammad Abdullah Qutub Shah Abbasi Turvi was also known as
Abdullah Qutub famous for his romantic poetry. He spent most of his time
in writing poetry and composition of music. He was the seventh ruler of
the kingdom of Qutab Shahi Dynasty but his region was full of trouble as
he was not taking interest in the affair520
. He was succeeded by his son-in-
law Abdul Hassan Qutub Shah521
.
Apart from poetry, this work is on the subject of astronomy. The said
manuscript is on the subject of astronomy. It is small tretaise having 16
pages522
.
S.No 103
Subject Astronomy
Manuscript No 1776
Ownership Islamia College University Library,
Peshawar
Title Zij Ulugh Beg
Author Ulugh Beg Mirza M. Bin Shahir
Date 972 AH/ 1564 AD
Language Persian
Scriber Mullana Muhammad Darrash
Place of Origin Green city
519
Turvi, M.A.Q.S. A., Risala Rubbah Mujib. Manuscript. 1932
520 Gibbs, H.A.R., Lewis, B., Pellat,C., Bosworth, C., et al., The Encyclopaedia of
Islam, vol 11, 2nd edition, Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1960-2002
521 Jamil, R. F., Tusi and Copernicus: The Earth's Motion in Context. Science in
Context, 14(1-2). Cambridge University Press 2001, pp. 151-153
522 Turvi, M.A.Q.S. A., Risala Rubbah Mujib. Manuscript. 1932
210
Material on which written Half white paper
Theme Astronomy & movement of stars
Size of Manuscript 24 x5 cm
Size of Text 8 x8 cm
No. of Lines 23
No. of Folios 184
Folios Dimension 11 x 10 cm
Ink Black
Type of Binding Hard binding
Pages 368
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Fragile half white paper
Condition Good
Status Complete523
Repository/Institution Islamia College University, Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
Sultan Ulugh Beg Mirza was the son of Mirza Shahrukh, belonging to the
family of Amir Taimur. Ulugh Beg reigned Samarqand for the period of
forty nine years, from 812 AH- 852 AH/ 1409-1449 AD524
. He contributed
a lot in the field of astronomy and built an observatory at Samarqand for
getting together all the astronomers of his age, and eventually produced
the great table work of Zijulugh Beg525
.
This famous manuscript, of Ulugh Beg, was for the tables of chronology
and astronomy. It was completed under supervision of Ulugh Beg during
fifteenth century. It was annotated, expanded over several times and
523
Ulugh Beg Mirza Muhammad Bin Shahir, Zij Ulugh Beg. Manuscript. Green city
1564
524 Saliba, G., Revisiting the Astronomical Contacts Between the World of Islam and
Renaissance Europe: The Byzantine Connection. 2006
525 Nasr, S.H., The Islamic Intellectual Tradition in Persia. Curson Press, 1996, p 208
211
translated into various other languages. Mirza Abdul Latif, grandson of
Ulugh Beg, assassinated and succeeded him in 853 AH/ 1449 AD.
S.No 104
Subject Astronomy
Manuscript No 1672
Ownership Islamia College University Library
Peshawar
Title Kitab Al- Shifa
Author Ibn Sina
Date Not known
Language Arabic
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Not known
Material on which written Light brown paper
Theme Logical concepts & astronomy
Size of Manuscript 35 x20 cm
Size of Text 32 x18 cm
No. of Lines 27
No. of Folios 416
Folios Dimension 32 x18 cm
Ink Black, red and blue
Type of Binding Red leather binding
Pages 324
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Fair light brown paper
Condition Fair
Status Complete526
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
526
Ibn Sina, Kitab Al- Shifa. Manuscript
212
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
See S.No 75
S.No 105
Subject Astronomy
Manuscript No 220
Ownership Central Library, University of Peshawar
Title Mudaghil Al Najum
Author Nasir Ud Din Tusi
Date 1127 AH/ 1715 AD
Language Persian
Scriber Muhammad Wisal
Place of Origin Not known
Material on which written Light brown paper
Theme Astronomy
Size of Manuscript 18 x12 cm
Size of Text 16 x8 cm
No. of Lines 17
No. of Folios 94
Folios Dimension 17 x 8 cm
Ink Black and red
Type of Binding Black leather
Pages 15
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Fine quality light brown paper
Condition Fair
Status Complete527
Repository/Institution Central Library, University Of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
527
Nasir Ud Din Tusi, Mudaghil Al Najum. Manuscript. 1715
213
Annotation
Nasir Ud Din Muhammad Bin Muhammad Bin Al Hassan Al Tusi, a well-
known author on philosophy and astronomy, who served Halaku Khan and
composed famous tables of Ilkhani. His father Imam fakr Ud Din
Muhammad had also been popular for his scholastic contributions at
Central Asia528
. Tusi produced principal works on various subjects, such
as astronomy, geometry, philosophy and theology and side by side he also
translated works in language of Greek into Arabic529
. His work on
astronomy was considered a master piece, which was also used as booklet
containing thirty fasls530
. He died and buried at Baghdad on the 18th
Zil
Hijja 672 AH/ June 24, 1274AD.
It is an astronomical booklet consisting of 30 fasls by the known
philosopher and astronomer Nasir Uddin Muhammad Bin Muhammad Bin
Al Hassan Al Tusi. Who was in the services of Halaku Khan and
composed the famous Ilkhanic table 2. He was the son of great scholar
imam Fakhr Udin Muhammad. He was one of the best and most
celebrated scholars of Central Asia. He wrote on all subjects and also
made translations of great works in Arabic. He wrote on astronomy,
geometry, theology and philosophy531
.
S.No 106
Subject Astronomy
Manuscript No 660
Ownership Central Library, University of Peshawar
Title Astikhraj E Jabriyyah
Author Main Zain Al Abedin Peshawar
Date 1140 AD
528
Hamid, D., Khwajah Nasir al-Din Tusi: The philosopher/vizier and the intellectual
climate of his times, vol. 1. Routledge, London 1996
529 Ismail, M., Ulma-E-Hind. Pp. 53
530 Nasir Ud Din Tusi, Mudaghil Al Najum. Manuscript, 1715
531 Nasir al-Din Tusi, Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2007
214
Language Persian
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Not known
Material on which written Half white paper
Theme Astronomy & rules of algebra
Size of Manuscript 25 x 15 cm
Size of Text 22 x 10 cm
No. of Lines 16
No. of Folios 70
Folios Dimension 23 x 15 cm
Ink Black
Type of Binding Hard red leather binding
Pages 362
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Fair half white paper
Condition Fair
Status Complete532
Repository/Institution Central Library, University of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
Main Zain Al Abedin Peshawari, who was also known as Syed Ahmad
Peshawari or Adib Peshawai, was born and received his primary education
in India. He was a Persian poet and also left for Tehran (Iran) later on to
get connected with Islamic scholars. Notwithstanding, he used to
frequently visit Samarqand, Bukhara and Baghdad to expand his
knowledge on the works of Muslim philosophy and their literature533
. He
was also popular for producing Pashto poetry because of his compilation a
divan in Persian language534
.
532
Peshawari, M.Z. A.A., Astikhraj E Jabriyyah. Manuscript. 1140
533 Goldschmidt, A., & Davidson, L., A Concise History of the Middle East. Westview
Press, 2009, p 125
534 Charagh, I.A., Ulmah Sarhad. Lahore 1963
215
His principal work contained a detailed description of moons and
algebraic rules and practices, the organization of which comprised on
twenty chapters including a Khatima535
.
4.6 MATHEMATICS
S.No 109
Subject Mathematics
Manuscript No 661
Ownership Central Library, University of Peshawar
Title Astikhraj E Jabriyyah
Author Main Zain Al Abedin Peshawar
Date 1140 AD
Language Persian
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Not known
Material on which written Light brown paper
Theme Rules of algebra
Size of Manuscript 25 x 15 cm
Size of Text 22 x 10 cm
No. of Lines 16
No. of Folios 70
Folios Dimension 23 x 15 cm
Ink Black
Type of Binding Hard red leather binding
Pages 362
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Fair quality light brown paper
Condition Good
535
Peshawari, M.Z. A.A., Astikhraj E Jabriyyah. Manuscript. 1140
216
Status Complete536
Repository/Institution Central Library, University of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
See S.No 106
S.No 108
Subject Mathematics
Manuscript No 1687
Ownership Islamia College University Library,
Peshawar
Title Miftah Al Hisab
Author Ghayath Uddin Jamshed Bin Masaud
BinMahmud Kashani
Date 1015 AH/ 1606 AD
Language Arabic
Scriber Muhammad Taqqi Asfahani
Place of Origin Samarqand
Material on which written Half white paper & gold coated margins
Theme Mathematics and Arithmetic
Size of Manuscript 22x 2.7 cm
Size of Text 16.3 x7 cm
No. of Lines 19
No. of Folios 132
Folios Dimension 18 x 9 cm
Ink Black
Type of Binding Hard binding
Pages 262
Style of writing Naskh
Quality of Paper Thick half white paper
536
Main Zain Al Abedin Peshawar, Astikhraj E Jabriyyah.Manuscript, 1140
217
Condition Fair
Status Complete537
Repository/Institution Islamia College University, Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
Ghayath Ud Din Jamshed Bin Masaud Bin Mahmud Kashani was an
eminent mathematician and astronomer, who lived during fifteenth
century. He belonged to a tribe of Kashi or Kashani. He was immensely
admired for principal contribution such as Zij E Kashani, which was an
analytical approach to study Nasir Uldin Tusi work’s Zij E Ikhani538
.
Owing to his major achievements, he was also given title in the court of
Sultan Ulugh Beg at Samarqand, where he remained doing work for the
rest of his life539
. He also invented decimal fraction, accurate collections
of symbols and algorithm, which are known as his major contribution in
field of mathematics. He died somewhere at Samarqand during 1429
A.D540
.
During his stay at Samarqand, he also produced Miftah Al Hisab and
dedicated his work to Sultan Ulugh Beg. It is a significant collection,
which provides comprehensive material on the science of numbers. It is
divided into: five sections and different subsections541
. Sources conforms
that the said work was started by the author before joining the madarssa in
Samrqand by Ulugh Beg but was completed later. This work was later on
537
Ghayath UdDin Jamshed Bin Masaud BinMahmud Kashani, Miftah Al Hisab.
Manuscript. Samarqand 1606
538 Lovett, J., Smith, E., & Goldsmid, F.J., Eastern Persia: An Account of the Journeys of
the Persain Boundaries Commissions 1870-71-72. MacMillan, London 1876
539 Schmidl, P.G. (2007). Kāsh : Ghiyāth (al‐Milla wa‐) al‐D n Jamsh d ibn Masʿ d ibn
Ma m d al‐Kāsh [al‐Kāshān ]. In Thomas Hockey; et al. The Biographical
Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer. pp 613–5
540 Asimov, I., Realm of Algebra. Houghton Mifflin,1961
541 Ghiyath UdDin Jamshed Bin Masaud BinMahmud Kashani, Miftah Al Hisab.
Manuscript. Samarqand 1606
218
published originally in Arabic language and in other languages as well as.
Other copies of the said work can be found in the different libraries of
Iran.
S.No 109
Subject Mathematics
Manuscript No 1687/1
Ownership Islamia College University Library, Peshawar
Title Miftah Al Hisab
Author GhayathUdDin Jamshed B.Masaud B.
Mahmud Kashani
Date 1015 AH/ 1606 AD
Language Arabic
Scriber Muhammad Taqqi Asfahani
Place of Origin Samarqand
Material on which written Half white paper with gold coated margins
Theme Mathematics and Arithmetic
Size of Manuscript 22x 2.7 cm
Size of Text 16.3 x7 cm
No. of Lines 19
No. of Folios 132
Folios Dimension 18 x 9 cm
Ink Black and red
Type of Binding Red leather binding
Pages 262
Style of writing Naskh
Quality of Paper Fair quality half white paper
Condition Fair
Status Complete542
542
Ghiyath UdDin Jamshed Bin Masaud BinMahmud Kashani, Miftah Al Hisab.
Manuscript. Samarqand 1606
219
Repository/Institution Islamia College University, Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
See S.No 108
S.No 110
Subject Mathematics
Manuscript No 226
Ownership Central Library, University Of Peshawar
Title Anwar Sharah Khulasat Al Hisab
Author Asmatullah B. Azam B. Abdur Rasool
AlHanafi
Date 1086AH/ 1675AD
Language Arabic
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Shahrampur, India
Material on which written Light brown color fragile paper
Theme Concepts of mathematics and algebra
Size of Manuscript 21x19 cm
Size of Text 15x7 cm
No. of Lines 19
No. of Folios 150
Folios Dimension 13x5.5cm
Ink Black
Type of Binding Black leather binding
Pages 186
Style of writing Naskh
Quality of Paper Brown color good quality paper
Condition Good
220
Status Incomplete543
Repository/Institution Central Library, University Of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
Baha Al Din Muhammad Bin Hassain Al Amili, a native author of Central
Asian’s origin, was the son of Sheikh Hussain, whose poetical name was
Bahai. Rest of his famous works included: Kashkol, Tashreh Al Aflakh
Zahida (Principle of Fiqa) and commentary on Surah Fateha544
.
His significant contribution was Khulasat Al Hisab, which is an important
compendium on subject of arithmetic. The said manuscriptis is a
commentary on the work by the author Asmatallah Bin Azam Bin Abdul
Rasool of Saharanpur, eminet mathematics of his age, who completed his
work in 1086545
. However, Baha Al Din’s Khulasat Al Hisab is an
important work on arithematic. Its importance may be judged from the fact
that several authors have written commentaries and super commentaries
upon it in Arabic as well, and that professor Nesselmann has edited and
Aristide Marre has translated it into French. The author was the first
author who wrote a copious commentary on “Baha Al Hisab” and was an
eminent mathematians of his age546
.
The commentary, in which the author has creditably disaplyed his
mathematical talents. It contains an introduction in which he emphasis the
importance of arithematic and then records his appreciation of the
“Khulasah”. The author discusssed at length the meaning of
“Riyadi”(mathematics) and the reason it was so named. He stated that
543
Asmatullah Bin Azam Bin Abdur Rasool Al Hanafi, Anwar Sharah Khulasat Al
Hisab.Manuscript. Shahrampur, India 1675
544 Hashemipour, B., (2007). Amili: Baha al‐Din Muhammad ibn Husayn al‐Amili. In
Thomas Hockey; et al. The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York:
Springer. pp 42–3.
545 Sardar, Z., Ravetz,J., & Loon,B.V., Introducing Mathematics .Totem Books, 1999
546 Razvi, S. A. H., A History of Science, Technology, and Culture in Central Asia, Vol-1.
University of Peshawar, Peshawar 1991, p 350
221
riyadi had been so called because of the training it gave to the mind.This
commentary, by the learned author, was very illuminating, useful and
established the mathematical talents of the author547
. All the difficult
passages and complicated problems in the text are fully explained. It was
printed at Calcutta in 1829. Other problems pertaining to the original work
have immensely been elucidated along with giving various examples
relevant each problem. Its copies are also available in different libraries of
India, Iran and Turkey.
S.No 111
Subject Mathematics
Manuscript No 226/ 1
Ownership Central Library, University of Peshawar
Title Anwar Sharah Khulasat Al Hisab
Author AsmatUllah B.A.RasoolAl Hanfi
Date 1086 AH/ 1675 AD
Language Arabic
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Shahram Pur (Iran)
Material on which written Light brown fine quality paper
Theme Concepts of mathematics and algebra
Size of Manuscript 21 x19 cm
Size of Text 15 x 7 cm
No. of Lines 19
No. of Folios 150
Folios Dimension 13 x 5.5 cm
Ink Black and red
Type of Binding Red color leather binding
Pages 180
547
Asmatullah Bin Azam Bin Abdur Rasool Al Hanafi, Anwar Sharah Khulasat Al
Hisab.Manuscript. Shahrampur, India 1675
222
Style of writing Naskh
Quality of Paper Good quality light brown paper
Condition Good
Status Incomplete548
Repository/Institution Central Library, University of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
See S.No 110
S.No 112
Subject Mathematics
Manuscript No 394
Ownership Central Library, University of Peshawar
Title Khulasat Al Hisab
Author Baha Al Din M. Bin Hassain Al Amili
Date 1621AH/ 1031 AD
Language Arabic
Scriber Inayat Ali
Place of Origin Not known
Material on which written Half white paper
Theme Mathematical formulas and concepts
Size of Manuscript 25 x15 cm
Size of Text 23 x11 cm
No. of Lines 16
No. of Folios 70
Folios Dimension 23 x17 cm
Ink Black and red
Type of Binding Black color hard binding
548
Asmatullah Bin Azam Bin Abdur Rasool Al Hanafi, Anwar Sharah Khulasat Al
Hisab.Manuscript. Shahrampur, India 1675
223
Pages 50
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Good quality half white paper
Condition Fair
Status Incomplete549
Repository/Institution Central Library, University of Peshawar
Source Ghulum Samdani
Annotation
Its significance can be gauged from the fact that numerous authors have
produced commentaries on this subject in various languages such as on
Arabic and Persian. Moreover, the prominent professors, such as
Nesselmann and Aristide Marre, have also edited and translated the same
into French language respectively (1864)550
. Some of the significant
commentaries included: Anwar Khulasat Al Hisab by Ismatullah
Saharanpuri, Khulasat Al Hosab Alagh By Hajio Husain Yazdi, Sharah
Khulasat Al Hisab by Shams Aldin Ali Husaini Khalkali and Sharah
Khulasat Al Hisab by Lutullah Al Mutakhalis Muhandis551
. This work was
translated and commentary at Calcutta (India) in 1812.
S.No 113
Subject Mathematics
Manuscript No 1690
Ownership Islamia College University Library,
Peshawar
Title Euclids
Author Abu Al Hassan Thalib Bin Qurrah
Date 1140 AD
549
Baha Al Din Muhammad Bin Hassain Al Amili, Khulasat Al Hisab. Manuscript, 1031
550 Victor, K. J., A History of Mathematics: An Introduction. Addison Wesley, 1993, p
250
551 Razvi, S. A. H., A History of Science, Technology, and Culture in Central Asia, Vol-1.
University of Peshawar, Peshawar 1991, p 358
224
Language Arabic
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Not known
Material on which written Light brown paper
Theme Mathematical principles
Size of Manuscript 20 x 15 cm
Size of Text 18 x 12 cm
No. of Lines 15
No. of Folios 55
Folios Dimension 18 x 10 cm
Ink Black
Type of Binding Hard red leather binding
Pages 174
Style of writing Naskh
Quality of Paper Fair
Condition Fair
Status Complete552
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
Born at Hirran of Turkey, Abu Al Hassan Thabit Ibn Qurrah Al Harrani
Al Sabi had been popular for producing creative literature as well as
considering as an authority over various languages such as Greek, Arabic
and Syrian. Initially, he produced his literary works in Arabic language;
however, some of his works was later translated into other languages such
as Syrian and Greek553
. He succeeded in securing his popularity by writing
552
Abu Al Hassan Thalib Bin Qurrah, Euclids. Manuscript. 1140
553 Haque, A., Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim
Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists. Journal of Religion
and Health, 43(4), 2004, p 376
225
on various subjects such as mathematic, medicine and astronomy554
. He
died in Baghdad555
.
This manuscript is a perfect copy, which is hardly ever found, and also
known as Tahari Ul Qualdics of Abu Al Hassan Thalib Bin Qurrah.
Naseeruddin Tusi had edited a treatise of Greek “Euclid on Mathematics”,
which was translated into Arabic by Hajaj Nin Yousaf Kufi, entitled:
Mahmuni, whereas, it was re-translated by Hunan Bin Ishaq. It also
contains numerous mathematical figures and equations. The principal
purpose, of producing of various commentaries on the subject, was to
explain it by following generation556
. Moreover, it had also been edited, by
numerous scholars, and published in Europe and India. Some of its copies
can also be acquired from other libraries.
S.No 114
Subject Mathematics
Manuscript No 1672/1
Ownership Islamia College University Library,
Peshawar
Title Kitab Al- Shifa
Author Ibn Sina
Date Not known
Language Arabic
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Not known
Material on which written Light brown paper
Theme Mathematical concepts
554
Jon, M., Scientific Methodologies in Medieval Islam. Journal of the History of
Philosophy, 41(3), 2003, p 325
555 Ibid
556 Haque, A., Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim
Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists. Journal of Religion
and Health, 43(4), 2004, p 377
226
Size of Manuscript 35 x20 cm
Size of Text 32 x18 cm
No. of Lines 27
No. of Folios 416
Folios Dimension 32 x18 cm
Ink Black, red and blue
Type of Binding Red leather binding
Pages 324
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Fragile light brown paper
Condition Fair
Status Complete557
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
See S.No 75
4.7 PHYSICS
S.No 115
Subject Physics
Manuscript No 1665/1
Ownership Islamia College University Library,
Peshawar
Title Sadra Sharh Hidayat Al-Hikmat
Author Sadr Ud Din Shirazi
Date 1050AH
Language Arabic
Scriber Mustafa Bin Abdullah
Place of Origin Shiraz
557
Ibn Sina, Kitab Al- Shifa. Manuscript
227
Material on which written Half white thin fragile paper
Theme Physics logical description in detail
Size of Manuscript 28 x 18 cm
Size of Text 25 x16 cm
No. of Lines 17
No. of Folios 306
Folios Dimension 24 x16 cm
Ink Black
Type of Binding Hard binding
Pages 376
Style of writing Naslaeeq
Quality of Paper Fragile light brown paper
Condition Good
Status Complete558
Repository/Institution Islamia College University, Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
See S.No 67
S.No 116
Subject Physics
Manuscript No 1672/2
Ownership Islamia College University Library,
Peshawar
Title Kitab Al- Shifa
Author Ibn Sina
Date Not known
Language Arabic
Scriber Not known
Place of Origin Not known
558
Sadr Ud Din Shirazi, Sadra Sharh Hidayat Al-Hikmat. Manuscript, Shiraz 1050
228
Material on which written Light brown paper
Theme Physical components
Size of Manuscript 35 x20 cm
Size of Text 32 x18 cm
No. of Lines 27
No. of Folios 416
Folios Dimension 32 x18 cm
Ink Black, red and blue
Type of Binding Red leather binding
Pages 324
Style of writing Nastaleeq
Quality of Paper Fragile light brown paper
Condition Fair
Status Complete559
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshawar
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
See S.No 75
4.8 CHEMISTRY
S.No 117
Subject Chemistry
Manuscript No 1632
Ownership Islamia College University Peshwar, Library
Title Mafateeh-Ur-Rehmanwa Masabee
Author Abu Ismail Hussain Bin Ali
Date 1244 AH/1828 AD
Language Arabic
Scriber The services of 12 scribes were hired
559
Ibn Sina, Kitab Al- Shifa. Manuscript
229
Place of Origin Not known
Material on which written Brown color paper
Theme Chemistry, chemical compounds
Size of Manuscript 25x15cm
Size of Text 21x14.3cm
No. of Lines 19
No. of Folios 151
Folios Dimension 17x11 cm
Ink Black
Type of Binding Hard binding
Pages 227
Style of writing Nastaleeq and Naskh
Quality of Paper Good brown thick paper
Condition Good
Status Complete560
Repository/Institution Islamia College University Peshwar, Library
Source Ghulum Jailani
Annotation
Abu Ismail Hussian Bin Ali Bin Muhammad was a famous literary person
of at name his time. He was commonly known as Moid Uddin Isfani
Biltughrai. As he was a poet too takalus of Munshi was given ti him and
people very well known him by that name too561
. His nick name was
Tughrai Isfan562
. He remained a wazir with Sultan Masud Bin Muhammad
Suljuk. When Sultan Masud fight with his elder brother Sultan Mahmud
Tughari and was also arrested. Later on, he was assisnated by the wazir of
Sultan Mehmud as he considered Tughari as a threat. Tughari was very
560
Abu Ismail Hussain Bin Ali, Mafateeh-Ur-Rehmanwa Masabee. Manuscript. 1828
561 Kratli, G., The trans Seharan Book Trade. Manuscripts. Brill, Ghislaine Lydon 2011,
pp. 160-170
562 King, D.A., A Survey of the Scientific manuscripts in the Egyptian National Library .
Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, 1986, pp. 171-2
230
well quoted by Ismail in his work Kitab Ul Nisab. Other known works of
Tughari included: Lamiyyat Al Ajam.
This manuscript is a rare and unparalled work on the principle of
chemistry with diagrams. A note is also given at the end of the book by its
previous owner saying that “I wanted to buy this book at the cost of
Rs.12000/- but its owner refused to sell it. I managed to get it copied
within six days with the help of 12 scribes”.
231
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION,FINDINGS, CONCULSION
5.1 DISCUSSION
Scientific curiosity and systematic investigation have been outstanding
features of Islamic civilization. In the early days of Islam, the Muslims
were inspired by the repeated injunctions of the Holy Quran and the
Hadith (Sunna) to cultivate the sciences and to pursue scientific
knowledge. The Holy Quran together with the Hadith (traditions of the
prophet) provided the basis for all scientific activity in the entire history of
Islam563
.
The early Muslim took these injections of the Quran and made their task
to master the then known sciences. There is, of course, no denying that
Muslims learnt from the Greek works because efforts were made to
translate Greek scientific knowledge and philosophy into Arabic564
.
Subsequently, Muslim scientists began reading and giving comments on
the works of Greek, Indian and other scientists during these early days of
Islam. Side by side, they also introduced entirely innovative ideas,
technologies, methodologies and directions. They also gave much
importance to original research activity and production. Later, some of
these Muslim scientists had produced excellent original works565
. These
included:
The Muslims scientists contributed in different branches of sciences
during this period. Mathematics, astronomy, science of Medicine, exacts
563
Gibbs, H.A.R., Lewis,B., Pellat, Ch., C., et al.The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2(11).
Leiden: E.J. Brill 2002
564 Sabra, A. I ., The Appropriation and Subsequent Naturalization of Greek Science in
Medieval Islam: A Preliminary Statement. History of Science, 25(226), 1987
565 Hogendijk J. P., Sabra, A. I., The Enterprise of Science in Islam: New Perspectives.
The MIT Press, Cambridge 2003
232
sciences, etc, All made gigantic strides during this glorious period of
Muslim civilization566
.
Therefore, in view of the many sidedness of these scientists and of
scholars, it is very difficult to classify them according to the branches of
sciences; however, with such figures I shall deal under the appropriate
headings pertaining to each subject matter to which the made great
contributions. With this background, I will attempt to explore various
sciences as they developed and the remarkable contributions of Central
Asian scholars in the development of these sciences.
5.1.1 Medical Science
Medicine was probably the first Greek science to attract the Muslims
scientists in the early years of Islam. “In the period of 800 AD to 1300,
medical works and a classical treatise flowed from the pens of over
seventy writers (1). The first Arab physician was Al-Harith Ibn Kaladah,
who was a contemporary of the Prophet, and had studied medicine at
Amdishapur (2). The oldest systematical treatise on eye disease was the
“DAAGHAL AL’AYN” by the Syrian Christian physician to Harun-ur-
Rashid’s successor, Yuhanna Ibn Masawayh (d. 243 AH/857 AD) (3). The
earliest systematic text book of ophthalmology known was the “ASHR
MAQALAT FIL AYN” written by human Ibn Ishaq, a pupil of Ibn
Masawayh567
.
The author of the first major work of Islamic medicine was Ali Ibn Sahl
Rabban al Tabari, who flourished in the 3rd
/9th
century, was Central Asian
who converted to Islam and became the physician of the Caliph al-
Mutawwakil, who wrote in 236 AH/850 AD his celebrated work
566
Haq, S.A., Qadeem Mashriq. Maktaba-E-Fareedi, Karachi 1958, pp 155-185
567 Dickinson, E. H., The Medicine of the Ancients. Holden, Liverpool 1875, pp. 37-39
233
“FIRDAUS AL-HIKMA”, one of the oldest Arabic compendium of
medicine. It consists of 360 chapters568,
The most celebrated giants of the field and most distinguished
representative and great physicians of the Islamic world – and of all times
hailed from Central Asia are” (i) Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Zakariya al-
Razi know in Europe as RHAZHES (252 AH 313 AH/865-925 AH) (ii)
Abu Ali al-Hussain Ibn Sina (370-428 AH/980-1037 AD). Al-Razi
masterpieces work “Kitab al-Hawi” (The comprehensive Book), translated
into the medical sciences up to that time569
. His smaller treatise dealing
with smallpox and measles (Al-Judari Wal Hasba) became famous in later
times570
. His another great work “At-Tibb al-Mansuri” (Mansuric
Medicine) in ten volumes is well-known in Europe. It is valued because it
was one of the first monographs on the diseases. This work was dedicated
to the samanid prince Mansur Ibn Ishaq571
.
Al-Razi’s contemporary Ali Ibn al Abbas al-Majusi (d. 384 AH/994-5
AD) of Persian extract the court physician of Adudud-Dawla and known
in Europe as Holy Abbas wrote his “KAMIL AB-SINA ‘AT ATTIBYA”
(Thesaurus of Medical Practice) also known as “LIBER REGIUS” a
shorter work than al-Razi’s Al-Xavi572
.
568
Ali at-Tabari’s ., Paradise of Wisdom, one of the Oldest Arabic Compendiums of
Medicine Max Meyerho Isis, 16(1), 1931, pp. 6-54 Published by: The University of
Chicago Press on behalf of The History of Science Society
569 Siggel , Alfred., Wiesbaden, (trans.)., The Indian books from the Paradise of Wisdom
about the Medicine of 'Alī ibn Sahl Rabban al – Tabari, Academy of Sciences and
Literature, 1951 570
Modanlou, H.D., A Tribute To Zakariya Razi ( 865-925 AD): An Iranian Pioneer
Scholar. Arch Iran Medical, 11(6), 2008, pp. 673-7
571 Cumston, C. G., Islamic Medicine. In Cumston C. G., ed., An Introduction to the
History of Medicine from the Time of the Pharaohs to the End of the XVIIIth Century.
London (UK): Kegan Paul, Trench, Trumbner and Co / New York: Alfred A. Knopf,
1926; pp. 185-211
572 Storey, C.A., Persian Literature: A Bio-Bibliographical Survey, Special histories of
Persia, Central Asia and the remaining parts of the world except India. Luzac & co.,
London 1936, pp 121, 134,200-206.
234
The greatest writer of Central Asia on medicine was Ibn Sina (Abu Ali
Husain Abdullah) know in Europe as AVICENNA. His most remarkable
contributions in the field of medicine are usually great and hold him in a
distinct place573
.
Ibn Sina was a genius of his age; a prolific writer and universal scholar
reputation are “KITAB ASH-SHIFA” (The Books of Healing) a
philosophical encyclopedia “NIJAT” an extract of his “SAHIFA”, “AL-
QANUN FI-TIBB”, (The Canon of Medicine) and epitome of Islamic
Medicine. This work was a chief guide to medical studies and text book in
European universities between the 12th
and 17th
century. It ranks among
the medical masterworks of the middle Ages574,
The earliest medical work in the Persian language was imposed by Abu
Bakr Rabi Bin Ahmad Al-Akhuwayn Al-Bukhari in 10th
/11th
only under
the title “HIDAYATUL MUTA’ ALLININ FI-T-“575
. It is an
encyclopedic work and deals with the treatment of various diseases576
. A
popular work on phatalmology was composed in the question answer form
by Muhammad Ibn-Mansur of Jurjan better known as Zarindust in the
year.577
It is the title “NURUL’ L-UYUN”. Another old work flowed from
the pen of the central Asian author Zain al-Din Abu Ibrahim Islamil bin
Al-Hussain, who entered the service of the first Khwarizm Shah Qutub
din Muhammad (491-522 AH/1098-1128 AD) its title was “ZHAKHIRA-
I-KHWARIZMSHAHI” (the Treasure of Khawriz Shahi). It is the oldest
573
Kahya, E., Avicenna. Evaluation of Avicenna’s Anatomical Studies,1(4), 2000, p 48
574 Montasir, A.H., Al-Shifa of Ibn Sina. Amiri Publication, Egypt 1965, p 94
575 Yurdadog,B.U, Tuncer,N., & Cakin, I., Memory of the World Register Nomination
Form Turkey – The Works Of Ibn Sina In The Süleymaniye Manuscript Library. The
Members of the Documentation and Archives Committee of the Turkish National 576
Gibbs, H.A.R., Lewis, B., Pellat,C., Bosworth, C., et al., The Encyclopaedia of
Islam, 2nd
, vol. 11. E.J. Brill, Leiden 1960-2002
577 Zarshenas, M.M., Zargaran, A., Mehdizadeh, A. & Mohagheghzadeh, A. Mansur Ibn
Ilyas ( 1380-1422 Ad): A Persian Anatomist and His Book of Anatonomy, Tashrih-I-
Mansuri. Journal of Medical Biography, 24(1), 2016, pp. 67-71
235
thesaurus of the whole medical sciences in Persian578
. Another work from
the same author is called “AGHRADU AL-TAAIBB” (the aims of
Medicine), a vast and elaborate thesaurus of medical sciences. It consisted
of 2 parts. It was written in 6th
/12th
Century at the request of Maj Dud Din
Al-Bukhari, a vizier of the sultan Ala-ud-Daula Atsiz579
.
Medical practices and tradition based upon the words of Al-Razis, Ibn-
Sina and the other early masters, continued to flourish in other parts of the
Islamic world. He had illustrious contemporaries. The West and North
Africa produced a number of distinguished physicians580
. Roughly
contemporary with Ibn-Sina was the chief writer on surgery and surgical
instruments, Abul Qasim AZ-Zahrwi (d. 403 AH/1012-1113 AD) known
as “Abulcasis:” (vade mecum in 30 parts)581
.
Arabic medicine reached its highest point in the early eleventh century, it
continued for many centuries longer and books, indeed, continued to be
written until the seventeenth century, though not original and products of
the Islamic world not Arabia alone582
.
Later, in 7th
/13th
century, the most distinguished authority on medicine
was Ibn Nafis (d. 689 AH/1290), He wrote a very famous and popular
work “SHARH TASHRIN AL-QANUN”. He is regarded as the greatest
physician after Ibn-Sina. A contemporary of Ibn Nafis was Ibn Al-Baytar
578
Jurjani,I., Khan, H.H. (trans.)., Zakhira Khawarzin Shahi. Idara Kitabush Shifa, 2(8),
2010, pp. 18-21
579 Azizi, A.H.,& Nayernouri, T., History of Medicine in Iran: The Oldest Known
Medical Treatise in Persian Language. Middle East Journal of Digestive Diseases:
Iranian Association of Gastroenterology and Hepatalogy, 3(1), 2001, pp 74-78
580 Lock, S., The Oxford Illustrated Companion to Medicine. Oxford University Press,
2001, p 607
581 Browne, E.G., Arabian Medicine, being the Fitzpatrick Lectures Delivered at the
College of Physicians in November 1919 and November 1920. The University Press in
Cambridge, 1921
582 Abdel-Halim, R. E., Health Education during the Islamic Era: A Historical Review.
Saudi Medical Journal, 24(9), 2003, pp 188-195
236
(d. 641/1248-9 AD) who has described more than 1400 medicinal drugs in
his collection of simple Drugs583
.
In later period a work on the whole medical sciences entitled “KIFAYA-i-
MANSURI” or KIFAYA MUJHIDIYYA” was composed by Mansur b.
Muhammad b. Ahmad b. Yousf b. Faiqh Illyas well known for his
specialized work on anatomy under the title “FASHRIH BI AL-TASWIR”
better known as “TASHRIH-i-MANSUR”, a treatise on the anatomy of
the human body, with illustrations, and dedicated to prince Pir
Muhammad-i-Jahangir, the grandson of Amir Timur584
.
Baha-ud-Daula Qiwam ud-Din Qasim b. Nurbakhsh Al-Razi, calling from
Ray, wrote the “KHUYLASTU’ T-TAJARIB”, a large part of an elaborate
work on tested cures, in the year 1501-2 AD585
.
Some famous medical works were also written in verse him. The
“DANISH NAMA” (The Book of Knowledge) was composed in the year
4th
/10th
century by Maysari. Other famous works of this kind were
composed by Yousaf b. Muhammad is commonly known as Yousufi a
Central Asian doctor who flourished during the reign of Mughal Emperor
Babar and Humayun. Nur-ud-Din Muhammad Abdullah compiled a
pharmaceutical dictionary which bore the title “ALFAZ L-ADWIYA” the
work was dedicated to Shah Jahan in 1038 AH/1628-9 AD)586
.
583
Abdel-Halim, R. E., Contributions of Ibn Al-Nafis (1210-1288) to the Progress of
Medicine and Urology: A Study and Translation from his Medical Works. Saudi Medical
Journal,29, 2008, pp 13-22
584 Zarshenas,M.M., Zargaran, A., Mehdizadeh, A. & Mohagheghzadeh,A. Mansur Ibn
Ilyas ( 1380-1422 Ad): A Persian Anatomist And His Book Of Anatonomy, Tashrih-I-
Mansuri. Journal of Medical Biography, 2016
585 Shoja, M.M., Agutter, P.S., Shokouhi, G., & Tubbs, R.S., When Cold Becomes Hot
and Hot Becomes Cold: Unearthing a Historical Report. International Journal of History
and Philosophy of Medicine, 5, 2015, pp 1-3
586 Storey, C.A., Persian Literature: A Bio-Bibliographical Survey, Vol. II, Part 2. Royal
Asiatic Society, London 1971, pp 255-8
237
5.1.2 Philosophy
Greek ideas and philosophy entered the intellectual world of Muslims with
the translations of Greek philosophical literature in the 3rd
to 9th
century.
The science designed and developed as philosophy (falsafa) or faylasuf
(with the plural falasifa) by the muslims was derived from the Greek
word “philosophos”587
. The translation of Greek philosophic literature of
Aristotle and Plato laid foundation of the original Muslim philosophy and
stirred up the Islamic world of the 3rd
-9th
century. Among the muslim
falasifa, there were many distinguished figures whose works were
translated into Latin and made important contributions to the development
of western philosophy and science in the later centuries588
. Muslim falasifa
read and commented not only on the works of Greek, India and other
philosophers but also acquired with the offshoot of platonic philosophy
called new-platonium589
. Early translations of Greek philosophy were
frequently revised and improved. Beside translations works, they also
composed original works and introduced entirely new ideas, new
techniques, new methodology and new directions in a most popular form
which made a real contribution to the subject590
.
The first Muslim philosopher and writer on philosophy was Abu Yusuf
Yaqub Al Kindi ( d. 248AH/ 880-8 AD)591
. He produced over 250 treatise
on a great variety of subjects astronomy, medicine, music, mathematics,
physics and philosophy592
.
587
Corbin, H., Sherrard, L.(trans.). The History of Islamic Philosophy. Kegan Paul
International, New York 2001, pp. 33–36
588 Sharif, M. M., History of Muslim Philosophy, Vol 2. Allgauer Heimatverlag,
Germany 1966, pp. 938, 920 & 907
589 Wallis, R.T., and Bregman, J., Neoplatonism and Gnosticism, SUNY Press, 1992, pp
42–45
590 Ibid.
591 Tony, A., Al-Kindi : The Father of Arab Philosophy. Rosen Pub. Group 2006
592 Greenberg, Y. K., Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions. ABC-CLIO., 2009, p 405
238
In the 4th
– 10th
century the two eminent philosopher of Central Asia
stood head and shoulders above their contemporaries Al Farabi and the
great physician Ibn Sina593
.
Al Farabi’s extensive works have survived in the Arabic original and in
part in Hebrew and Latin translations. His most important work is the
“Risalat Fusus Al Hikam”594
. Other works of Farabi’s are treatise on logic
and on the classification of knowledge are worthy of note595
.
The next distinguished and leading Central Asian philosopher who lived a
century after al- Farabi was Abu Ali Hussain Ibn Sina (d. 428 AH/ 1036
AD), known as Avicenna in west596
. His universal reputation rests on his
great philosophical works Kitab Al-Shifa (The Book Of Healing) a
philosophical encyclopaedia597
, Kitab An- Najat ( the book of salvation)
which is an extract of his great work Al-Shifa and other known work is Al
Qanoon Fil Tibb. It is often said that in the eastern Islamic world there
was no philosophy after Ibn Sina598
.
The leading philosopher of Central Asian origin of the 5th
-10th
century
was Abu Hamid Muhammad Al Ghazali ( 450-505AH/ 1058-1111AD)
known in Europe as Algazel, Islamic theologian, philosopher and mystic.
Al Ghazali was the author of several important works. He wrote Tahafut
Al Falasifa ( the destruction of the philosophy). His fundamental work is
the long Ihya Ul Ulum which expounds his system of ideas599
.
593
Ibid. 594
Reisman, D., Al-Farabi and the Philosophical Curriculum. In Adamson, P & Taylor,
R. The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge 2005, p 55
595 Motahhari, M., Becoming Familiar with Islamic Knowledge, V1, p 167
596 Avicenna (Persian philosopher and scientist) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia.
Britannica.com.
597 Kahya, E., Avicenna. Evaluation of Avicenna’s Anatomical Studies, 1(4), 2000, p 49
598 Sarton, G., Avicenna; Physician, Scientist, Philosopher. New Academy of Medicine,
1955, pp. 31:307-317
599 Watt, W. M., The Faith and Practice of Al-Ghazali. George Allen and Unwin Ltd.,
London 1953
239
The most excellent representatives who made remarkable contribution to
the field of early Arab philosophy were those of Abu Bakr Ibn Bajja ( d.
533AH/1138 AD) also known as Avempace author of Tadbir Al Muta
Wahhid ( The Solitary Man’s Conduct Of Life)600
, Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail (
d. 581 AH/1185AD) who wrote Risala Lhayy Ibn Yaqzan601
and other
prominent name is Ibn Rushd ( d. 595 AH/ 1198 AD) known in Europe by
the name of Averroes. His greatest work was his commentaries on
Aristotle. He also wrote Fasl Al Maqal (decisive discourse) and Tahafut
Al Tahafut602
.
5.1.3 Astronomy
Astronomy and mathematics were practical sciences for Muslims and
closely associated with each other, so both developed parallel. These two
subjects received attention from the beginning of Islam. The initial history
of astronomy can be traced back from the second Abbasid caliph al
Mansur603
. It was during his reign that Ibrahim Al Fazari drew up
astronomical table. And by the directives of the caliph the famous Hindu
astronomical work Siddhanta was translated into Arabic. Al khwarzimi a
central Asian scholar and mathematician prepared an excerpt from
Siddhanta. Ibrahim al Fazari was the earliest Muslim who constructed
astrolabes, which later on became the characteristic instrument of Muslim
astronomy604
.
600
Forcada, M., Ibn Bajja: Abu Bakr Mu ammad ibn Yahya ibn al‐Saigh al‐Tujibi
al‐Andalusi al‐Saraqusti. In Thomas Hockey; et al. The Biographical Encyclopedia of
Astronomers. Springer, New York 2007, pp. 550–1
601 Nasr, S.H., and Leaman, O., History of Islamic Philosophy. Routledge 1996, p. 314
602 Forcada, M., Ibn Rushd: Abu al‐Walid Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn
Rushd al‐Hafid. In Thomas Hockey; et al. The Biographical Encyclopedia of
Astronomers. Springer, New York 2007, pp. 564–5
603 Saliba, G., Revisiting the Astronomical Contacts between the World of Islam and
Renaissance Europe: The Byzantine Connection. 2006, p 368
604 Plofker, K., Fazari: Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al‐Fazar. In Thomas Hockey; et al. The
Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer, New York 2007, pp. 362–3
240
The development of Muslim astronomical science and literature was
stimulated by the translation of Ptolemy’s astronomical work into Arabic
by Al Hajjaj Ibn Matar. This work is now known as Almagest. From third
to ninth centuries, some of the greatest figures in the subject of sciences
appeared in Muslim world. This period was dominated by the activities of
scientists If Dar UL Hikma605
.
5.1.4 Mathematics
The Muslim scientists made remarkable contributions to Mathematics.
Here we once again see the contribution of Central Asian scholars at its
highest and point and perhaps as pioneers of this branch of science and it
was in this field that they made their contributions to human knowledge.
By the beginning of the 9th
century, Muslim mathematicians started
producing works of great importance. One of the earliest ones was Al-
Kharizmi’s work in mathematics, Abu Abdullah Muhammad Bin Musa
Al-Khwarizmi (d. 205 AH/820 AD) was a mathematician, astronomer and
geographer. Originally hailed from Khwarizmi in Central Asia. He
flourished during the reign of caliph al-Mamun (813-833 AD) who invited
him to the scientific institution “DAR AL-HIKMA”606
. It was al-
Khwarizmi who wrote the first algebra “MUKHTASAR MIN HISAB AL-
JABR WAL-MUQUBALA” (Manual of the calculation of integration and
Equation).607
The word “AL-JABBRA” is derived from this title, from the
word “AL-JABR” meaning “restoration; while the mathematical term
“ALGORITHM” is a distortion of Al-Khwarizmi’s name608
.
605
Nasr, S.H., The Islamic Intellectual Tradition in Persia. Curson Press, 1996, p 208
606 Razvi, S. A. H., A history of Science, Technology, and Culture in Central Asia, Vol-1.
University of Peshawar, Peshawar 1991, p 350
607 Katz, V. J., Ideas of Calculus in Islam and India. Mathematics Magazine 1995, 68 (3),
pp. 163–174
608 Rashed, R., Armstrong, A., The Development of Arabic Mathematics. Springer 1994,
pp. 11–2
241
Al-Khwarizmi also prepared, by the order of the caliph al-Mamun
excerpts (table) from the Indian astronomical table of “Siddhant”. He also
translated and edited Ptolemy’s geographical tables, supplementing them
with current knowledge under the title “KITAB SURAT AL-ARD”
(picture of Earth). The monumental Algebra of al-Khwarizmi written
about 825 AD served as the foundation of many later treatises. His
mathematical work was the chief test-book used in European Universities
up to the 17th century609
.
To the eminent mathematician of this period belonged to the Baghdad
school of translation, whom we have already mentioned, who in addition
to translating works, enriched sciences with independent works also
outstanding among them was Thabit Ibn Qurrah who translated several
treatises of Archimedes and others.610
An eminent rank is due to Abu Bakr
Muhammad al-Karkhi (d. 407 AH/1016-16 AD), who wrote his “AL-
KAFI FIILM AL-HISAB” (The sufficient on the science of calculation).
This work was dedicated to the Buyid Wizier Fakhr Al-Mulk, for which
reason it is also called “AL-FAKHRI”611
.
Among other mathematician of note of the 4th
/10th
century, worth
mentioning names include: - Abu I Wafa al-Buzjani d. 998 AD (Central
Asia) who wrote commentaries on Khwarizmi, Diophantos and Euclid.612
Another distinguished figure of this century was Ibn-Al-Haytham (d. 1039
AD) called Alhazen. He was followed by Abu Sahl Al-Kuhi, a Central
Asian, who investigated Archimedean and Apollonian problems613
.
609
Rashed,R., Al Khwarizmi: The Beginnings of Algebra. Saqi Books 2009
610 Boyer, C.B., (1991). A History of Mathematics (2
nd ed.). Wiley 1991, pp 178, 181
611 Sardar, Z., Ravetz,J., & Loon,B.V., Introducing Mathematics .Totem Books, 1999
612 Jon, M., Scientific Methodologies in Medieval Islam. Journal of the History of
Philosophy, 41(3), 2003, p 325
613 Langermann, Y. Tzvi Ibn al‐Haytham: Abu Ali al‐Hasan ibn al‐Hasan. In Thomas
Hockey; et al. The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer, New York
2007, pp 556–7
242
The two most distinguished and leading figures of Central Asia were Ibn-
Sina and his contemporary Al-Biruni, whom we have already discussed,
have left some of the most important mathematical and astronomical
writings of medieval ages614
.
With the rise of the Seljuks to power in the fifth/eleventh century, a
number of great mathematicians made their appearance. Among the great
mathematicians was Omar Khayyam (d. 1122) a scholar, mathematician,
astronomer, physicist, philosopher and doctor. His contribution to
mathematics and astronomy was an original one; from 1074 to 1079 AD.
He collaborated on a reform of the calendar for the geometric and
algebraic equations of the second degree of the Mongol period; the
foremost figure was Nasir-ud-Din Tusi. He translated mathematical and
astronomical works from Greek. His famous “FIGURE OF THE
SECTOR” represents a major achievement in medieval mathematics615
.
An observatory built on marriage was also the Centre of mathematicians’
activities. The remainder of the 10th
and the beginning of the 11th
century
were to see another towering figure, namely, Ghiyath-ud-Din Al-Kashani,
the greatest mathematician in the field of computational and number
theory. His book “MIFTH AL-HISAB” (the key of arithmetic) is the most
fundamental work of its kind616
.
Another distinguished mathematician of the 11th
/17th
century is Baha-al-
Din al-Amili (d. 1031 AH/1622 AD p. 389). He wrote “KHULASTU L-
HISAB” (Quintessence of Arithmetic)617
.
614
Shahat, M.M., Abu Rayhan Al-Biruni; Life Publications & Scientific Research . Dar
Al-Maarif Cairo, Egypt 1968
615 Dabashi, H., Khwajah Nasir al-Din Tusi: The philosopher/vizier and the intellectual
climate of his times. Routledge, London 1996, p 529
616 Schmidl, P.G., Kashi: Ghiyath (al‐Milla wa‐) al‐Din Jamshid ibn Masud ibn Mahmud
al‐Kashi [al‐Kashani]. In Thomas Hockey; et al. The Biographical Encyclopedia of
Astronomers. Springer, New York 2007, pp. 613–5
617 Hashemipour, B., Amili: Baha al‐Din Muhammad ibn Husayn al‐Amili. In Thomas
Hockey; et al. The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer, New York
2007, pp 42–3
243
Muslim scientists continued to produce scientific material of the highest
quality in other parts of the Islamic world. Among the leading
mathematicians were al-Karaji, al-Uglidisi and al-Qalasadi they performed
outstanding works in mathematics618
.
5.1.5 Veterinary science
The Muslim scientists who worked on veterinary sciences have adopted
the general medical system which includes the principles of theoretical
and applied medicine.
It includes the theory of four humours that are blood, yellow bile,
melancholy and phlegm. While for accurate diagnoses the cased method
were signs and symptoms. With the passage of time when general medical
treatment fails to produce the process of surgery was started. Three groups
of veterinarians were working to produce fruitful results through theri
studies. One among them were herbal, the second were surgeries while the
third group deals with the patient through spiritual thoughts.
With the time, the main procedure of treatment for animals changed to
experimental method. Though the spiritual believes were still their but
general approach was the experimental method. The major names among
the Muslim scientists were Jorjani, Yousaf Ibn Muhammad Ibn Yousaf,
Ibn Sina, Zakariya Razi, Najmol Mulk, Abu Rayhan Biruni and others.
Since long the, horsemanship and falconry had a distinguished
history in Central Asia, Transoxania and the adjacent regions; thus it does
not come as a surprise that the practice and terminology of falconry in
Islam were largely borrowed from this tradition and that certain Central
Asian varieties of hunting birds and breeds of horses were
much sought after in later periods as well619
. Such as, baz (falcon) and
bazd-ar (Arabized as bayzara, falconry) gained early currency, the
618
Asimov, I., Realm of Algebra. Houghton Mifflin,1961
619 Gibb, H.A.R., et al. The Encyclopedia Of Islam. Vol. 2 Brill archive 1954, pp731–7
244
corresponding terms of horsemanship were derived from Greek and
Arabic, such as baytar and baytara for the veterinary
specialist (originally just the hippiatrist) and his art, and furusiyya for
horsemanship and hippology as such. The apparent time-lag of Persian
writing in these fields as against Arabic may not merely have resulted
from the predominant cultural unity of the Islamic world
in the pre-Mongol period but may also indicate the strength of a living
tradition passedon by apprenticeship rather than by theoretical
communication in writing. In principle, the tradition of theoretical
reflection and book learning was much less strong in the veterinary arts
than in medicine proper620
. Yet at the level of scholarship, both medical
disciplines obviously shared the common basis of Galenic humoral
physiology, even though the exact relationship between professing the
dominant doctrines of ‘school’ medicine and practical
adherence to time-tested veterinary cures remains to be investigated. The
first major Islamic author in this field, Muhammad b. Yacqub Ibn Akh
Khizam al-Khuttal (fl. c. 865)621
, has a Central Asian nisba (gentilic
name)622
but is reported to have served as an equerry at the Abbasid court.
His book, the Kitab al-Khayl wal-baytara [Book of horses and Hippiatry]
(with variants), became a standard reference text, seen in its ample direct
and indirect transmission. Its hippiatric pedigree is Greek, and secondarily,
perhaps Sanskrit623
, whereas for the practice of equitation itself it may well
be indebted to Iranian and Turkic in addition to Arabian traditions. Ibn
Akh Khizam al-Khuttal’s hippiatric ambition expresses itself in the
confident claim that his Kitab Hılat al-bur [Method of Healing] enjoys a
620
Storey, C.A., Persian Literature: A Bio-Bibliographical Survey, vol II. Royal Asiatic
Society, London 1971, pp 396-7 621
Ullmann, M., The medicine in Islam. Handbook of Oriental Studies, Section 1. E.J.
Brill, Leiden 1970, pp 219-20 622
Storey, C.A., Persian Literature: A Bio-Bibliographical Survey, vol II. Royal Asiatic
Society, London 1971, pp 396 623
Ullmann, M., The medicine in Islam. Handbook of Oriental Studies, Section 1. E.J.
Brill, Leiden 1970, p 220
245
position similar to Galen’s Methodus medendi in human medicine624
.
The two extant Persian versions of his work are dated to 1330 only;
similar problems areraised by the limited number of Persian hippiatric
monographs datable to the period before 1500625
. In tracing the history of
hippiatry (and by extension, veterinary art), which was of concern to a
number of professions, it is not possible to ignore the evidence of texts
from such fields as statecraft (including ‘Mirrors for Princes’), the arts of
war, agriculture and encylopedias. Thus in his Qabus-nama [Book for
Qabus], Kay Kawus bin Iskandar gives a detailed list of equine defects
and diseases63 and Fakhr-i MudabbirMubarak Shah includes hippiatry in
his manual of the arts of government at peace and war, the Adab al-harb
wal-shajaa [The Correct Usages of War and Bravery]626
. While
the two authors’ connection with Central Asian lands was at best tenuous,
their works may well have circulated there as well; the first was certainly
to achieve at least three Turkish translations. The vital importance horses
had in civilian and military life is further mirrored in the relevant sections
of various large encyclopedias. Fakhr al-Din al-Razi did not neglect the
subject in Jami al-culum [Comprehensive Work on the Sciences], the
work he dedicated to the Khwarazm Shah Tekish (1172–1200), nor did
Muhammad bin Mahmud al- Amili (fl.c. 1315–50) in his widely known
encyclopedia, the Nafais al-funun fı carais al-cuyun [Precious Arts
Concerning the Desires of the Eyes]. Persian literature on falconry differs
notably from that on horsemanship627
. For one thing, it expressly relies on
translations from pre-Islamic Persian sources and at times on Central
Asian Turkish traditions; also, it is attested from a considerably earlier
period. The first extant treatise is Abu’l-Hasan Ali bin Ahmad Nasawi’s
624
Keshavarz, F., Descriptive and Analytical Catalogue of Persian Manuscripts in the
Library of the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine. Wellcome Institute for the
History of Medicine, London 1986, pp 353-4 625
Storey, C.A., Persian Literature: A Bio-Bibliographical Survey, vol II. Royal Asiatic
Society, London 1971, pp 397, 400 626
Bosworth, C.E., The Encyclopedia Of Islam: Ad ab al-harb. Vol. 1, Brill archive, p 445 627
Gibb, H.A.R., et al. The Encyclopedia Of Islam. Brill archive 1954, pp 58, 65-6
246
Baz-nama [Book of Falcons]628
, the author, a native of Rayy, may have
resided in Kakuyid territory in central Iran, probably in the later eleventh
century. As both an experienced falconer and a scholar, he
gives much attention to the hygiene and health of hunting birds629
. His
expertise, he asserts, is based on a thorough study of older authorities,
among whom he mentions the Sasanians, Sogdians, Samanids,
(contemporary) Zoroastrians, Turks and the people of Iraq and
Khurasan; regardless of a precise assessment of these claims, the
privileged position of eastern Iran and Transoxania in his list stands out at
first glance. It is possible that the author of the Sayd-nama-yi Malikshahi
[Hunting Book for Malik Shah], Muhammad bin Qalchak Nizami,
represented those Irano-Turanian traditions in his own person. Nearly
three centuries later, his book was revised and expanded by cAli bin
Mansur Khwafi, and an abridgement of his version was in turn made soon
afterwards. In 1455, towards the end of our period and clearly in the
region, the encyclopedist Ghiyath al-Dın Al binAlAmiran Isfahani also
compiled a Baz-nama630
. In the veterinary arts nor in medicine did the
establishment (around the turn of the sixteenth century) of Safavid power
in Iran, of the Shaybanid dynasty in Central Asia and of the Mughals in
the Indian subcontinent, mark a break in literary activity. Yet as well as
the appearance of syphilis631
, and the stimulus to exchanges between
Galenic and Ayurvedic medicine under the Mughals632
, political, social
and religious changes in the period presented medical challenges which, at
least in retrospect, appear to have been new at the time. The question of
628
Ibid. 53-4 629
Ullmann, M., The medicine in Islam. Handbook of Oriental Studies, Section 1. E.J.
Brill, Leiden 1970, pp 43–50 630
Schmidl, P.G., Kashi: Ghiyath (al‐Milla wa‐) al‐Din Jamshid ibn Masud ibn Mahmud
al‐Kashi [al‐Kashani]. In Thomas Hockey; et al. The Biographical Encyclopedia of
Astronomers. Springer, New York 2007, pp 614
631 Richter-Bernburg, L., Persian Medical Manuscripts at the University of California,
Los Angeles: A Descriptive Catalogue, vol. 4 . Udena Publications, Humana Civilitas,
Malibu 1978, pp 60-65,104-8 632
Storey, C.A., Persian Literature: A Bio-Bibliographical Survey, vol II. Royal Asiatic
Society, London 1971, pp 229, 231
247
their actual effect on the theory and practice of medicine,
however, goes beyond the scope of this section.
5.2 FINDINGS
5.2.1 Ownership of manuscript:
i. As per the results, 55.6% of the total manuscripts are presently available in
the Islamia College Central Library, which is the largest number among
the other Libraries on the campus.
ii. Central Library, University of Peshawar holds 35% of the under study
manuscript collection.
iii. The Pashto Academy Library owns 9.4 % of manuscripts.
5.2.2 Subject of manuscripts:
i. Manuscripts available on the campus libraries are on different subjects and
themes.
ii. Manuscripts on the subject of Medical Science are 56.41 %, followed by
Philosophy, which are 23.9 %, Mathematics 6.09 %, Astronomy 5.12 %,
Veterinary Sciences 5.12 %, physics 1.07 % and Chemistry.85 %.
5.2.3 Language of the manuscript:
i. It is found from the evaluation that:
a. Arabic language: 65.8% of manuscripts are in Arabic Language.
b. Persian language: 26.5 % is inscribed in Persian language.
c. Other Languages: 7.7 % found in other languages, for instance Pashto,
Hindko, Urdu and Turkic. Instance the number of manuscripts in Pashto
in larger as compared to Hindko, Urdu and Turkic
248
5.2.4 Ink colour used :
Different colours of ink are used for writing of the manuscripts.
i. Black Colour Ink: black colour ink is used in 61.5 % of the total
manuscripts.
ii. Red and Black Colours Ink: Both red and black ink is used in 30.8 % of
the total number of manuscripts. Red color is mostly used for highlighting
the titles, subheadings in the texts or in the text in the first word of the new
page.
iii. Other Colours Of Inks: Other colours such as blue, green, black and
green, black blue and green were also used. These different colors are used
to highlight the subheading and margin lines which increase the
appearance of the manuscripts and attract the readers. In total, 7.7 % of the
manuscripts contains these other colors.
5.2.5 Types of binding:
i. Leather Binding: Through examining the results, 57.3% of the
manuscripts are in leather binding which are bound well to protect the
work from any damages.
ii. Hard Binding: 31.6% of total manuscripts are in hard binding, these
bindings have been mostly done by the holding libraries.
iii. Other types of binding: Other types of binding are 11.1% of manuscripts
include manuscripts without binding. There is no outer cover to protect it
and having difficulty in handling these manuscripts.
5.2.6 Colour of leather binding :
i. There is 57.3 % of leather binding in which different types of colors are
used. On the basis of colors of leather binding are divided into different
colors.
ii. Red color of leather binding: leather binding of 29.1% is red colored
iii. Black color of leather binding: It is found that 15.4% of black color of
leather binding
249
iv. Other colours of leathers: Other colours of leathers are used for binding
are of 12.8 %. The other colours used are red and black which are
commonly used apart from it red, black and blue while rarely golden
colour are used with red and black colours leather.
5.2.7 Style of writing :
i. Nastaleeq style of writing: Different style of writing are used in
manuscripts in which 58.1% are written in Nastaleeq.
ii. Naskh style of writing: Naskh are also used as writing style which are
33.3%.
iii. Other style of writing: There are some mixes and other style of writing
are also used which are 8.5%. The other style of writing means that both
Nastaleeq and Naskh writing style are used.
5.2.8 Conditions Of Manuscripts :
i. The physical conditions are evaluated by three main categories which
includes good, fair and poor.
ii. Good Conditions: The manuscripts which are in good conditions are
61.5%.
iii. Fair Conditions : conditions of manuscripts are fair which are 27.4% in
number 11.1% of manuscripts are in
iv. Poor Conditions: poor state of manuscripts are 11.1% those
manuscripts which are in fragile state. These manuscripts are difficult to
handle inspite all they are valuable source of knowledge but unfortunately
this waste treasure of information are destroying slowly and slowly if care
is not taken.
5.2.9 Manuscript Paper Colour:
i. Colour of paper is another criterion to judge and evaluate the conditions of
manscripts . The manuscripts are available in different colours of papers.
ii. Brown /Half Brown colour: 61.5% of papers are brown /half brown
colour paper.
250
iii. Half white /white colour : Another colour for evaluating the paper is half
white /white colour which is 38.5%. This colour of paper is very fine and
superior in nature.
iv. It is also found that with the passage of time and changing atmospheric
condition the colour of paper are changing from pure white into half
white.
5.2.10 Status of manuscript :
i. The status of manuscripts are divided into two main status either it is
complete and incomplete.
ii. Complete status :In the selected manuscript 77.8% are complete
manuscripts
iii. Incomplete status: In the said selected manuscript 22.2% are incomplete
.in most manuscripts the beginning and end pages are missing while some
of manuscripts volume are missing, not having the whole volume.
5.2.11 Pages of the manuscripts :
i. The numbers of pages are divided into three main categories. A page from
1 to 100,101-200 and third categories is pages more than 200 pages.
ii. More than 200 pages: In larger number the manuscripts placed in third
category more than 200 pages which are 49.5%.
iii. 101-200 pages: Followed by 26.5% of manuscripts which are 101-200
pages.
iv. 1-100 pages: While 23.9% of the collection of manuscripts consists of 1-
100 pages category.
v. The evaluation shows that larger number of manuscripts contains more
than 200 pages .Even some of the volume are huge and contains 1000 or
more pages.
5.2.12 Manuscripts language per institutions wise :
i. Arabic language: From the evaluation of the selected sample 56% of the
manuscripts contain Arabic language in which:
251
a. Islamia college Peshawar library contain 62.4 %
b. Central Library University of Peshawar having 37.6% of Arabic language
ii. Persian language : total number of Persian language manuscript are 26.5
% in which :
a. 51.4 % of Persian language manuscripts are in Islamia College Peshawar.
b. 39% are in Central Library University of Peshawar
c. 9.6 % are there in Pashto Academy, University Of Peshawar.
iii. Other languages: this category contains Pashto, Turkic, Hindko
languages. The total numbers of other languages are 7.7% .Islamia
College library contain 11.1% while Pashto Academy contains 88.9%.
5.2.13 Manuscript paper colour per institution wise :
i. The two main categories selected to evaluate the quality of paper from its
colour such as brown /light brown and white /half white .Total number of
brown /half brown paper manuscripts are 61.5 % while white /half white
38.5 %.
ii. Islamia college Peshawar University :
a. the said library contain brown /light brown are 63.9%
b. Total white /half white colour pages manuscripts are 42.3%
iii. Central Library ,University of Peshawar :
a. Larger number white /half white colour paper are found which are 44.4 %
b. Brown/light brown colours of manuscripts paper are 29.7 %.
iv. Pashto Academy Library :
a. Best and fine quality and colour of white/half white paper are found in this
library which is 13.4 % in number.
b. Brown /light brown colour paper are 6.95% are there in the following
library
252
5.3 CONCLUSION
Islam reached Central Asia in the 7th
century during the Umayyad caliphs.
The speed and success of the Muslims conquest are well known. The
famous Arab general Qutiba Ibn Muslim crossed the Oxus in 711 and took
the glittering cities of Bukhara, Samarqand and Farghana. By the end of
the Umayyad period in 750 most of the Central Asia had been
incorporated into Islamic realm.633
The territories conquered by the Arab Muslims were the soil in which
grew and blossomed into one of the most brilliant civilization in the
history of mankind. The arts and sciences arose in a new and flourishing
life. The culture of medieval Islam was multi-racial. Nations of all
conquered lands (from east to west) contributed to it.634
The biggest share in the construction of Arabic civilization was taken by
the central Asian states who also created and strengthened the existing
knowledge. They were men of letters and scholars who enriched all
disciplines of the age and made their greatest contribution to human
knowledge. Among the famous men of the period springing from this
great soil included Al Beruni,Razi , Tibari ,Ibn Sina, Farabi , Rashid Ud
Din Fadlullah, Khayyam Shahrastani , Nasir-Al-Din Tusi, Abu Sahl Al-
Masihi. Most part of the knowledge of these prolific scholars of central
Asia is available in manuscript forms in the original and also in copied
form.635
Central Asia was the cradle of Islamic civilization for a thousand years
and a fountainhead of science and learning when Europe was in the grip of
the dark ages. A large number of mystics and saints moved out from this
region to the far corners of Asia to spread the message of Islam. Maulana
Jalal-Ud-Din Rumi Khwaja Qutub-Ud-Din Bakhtiar Kaki (1205) and
Sheikh Usman Bin Hassan Marandi (commonly known as Hazart Lal
633
Khan, A., Man and Matters of Central Asia. In Muslim Celebrities of Central Asia,
Vol. 1. Area Study Centre, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, p 3.
634 Saunders, J.J. A History of Medieval Islam. Routledge, London 1965, P 51-53
635 Khan, A., Central Asian Manuscripts in Pakistan. The Times, 15
th February 1976
253
Shahbaz Qalendar) were amongst the luminaries who are still revered in
all Muslim lands. Imam Bukhari and Sheikh Ahmad Bin Ali Tirmidhi
were authorities on Hadith, Tafsir and Fiqh.636
Central Asia produced eminent men of letters and masters in every field
of knowledge. Some have been predominantly mathematicians,
physicians, or natural historians. They have made great and notable
contributions to Islamic literature. Their scope was universal and they
played an important role in spreading of the sciences.
Muslim lore and knowledge entered Khyber Pakhtunakhwa from Iran and
Central Asia reveals that the historic city of Peshawar possesses much of
the cultural heritage of Central Asia. During the survey of manuscripts,
available on the campus it was found out that a great number of these
belong to Religious Literature, Tafsir, Hadith, Fiqh, Philosophy, Kalam,
Mysticism and other fields and a few to the subject of science as well.
Some of the works found are in original form and others in copied form.
A large number of manuscripts are owned by religious madrassas,
individuals, eminent political figures or literary men and scholar of their
age637
.
Islamia College Peshawar, Central Library, University of Peshawar and
Pashto Academy, University of Peshawar, possess perhaps the finest
collection of manuscripts in the country. These works are of great
historical importance in terms of their topics, calligraphic handwriting and
can rightly be called treasure of knowledge.638
The Islamia college library is in possession of one of the finest and richest
collection of manuscripts in the country. Some of the manuscripts and
books are so rare that these are not available anywhere. Hakim Ajmal
636
Kulachvi, A.R., Lubab-al-Maarif al-Ilmiyah. Peshawar 1971, p 7
637 Ibid.
638 Haseeb, A., A Case Study of Islamia College Library, Unpublished M.A Thesis.
Department of Library and Information Science, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 2001-
02, p 63
254
Khan during his visit to the Islamia College termed this collection as
DURR-E-NAYAB.639
A large number of important manuscripts available in Peshawar belong to
the religious literature in which Tafsir, Hadith, Jurisprudence, Kalam and
Mysticism are prominent which holds very important position in Islamic
literature.640
Several copies of these works in the form of manuscripts are available
which hold an important position in the field of Hadith literature. Many
commentaries on them are also available and occupy a distinguished place
in Hadith literature. A large number of manuscripts of these works are
scattered in various places of the province.
Central Asia produced a very high quality literature relating to medical
sciences. Numerous original works along with commentaries are available
in abundance both in Arabic and Persian languages.
Similarly a wide range of works on philosophy is available on the campus
libraries which includes original works and commentaries, though a large
number of manuscripts on the said subject has been later printed specially
in India..Seventh and Twelfth century A.D was the period of Islamic
glory. During this period the Central Asian scholars made significant
contribution in the field of religious literature and also became the leaders
of philosophical thought. But it was in the field of science that they
achieved their greatest triumph.
Muslim scientists contributed a great deal in various branches of sciences,
mathematics, astronomy, medicine, animal sciences and others, all made
gigantic strides during the glorious period of Muslim civilization.641
A large number of manuscripts on these subjects are available on the
campus, written both in Arabic and Persian though a large number of them
639
Ibid., p 64
640 Hamid, A., Al-Musami Ba-Lubab-ul-Marif-ul-Ilmia-Fe-Maktabah Dar-ul-Uloom Al
Islamia Peshawar, Unpublished M.Phil. Thesis. University of Peshawar, Peshawar 1998,
p 59,78
641 Khan, A., Central Asian Manuscripts in Pakistan. The Times, 15
th February 1976, p 29
255
have been later printed specially in India. Many important manuscripts are
in versified form. Equally important are commentaries and glosses on
them. Some of these manuscripts of the 12th / 13th century A.D are pieces
of work of art.642
Like the other branches of Islamic studies, astronomy was also a favorite
study of the Central Asian scholars. The results reveal that their literature
to be very extensive as well as important for which they may reasonably
feel to be proud of. The literature found on the subject of astronomy are
dating back 15th
/18th
centuries.
During this study it was also noticed that most of the manuscripts are
written in Arabic and Persian languages, the languages which are
frequently spoken in central Asia and contain a considerable amount of
originality. Almost all of them are written in Naskh, Nastaleeq, Kufic,
Tuluth and Kashmiri scripts.
As per the results of the data collected it has been analyzed that the
manuscripts available within the three sampled libraries (Islamia College,
university, Library, Central Library, University, of Peshawar and Pashto
Academy Library, University of Peshawar) are having some of the
valuable manuscripts available throughout the world on the basis of their
rareness. Another finding is that some of the manuscripts are so rare that
they may not be found anywhere else. The importance of these
manuscripts can also be judged on the basis of their subjects and the
information they contain. Several attempts have been made by different
research scholars to evaluate these manuscripts, but their study was
limited to those manuscripts which were related to the subjects of religion
and languages only. No efforts have been made before to evaluate those
manuscripts which are related to pure sciences, applied sciences, social
sciences and medical sciences, as per the research findings, sampled
libraries are having some of the very valuable manuscripts in the said
642
Khan, M. A.R.,. Muslim Contribution to Science and Culture: A Brief Survey. S.M.
Ashraf, Lahore 1969, p 46
256
fields. In this study, a total of 117 manuscripts were evaluated and it was
tried to find-out each and every aspect as per the requirement of the
research. It has been noted that copies of some manuscripts are also
available in different countries such as Iran and Afghanistan.
As per the findings of the study, Islamia College library has 55.6% of the
evaluated manuscripts, which is the largest number among the selected
libraries on the campus of the Peshawar University. In the category of
subjects of the manuscripts, medical sciences were found on top of the list
with 46.2%. On the basis of language, most of the understudy
manuscripts are written in Arabic language that is 65.8%. Among the total
analyzed manuscripts, black ink with elegant hand writing was found at
the most with 61.5%. As per the bindings of the manuscripts, a total of
57.3% was founded in leather bindings (to ensure its due protection),
which is the highest number. On the basis of the color of bindings, it was
evaluated that the manuscripts with red color binding are more than the
other colors they are 29.1%. A total 58.1% of the manuscripts is in
Nastaleeq, which is the highest number on the basis of different styles of
writing. Among the evaluated manuscripts, a total of 61.5% of the
manuscripts was found in good condition. As per the analysis, most of the
manuscripts were written on Brown / Half Brown paper, with 61.5%. On
the basis of completeness of the manuscripts, a total of 77.8% was
founded completed, while the remaining were found incomplete. A total of
49.5% of the manuscripts contains more than 200 pages,. On the basis of
the language with institutes, Islamia College library was found at the top
with 62.4%. The Islamia College library has the highest number of the
Brown / Half Brown pages written manuscripts, which is the highest
number of the manuscripts with any institute on the basis of the color of
paper within the sample libraries.
This study reveals that the campus, including four different universities is
rich in the cultural and literary heritage of Central Asia. Central Asian
scholars have contributed a great deal towards the knowledge specially in
the field of Sciences, the utility of which is unquestionable. More efforts
257
are required to preserve and collect them together and get them edited
before they are lost.
258
SUGGESTIONS
1 Record
During field research, it has been observed that record of the valueable
manuscripts is required to properly be maintained at the three sample
libraries. Similarly, all of the these libraries should prepare, update and
keep the record according to the requirements of the time.
2 Space
Since all of the libraries keep the collection of these important and rare
manuscripts. Hence, proper place should be allotted in constructing the
libraries for preserving these manuscripts. A separate room at the Islamia
college library has been located for preserving collection of these
manuscript collections accessible to all, however, only a room is not
sufficient to preserve, organize and manage it properly.
3 Access
Since, all of these libraries have no proper and easy procedure to access
these manuscripts. A researcher follows long and lengthy procedure to
access these manuscripts and, hence, the University should approve the
proper procedure and rules and regulation to both the researchers and the
officials.
4 Identifications
A little number of scholars knows the availability of these manuscripts at
the campus, hence, these libraries should highlight all the manuscripts and
provide a brief description of each manuscripts by issuing pamphlets.
5 Cataloging
Cataloging is one of the basics of librarianship, hence, a catalogue must be
developed to organize the record of these manuscripts, which fulfills the
259
requirements of the time. For instance, Pashto academy library has
recently prepared a catalogue for preserving collection of manuscript in
two volumes.
6 Conservation and preservation
All these rare collection of manuscripts needs to properly be tackled to
keep them alive for a longer period of time and avoid further damaging.
This needs proper and technical handling of the manuscripts.
7 Data base
All these libraries should make joint efforts to prepare a data base for the
manuscripts collection, which should be available online through websites
of the University.
8 Digitalization
Digitalization of the collection of these manuscripts and also a system of
preserving the copies of it are required. The digitization of the libraries not
only helps in the preservation of the manuscripts but it also gives help to
researcher for utilization.
9 Budget
Proper budget should be allocated for preserving these manuscripts and
the authorities should take keen interest in doing so.
10 Collaboration and coordination
All these three libraries should collaborate and coordinate with rest of the
libraries and research centers to acquire and possess manuscript
collections at both national and international level.
11 Awareness
260
An awareness program is needed to be developed amongst the
professionals with regard to the organization and management of the
manuscripts.
12 Translation
Most of the collections of the manuscripts are written in Persian and
Arabic language, which create problems to researchers. Hence, the
translation of these manuscripts, by the experts in the relevant languages,
is required. This translation would prove to be much helpful to the
professionals and researchers also.
13 Visits
Since, the collection of these manuscripts is mostly comprised purely on
subjects like sciences, applied sciences, medical sciences and social
sciences. Relevant students, at higher grades, need to be motivated to pay
visits to these rare collections and the authority should also make it
compulsory and arrange official visits of students and scholars to libraries.
14 Trainings
Trainings for library professionals, at official level, should be arranged at
national and international level. These sessions of training will enable
these professionals to conserve, organize, preserve and properly handle
these manuscript as well as guide the researcher about these rarest
manuscripts.
15 Recognition
International organizations, such as UNESCO, ALA, World Digital
Library, British library, should be motivated to show their interest in
preserving these rarest collection of manuscripts. These organizations
261
should also play their role in recognizing this intellectual heritage at
national and international level.
262
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Interviews
An interview with Maulana Sabooh,Translater, working on the translation
of manuscripts with the Islamia College Library since 1990 on 15th
July, 2013
An Interview with Dr. Salma Shaheen, Director, Pashto Academy,
University of Peshawar, on 25th
February, 2014
An Interview with Tehseen Ullah, Chief Librarian, Islamia College,
University Central Library, Peshawar, on 13th
March, 2015
290
An Interview with Abdul Hamid, Ex-Chief Librarian, Islamia College,
University Central Library, Peshawar, on 05th
December, 2012
An Interview with Ibrar Muhammad, Ex-Chief Librarian, Central Library,
University of Peshawar, on 17th
October, 2013
An Interview with Mian Attaullah, Incharge, Oriental Section, Central
Library, University of Peshawar, on 21st October, 2013
An Interview with late Dr. Arif Naseem, writer / Historian, on 4th
January,
2013
An Interview with Fazal Hussain Basri, Afghan Scriber, on 27th
June,
2013
An Interview with Muhammad Fida Mahmood, Afghan Scriber, on 19th
June, 2013
An Interview with Dr. Jamila Sudal, Ex-Director, Sheikh Zyed Islamic
Centre, University of Peshawar, on 9th
June, 2013
An Interview with Dr. Naseem, Ex-Director, Peshawar Museum, on 10th
March, 2014
An Interview with Mr. Farooq, son of Sayed Fazal Samdani, donor of
manuscripts to Univresity of Peshawar and Pashtu Academy,
university of Peshawar, on 19th
May, 2013
291
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