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Name:__________________________________ Date:____________________8th Grade General Science Final Review/Study Guide.

Chemistry FINAL REVIEW

Multiple ChoiceWrite the letter of the correct answer on the line at the left.

______ 1. Anything that has mass and takes up space is calleda. matter. c. heterogeneous.b. energy. d. homogeneous.

______ 2. What holds atoms together in a molecule?a. density c. physical bonds b. gravity d. chemical bonds

______ 3. H2O, CO2, and C12H22O11 are all examples of chemical a. properties. c. bonds.b. changes. d. formulas.

______ 4. Soil, a salad, and sugar water are all examples ofa. elements. c. mixtures.b. compounds. d. atoms.

______ 5. The volume of an irregular object can be measured bya. multiplying the object’s length, width, and height.b. multiplying the object’s density by its mass. c. submerging the object in water in a graduated cylinder.d. placing the object on a triple-beam balance.

______ 6. How do liquid water, ice, and water vapor differ from each other?a. They are different states of matter.b. They are different compounds.c. They are made of different kinds of molecules.d. They are made of different kinds of atoms.

Chemistry (continued)______ 7. One example of a chemical change is

a. filtering a mixture. c. boiling water.b. burning wood. d. crushing a can.

CompletionFill in the line to complete each statement.

8.Hardness, texture, color, and freezing point are examples of ____________________ properties of matter.

9.A(n) ____________________ is a group of two or more atoms that are held together by chemical bonds.

10. A(n) ____________________ is formed when two or more substances are so evenly mixed that you can’t see the different parts.

True or FalseIf the statement is true, write true. If it is false, change the underlined word or words to make the statement true.

____________ 11. A substance is a single kind of matter that has a specific composition.

____________ 12. The smallest particle of an element is called a(n) atom.

____________ 13. To find the mass of a rectangular object, you multiply the object’s length, width, and height.

____________ 14. A substance that undergoes a chemical change is still the same substance after the change.

Chemistry (continued)

Using Science SkillsUse the figure below to answer the following questions in the spaces provided.

15. How does the density of liquid water compare with the density of ice?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

16. A 54-gram sample of an unknown material has a volume equal to 20 cm3. Based on its density, could the sample be aluminum? Explain.

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EssayWrite an answer for each of the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.

17. Explain the differences in finding the density of a rectangular solid object and finding the density of an irregular solid object.

18. Explain the difference between a heterogeneous and homogenous mixture.

Chemistry (continued)

Using Science SkillsUse the figure below to answer the following question in the spaces provided.

19. How did the temperature change in reaction A differ from that in reaction B?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

EssayWrite an answer for each of the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.

20. Is the melting of an ice cube considered a physical change or a chemical change? Explain your reasoning.

21. If an object has a mass of 130 kg, what is its weight in Newton’s (n)?22. If an objects weight is 865 N, what is that objects mass in kilograms (kg)?23. If an object has a mass of 55 kg and a volume of 60cmᶾ, what is that objects density?

EARTH STRUCTURE: REVIEW

24. Which sphere of the Earth system contains nearly all of Earth's mass? A the geosphereB the atmosphereC the biosphereD the hydrosphere

25. According to the theory of plate tectonics, A Earth’s crust is made of molten

material.B Earth’s plates move slowly and

constantly.C Earth’s surface has not

changed over time.D Earth’s plates move at the

same speed as Earth rotates on its axis.

26. Holes drilled several kilometers into Earth’s crust provide direct evidence about Earth’s interior in the form of A seismic waves.B rock samples.C liquid iron.D volcanic eruption.

Directions: Use the diagram below to answer question 27.

27. Which of Earth’s layers experiences the greatest pressure?A the crustB the mantleC the outer coreD the inner core

28. When you touch a hot pot or pan, energy moves from the pot to your hand in a process called A magnetic energy.B indirect evidence.C subduction.D heat transfer.

EARTH’S STRUCTURE (continued)

29. Suppose heat has caused convection currents to form in a fluid. When the heat source is removed from the fluid, the convection currents willA speed up.B change direction.C eventually stop.D continue at the same rate forever.

30. Which of the following can change rock into metamorphic rock? A the heat of the sunB the high temperature of pockets of magma that rise through the crustC radioactive minerals.D evaporation

31. What step in the rock cycle would be required to change granite into sandstone? A Granite particles settle on the ocean floor.B Lava flows melt the granite sediment.C Pieces of the granite melt when they return to the mantle by

subduction.D Magma hardens into granite sediment.

32. Most geologists rejected Alfred Wegener’s idea of continental drift becauseA they were afraid of a new idea.B Wegener was interested in what Earth was like millions of years ago.C Wegener used several different types of evidence to support his

hypothesis.D Wegener could not identify a force that could move the continents.


Directions: Use the diagram below to answer question 33 and 34.

33. The diagram above shows two types of movements of Earth’s crust. What feature of the ocean floor develops in the region labeled A? A abyssal plainB continental shelfC mid-ocean ridgeD sandbar

34. Which of the following statements best describes the process shown in the diagram above? A The process occurs very

quickly at only one location in Earth's oceanic crust.

B The process occurs very slowly at only one location in Earth's oceanic crust.

C The process occurs very quickly along several very long cracks in Earth's oceanic crust.

D The process occurs very slowly along several very long cracks in Earth's oceanic crust.

35. Which scientific theory helped scientists explain the occurrence of volcanoes and earthquakes around the Pacific Ocean? A cell theoryB theory of plate tectonicsC theory of natural selectionD theory of relativity

36. Because stress is a force, it A always preserves the shape of

the rock.B always adds energy to rock.C always adds volume to rock.D always makes rock harder.

37. Which type of stress force produces reverse faults? A shearingB tensionC compressionD deformation


38. In what direction do seismic waves carry the energy of an earthquake? A away from the focusB toward the focusC from the center of Earth toward the epicenterD from the epicenter toward the center of Earth

39. A news report states that an earthquake occurred in your area yesterday afternoon. Some people commented that the vibrations felt like those of a passing truck, but no damage occurred. How would you rate this earthquake on the Mercalli scale? A I–IIIB IV–VIC VII–IXD X–XII

40. For which of the following activities would a geologist use a seismograph?A studying the motions of cloudsB checking for cracks in an oil pipelineC searching for stars in distant galaxiesD recording plate movements

41. Geologists cannot yet predict earthquakes because A they have too much data.B they can’t be sure when and where stress will be released along a

fault.C they need to know where all past earthquakes occurred.D there are too many faults to monitor.

42. The volcanoes along converging oceanic plate boundaries may form A a hot spot.B a part of the mid-ocean ridge.C an island arc.D a subducting plate.


43. If a volcano’s magma is high in silica, the volcano will probably A erupt quietly.B remain dormant.C erupt explosively.D produce an island arc.

44. What triggers the small earthquakes that occur around a volcano before an eruption? A upward movement of magmaB pyroclastic flowC cooling magma inside the

crustD plate movements

45. A volcano that is erupting or has shown signs of erupting in the near future is called A an active volcano.B an extinct volcano.C a dormant volcano.D an explosive volcano.

46. Hot spot volcanoes that form on the ocean floor are usually A composite volcanoes.B cinder cone volcanoes.C lava plateaus.D shield volcanoes.

47. Magma that forces itself across rock layers hardens into a A sill.B volcanic neck.C dike.D batholith.


Short ResponseWrite an answer for each of the following:

48. Describe the convection currents that occur inside Earth.

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49. Describe what is happening at point Z in the diagram.

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50. How is the moment magnitude scale used to describe earthquakes?

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F I N A L R E V I E W : E C O L O G Y A N D T H E E N V I R O N M E N T

Multiple Choice

51. Which of the following is not a need that must be met by an organism's habitat? A foodB shelterC waterD reproduction

52. A population is made up of organisms that A are members of many different

species.B are all members of the same

species.C represent several different

levels in an energy pyramid.D represent at least three links in

a food chain.

53. A change in which of the following factors could reduce the size of a fish population? A kind of predatorsB potential matesC food supplyD height of tides


54. Identify a biotic factor in the diagram. A waterB fishC sunlightD rocks

55. A behavior or physical characteristic that helps an organism survive and reproduce is called A a mutation.B a selection.C a variation.D an adaptation.

56. Which of the following might restrict the growth of a population? A mild wintersB increased predationC increased numbers of preyD ample rainfall

57. A farmer decides to leave a certain field alone, and never use it for crops again. Over time, she notices that one type of plant begins to grow, and then is slowly replaced by another type. What is this replacement of communities over time called? A a food chainB an energy pyramidC successionD a competitive community


58. In the relationship shown in the diagram above, both the bee and the flower benefit. What benefit does the flower gain from the bee? A The flower gains food.B The flower is pollinated.C The flower’s seeds are

dispersed.D The flower receives growth

hormones.

59. A heavy rainstorm washed fertilizer from a farm field into a pond, causing an increase in the amount of algae. What is the best explanation for this sudden growth? A The pond ecosystem contained

too few consumers.B The runoff contained a nutrient

for the pond ecosystem.C The pond ecosystem included

few producers.D The algae were living in the

runoff before it entered the pond.

60. During which part of the water cycle does water return to Earth? A runoffB evaporationC condensationD precipitation

61. Which of these organisms plays a major role in both the carbon cycle and the water cycle? A animalsB mushroomsC treesD bacteria


62. In the energy pyramid shown, which abiotic factors does the bass depend upon for survival? A water and sunlightB turtles and eelgrassC small fish and turtlesD carnivores and insects

63. Which land biome is extremely cold and dry? A rainforestB tundraC grasslandD mountain

64.Which of the following is a characteristic of deep ocean ecosystems? A pounding wavesB continental shelfC little sunlightD sudden changes in water level

65. A new species moves into an area without physical barriers. The new habitat has the right sort of climate for the species. Which of the following would most likely limit the spread of the species in the new area?

A continental driftB dispersalC competition with native speciesD habitat fragmentation

66. A town is debating over which type of power plant to build. To make the best possible decision, the town council should A find out which type of plant the mayor prefers.B always choose the cheapest plant.C consider the costs and benefits of each type of plant.D look only at the short-term benefits of each type of plant.

67. Which of the following best describes a renewable resource? A a natural resource that is not

replaced as it is used upB a natural resource that is

supplied continuallyC a natural material that can be

burned for energyD a natural material that is used

by people

68. Sustainable forestry harvests trees without reducing the future supply. Which is one method that is part of sustainable forestry? A cutting oaksB clear-cuttingC selective cuttingD cutting regularly

69. Some renewable resources, such as the fish we eat, must be used carefully. Which is a way fisheries can manage a sustainable yield?

A protest aquacultureB fishing of new speciesC increase amount of fishingD habitat destruction

70. If pond X is home to 20 different species of living things and pond Y is home to 10, then A X has more niches than Y.B Y has more niches than X.C Y is a less stable ecosystem

than X.D X is a more stable ecosystem

than Y.

71. What is the major cause of extinction? A pollutionB exotic speciesC illegal poachingD habitat destruction


72. The Clark County commissioners want to reduce the amount of refuse sent to the local landfill. Which of the following suggestions has the potential to result in the greatest reduction of waste? A recycling glass, plastic, and

metalsB composting food wastesC reusing rubber, leather, and

textiles in new productsD recycling paper and

paperboard

73. Fertile soil is an important resource for humans because A it is necessary for mining

minerals.B most food plants need soil to

grow.C it supports paved roads better

than infertile soil.D it can never be reclaimed if it

is lost.

74. If a farmer plants the same crop in a field year after year, the soil becomes less fertile. What causes this decrease in fertility? A erosionB drought

C desertificationD nutrient depletion

75. Which is the best way to be sure there will be enough aluminum for future needs? A dig more mines for aluminum

oreB buy more aluminum from

other countriesC recycle and reuse aluminum

containersD search for more sources of

aluminum

76. Which of the following is not a major source of freshwater pollution? A human and animal wastesB industrial wastesC treated sewageD agricultural chemicals


77. Mariah has done some research on carbon monoxide emissions for a class project. Which statement best describes the conclusion that Mariah can make from her research? A Industrial and solid waste

disposal are the main sources of emissions.

B Alternative transportation options should be considered to decrease motor vehicle emissions.

C The number of diesel motor vehicles should be drastically reduced.

D Emission standards for airplanes, trains, and boats should be strengthened to regulate carbon monoxide emission.

76. One benefit of the ozone layer in the stratosphere is that ozone absorbs energy from the sun, which warms our atmosphere. Which of the following is another benefit of the ozone layer? A It reflects radio signals back to

Earth.B It burns up meteoroids before

they strike land.C It shields Earth from harmful

ultraviolet radiation.D It relays telephone and

television communications.


78. How might the human activities in the diagram affect an ecosystem? A Nutrients in the smoke

increase the bird population.B Chemicals entering the river

kill fish.C Hot water entering the river

attracts reptiles from warmer climates.

D The factory building increases the number of homes available to wild animals.

79. The oceans are a source of many natural resources, both renewable and nonrenewable. Which of the following is a renewable food resource that has become available through the use of aquaculture? A nodulesB natural gasC abundant fishD drinking water


80. According to the data shown, what would happen if coal were no longer available to produce electricity? A No change in electrical

production would occur.B Petroleum used for electrical

production would decrease.C The primary source of electric

power would be eliminated.D Nuclear power would no longer

be used to generate electricity.

81. Why is oil considered a nonrenewable resource? A It takes millions of years to

form.B It produces pollution when

burned.C It cannot be used to generate

electricity.D It formed from the remains of

living things.


82. The diagram shows a region where one crustal plate slides under another. Which letter in the diagram indicates the best place to generate electricity with geothermal energy? A AB BC CD D

83. The nitrogen cycle in an ecosystem would stop without A lightning.B carnivores.C fertilizers.D decomposers.

84. Which of the following is the most recently-discovered source of energy for humans? A windB fossil fuelC waterD wood

Name______________________________ Date_____________________ Class______________

FINAL REVIEW: (continued)

Short ResponseWrite an answer for each of the following.

85. Describe two factors that affect the growth of the human population and allow people to live longer.

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___________________________________________________________________________

86. How are wind and sunlight valuable as energy sources?

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87. Point G in the diagram above is the entrance to a bay. Explain how pollutants that enter the river at point B diagram affect ocean pollution.

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88. Describe the process and dangers of nuclear power.

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23Chapter Tests

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