sub-program 4.2 resilient agricultural systems · cse-80a strategic r&d in waste management and...

RIRDC Completed Projects in 2001-2002 and

Research in Progress as at June 2002

Sub-Program 4.2

RESILIENT AGRICULTURAL

SYSTEMS

September 2002 RIRDC Publication No 02/078

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© 2001 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. All rights reserved. ISBN 0 642 58477 X ISSN 1440-6845 "RIRDC Completed Projects in 2001-2002 and Research in Progress as at June 2002 - 4.2 Resilient Agricultural Systems" Publication No 02/078 The views expressed and the conclusions reached in this publication are those of the author and not necessarily those of persons consulted. RIRDC shall not be responsible in any way whatsoever to any person who relies in whole or in part on the contents of this report. This publication is copyright. However, RIRDC encourages wide dissemination of its research, providing the Corporation is clearly acknowledged. For any other enquiries concerning reproduction, contact the Publications Manager on phone 02 6272 3186. RIRDC Resilient Agricultural Systems Research Manager Dr George Wilson RIRDC Level 1, AMA House 42 Macquarie Street BARTON ACT 2600 PO Box 4776 KINGSTON ACT 2604 Phone: 02 6281 2160 Fax: 02 6272 5877 Email: [email protected] RIRDC Publications Manager Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Level 1, AMA House 42 Macquarie Street BARTON ACT 2600 PO Box 4776 KINGSTON ACT 2604 Phone: 02 6272 3186 Fax: 02 6272 5877 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.rirdc.gov.au

Published in September 2002 Printed on environmentally friendly paper by Canprint

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Foreword

This year RIRDC has produced Research in Progress, June 2002, which contains short summaries of continuing projects as well as those that were completed during 2001-2002 for all of the Corporation’s 20 program areas. The complete report on all the programs is only available in electronic format on our website at http://www.rirdc.gov.au The following report is a hardcopy extract covering Sub-Program 4.2. It contains all entries from continuing and completed Resilient Agricultural Systems research projects funded by RIRDC. This program aims to enable agricultural production systems that have sufficient diversity, flexibility and robustness to be resilient and respond to challenges and opportunities. This report is the newest addition to our extensive catalogue of over 700 research reports, videos and CD-ROMS of projects supported by RIRDC. Please contact us for the latest publications catalogue or view it on our website: downloads at www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/Index.htm purchases at www.rirdc.gov.au/eshop

Peter Core Managing Director Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation

http://www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/Index.htm

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Contents

4.2 RESILIENT AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS

COMPLETED PROJECTS

Sustainable production systems development

PROJECT No

PROJECT TITLE RESEARCHER PHONE ORGANISATION PAGE No

ANU-30A Soil aggregation, infiltration, fauna and phosphorous in sustainable cropping systems

Mr David Dumaresq 02 6125 0349 Australian National University

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CSE-82A Biological control of blue heliotrope Dr David Briese 02 6246 4045 CSIRO Entomology 2 SAR-16A Studies on Integrated Wastewater treatment and

aquaculture production Dr Martin Kumar 08 8200 2400 SA Research and

Development Institute 3

UA-48A Biological Control of Serrated Tussock and Chilean Needle grass

Dr David Briese 02 6246 4045 CSIRO Entomology / CRC for Weed Management

4

UJC-4A Soil ameliorants from rock quarry by-products: Developing new products for improved plant growth in highly leached tropical soils and testing their efficacy in the laboratory and the field

A/Prof Ross Coventry 07 4781 5745 James Cook University 5

USA-10A A cost effective spillway design / review procedure for South eastern Australian farm dams

A/Prof Jennifer McKay 08 8302 0887 University of South Australia

6

WS990-23 Sponsorship 8th International Symposium on Nitrogen Fixation with non-legumes

Mr Ivan Kennedy 02 9351 3546 University of Sydney 8

New and Emerging agri-industry systems

PROJECT No


CSE-80A Strategic R&D in waste management and bioremediation: Pyrethroid Bioremediation

Dr John Oakeshott 02 6246 4157 CSIRO Entomology 10

MFR-2A Australian Integrated Agri-Aquaculture Systems Resource Handbook

Mr Geoff Gooley 03 5774 2208 Marine and Freshwater Resources Institute

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WHP-4A Preparation of a scoping paper on the potential for Australian Agriculture to produce new pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and industrial

Mr David Michael 02 9369 2735 Wondu Holdings 12

Impediments/Risks

PROJECT No


CST-4A Impact of climate change on important plant diseases in Australia

Dr Sukumar Charkraborty

07 3365 2711 CSIRO Plant Industry 15

DAQ-223A Further development and application of Australian Rainman to improve management of climate variability

Dr Jeff Clewett 07 4688 1244 Department of Primary Industries, Qld

16

NFF-1A Workshop to improve the operation of the Exceptional Circumstances (EC) program

Ms Wendy Craik 02 6273 3855 National Farmer's Federation

17

New technology systems - management

PROJECT No


HAS-7A Review of the farm and resource management issues relating to genetically modified plants

Hassall & Associates Pty Ltd

02 92 415655 Hassall & Associates Pty Ltd

19

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4.2 RESILIENT AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH IN PROGRESS

Sustainable production systems development PROJECT No

PROJECT TITLE RESEARCHER PHONE ORGANISATION PAGE

AHM-5A The development of small scale multi-crop agricultural systems by Aboriginal communities

Mr Jason Alexander Dr Jane Stanley

03 9431 3657 03 9431 3426

Jason Alexandra and Assoc FOCUS Pty Ltd

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CSE-83A National electronic modelling network for pest, disease and weed management

Dr Robert Sutherst 07 3365 1867 CSIRO Entomology 22

QDN-7A Use of fire to control parthenium weed Mr Wayne Vogler 07 4787 0600 Tropical Weeds Research Centre, Dept of Natural Resources and Mines

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SAR-15A Development of DNA-based diagnostic probes for verticillium

Dr Kathy Ophel-Keller

08 8303 9368 SA Research and Development Institute

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SAR-30A Developing free range animal production systems Dr Phil Glatz Dr Yingjun Ru

08 8303 7786 SA Research and Development Institute

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UQ-90A System Theory for sustainable development and food security

Professor Ken Rickert

07 5460 1113 University of Queensland, Gatton

26

New and emerging agri-industry systems PROJECT No


DAV-177A Options Series: Feasibility of community supported agriculture (Subscription farming) in Australia

Mr Greg Cahill 03 5340 4444 DNRE 27

DAW-99A Land Valuation as a potential driver for Environmental Management Systems

Mr Paul Findlater Agriculture WA 28

HAS-9A Hydoponics as an Agricultural Production System Mr Michael Clarke 02 9241 5655 Hassall and Associates 29 NYP-1A Distichlis for rehabilitation of highly saline areas for grain,

turf and grazing Mr John Leake 08 8272 8088 NyPa Pty Ltd 30

SYC-7A Options series: Multi purpose resources use Mr Tony Gleeson 07 3844 2370 Synapse Consulting 31 UT-32A Options series: Alternative land tenure arrangements for

encouraging enterprise diversification Prof Rob Clark 03 6226 2619 University of Tasmania 32

UWA-60A Perennial grain crops for high water use Mr Ted Lefroy 08 9333 6442 Agriculture WA 33

Impediments/ Risk management PROJECT No


CSL-14A The farmer’s road toward clean and green horticulture Dr Richard Stirzaker 02 6246 5570 CSIRO Land and Water 34

New technology systems – management PROJECT

No PROJECT TITLE RESEARCHER PHONE ORGANISATION PAGE

No CSW-34A Economic and environmental benefits / risks of precision

agriculture and mosaic farming Dr Brian Keating & Dr Lisa Brennan

07 3214 2373 CSIRO Land and Water 35

Accreditation systems PROJECT No


ACL-1A Environmental Partnerships: Combining sustainability and commercial advantage in the commercial sector

Prof Neil Gunningham

02 6249 3397 Australian Centre for Environmental Law

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CSL-15A Credible ‘Clean and Green’ - alternative EMS options Mr Mike Young 08 8303 8419 CSIRO Land and Water 37 DAN-187A Adoption of environmental management systems (EMS) in

agriculture – Case studies, a compendium of BMPs and an on-going newsletter

Ms Genevieve Carruthers

02 6626 1237 NSW Agriculture 38

DAQ-276A Development of market orientated environmental certification for rangeland pastoral industries

Mr Lester Pahl 07 4688 1302 QDPI 39

DAV-186A Integrating QA, EMS and ICM in the Yarra Valley – a case study

Dr Murray McIntyre 03 9296 4694 DNRE 40

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4.2 Resilient Agricultural Systems

Completed Projects

Sustainable production systems development Project Title:

Soil aggregation, infiltration, fauna and phosphorous in sustainable cropping systems

RIRDC Project No.: ANU-30A Researcher: David Dumaresq and Richard Greene Organisation: Geography and Human Ecology, Faculty of Science

ANU ACT 0200 Phone: 02 6125 0349 Fax: 02 6125 3770 Email: [email protected] [email protected]

Objectives To ensure that broadacre agricultural systems are sustainable for the next century by investigating alternative primary production systems including organic farming;

and developing indicators of the effects of these systems on a range of soil physical,

chemical and biological properties.

Background A number of strategies have been recently developed in the search for more sustainable agricultural practices to relieve the combined pressure of environmental and economic degradation on farming enterprises. The development of conservation tillage systems and alternative farming practices such as organic farming are ways to overcome these pressures. It has been suggested that such alternative systems as organic farming offer strategies for reducing some of the adverse environmental impacts of conventional agriculture and may also be superior in terms of soil quality and sustainability than conventional agricultural systems. However, the productivity and economic viability of these organic systems has also been questioned.

Research The study compares a range of measurements taken in first year wheat crops following pasture in the organic cropping system with equivalent or similar crops from the conventional system. Field measurements and soil plant samples were taken over two years across seven different wheat crops on the two farms; four on the organic farm and three on the conventional farm. The crops sampled were the routine commercial crops grown by the two farmers using their respective organic and conventional methods. The crops sampled were those grown as the result of the farmers’ commercial decision. Subsequently a range of combinations of slightly different cropping systems were sampled as the farmers “fine tuned” their systems in response to changing markets, seasonal conditions and costs. Soil and plant measurements taken were: i) soil chemical analyses (N, P, CEC, pH, cations); ii) soil organic carbon; iii) aggregate stability, iv) steady state infiltration; v) % root length infected by VAM; vi) soil invertebrate populations; vii) crop root length; viii) bulk density and total soil porosity; ix) crop and weed biomass. Farm and paddock histories were established and agronomic data collected from the farmers, including yield, input costs, and farm management details.

Outcomes The organic cropping system produced better economic returns (48%) than its conventional counterpart through lower input costs and higher commodity prices. The

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system also enhanced broader environmental sustainability through its reduced dependency on agricultural chemicals, in particular herbicides and N and P fertilisers. At the farm level, soil structural properties were maintained at, or improve don (5-10%), levels of their conventional neighbour. The organic system enhanced soil organic carbon levels and biological activity

Implications This project shows that cropping systems such as organic farming can provide a commercially viable alternative to mainstream approaches to sustainability. Organic cropping was show to be better both economically and environmentally.

Publications Dumaresq, D C and Greene, R S B 1998 Soil Physics, Fungi, and Phosphorus: Measuring Sustainability in the Australian Wheat Belt, in Farina, A et al (eds.) INTECOL Proceedings of the VII International Congress of Ecology, 19-25 July, 1998, (Abstract), Florence, Italy

Project Title:

Biological Control of Blue Heliotrope

RIRDC Project No.:

CSE-82A

Start Date: 1/7/1998 Finish Date: 30/6/2001 Researcher: Dr David Briese Organisation: CSIRO Entomology

GPO Box 1700 CANBERRA ACT 2601

Phone: (02) 6246 4045 Fax: (02) 6246 4000 Email: [email protected]

Objectives identify potential candidates for the biological control of blue heliotrope in its native range in South America,

conduct studies of their host-range, biology and impact on the plant in order to prioritise agents for introduction into Australia,

introduce into quarantine in Australia and determine the safety for release of the prioritised biological control agent, and, if deemed safe,

obtain approval for release of the agent into the field.

Background Blue heliotrope, Heliotropium amplexicaule Vahl, is a perennial, spreading broad-

leaf weed of temperate South American origin. It was introduced into Australia in the late 19th century as a garden ornamental and now occurs in four states. In northern NSW South Wales and southern Queensland it has undergone rapid recent spread in both cultivated pastures. It is considered a serious weed in these areas because it competes with desirable summer pasture species and is toxic to stock. Herbicides have had limited success in reducing its impact and have not stopped its spread.

Research A research base was set up in Argentina, and an entomologist contracted for the project. Three surveys conducted throughout the range of blue heliotrope in Argentina identified four insect species and one pathogen as having potential for biological control. An open-field host-specificity trial was carried out to make a preliminary assessment of the host-range of the four insect species. Field experiments were set up to study the biology and impact of the leaf-beetle and root-feeding flea-beetle. The leaf-beetle was selected for introduction into Australia, and was tested in quarantine to determine whether it posed a risk to non-target plant species. Australian plant biosecurity authorities approved its release in July 2001 and the first release is planned for October 2001.

Outcomes The final outcome of this project will be the field release of the first agent, a leaf-beetle, for biological control of blue heliotrope in Australia. The project enabled the

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development of a biocontrol strategy, which suggests that control would be more effective if additional agents, such as a root-feeding insect or pathogen, could complement the actions of the leaf-beetle. Such agents have been identified in the current project, but further work is needed to determine if they are safe for release.

Implications Successful biological control would lead to a significant reduction in the economic and environmental impact of this toxic noxious weed through environmentally-benign and self-sustaining means. It would also provide an additional tool for the integrated management of the weed. However, to fully realise the potential for biological control, further work is needed to complete the complementary guild of agents, ensure their redistribution and monitor their impact in the field.

Publications Briese D.T., McLaren D.A., Pettit W., Zapater M., Anderson F., Delhey R. & Distel, R. (2000) New biological control projects against weeds of South American origin in Australia: Blue heliotrope and serrated tussock. Proc. X Symp. Biol. Contr. Weeds, Spencer, N.R. (ed.), July 1999, Bozeman, Montana, Montana State Uni., pp 215-223.

Project Title:

Studies on Integrated Wastewater Treatment and Aquaculture production

RIRDC Project No.:

SAR-16A

Researcher: Martin S Kumar, Michael Sierp and Steven Clarke Organisation: Aquatic Sciences Centre

South Australian Research and Development, PO Box 120, Henley Beach, SA 5022 3176.

Phone: 08 82002400 Fax: 08 82002481 Email: [email protected]

Objectives To design and develop an integrated farming system for fish, livestock and agricultural production to encourage the uptake of the system developed for application in real farm situation. The aim of the program was collect baseline information for the design and develop an integrated aquaculture production system using piggery effluent to apply in real farm situation.

Background The intensive farming, particularly animal husbandry poses the problem of disposal of

organic waste, which is a current environmental concern. This project deals with the disposal of piggery effluent, which is one of the important primary industries in Australia. Australia is now rapidly approaching a period of increasing governmental regulation on out puts of piggery systems. An example of this is the introduction of load-based licensing in NSW. In South Australia, the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) has introduced guidelines for the controlled disposal of animal waste from milking sheds with the specific objective of protecting surface and groundwater quality.

Research The research is focussed on: understanding the nutrient quality and composition in the pig effluent; determining the suitable nutrient concentration (dilution factor) for optimum

biological treatment; evaluating zooplankton influence on nutrient removal; assessing the fish species tolerance to nutrient; and identifying appropriate animal and plant species combination for integrated

wastewater treatment and aquaculture.

Outcomes The optimum total nitrogen level to produce maximum algal biomass is about 100mg/l. However, the nutrient depletion rate was higher in higher concentrations. A retention time of 8 days in summer and 14 days in the winter will reduce 70-85% of the ammonia and about 50-60% of the soluble phosphorous content from the digested

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wastewater. However, by diluting the wastewater during the winter season the retention time in the algal pond could be reduced. The results indicate that properly digested wastewater appears to be safe from pathogens such as coliform. Both Silver Perch and Rainbowfish can be cultured in wastewater. However, it was found that Rainbowfish is relatively more tolerant to high nutrient levels. The duckweed and mussels along with fish could be used as an important plant and animal candidate species for nutrient removal purpose. The duckweed was found highly efficient in removing ammonia from the wastewater.

Implications This project provides the baseline information to establish commercial biosystem which can serve as a model for pig and other intensive industries in South Australian temperate climatic condition . The South Australian model could be disseminated as appropriate to Australian farmers through training, networks, publications and the demonstration to encourage industry uptake.

Publications Kumar.M. 2000 (Ed) Proceedings of the National Workshop on Wastewater Treatment and Integrated Aquaculture. 2000. SARDI Aquatic Sciences , 17-19th September 1999. ISBN 073085253 9.

Project Title

Biological Control of Serrated Tussock and Chilean Needle Grass

RIRDC Project No.:

UA-48A

Start Date: 1/11/98 Finish Date: 30/10/00 Researcher: Dr David Briese Organisation: CRC for Weed Management

CSIRO Entomology GPO Box 1700 CANBERRA ACT 2601

Phone: (02) 6246 4045

Objectives

To identify and develop one or more candidate pathogen biological control agents to the stage where they can be introduced into quarantine in Australia by: 1) surveying the native range of N. trichotoma and N. neesiana for pathogens with

biological control potential, 2) investigating the specificity of selected pathogens against key Australian native and

agricultural grasses, 3) studying the population dynamics of selected field populations of N. trichotoma

infected with the short-listed pathogens to determine their impact and epidemiology, and

4) developing culture methods for these pathogens in the laboratory and studying their biology and life-cycle.

Background Serrated tussock and Chilean needle grass are two related species of South American

grass that are highly invasive in south-eastern Australia. Serrated tussock is estimated to cost the grazing industry more than $50 million per year while Chilean needle grass has been described as being potentially the most destructive environmental weed of native grasslands in south-eastern Australia. Conventional control techniques have not stopped the spread of these two grasses, and it is clear that other control options are needed to contain them. Moreover, recent concerns raised over contamination of livestock produce by residual chemicals in the soil, emphasise the need for non-polluting methods of weed control. Biological control would provide such an option and enhance Australia’s reputation for exporting clean livestock produce. RIRDC is a contributor to a multi agency program

Research A research base was established in Bahia Blanca, Argentina, and a locally-engaged plant pathologist was recruited to work with the Australian plant ecologist based there. Three major surveys were conducted throughout the range of the target weeds in Argentina and

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pathogens collected from these were identified. Two rust fungi that attacked the leaves, a smut infecting inflorescences and a basidiomycete attacking the tussock base were identified as having potential for biological control. The rusts and smut were prioritised for further research and laboratory studies undertaken to determine their life cycle. Preliminary studies suggest that the fungi have narrow host ranges. Field study plots were also set up at two sites to study the impact and epidemiology of the pathogens in the field. These studies are ongoing.

Outcomes This project has identified four fungal pathogens in South America with potential to biologically control serrated tussock and Chilean needle grass. Culture methods have been developed for three of these fungi and their life-cycles are being determined. Studies to determine field impact of the pathogens and to test the safety of key Australian grass species have commenced.

Implications Continuation of this work should lead to the eventual introduction of these fungi into quarantine in Australia and eventual release as control agents.

Publications Briese D.T., McLaren D.A., Pettit W., Zapater M., Anderson F., Delhey R. & Distel, R. (2000) New biological control projects against weeds of South American origin in Australia: Blue heliotrope and serrated tussock. Proc. X Symp. Biol. Contr. Weeds, Spencer, N.R. & Nowierski, R. (eds), 5-9 July 1999, Bozeman, Montana.

Project Title:

Soil ameliorants from rock quarry by-products: Developing new products for improved plant growth in highly leached tropical soils and testing their efficacy in the laboratory and the field

RIRDC Project No:

UJC-4A

Researcher: A/Prof Ross Coventry Organisation: School of Tropical Biology,

James Cook University P.O., QLD 4811 Phone: (07) 4781 5745 Fax: (07) 4725 1570 Email: [email protected]

Objectives To determine the nature and properties of Minplus™, a finely crushed volcanic rock dust produced from quarry wastes, and its capacity to supply nutrients to plants;

To identify the nature and possible duration of chemical changes induced by Minplus™ applications to a range of highly weathered, acidic soils;

To evaluate growth responses of a variety of plants to applications of Minplus™ and other soil conditioners (lime, cement) in specific soils.

Background In Australia, land managers have traditionally attempted to optimise crop yields from highly

weathered soils of the humid tropics by using fertilisers and farm practices developed in the temperate zone. Alternative methods of soil conditioning using relatively fresh, rock-forming minerals may be more suitable for tropical soils. Although early studies on highly weathered soils in Mauritius, Brazil, Hawaii, and Florida have demonstrated remarkable plant growth responses to applications of ground rock dusts, few previous studies have been made in Australia, and none in the tropics.

Research Research demonstrated the extent to which Minplus™ applications can modify key properties of 7 important agricultural soils of the Tully-Innisfail area, north Queensland, formed on granite, basalt, metamorphic rocks, basaltic alluvium, granitic alluvium, and a sandy beach ridge. A large field trial has been established on one of the soils at Innisfail.

Outcomes Investigations have shown Minplus™ has the capacity to rejuvenate the mineral and chemical properties of soils; enhance the ability of soils to retain nutrient cations and to supply them to

mailto:[email protected]

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growing plants It also reduces soil acidity similarly to the action of lime, although sustained against soil leaching in high rainfall terrains over longer time intervals; neutralises soil acidity without the liberation of greenhouse gases (unlike lime, which releases 400 kg of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere for every tonne of lime applied to the soil). It reduces the phosphorus fixation capacity of the soil, so that phosphates added in fertilisers are made more readily available to the growing plants; provides silicon to the soil, which is thought to improve plant vigour and quality; enhances plant growth in difficult, highly weathered soils whose properties inhibit crop production.

Implications Use of Minplus™ as a soil conditioner is expected to deliver improved plant growth in acidic, highly weathered soils of low fertility – especially those of the humid tropics. Other benefit should be reduced fertiliser use in iron-rich soils that have strong phosphate-fixing properties; new farming strategies to ensure more sustainable uses of soil resources and fertilisers; import replacement from diminished use of high-cost, imported fertilisers; reduced environmental hazards from decreased use of agricultural lime, and decreased transport of nutrients from farmlands into riparian and marine environments.

Publications Research paper: Gillman, GP, Burkett, DC, and Coventry, RJ (2001). Application of basalt dust to highly weathered soils. Australian Journal of Soil Research. 39 (in press).

Oral presentations at 3 international conferences: International Symposium on Environmental Chemistry (2000), Cape Town, South Africa; Environmental Geochemistry of Soils (2000), Bloomington, Indiana, USA; 4th International Conference on Environmental Chemistry and Geochemistry in the Tropics (GEOTROP 2001), Townsville, Queensland.

11 unpublished theses and dissertations: prepared by research students of the School of Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville.

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Project Title

A cost effective spillway design/review procedure for Southeastern Australian farm dams

RIRDC Project No.:

USA-10A

Researcher: A/Prof Jennifer McKay and Dr John Pisaniello Organisation: University of South Australia

Water Policy and Law Group School of International Business GPO Box 2471 ADELAIDE SA 5001

Phone: (08) 8302 0887 or (08) 8302 0031 Fax: (08) 8302 0512 Email: [email protected] or [email protected] Internet: www.business.unisa.edu.au/waterpolicylaw

Objectives

To encourage private dam owners in South eastern Australia to review and upgrade their spillways to meet current acceptable standards so as to protect lives, public and private infrastructure and the environment To develop a cost-effective flood capability design/review procedure which is in line with ANCOLD guidelines and current best practice, thereby promoting consistency and uniform standards.

Background The research looks to help private dam owners meet their common law obligation to review and upgrade their dams as a result of recent updates to meteorological information and engineering design standards.

Research The project has been a pilot study involving two main components: (1) works in NSW to at least get a set of design/review curves off the ground and (2) works in VIC to help expand the already developed curves. The research has collected and collated modern small catchment flood data and used it in the model and development processes to help develop current best-practice flood capability prediction relationships for farm dams throughout NSW and Victoria. The regionalised process aims to represent the hydraulic response of any size of reservoir and spillway relative to the hydrological flood response of the selected catchment type.

Outcomes The pilot design/review relationships developed in both NSW and VIC have demonstrated remarkable accuracies. Hence, whilst at this stage the curves are not final due to the absence of calibrated catchment data and lack of catchment spread, they demonstrate worthiness of further works to increase substance and confidence (in the relationships applying to the whole of the SEAust region) and genuine potential to provide a beneficial design/review tool to farm dam owners. Given this, RIRDC has agreed to continue funding this project into a next stage. The World Bank has also recently initiated a similar project for developing nations.

Implications Definition of the procedure will provide cost savings to private owners in reviewing their dams and in meeting their legal duty as occupiers to manage appropriately potential peril from their land. It will also provide a level of safety assurance to downstream communities as well as economic and environmental losses. The final product also has commercial potential given the thousands of existing farm dams in SE Australia requiring review and the many more which are continually being built every year requiring adequate design.

Publications Pisaniello, J.D., McKay, J.M. and Perera, S. (2000), 'Cost-effective Spillway Design/Review for Small Dams in Victoria: Avoiding Dam Failure Emergencies', The Aust. Journal of Emergency Management, EMA, Vol 15, No 4, pp. 2-9. This paper leads into and well describes what the RIRDC funded research is aiming to achieve.



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Project Title:

Sponsorship 8th International Symposium on Nitrogen Fixation with Non-Legumes

RIRDC Project No.: WS990-23 Researcher: Dr Ivan R Kennedy Organisation: Department of Agricultural Chemistry & Soil Science

AO3 Building Ross Street University of Sydney NSW 2006


Objectives To conduct a workshop in the symposium aimed at promoting the application of inoculant fertilisers to Australian rice production, based on recent successes in Vietnam.

To promote attendance at the workshop by farmer participants in the Australian rice industry and producers of organic produce

Provide a number of scholarships to allow selected post graduate students to attend the symposium, thus promoting the area

To subsidise the production of an Executive Summary and Action Plan from the Symposium.

Background This event is held in different countries at about 4-year intervals. Previous symposia

have been held in Pakistan, Egypt and Italy and the next will be in Belgium.

Research The 8th International Symposium on Nitrogen Fixation with Non-Legumes was held as scheduled December 3-7, 2000, at the University of Sydney, using the theme Biofertilisers in Action. The symposium involved an international meeting of about 150 scientists seeking ways to reduce the need for chemical fertilisers, such as ammonia and urea, for crops as well as plant-growth promoting rhizosphere (PGPR) effects caused by microbes based on phytohormonal effects and the mobilisation of nutrients such as phosphorus, nitrogen and other elements. An emphasis was placed on interaction with the farming community at the symposium and a group of about 15 farmers or farming industry representatives also attended the symposium, particularly on day 1, which had a stronger emphasis on farm-related issues. It was obvious from the papers and discussion at the symposium that this area of agricultural science is coming of age and that there is now sufficient data available to begin defining the scientific principles that will be involved in the successful application of this new technology on farms. On subsequent days, the symposium heard ‘success stories’ described for microbial biofertilisers. One example was for the sugar industry in Brazil and Cuba, and a proposal to attempt to transfer this system to Mauritius; this system is based on the colonisation of the roots and stems of sugar plants with nitrogen-fixing organisms such as Herbaspirillum seropedicae and Acetobacter diazotrophicus. It is of interest that Mauritius is the country from which all the current cultivars of commercial sugar production were derived over the past 300 years, since sugar was established as a crop there by the Portuguese. Brazil grows its sugar crop using about half the nitrogen fertiliser application rate per unit of product as other countries such as Australia and Mauritius. The successful application of microbial inoculants was also described under farming conditions for the growth of rice in Vietnam, Pakistan and Bangladesh at the symposium. These inoculant biofertilisers involve the application of mixed cultures of microorganisms which have been selected for their demonstrated capacity to stimulate the vegetative and grain yield of rice. Research data was also given for successful trials involving the application of inoculants to maize in the United States and Mexico. Other papers at the symposium, such as one given by the director of CIMMYT, dealt with more general conditions required for the successful

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growth of crops in developing countries where there are currently social and political problems as well as scientific obstacles to growing sufficient cereals for local needs, such as African countries. A media consultant was engaged for the symposium and as a result, considerable media exposure was generated involving interviews with about 10% of the participants in the symposium. This involved mainly rural programs on ABC radio but also several stories in national and local newspapers. A significant degree of feed-back was generated as a result of the publicity and several farmers have offered to the symposium organiser to assist with field trials in future.

Outcomes Strong appreciation is expressed to RIRDC for the funding supplied for this symposium. The organisers and participants consider that the event has been a great success. We also take the view that this will be considered a landmark conference, enabling the establishment of new agricultural technology with strong economic and environmental advantages. Considerable difficulty was initially experienced in obtaining sufficient funds to conduct the symposium, particularly when expected funding from IRRI and FAO was not forthcoming. In past symposia, these organisations have provided sufficient funding to cover costs for many of the invited speakers. Consequently, the RIRDC funding provided an essential boost enabling the symposium to go ahead at a critical stage. In addition, it is anticipated that Biofertilisers in Action will be a landmark publication, providing a manual helping to establish a new biotechnology suitable for a sustainable agriculture and global ecosystem.

Publications Apart from media publicity during the symposium, its output has been recorded in the

i) Abstracts of the 8th International Symposium on Nitrogen Fixation with Non-Legumes (copy forwarded to RIRDC)

ii) About 15 papers have been accepted for publication later in 2001 in a special issue of the Australian Journal of Plant Physiology

iii) Biofertilisers in Action (RIRDC publication). This document is currently in preparation and most of the material needed is currently being re-organised for production in the book. Some input is still being requested from participants in the symposium but it is anticipated that the camera-ready copy can be prepared by the end of July, 2001.

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New and emerging agri-industry systems

Project Title:

Strategic R&D in Waste Management and Bioremediation: Pyrethroid Bioremediation and Specialist Biochemist Support for the Bioremediation project

RIRDC Project No.:

CSE-80A

Researcher: John Oakeshott and Robyn Russell Organisation: CSIRO Entomology

PO Box 1700 CANBERRA ACT 2601

Phone: 02 6246 4157 / 4160 Fax: 02 6246 4173 Email: [email protected] and [email protected]

Objectives To isolate, characterise and transfer to a commercial partner one or more gene / enzyme systems that can detoxify pyrethroid insecticides. This will be one of a set of enzyme-based pesticide bioremediation capabilities under development at CSIRO. The set will also include enzymes for detoxifying organophosphate, carbamate and endosulfan insecticides and thiocarbamate herbicides. Some of the other enzymes have already been developed to the point of laboratory scale proof-of-concept.

Background Pesticide residues threaten both the production systems and the marketing of many of Australia's agricultural commodities, including grain, wool, meat, fruit and vegetables, nursery plants and cut flowers. The problems will worsen because there is mounting pressure for reducing residue levels from environmental and public health groups here and overseas. CSIRO and its licencee, Orica Australia Ltd, are developing an enzymatic bioremediation technology for major pesticides used in Australian and overseas agriculture. Major applications would include the decontamination of waste waters from irrigation operations and the clean up of surface contaminate fruit and vegetables.

Research Pyrethroid detoxification has been historically difficult to study because of the isomeric diversity within each pyrethroid and the extremely low water solubility of all isomers. We have developed a panel of assays that allows us to assess isomer specific pyrethroid hydrolysis and applied these assays to 14 esterase enzymes. Eight of the enzymes have significant activity against some of the pyrethroid isomers tested and there is variation between enzymes in their isomer specificity. Two of the enzymes between them show good detoxification capability against a wide range of commercially relevant synthetic pyrethroid structures, the outstanding exception being for deltamethrin.

Outcomes Enzymes capable of detoxifying a majority of isomers of the major pyrethroids used in Australian agriculture have been obtained and can now be integrated the commercial evaluation and development program at Orica, while CSIRO continues to search for enzymes active against the remaining problematic isomers.

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Implications Development of an adequate remediation technology for pyrethroids will await the finding of enzymes that detoxify the remaining problematic isomers. However, the great variation in isomer specificities among the enzymes evaluated to date give cause for confidence that these outstanding activities can also be obtained.

Project Title:

Australian Integrated Agri-Aquaculture Systems Resource Handbook

RIRDC Project No.: MFR-2A Researcher: Geoff Gooley Organisation: Marine and Freshwater Resources Institute

Private Bag 20 ALEXANDRA VIC 3714


Objectives To facilitate Integrated Agri-Aquaculture Systems development in Australia by undertaking a desk-top study to review and collate relevant information on opportunities and constraints as an extension resource for new investors.

To prepare an IAAS Resource handbook which will effectively disseminate key information, as outlined above, to relevant Australian industry and Government stakeholders.

Background This project is part of the implementation of the RIRDC Integrated Agri-aquaculture

(IAAS) Research and Development Strategy. The strategy is a 5 year plan which was developed at the RIRDC sponsored National Workshop on Farmer-Operated Integrated Aquaculture. Previous IAAS research funded by RIRDC includes Project No. DCM-1A the Multiple Use of Farm Water to Produce Fish.

Research The project was largely undertaken as a desk-top study which collated information on the following topics relevant to IAAS development in Australia: 1. Literature review and establishment of R&D register. 2. Case studies were documented from Queensland, NSW, Victoria, Western

Australia and South Australia. 3. Review legislation and policy. A review of State Government legislation and

policy review 4. Review of marketing and economic cost-benefit of IAAS.

Outcomes The project has collated information on IAAS development in Australia in the form of an investor handbook. Overview chapters have been written by International experts to set the scene for Australian IAAS. Subsequent chapters deal with: Resource requirements, production systems and species options for IAAS in

Australia. Case studies showing the practical application of IAAS. Market analysis. Economic viability. Legislative and policy framework. Investment risk analysis and business planning.

Implications The Resource Handbook produced by this project will be a tool for farmers and

potential investors in IAAS to gauge the applicability of the concept to the resources available to them.

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Publications Gooley, G. J. and Gavine, F. M. 2000. Integrated Agri-Aquaculture Systems in

Australia: Virtual Industry or Commercial Reality? Paper presented at INFORM 2000 Workshop, 9-11 November 2000. University of Queensland.

Project Title:

Preparation of a Scoping Paper on the Potential for Australian Agriculture to Produce New Pharmaceutical, Nutraceutical and Industrial Products in the Period 2000-2010

RIRDC Project No.: WHP-4A Researcher: Mr David Michael Organization: Wondu Holdings

PO Box 1217 BONDI JUNCTION NSW 1355


Objectives This project produced a scoping paper, with a global and national focus, on the potential over the next decade for Australian agriculture to produce new pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and industrial products.

Background New industrial processes, together with plant breeding processes, including genetic

engineering, are opening up new opportunities for agriculture in satisfying a growing demand for nutritionally enhanced food materials and natural based medicinal products, as well as new industrial products. Multi-national biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, R&D Centres and Universities are investing heavily in this area. Some of these investors are among the largest companies in the world, including Pfizer, Bayer, Merk & Company, Glaxo-Welcome, Schering Plough and Rhone Poulenc Rorer. Others are entrepreneurial start up companies, a number of which are listed on the NASDAQ market in the US. The final demand for these new products is being driven by fundamental shifts in demand for improved health and quality of life and renewed concern about the long-term availability of petroleum-based products that replaced bio-materials in the last century. The study found quality control and product safety and product efficacy are taking on added importance for businesses intending to supply finished, intermediate and raw materials for the industry. For Australia the capacity to supply these emerging market opportunities is complicated by a supply chain that features large and influential pharmaceutical companies, exacting material specifications and significant rewards for being quick to respond to market opportunities and the closely specified requirements of large multi-national corporations. Supply chain alliances of some form are likely to feature in the efficient solutions.

Research The study examined markets and research and development activity in Western Europe, North America and Australia. An extensive literature search was undertaken of these regions. A detailed screening of pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products made from natural materials was undertaken. The study team itself comprised people with internationally recognized experience in phytochemistry, pharmacology and nutraceuticals as well as supply chain economics and research policy development. A number of meetings were convened with commercial and non-commercial stakeholders. The report contains: Brief review of current pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and industrial products

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available from agriculture Review of the literature concerned with new products, a review of private and

public research nationally and globally on development of new products and report on planned R&D of private and public organizations.

Documentation of the results of preliminary production and marketing of new products including management issues, current and projected profitability etc.

An examination of the implications of the review and documentation for the opportunities in Australia, including consideration of comparative advantage, suitability of natural resources (including low rainfall regions and associated trees), environmental impacts, suitability of infrastructure, institutional arrangements, public perceptions, appropriate business structures, availability of markets and required managerial capabilities.

Recommendation for further investigation of Australia's potential to produce new pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and industrial products

. Outcomes The study identified 10 key positive attributes for further development of these

products: a.) 25% of the active components of prescribed pharmaceuticals have their origin in

flowering plants and this is expected to increase to 30% over the next decade. This is a $US30 billion global market, growing at 6%/year.

b.) Herbal supplements, minerals and vitamins, already a global market of are expected to continue to experience growth of 10% or more in many segments. To this market add cosmeceuticals, growing at 8%/yr.

c.) The functional food market could grow to account for 50% of food retail turnover in developed economies (p2).

d.) Scientific and market research suggests that biotech-based products can challenge the dominance of oil in the polymer and chemical markets.

e.) Australia has capacity and is internationally competitive in growing most animals and crops that have the primary content sought by functional food markets

f.) Medicinal and industrial products from perennial plants have potential to improve cash flow and generate external benefits from tree plantings in areas where rising water tables and salinity is a problem (p89-102).

g.) Regulatory policies have potential to increase the use of renewable resources (e.g. the greenhouse gas abatement program) and biodegradable products made from natural materials (p97).

h.) Upward volatility in the price of oil, which increases the viability of bio-based fuels such as ethanol and other energy products, made from natural materials (p98).

i.) Corporate strategies of some large chemical and pharmaceutical companies to expand significantly their use of renewable energies and natural materials.

j.) Capital markets are starting to find favour with companies that have firm policies and strategies on environmental management and use of renewable resources.

The study also identifies 10 major constraints in Australia to exploitation of these opportunities: 1. High risk and uncertain planning environment. 2. A regulatory environment that can add to costs of development and

commercialisation. 3. Land, water and climatic environment. 4. Lack of domestic processing capacity in chemicals and vitamins 5. Economies of scale in processing, leading to market concentration and adverse

pricing behaviour, making it challenging to capture high returns at the farm gate. 6. Lack of development capital 7. Low labour productivity in some enterprises. 8. Negotiating skills in a framework featuring more partnerships, joint ventures,

strategic alliances and vertically integrated firms. 9. Information for consumers to make more effective decisions about product quality

and content and impact.

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10. Leadership to advance Australia’s position in these products.

Implications The study identifies 17 areas for further research and development, which would be aimed at overcoming or at least reducing the constraints identified above.

Publications New Pharmaceutical, Nutraceutical & Industrial Products, Wondu Holdings, 2000 RIRDC Publication R00/173

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Impediments/ Risks Project Title

Impact of climate change on important plant diseases in Australia

RIRDC Project No.: CST-4A Researcher: Dr Sukumar Chakraborty Organisation: CSIRO Plant Industry Phone: 07 3365 2711 Fax: 07 3365 8590 Email: [email protected]

Objectives To identify opportunities to reduce crop loss by quantifying impacts of climate change on plant diseases of economic significance to Australia.

Background Plant diseases cause significant loss to Australia’s agricultural, horticultural and pastoral industries. The economic impact of disease results from losses in productivity, the cost of disease management and the economic penalty as a result of growing less profitable alternative crops. Climate change can potentially change physiology, morphology and the geographical distribution of crop and pasture species. How quickly a pathogen migrates to follow host plants will depend on a number of factors including its mechanisms of dispersal and its ability to survive on sources other than its primary host. Many plant pathogens with short generation times, high reproductive rates and effective dispersal are likely to respond rapidly to climate change.

Research The influence of elevated CO2 on pathogen life-stages and the development of climate driven process-based models were used to assess the impact of climate change for two systems, stripe rust of wheat and anthracnose of Stylosanthes. Diseased and healthy plants exposed to ambient (350ppm) and twice-ambient CO2 concentrations will be used to determine impacts on the latent period, infection efficiency and fecundity of the pathogen. Pathogen evolution under elevated CO2 was studied using sequential generations of the pathogen by artificially generating a series of monocyclic epidemics in the CEF.

Outcomes The work demonstrates that the effect of elevated CO2 on hosts and pathogens under climate change cannot be considered in isolation as there are significant interactions occurring between cultivar, disease status and pathogen aggressiveness. The long-term effects on the genotype of the pathogen must also be taken into account when making predictions about the likely impacts of climate change. The GIS approach used on the stylo system was by far the quickest and simplest to implement and was suitable for interpretations at a regional or larger level. The extra detail incorporated in the process-based model has the advantage of being able to consider finer resolutions, but as a much greater overhead in terms of development time and data sets.

Implications Predicting the impacts of climate change on disease systems is complicated by the interactions between, not only the pathogen and the host, but also the changing response of the pathogen.

Publications Chakraborty, S., Pangga, I. B. Lupton, J., Hart, L., Room, P. M. and Yates, D. 1998. Production and dispersal of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides spores on Stylosanthes scabra under elevated co2 Environmental Pollution 108: 381-387. Coakley, S., Scherm, H. and Chakraborty, S. 1999. Climate Change and Disease Management Annual Review of Phytopathology 29: 399-426.

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Project Title:

Further Development and Application of Australian Rainman to Improve Management of Climate Variability

RIRDC Project No.: DAQ-223A: RAINMAN 3

Researcher: Dr J.F. Clewett Organisation: Queensland Department of Primary Industries Phone: 07 4988 1244 Fax: 07 4688 1477 E-mail: [email protected]

Objectives To enhance management of climate variability throughout Australia by further developing and applying the Australian Rainman climate analysis package to build knowledge and skills in rural communities regards climate information, climatic risks and opportunities, seasonal forecasts, and ways to improve management decisions.

Background The project built upon previous work in developing and applying version 2 of Australian Rainman, and was done in collaboration with Land and Water Australia, the Bureau of Meteorology, Queensland Dept Natural Resources and Mines, NSW Agriculture, and Agriculture Western Australia.

Research The content and scientific analyses in Rainman version 3 were mainly developed by DPI with a commercial software firm (Ice Media) contracted to develop the user interface. A communications strategy was established to develop distribution and gain impacts.

Outcomes Version 3 of Australian Rainman was released in July 1999 and is now used throughout Australia by farmers, educators, business people and consultants, extension officers and researchers. More than 2000 packages have been distributed with many packages going to groups of people. The CD package (for Windows™ 95, 98 and NT) is sold in standard ($104.50), educational ($104.50) and professional ($440) editions and includes: • a large data set of both monthly and daily historical rainfall data for more than 3700

locations, and facilities to import/export data and to update data via the Internet • a comprehensive suite of analyses including droughts/floods and seasonal forecasts

of the amount and timing of rainfall using climate indicators such as the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) with results shown as tables, graphs and maps.

• a rich suite of reference information including an electronic version of Will It Rain? with animations of key diagrams such as the Walker circulation that are so essential to understanding seasonal forecast issues, a CD version of The Long Paddock web site, a suite of tutorials on use of climatic information/seasonal forecasts in agriculture, a graphics library of diagrams, and several scientific papers.

A supplementary CD for analysis of streamflow/runoff data from throughout Australia has been developed in collaboration with the LWRRDC funded Rainman Streamflow project (QPI39) and is scheduled for release in November 2001. Development of Rainman version 4 with new forecast tools and international rainfall data (12000 sites) is being done with the ACIAR funded climate project (LWR 2/96/215) for release in 2002.

Implications RAINMAN has provided a high-quality and easily accessible suite of information about climatic variability, El Niño, La Nina, the SOI and the application of seasonal forecasts. This enables people in rural and regional Australia to build their knowledge and skills to make better decisions. Examples include: improved choice of crops and fertiliser use; matching stocking rates to expected feed supplies; more efficient use of irrigation water; and smarter financial decisions.

Publications Clewett, J.F., Smith, P.G., Partridge, I.J., George, D.A. and Peacock, A. (1999). AUSTRALIAN RAINMAN Version 3: An integrated software package of Rainfall Information for Better Management. QI98071, Department of Primary Industries Queensland (PC software on CD).

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Partridge, I.J. (Ed.) (2001). Will It Rain? Effects of the Southern Oscillation and El Niño on Australia. Third Edition, Department of Primary Industries Queensland, Brisbane, Information Series QI94015, 64 pp.

Project Title:

Sponsorship of Workshop to improve the operation of the Exceptional Circumstances (EC) program

RIRDC Project No.: NFF-1A Researcher: Ms Wendy Craik Organisation: National Farmers' Federation

PO Box E10 KINGSTON ACT 2604

Phone: 02 6273 3855 Fax: 02 6273 2331 Email: [email protected]

Objectives Travel for member organisation representatives and rural adjustment 'experts' to a workshop in late July 2000 to examine options for the provision of assistance under EC within a broader rural adjustment framework.

Background On 26 April 2000, Minister Truss wrote to NFF seeking the Federation's views on possible reform to Exceptional Circumstances (EC) policy. In response to this request, NFF, with the support of RIRDC, convened a workshop involving NFF's member organisations. The purpose of the workshop was to provide clear recommendations to Federal and State Governments on how the farming sector believes EC assistance could become more effective.

Exeptional Circumstances (EC) assitance is the Federal Government's main vehicle for providing support directly to farmers in a region or industry that is experiencing an adverse 'rare and severe; event; between 1992 and 1999 the Commonwealth provided approximately $1700 million in the form of EC assistance. Given the series of adverse events experienced by many farmers, an exceptional event can be devastating. A clear and well targeted EC policy is therefore essentyial as the farm sector moves into a period of re-investment and productivity growth.

Outcomes NFF concerns in regard to EC assistance: It is widely acknowledged that there are problems in regard to the provision of EC. Several of these include Prolonged time lags in considering applications Non-adaptability of guidelines to certain regions / industries Excessive reliance on quantification and objective measurement Problems in regard to the understanding of guidelines Politicisation of the application process Ambiguous relationship with Natural disaster Relief Arrangements Issues in relation to the forms of assistance provided.

NFF recommendations: Reform of EC policy NFF believes that the following reforms would greatly improve the effectiveness of the program. 1. Greater 'co-responsibility' between Commonwealth and State / Territory

Governments - NFF advocates an equal funding contribution form the Commonwealth and State / Territory Governments in relation to the business support component of EC.

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2. Initial assessment of an application should involve the National Rural Advisory Council (NRAC)

3. The composition of NRAC should include a representative from the relevant State government and the local community in question

4. Greater flexibility required in regard to the definition of EC criteria 5. Greater flexibility required in relation to geographical boundaries set for EC

assistance 6. A modification of personal and business support under EC assistance is required,

this would include The total cash position of the enterprise should be considered, so that prudent

management is not disadvantaged in regard to off farm income, in regard to personal support under EC assistance

Interest Rate Subsidies should be raised to 100 per cent Allowances for superannuation and / or education purposes are required in relation

to eligibility criteria. 7. Advice and capacity building components must be examined; for example an

education program is required to better inform rural Australia of EC guidelines.

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New technology systems - management Project Title:

Review of the Farm and Resource Management Issues Relating to Genetically Modified Plants

RIRDC Project No.: HAS-7A Researcher: Hassall & Associates Pty Ltd Organisation: Hassall & Associates Pty Ltd Phone: 02 92 415655 Fax: 02 9241 5684 Email: [email protected]

Objectives To produce a scoping paper which can underpin studies in the sector undertaken by RIRDC and other investors. .

Background Plant genetic engineering has the potential to have a huge impact on agriculture in the next several decades. Over the last 12 to 24 months, the question of Genetically Modified (GM) plant introductions to Australian agriculture has become a major question involving producers, processors, seed companies and consumers. The review document is one which can be useful to farm advisers and policy makers in industry and government, in order to understand the farm and resource management issues associated with growing genetically modified plants and marketing the products which arise from them

Research The study focused firstly on technical and background papers followed by a Reference group workshop in March 2000. A literature review provides a useful background to the study as well as highlighting issues which have become important in North America and Europe, including the United Kingdom. These issues are based on the much more significant GM crop experience of the regions – the rapid adoption of GM crops by American farmers and the much more cautious approach to GM crops and products by European Community members. Case studies were completed in the USA and Australia as a basis for developing a comprehensive set of issues. In addition, research and development and commercialisation organisations, agricultural advisers and supply chain groups including receivers, transporters, processors and marketers, were surveyed to gain their insights into existing and likely issues with the advent of GM plant production.

Outcomes The issues and concerns uncovered during the study were simplified into four sets of conclusions, strategies and associated recommendations. They are : Farm and Production; Supply Chain Management; Regulation, Planning and Monitoring; and Risk.

Implications The identified issues and strategies provides a framework for RIRDC and other investors to address the farm and resource management issues associated with growing GM plants


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4.2 RESILIENT AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH IN PROGRESS

Sustainable production systems development

Project Title

Developing Free Range Animal Production Systems

RIRDC Project No.:

SAR-30A

Start Date: 15/08/00 Finish Date: 31/08/03 Researcher: Dr. Phil Glatz Organisation: South Australian Research and Development Institute

Livestock Systems Alliance Building Roseworthy Campus ROSEWORTHY SA 5371

Phone: (08) 8303 7786 Fax: (08) 8303 7689 Email: [email protected] Objectives

(1) To establish a crop-pasture-free range pig and poultry production system (2) To monitor soil fertility, weed population, disease control and crop yield under this system and (3) Evaluate the feasibility of adoption of innovative crop/pasture/animal rotation systems

Current Progress (200 words maximum)

In the second year of the project a wheat crop was grown in paddocks, in which sheep and free-range pigs and poultry, had previously foraged on medic and barley pastures. In the poultry trial yield of wheat from poultry paddocks was 1.25 tonnes/ha versus 1.43 tonnes/ha from sheep paddocks. For the pig trial yield of wheat from pig paddocks was 2.94 tonnes/ha and 3.06 tonnes/ha from sheep paddocks. After the wheat harvest, a new batch of pigs and poultry were allowed to forage on the mulched wheat stubble. As a result of the mild summer conditions in SA in 2002 the performance of the poultry was excellent with production during March-May averaging 90%, in line with industry standards. Poultry foraged extensively in the wheat stubble throughout the foraging period (Jan-May 2002). One batch of pigs was grown out over the period Jan-May. Performance was once again above industry standards with daily weight gain of groups ranging from 573-763 g, back fat 7.5-11 mm and dressing percentage 76%. Final samples of crop stubble, weed and insects following foraging by pigs and poultry were taken early in May and are currently being analysed.

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Project Title

Economic and environmental benefits / risks of precision agriculture and mosaic farming

RIRDC Project No.:

CSW-34A

Start Date: 01/07/00 Finish Date: 30/11/03 Researcher: Dr. Brian Keating Organisation: CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems

Long Pocket Laboratories 120 Meiers Road INDOOROOPILLY QLD 4068

Phone: 07 3214 2373 Fax: 073214 2308 Email: [email protected] Objectives

1. Provide those concerned with implementation of precision agriculture / mosaic farming principles with tools and processes to support better informed, more profitable decisions about the use prevision agriculture technologies. A 'bioeconomic evaluation framework' that can assess both economic and environmental dimensions of spatially variable management practices, such as precision agriculture and mosaic farming, will be designed for this task. 2. Achieve the first aim by collaborating with key stakeholders (eg property planners, agribusiness, other researchers) in case studies of 'real world' applications of precision agriculture / mosaic farming technolgy in an action learning approach to identify opportunities to interpret spatial variability and design tools and approaches to manage it. The case studies will explore a diverse range of possibilities for redesign of major farming systems that exploit spatial dimensions of farms through enterprise mix, soil variability and lateral hydrological processes. 3. Provide comment on the implications of these benefits and risks in the wider context of variability facing Australian farms, in particular that associated with climate and markets. 4. Promote insights arising from the project with research and industry stakeholders pursuing technological innovations such as (but not restricted to) precision agriculture or mosaic farming.


Discussions during meetings with collaborating farmers and advisers have indicated that the most troublesome activities associated with the use of spatial data captured through precision agriculture technologies are a) bio-physical analysis and interpretation of data and b) economic evaluation of management strategies that make use of the extra information on spatial variability. This project has continued to focus on the issue of interaction between spatial and temporal variability, and how this has implications for the actions taken by a farmer to manage cropping land. We are exploring this issue with three case studies in NSW, based on farms where yield monitors have been used to map spatial variability. At all three sites we have assembled existing data for the particular paddocks of interest (eg yield maps, economic data) and have completed field measurements at selected points across each paddock to obtain farm-specific soil and weather data. These data sets were produced to enable the application of production systems simulation, using APSIM, to explore such temporal x spatial issues for these case studies. The first step in this process - benchmarking the simulated crop yields to actual crop yields - has been completed. Using simulation, preliminary bio-economic analysis of selected spatially variable management practices (e.g. varying crop inputs) was also conducted. Together with our collaborating farmers from the three case study sites and our broader project consultative network, we have met to discuss and interpret results, and agree on spatially variable management scenarios requiring further investigation during the project.

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Project Title

Credible 'Clean and Green' - alternative EMS options

RIRDC Project No.:

CSL-15A

Start Date: 15/10/00 Finish Date: 30/10/03 Researcher: Prof. Mike Young and Dr Thea Mech Organisation: CSIRO Land and Water

PO Box 1666 CANBERRA ACT 2602

Phone: (02) 6242 1600 Fax: (02) 6241 3343 Email: Objectives

• Preparation of a report "The Design and Development of Environmental

Management, Audit and Certification Systems". • Identification of appropriate industry or regional opportunities. • Preparation of briefing papers. • Preparation and submission of a final synthesis report.


Work on this project began on 26 March 2001. Since then, the following report has been published by RIRDC: VEMAs. Designing voluntary environmental management arrangements to improve natural resource management in agriculture and allied rural industries. Also, a paper Environmental management systems and other voluntary management arrangements. Is there a difference? was presented at the Ballina EMS in Agriculture Conference in November 2001. Following on from the above, more recent research progress includes identification of titles for 5 Briefing Papers, each addressing different aspects of improving environmental management in agriculture through voluntary means. Four areas, addressed in Briefing Papers 1 to 4, cover: the design and development of environmental standards and guidelines for agriculture and the rural industries; their incorporation into credible and feasible environmental labeling and certification schemes; the greening of agri-food supply chains; and, the growing importance of ‘the environment’ in emerging international trade policy, and the consequent implications for Australian agriculture. To complement these, a fifth paper is to identify the scope for creating synergies between VEMAs and government-led approaches such as payment schemes for ecosystem services and other market-based instruments. A RIRDC Travel Grant enabled presentation of a paper on Overcoming institutional barriers to EMS implementation in agriculture at an OECD conference on EMS in Italy. Conference attendance and associated research visits to European institutions have generated useful new information and contacts for enhancing our on-going research in this area.

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Project Title

Institutional change enabling kangaroo harvest to promote sustainable rangeland landscapes

RIRDC Project No.:

UA-59A

Start Date: 01/03/02 Finish Date: 01/04/05 Researcher: Dr. Jocelyn Davies Organisation: The University of Adelaide

Department of Agronomy and Farming Systems Roseworthy Campus ROSEWORTHY SA 5371


• Recommendations and stakeholder support for institutional and policy

changes which will result in a more sustainable commercial kangaroo industry, based on analysis of institutional settings and interfaces between stakeholders development from case studies which examine social, cultural and economic parameters affecting harvest decisions.


Work on this project commenced in February 2002 and, to date, has focused on examining regulatory and other institutional arrangements that impact upon the commercial kangaroo industry, through consultations with relevant government agencies. A written report that highlights institutional change since the 1997 RIRDC review of the impact of government policies on kangaroo industry commercial practices (Macarthur Consulting Pty Ltd, RIRDC Research paper 97/35) is in preparation. Together with a literature review focused on institutional design for sustainable wildlife management, this forms the first stage of this project, which is being pursued primarily through PhD candidature of Ms Dana Thomsen under a Land and Water Australia Scholarship. The nature of this social research project means that it is vital for the researchers to establish and maintain networks with industry and other stakeholders. To this end, researchers have attended a number of seminars and meetings to introduce the research project, raise awareness of the complex social issues involved in kangaroo management, and to encourage participation in the project. Additionally, the researchers are currently examining methodology options appropriate for understanding and explaining complex social systems.

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Project Title

Perennial grain crops for high water use

RIRDC Project No.:

UWA-60A

Start Date: 01/07/00 Finish Date: 30/09/03 Researcher: Dr. Ted Lefroy Organisation: University of Western Australia

Private Bag 5 PO WEMBLEY WA 6913

Phone: 08 9333 6442 Fax: 08 9333 6444 Email: [email protected] Objectives

• Screen perennial relatives of the major grain crops (wheat, barley, rye), plus

high seed-yielding naturalised and endemic perennial grasses for their potential as grain crops.

Current Progress (200 words maximum) A total of 34 accessions of Microlaena stipoides from NSW and Queensland

were established in field plots in 2001 and have been assessed for plant height, seed yield, seed size, culm number and weight and scored for erectness and of non-shattering. Seed yield was determined over a 10-week period with seed yield ranging from 0.42±0.05 to 1.78±0.39 g/plant (mean=1.00 g); number of culms per plant ranged from 6±2.9 to 62±7.2 (mean=37); culm weight ranged from 1.57±0.70 to 8.88±1.97 g/plant (mean=4.59 g). One promising find was that a line with mid-range seed weight (MM013) is showing up as non-shattering.

A collecting trip in the south west of Western Australia was carried out in December 2001, targeting areas where Microlaena stipoides had been previously reported in the WA Herbarium’s database FLORABASE. Dr Meredith Mitchell from the Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Rutherglen Research Institute, Victoria assisted in the collection. A total of 13 accessions resulted. Some 440 seedlings from the WA accessions were established in field plots in May 2002. Three replicates of 10 plants have been planted of each of the 13 accessions; along with seed increase plots of remaining seedlings. Seedlings were propagated in pots in the shade house and then transplanted in double rows 350 mm apart into 600 mm wide plastic matting with 350 mm spacing between plants in a row.

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Project Title

Integrating QA, EMS and ICM in the Yarra Valley - a case study

RIRDC Project No.:

DAV-186A

Start Date: 01/01/01 Finish Date: 30/11/03 Researcher: Mr. Murray McIntyre Organisation: Department of Natural Resources & Environment (Vic)

Locked Bag 3000 PO BOX HILL VIC 3128


• To develop and test a model regional environmental management system

(EMS). It will develop a prototype or model for linking farm QA & BMP's, to a regional EMS using consultative and negotiated methods.

• Current Progress (200 words maximum)

The project is linked with a DNRE project developing regional BMP’s for viticulture. BMP’s exist for the apple industry, and are being developed for the winegrape and strawberry industries concurrent with this project. The winegrape, and apple industries have agreed to participate in a regional EMS, while the strawberry industry is content to observe the results. A thorough process of consultation with industries has been necessary to build the project and obtain trust of all parties. An important task has been establishing strong links to a National CRCV project developing industry guidelines. The need to align the two projects has been widely acknowledged. The apple and pear industry lacks the same strong national policy framework of the wine industry. Growers, concerned with numerous competing systems being established, have requested that the system developed is recognised nationally, and complements existing QA and OHS systems. The interpretation of catchment targets to meaningful actions at a farm level remains a challenge for this project. Future directions: Developing a regional agricultural environmental policy for the Yarra Valley producers. The process has proven beneficial to government stakeholders in developing an understanding of the complexities of developing and EMS for delivery of EMS in agriculture.

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Project Title

Development of Market Orientated Environmental Certification for Rangeland Pastoral Industries

RIRDC Project No.:

DAQ-276A

Start Date: 01/12/00 Finish Date: 30/09/02 Researcher: Dr. Lester Pahl Organisation: Department of Primary Industries (Qld)

PO Box 201 TOOWOOMBA QLD 4350


• To develop marketing strategies and provide crucial information needed to

develop a market orientated environmental certification scheme for pastoral industries in Australia.


A literature review on international environmental assurance (EA) schemes is available. Reports are also available for the following activities. Interviews with 13 wool retailers/processors found that only scourers are concerned with environmental issues. Businesses recognised marketing opportunities for certified environment friendly Australian wool, which drives adoption of EA. A national survey of 605 consumers found that purchases of environment friendly meat result from desires for personal health, rather than environmental protection. Limited knowledge and not disinterest underlies minimal environmental consideration at point of purchase. 22 % of consumers would purchase environment friendly meat, declining to 18% with a 10% price premium. 73% of 300 pastoralists want to know more about EA. They expect economic and environmental benefits, but cost and regulation are concerns. Consumer demand is a stronger driver of adoption than provision of training or a $3000 government payment. International market research found that EA is evident amongst premium product ranges, with traceability being a major issue. Products bearing EA may be positioned between organic and quality assured products, but there is concern for the additional requirements imposed on suppliers. Industry organisations, environmental and consumer groups, retailers, and processors are being interviewed. Environmental group members are being surveyed.

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Project Title

Use of fire to control parthenium weed

RIRDC Project No.:

QDN-7A

Start Date: 01/08/99 Finish Date: 31/12/02 Researcher: Dr. Kunjithapatham Dhileepan Organisation: Queensland Department of Natural Resources and Mines

PO Box 187 CHARTERS TOWERS QLD 4820

Phone: (02) 4787 3300 Fax: Email: Objectives

• To evaluate the effectiveness of fire as a management tool to control

parthenium weed. Fire, if found to be a successful method of control, will be the most cost-effective weed management option available in pastures and rangelands.


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Project Title

Biodegradable Polymer Supply Chains - Implications and opportunities for Australian agriculture

RIRDC Project No.:

WHP-5A

Start Date: 15/08/01 Finish Date: 15/08/02 Researcher: Mr. David Michael Organisation: Wondu Holdings Pty Limited

PO Box 1217 BONDI JUNCTION NSW 1355


• To identify, map and examine the supply chain for producing bioplastics

from various Australian crop plants. There would be a focus on biodegradable polymers because of their positive environmental impact, but note that biodegradability is achievable with either fossil based or biobased materials.


The project progress is in line with the research plan. The scope of investigation is looking more widely at both non-degradable and degradable plastics. Data has been collected from Australian and foreign sources. The main finding is that while there is conceptual evidence to show that biodegradable polymers might perform well in life cycle assessments of energy efficiency and emission of Greenhouse gases there continues to be a significant price premium for biodegradable polymers over synthetics. Nevertheless, this gap is narrowing with improved technology, increases in plant size and the downward trend in agricultural commodity prices. Globally, we estimate the share of biodegradables in the overall plastic resin market is less than 1%. Australian crops that show promise as feedstocks include grains and other sources of starch (eg potatoes), sugar, oilseeds (that might be able to produce polyesters directly through genetic modifications), hemp, cellulose and several waste products such as lignin, chitin and other food chain wastes such as potato peel and second grade potatoes. A limiting factor is the absence of an effective supply chain structure to deliver biodegradable plastic resins with the same efficiency as oil is processed into ethylene, styrene and propylene. This problem may be solved with a substantial increase in oil prices, accompanied by other substitute prices (coal and gas), or what we term a ‘technological discontinuity’ or fundamental change in the whole technological process (GM oilseeds seem to have potential here). In addition there are a couple of large companies, such as Cargill-Dow Polymers that have recently entered the market with more organized supply chains.

29

Project Title

Environmental management system for trout production in inland saline water

RIRDC Project No.:

UMU-27A

Start Date: 06/08/01 Finish Date: 06/08/04 Researcher: Dr. Alan Lymbery Organisation: Murdoch University

Division of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences MURDOCH WA 6150


To increase environmental and economic sustainability of rainbow trout production in inland saline water by developing an environmental management system (EMS) for fish production and designing a marketing strategy to capitalise on consumer preference for quality food produced in an environmentally friendly way.


A questionnaire on trout production systems and potential environmental impacts was developed, pre-tested and sent to 113 farmers throughout the wheatbelt of Western Australia who had cultured rainbow trout. Seventy six responses were received (a response rate of 67%). The results showed that farm dams were used most frequently to culture rainbow trout in inland saline water (66%) followed by constructed ponds (18%), natural lakes (9%) and tanks (7%). Comparison of water flow characteristics among these different culture units showed that they are likely to produce similar environmental impacts. Farmers and resource managers identified the same potential environmental impacts from inland trout farming, but whereas farmers ranked on-farm impacts as most important, resource managers ranked off-farm impacts as most important. One of the most significant potential impacts to be identified was soluble or particulate nutrients that are discharged as effluent from the culture system to natural waterways. A water sampling program has been implemented to measure the nutrient levels discharged from a number of different culture systems. The questionnaire data and the water quality data will be used to construct a process model of environmental impacts from inland trout production, and this process model will be used to evaluate environmental risks.

30

Project Title

Industrial Seaweed agonomy in saline drainage water evaporation basins

RIRDC Project No.:

SWT-1A

Start Date: 25/08/01 Finish Date: 30/11/05 Researcher: Mr. Robert Cordover Organisation: Robert Cordover Trading As Seaweed Trading

PO Box 116 CURTIN ACT 2605


• To make profitable use of saline wastewater in the Murray Darling Basin,

the project will introduce and develop agronomy and aquaculture technologies for agarophyte and carrageenophyte seaweed cultivation. Export markets for these industrial seaweeds have been identified and a whole-of-chain approach will include improvement of harvest quality and post harvest handling to market. Australian industry has expressed an interest in processing the raw seaweed into industrial food thickeners that are currently all imported and raw materials will be supplied for pilot extraction and processing of gels.


31

Project Title

The farmer's road toward clean and green horticulture

RIRDC Project No.:

CSL-14A

Start Date: 01/12/00 Finish Date: 30/11/03 Researcher: Dr. Richard Stirzaker Organisation: CSIRO Land and Water

CSIRO Land and Water PO Box 1666 CANBERRA ACT 2601


• To provide the land manager with a simple device to evaluate their own

performance in managing water, salt and nutrients in irrigated horticulture (FullStop wetting front detector), and to assist land managers to monitor the benefits of adopting new practices worthy of the clean green label.


The area of water and nutrient management for irrigated crops is a mature science. However the application of this knowledge remains poor. This is despite the rapid advances in soil water monitoring tools that have come onto the market in the past few years. The FullStop wetting front detector was designed with the express purpose of being the simplest and easiest tool to help land managers think about water and nutrient management on their own farms. Over the past 12 months several hundred wetting front detectors were made and distributed to farmers involved in vegetable and fruit growing in many different districts. The aim of the project is to get land managers to assess their own performance and give them the confidence and impetus to change practice. This might be a change to their irrigation management, redesign of the irrigation system or purchasing more sophisticated water monitoring tools. The wetting front detector is essentially a learning tool that engages the land manger in a process of adaptive management. In the words of one of the participants, “the wetting front detector is the point of contact between the language of the scientist and the experience of the farmer”. This sums the project’s main objective – which is to seek the clean and green ideal from the farmer’s perspective.

32

Project Title

Integrated agri-aquaculture demonstration facility

RIRDC Project No.:

DAQ-290A

Start Date: 01/07/01 Finish Date: 30/11/04 Researcher: Dr. Adrian Collins Organisation: Department of Primary Industries (Qld)

Bribie Island Aquaculture Research Centre PO Box 2066 WORRIM QLD 4507


To stimilate interest and uptake of sustainable and synergistic farming systems, in particular, the intergration of aquaculture with irrigated agriculture. A practical demonstration site will be established on a commercial cotton and grain farm on the Darling Downs, Queensland, as a focus for the demonstration of environmental, social and economic benefits of complementary farm diversification.


The integrated aquaculture demonstration site has been established on a cotton and grains property at Dalby on the Darling Downs Queensland. The owners of this property McVeigh Brothers Inc., have incorporated native fish aquaculture into their irrigation infrastructure. The water storage used for aquaculture is managed according to the whole of farm needs but does not receive any water from overland flow or tailwater sources. Monitoring of fish growth, quality, systems development, water quality, environment, water use and farm economics have been initiated for this site. Pesticide monitoring has shown that to date, there has been no detectable impact from the adjacent cotton and grains farming activities on the aquaculture operation. A preliminary IAS farm profitability model is under development and will include a general aquaculture information package as well as information specific for integrated operators. A number of farm tours, field days, industry groups and individuals have visited the demonstration site in the past six months totalling in excess of 400 people from a range of farming backgrounds. Planning for a project workshop in July 2002 is progressing.

33

Project Title

Participation in European Union Econogene Project

RIRDC Project No.:

ENG-1A

Start Date: 01/12/01 Finish Date: 31/01/04 Researcher: Dr. Phillip England Organisation: Laboratoire de Biologie des Populations d'Altitude

CNRS & University Joseph Fourier BP53 38041 Grenoble cedex 9 FRANCE

Phone: (33) 04 76 63 56 07 Fax: (33) 04 76 51 42 79 Email: [email protected] Objectives


I am responsible for the identification of sites of genetic variation in eight genes potentially under either natural selection or artificial selection for agricultural traits in goats. These are known as candidate genes. They will form part of a much larger suite of sheep and goat genes (both candidate genes and neutral "genetic fingerprinting" markers) being developed by the eight ECONOGENE partner labs. I have completed the identification of the eight potential candidate genes and have commenced the experiments that will lead to the identifications of the DNA sequences within these genes that show variation (polymorphism) among individuals, populations, countries and breeds. I am also responsible for the coordination of the sampling of goats in France and several other countries including Jordan, Iraq and Saudi Arabia. I have commenced sampling of tissue for DNA extraction (small pieces of ear) in flocks of the French Alpine goat breed. Sampling of the Corsican goat is presently underway in Corsica. I will travel to Jordan in early June to sample the Jordan Mountain goat and to coordinate sampling of other breeds in the Middle East. Sampling in the French Alps and the Pyrénées will also begin soon. The Grenoble lab, where I am based, has commenced the development of a micro-array based method for the automatic genetic typing of large numbers of genes. The method promises to facilitate the generation of vast quantities of genetic data quickly and cheaply. The method is currently being established for use in cattle but when this development phase is complete, I plan to adapt it for use in the ECONOGENE project on sheep and goats. I have attended a six-monthly planning and progress meeting in Madrid. For your information, the ECONOGENE website, where details of the project and its progress are posted, is at http://lasig.epfl.ch/projets/econogene/

sub-program 4.2 resilient agricultural systems · cse-80a strategic r&d in waste management and...

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