su cim 1 unit 1 96
TRANSCRIPT
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CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN
MANAGEMENT
PAPER CODE: BS 701
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THE ENVIRONMENT OF
MANAGEMENT
UNIT ONE
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ETHICS
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PHILOSOPHY
From the Greek word philosophia: love of
wisdom
Understand the mysteries of existence andreality
Nature of truth and knowledge
Form of inquiry:
analysis, criticism,interpretation and speculation
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PHILOSOPHY
MARRIAGE
RELIGION
LAW
FAMILY
INDUSTRY
GOVERNMENT
EDUCATION
BUSINESS
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THE FIVE BRANCHES OFPHILOSOPHY
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1. METAPHYSICS
TWO SEPARATE AREAS
A. ONTOLOGY: The study of being
B. COSMOLOGY: Study of the physical universe
or cosmos as a whole
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1. METAPHYSICSTHEORIES
1. MATERIALISM: Only matter has real
existence; mental phenomena are produced
by the activity of matter
2. IDEALISM: Every material thing is and idea or
a form of idea
3. MECHANISM: All happenings result from
mechanical forces, not from purpose
4. TELEOLOGY: Everything is the universe exists
for a purpose
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2. EPISTEMOLOGY
Studies the Nature, Basis and Extent of Knowledge
KNOWLEDGE TYPES
1. A priori: Knowledge by thinking withoutexperience
2. Empirical: Knowledge from observation andexperience
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2. EPISTEMOLOGY
THEORIES1. CORRESPONDENCE: An idea is true if it
corresponds to the facts or reality
2. COHERENT: Truth is a matter of degree; an
idea is true to the extent it coheres withother ideas
3. PRAGMATIC: An idea is true if it works or
settles the problem dealt with4. SKEPTICISM: Knowledge is impossible to
obtain; truth is unknowable
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3. LOGIC
Principles and Methods of Reasoning
Argument: A set of statements calledpremises
with a statement called a conclusion which is
supported
TYPES
1. DEDUCTIVE: Where the conclusion necessary
follows its premise (valid)
2. INDUCTIVE: Establish matters of fact and laws of
nature and does attempt to be valid
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4. AESTHETICS
Creation and Principles of Art and Beauty
Examination of thoughts, feelings and attitude
when exposed to something beautiful Process of artistic creation
Nature of aesthetic experience
Closely related to Ethics and Political philosophy
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5. ETHICS
Deals with
Human conduct, character and values
Nature of right and wrong
Distinction between good and evil
Nature of justice and a just society
Obligations
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5. ETHICS
THEORIES
1. RELATIVISM: Right or wrong depends on the
concerned culture2. OBJECTIVISM: Objective standards of right
and wrong can be discovered and applied to
everyone
3. SUBJECTIVISM: Moral standards are matters
of taste and opinion
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ETHICS & MORALITY
ETHICS: Systematic general science of right and
wrong conduct
MORALITY:
Actual patterns of conduct anddirect working rules of moral action
Needed because of the human tendency to
Compare Doubt
Develop principles
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FROM: Family
Friends
School Church / Temple / Mosque
Media
Other associations
MORALITY
The standards an individual or group has
about what is right or wrong
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ETHICS & MORALITY
THEORIES OF MORALITY
1. INTUITIONISM: Aware of moral principles
and understand them intuitively
2. EMOTIVISM: Moral standards express desiresand emotion but convey no justification
3. NATURALISM: All moral decisions must be
based on factual considerations4. PERSONAL REALISM: Individual and social life
must be infused with moral openness to God
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MORAL & NON-MORAL STANDARDS
Moral standards
Address matters of serious consequence to
human beings
Can neither be legislated not changed byauthoritative bodies
Override self interest
Are never situational
Trigger strong emotions
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ETHICS
Study of Ethics is a normative study
Study of Ethics through the social sciences is
a descriptive studySOCIOLOGIST:
Do Indians believe bribery is wrong?
ETHICIAN:Is bribery wrong?
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BUSINESS ETHICS
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BUSINESS ETHICS
Society achieves its goals through institutions:
Familial
Economic
Legal
Political
Educational
Business Ethics is the study of the application of
moral standards to business
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BUSINESS ETHICS
Three issues investigated:1. SYSTEMIC
2. CORPORATE
3. INDIVIDUAL
THE DILEMMA
Law treats the corporation as an entity
The corporation exists and acts through
humans and their mutual relationships
It is the humans who act
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The MNC & Ethics
It can shift from countries to avoid social
control
It can transfer material, goods, capital toescape taxes
Transfer of technology could be hazardous
to the host country
Ethical norms differ between countries
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ETHICS HAS NO PLACE IN BUSINESS
1. If needs are not satisfied efficiently noprofits.
Most markets are not perfectcompetition
Steps for profit increase may not be
socially beneficial Social hierarchies have different needs
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ETHICS HAS NO PLACE IN BUSINESS
1. Loyal agent argument
Employers demand may not be moral
Managers duty is constrained by morality
Mere employment agreements may not be
moral
2. Being legally correct is not enough ethically.
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NO BUSINESS WITHOUT ETHICS
1. Ethics should govern all human activities,which is what business is
2. Cooperative activities need a minimumethical standard
Individual businesses will collapse
Businesses need a stable society Ethics and profits are not mutually
exclusive goals
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ETHICS & THE LAW
A legal decision may not be ethical
The individual applies personal standards Generation gap in its application
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TECHNOLOGY & ETHICS
RISK: Awareness, Degree, and Reversibility
PRIVACY
DANGERS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING
Methods, processes and tools invented to
manipulate the environment
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PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
Code which regulates action and sets
standards for its members
Serves to guide and remind people of them Providers for code violators
Public law may regulate in some cases
Code for any group which has an impact onthe community
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IMPLEMENTING ETHICS
Enunciate a Policy
Create a CodeMeasure both steps on the basis of their
impacton and approvalby all employees
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IMPLEMENTING ETHICS
DECISION MAKING WHILE IMPLEMENTING Made to avoid punishment
Made to uphold others expectations
Made to comply with moral conscience
No thumb rule for ethical decisions; culturalcentric in an organization
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ETHICS IN MANAGING CHANGE
CHANGE NEEDS
Decentralization
Globalization
Corruption / Misconduct expands with this
CODE COMPLIANCE MONITORED IN TWO WAYS
1. Top Managers investigate ethical violation
2. Subordinate review made mandatory
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FOSTERING ETHICS AT WORK
1. Emphasize top management commitment
2. Publish the Code3. Establish compliance mechanisms
4. Involve all employees
5. Measure results
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CORPORATE
SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITY
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THE C S R MODEL
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MANAGERIAL CAPITALISM
Primary purpose is to maximize profits for
shareholders
Vigorously promoted by Milton FriedmanTWO REASONS
1. Shareholders are owners; profits belong to
them alone
2. Shareholders deserve profits because taxes,
salaries etc. have been paid
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STAKEHOLDER THEORY
Any group which is vital to the survival and
success of the corporation
There are six groups The corporation should be managed for the
benefit of all six groups
The rights of the groups must be ensured
The groups must participate in decisions
affecting their welfare
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MAJOR STAKEHOLDERS
THE BUSINESS
STOCKHOLDERS
CUSTOMERS
SUPPLIERS
MANAGERS
COMMUNITY
EMPLOYEES
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THE MORAL MINIMUM
Occupies an intermediate position The corporation must maximize profits but
should do no harm along the way
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THE SOCIAL AUDIT
Self monitoring
A rating system is developed Important variables are
Firm culture
Country culture Country laws
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WHISTLE BLOWING
Employees attempting to report
organizational wrong doing
Where moral minimum applies the whistle
blower can help the firm
Least expensive and most efficient feedback
Very often regarded as disloyal
Firm culture can encourage or discourage
them
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MANAGING DIVERSITYEmployees in a multi cultural environment
Maximizing advantages;
minimizing disadvantages
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DIVERSITY GROUPS
1. Racial and Ethnic
2. Women
3. Older Workers
4. People with disabilities
5. Sexual orientation
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BARRIERS IN DEALING WITH DIVERSITY
1. STEREOTYPING
Ascribing behavioral traits to individuals
based on apparent membership of a group2. PREJUDICES
Bias resulting from pre-judging a person
based on traits
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BARRIERS IN DEALING WITH DIVERSITY
3. ETHNOCENTRISM
Viewing members of ones own group as the
center of the universe and other social
groups with less favor
4. DISCRIMINATION
Taking specific action toward or against a
person based on the persons group
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BARRIERS IN DEALING WITH DIVERSITY
5. TOKENISM
Tendency to appoint a minority group
member to a high profile position
6. GENDER ROLES
Glass ceiling
Sexual harassment
Gender role stereotyping
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DIVERSITY MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
LEADERSHIP
Top Mgt commitmentand support
Steering group
Advisory groupCommunication tactics
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DIVERSITY MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
RESEARCH /
MEASUREMENT
Organizational
assessment
Baseline dataBenchmarking
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DIVERSITY MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
EDUCATION
Awareness trainingIn-house expertise
development
Orientation programsAdvanced training
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DIVERSITY MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
SYSTEMS CHANGES
RecruitmentOrientation
Performance appraisal
Compensation/benefits
Promotion
Trg & Dev
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DIVERSITY MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
FOLLOW UP
Evaluation process
Accountability
Continuous
improvement
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MANAGING IN A GLOBAL
ENVIRONMENT
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WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?
Integration of economic, political, and culturalsystems across the globe?
Americanization of world culture?
Force for economic growth, prosperity, anddemocratic freedom?
Force for environmental devastation,
exploitation of the developing world, andsuppression of human rights?
Is globalization "good" or "bad"?
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WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?
These questions would receive very different
answers in Washington, Sao Paolo, Paris,
Cairo, Johannesburg, Bombay, and Hong Kong
In each of those places these questions would
receive very different answers from different
people business leaders, government
officials, agricultural laborers, theunemployed, or human rights activists.
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WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?
The impact of globalization on culture:
Should local cultures should be protected
from outside influence? or Does new cultural creativity result from
interaction and mixing of ideas from different
cultures?
THERE ARE FEW CULTURES THAT ARE TRULY ISOLATED
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DESCRIPTION Globalization refers to integration of national
economies into the international economythrough
Trade
Foreign direct investment
Capital flows
Migration
Spread of technology
Combination of economic, technological,
sociocultural and political forces
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HISTORY
A centuries long process, tracking the expansion ofhuman population and the growth of civilization,that has accelerated dramatically in the past 50years
The 19th
C sometimes called "The First Era ofGlobalization" collapsed during the GreatDepression
Some analysts say the world is going through a
period of de-globalization 45% of global wealth was destroyed by the global
financial crisis in 18 months
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FREE TRADE PROMOTION Reduction, elimination of tariffs; creation of
free trade zones with small or no tariffs Reduced transportation costs from
containerization
Reduction, elimination of capital controls Reduction, elimination of subsidies for local
businesses
Creation of subsidies for global corporations
Harmonization of intellectual property laws
Supranational recognition of intellectualproperty restrictions
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GLOBALIZATION FLOWS
GOODS AND SERVICES e.g
.exports plus importsas a proportion of national income or per capita
of population
LABOR/PEOPLE e.g. net migration rates; inward
or outward migration flows CAPITAL e.g. inward or outward direct
investment as a proportion of national income
TECHNOLOGY e.g
.international research &development flows; proportion of population
using factor-neutral inventions such as thetelephone, motorcar, broadband
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MEASURING GLOBALIZATION
1. Economic
2. Social
3. Political
4.
Actual economic flows5. Economic restrictions
6. Data on
personal contact information flows
cultural proximity
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MOST GLOBALIZED
1. Belgium
2. Austria
3. Sweden
4. United Kingdom
5. Netherlands
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LEAST GLOBALIZED
1. Haiti
2. Myanmar
3. The Central African Republic
4. Burundi
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IMPACT ON THE GLOBE
1. INDUSTRIAL
Emergence of worldwide production markets
Broader access to a range of foreign products
Movement of material and goods between
and within national boundaries
IMPACT ON THE GLOBE
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IMPACT ON THE GLOBE
2. FINANCIAL
Emergence of worldwide financial markets
Access to external financing for borrowers.
Worldwide structures grew faster than any
transnational regulatory regime
Instability of the financial infrastructure
dramatically increased globally
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IMPACT ON THE GLOBE
3. ECONOMIC
Realization of a global common market
Freedom of exchange of goods and capital
The interconnectedness of these markets,
however meant that an economic collapse in
any one given country could not be contained
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IMPACT ON THE GLOBE
4. POLITICAL
Some use globalization to mean the creation of
a world government, or cartels of governments
If China continues to grow at the rate projected
by the trends, in the next fifteen years, there will
be a major reallocation of power
IMPACT ON THE GLOBE
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IMPACT ON THE GLOBE
5. INFORMATIONAL
Increase in information flows betweengeographically remote locations
A technological change
Fiber optic communications
Satellites
Increased availability of telephone
Internet
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IMPACT ON THE GLOBE
6. LANGUAGE
Most popular language is English
90% of all Internet traffic uses English 75% of the world's mail, telexes, and
cables are in English
60% of the world's radio programs are inEnglish
IMPACT ON THE GLOBE
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IMPACT ON THE GLOBE
7. COMPETITION
Survival calls for improved productivity
Companies have to upgrade their
products
Use technology skillfully
IMPACT ON THE GLOBE
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IMPACT ON THE GLOBE
8. ECOLOGICAL - challenges that might be solved
Climate change Cross-boundary water and air pollution
Over-fishing of the ocean
IMPACT ON THE GLOBE
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IMPACT ON THE GLOBE
9. SOCIAL
Development of NGOs as agents ofglobal public policy
Humanitarian aid
Developmental efforts
IMPACT ON THE GLOBE
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IMPACT ON THE GLOBE
10.LEGAL / ETHICAL
The creation of an international criminal
court International justice movements
Crime importation
Raising awareness of global crime-fightingefforts and cooperation
CRITICISM
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CRITICISM
1. Poorer countries are sometimes at
disadvantage
2. Exploitation of foreign impoverished workers
3. The shift to outsourcing
4. Weak labor unions
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THREE ISSUES OF GLOBALIZATION
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INDIVIDUAL Vs SOCIETAL CHOICE
Some people may prefer to smoke or to drive
without wearing a seatbelt.
Society may believe that there are costs as a
whole say, medical costs
France objects to the spread of American
popular culture
Globalization has to balance betweenrespecting individual free choices and societal
priorities
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FREE MARKET Vs GOVT. INTERVENTION
The free market is the aggregation of lots ofindividual choices
The free market may fail to provide crucial
goods, at reasonable prices
In 2001 WTO allowed poor countries in Africa
to make generic copies of drugs needed for
AIDS
Globalization has to balance the need for free
market system while also ensuring that the
poor are taken care of.
LOCAL AUTHORITY V SUPRA LOCAL
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LOCAL AUTHORITY Vs SUPRA LOCAL
Issues arise between the democratic
legitimacy of domestic legislation and the
need to create and enforce international rulesby bodies who are not directly accountable to
those whose lives and interests they affect
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THE INTERNATIONAL CONSUMER
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INTRODUCTION
No matter how hard man tries, it is impossible
for him to divest himself of his own culture,
for it has penetrated to the roots of his
nervous system and determines how heperceives the worldPeople cannot act or
interact at all in any meaningful way except
through the medium of culture.
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CROSS-CULTURAL USE OF SYMBOLS
Meaning of symbols differs across cultures
Symbolic meaning of nonverbal
communication can also create problems.
It is important to know the implicit meaning of
a symbol when a company begins to market its
products or services internationally
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GLOBAL BUSINESS CULTURAL FACTORS
Language
Values
Politics
Technology
Material Culture
Social Organization
Education
Religion
THE EAST ASIAN CONSUMER
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THE EAST ASIAN CONSUMER
yHow the societies view
the individual
yHow employees and
customers are viewed
yValues in Japan are
beginning to change with
an increased desire for
leisure timeyKaroshi (death by
overwork) still an issue
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THE LATIN AMERICAN CONSUMER
NAFTA has increased
U.S.-Mexico trade
U.S. products viewedfavorably
Spanish language
variations possiblyimportant
THE EAST EUROPEAN CONSUMER
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THE EAST EUROPEAN CONSUMER Western products are in huge demand
Income is lower than Western Europe
Productivity is rising after the 1990s political
turmoil
Marketing requires an understanding of the
different cultures and business practices
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THE WEST EUROPEAN CONSUMER
The EU contains
many nations,
cultures, and
languages
There is no
Euro consumer
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THE AFRICAN CONSUMER
Country changing rapidly
Africans are often bilingual
The culture and business climate is stronglyinfluenced by Europe
Francophone countries liking French products
Anglophone countries give high marks to
British and German goods American products are highly regarded but
only the well-to-do can afford them
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CROSS-CULTURAL PROBLEM AREAS
Translation
National Languages
and Dialects
Time perception
Symbols
Friendship Etiquette
Nonverbal Behavior
Country-of-Origin
Issues Ethnocentricity
Animosity
Bi-nationalproducts
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ADAPTING PRODUCTS AND SERVICES
Adapting products to the needs of local
consumers is closer to the marketing
concept.
Standardizing products may result in
consumer savings
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STANDARDIZATION Vs ADAPTATION?
Both offer customer benefits.
As incomes increase, people in different
countries seem to develop more-similartastes
Especially true for younger consumers
The final decision is a managementresponsibility
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INTERNATIONAL MARKETING RESEARCH
Marketing research across cultures a must
Main problem is to standardizeconsumption values measures.
Technical problems (e.g. the ability to do
mail surveys) are also important
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COUNTRY VS. SEGMENT TARGETS
Two Approaches to Global
Segmentation: Countries
Market Segments
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COUNTRY VS. MARKET TARGETS
In the first approach, Brazil is viewed as atarget market segment
In the second approach, although Brazil is thephysical location of a large group ofconsumers, the important variables forsegmentation are commonalities in needs and
wants among consumers across nationalities
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MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS
yPositioning. The origin of the product shouldbe clear to differentiate
yThe Internet has made international marketing
research easier, but it has introduced twoissues:
1. Penetration of the Internet varies fromcountry to country
2. Marketers using the Internet restrictthemselves to those with internet access!
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MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS
Marketing Mix
Men in Eastern Europe are more fashionablethan women since they are more exposed to
outside influencesSegmentation
Are national borders useful segmentationvariables?
Concentrating on cross-border segments thatshare commonalities may make more sense.
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FINALLY
These controversies are rarely black and white
Discussion of these issues can enlighten
citizens of different countries without forcing
them to abandon their
Globalization is neither good nor bad