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Studying Transna.onal Rou.ng Detours Annie Edmundson, Roya Ensafi, Nick Feamster, Jennifer Rexford Princeton University NANOG 67 June 13-15, 2016 1

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Page 1: Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) · Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) Annie)Edmundson,)RoyaEnsafi,)Nick)Feamster ,)Jennifer)Rexford) Princeton)University) NANOG 67 June

Studying  Transna.onal    Rou.ng  Detours  

Annie  Edmundson,  Roya  Ensafi,  Nick  Feamster,  Jennifer  Rexford  Princeton  University  

NANOG 67 June 13-15, 2016 1  

Page 2: Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) · Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) Annie)Edmundson,)RoyaEnsafi,)Nick)Feamster ,)Jennifer)Rexford) Princeton)University) NANOG 67 June

Characterizing  and  Avoiding  Rou.ng  Detours  

2  

•  Which  countries  are  Internet  paths  to  popular  des.na.ons  currently  traversing?  

•  Does  local  traffic  leave  the  country?  To  where?  

•  Can  end-­‐users  avoid  certain  countries  to  popular  des.na.ons?  •  Can  end-­‐users  keep  more  local  traffic  local?  

Characterizing  detours  

Avoiding  detours  

Page 3: Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) · Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) Annie)Edmundson,)RoyaEnsafi,)Nick)Feamster ,)Jennifer)Rexford) Princeton)University) NANOG 67 June

Current  State  of  Surveillance  

Surveillance  States  Reac.ons  against  Surveillance  Studied  Countries   3  

Page 4: Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) · Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) Annie)Edmundson,)RoyaEnsafi,)Nick)Feamster ,)Jennifer)Rexford) Princeton)University) NANOG 67 June

Characterizing  and  Avoiding  Rou.ng  Detours  

4  

•  Which  countries  are  Internet  paths  to  popular  des.na.ons  currently  traversing?  

•  Does  local  traffic  leave  the  country?  To  where?  

•  Can  end-­‐users  avoid  certain  countries  to  popular  des.na.ons?  •  Can  end-­‐users  keep  more  local  traffic  local?  

Characterizing  detours  

Avoiding  detours  

The  most  common  des.na.on  and  transit  country  among  all  five  countries  studied  is  the  United  States.  

Page 5: Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) · Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) Annie)Edmundson,)RoyaEnsafi,)Nick)Feamster ,)Jennifer)Rexford) Princeton)University) NANOG 67 June

Measurement  Study:  Experiment  

5  

Alexa  Top  100  Domains   Domains  &  3rd  Party  Domains  

Domain:  IPs  Traceroutes  

1.  Connect  to  VPNs  and  curl  

2.  Extract  3rd  party  domains  

3.  DNS  queries  

4.  Collect  DNS  responses  

5.  Traceroute  to  all  IPs  

VPNs  

RIPE  Atlas  

RIPE  Atlas  

Page 6: Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) · Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) Annie)Edmundson,)RoyaEnsafi,)Nick)Feamster ,)Jennifer)Rexford) Princeton)University) NANOG 67 June

Where  are  popular  domains  hosted?  

77.4%  of  paths  that  start  in  Brazil  terminate  in  the  United  States  

6  

Page 7: Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) · Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) Annie)Edmundson,)RoyaEnsafi,)Nick)Feamster ,)Jennifer)Rexford) Princeton)University) NANOG 67 June

Which  countries  are  on  the  path  to  popular  domains?  

84.4%  of  paths  that  start  in  Brazil  have  the  United  States  on  the  path  

7  

Page 8: Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) · Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) Annie)Edmundson,)RoyaEnsafi,)Nick)Feamster ,)Jennifer)Rexford) Princeton)University) NANOG 67 June

Characterizing  and  Avoiding  Rou.ng  Detours  

8  

•  Which  countries  are  Internet  paths  to  popular  des.na.ons  currently  traversing?  

•  Does  local  traffic  leave  the  country?  To  where?  

•  Can  end-­‐users  avoid  certain  countries  to  popular  des.na.ons?  •  Can  end-­‐users  keep  more  local  traffic  local?  

Characterizing  detours  

Avoiding  detours  

Despite  having  large  IXPs,  Brazil  and  Netherlands  paths  o_en  trombones  to  the  United  States.  

Page 9: Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) · Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) Annie)Edmundson,)RoyaEnsafi,)Nick)Feamster ,)Jennifer)Rexford) Princeton)University) NANOG 67 June

Netherlands:  Where  is  local  traffic  going?  

9  

“Five  Eyes”  

Page 10: Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) · Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) Annie)Edmundson,)RoyaEnsafi,)Nick)Feamster ,)Jennifer)Rexford) Princeton)University) NANOG 67 June

Brazil:  Where  is  local  traffic  going?  

10  

Page 11: Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) · Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) Annie)Edmundson,)RoyaEnsafi,)Nick)Feamster ,)Jennifer)Rexford) Princeton)University) NANOG 67 June

Kenya:  Where  is  local  traffic  going?  

11  

“Five  Eyes”  

Page 12: Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) · Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) Annie)Edmundson,)RoyaEnsafi,)Nick)Feamster ,)Jennifer)Rexford) Princeton)University) NANOG 67 June

Characterizing  Rou.ng  Detours:  Summary  

•  Rou.ng  detours  o_en  transit  surveillance  states  –  especially  the  United  States  

•  Local  traffic  doesn’t  always  stay  local    

•  Is  it  possible  to  avoid  certain  countries  by  tunneling  traffic  through  relays?  

 12  

Page 13: Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) · Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) Annie)Edmundson,)RoyaEnsafi,)Nick)Feamster ,)Jennifer)Rexford) Princeton)University) NANOG 67 June

Characterizing  and  Avoiding  Rou.ng  Detours  

13  

•  Which  countries  are  Internet  paths  to  popular  des.na.ons  currently  traversing?  

•  Does  local  traffic  leave  the  country?  To  where?  

•  Can  end-­‐users  avoid  certain  countries  to  popular  des.na.ons?  •  Can  end-­‐users  keep  more  local  traffic  local?  

Characterizing  detours  

Avoiding  detours  Yes,  but  it’s  more  difficult  to  avoid  the  United  States  than  it  is  to  avoid  any  other  country.  

Page 14: Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) · Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) Annie)Edmundson,)RoyaEnsafi,)Nick)Feamster ,)Jennifer)Rexford) Princeton)University) NANOG 67 June

Country  Avoidance  

•  Country  Avoidance  =  frac.on  of  paths  that  do  not  pass  through  Country  X  

 

1/3  2/3  

14  

Relay  Path  without  Relay  Path  with  Relay  

Page 15: Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) · Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) Annie)Edmundson,)RoyaEnsafi,)Nick)Feamster ,)Jennifer)Rexford) Princeton)University) NANOG 67 June

Avoidance  Study:  Experiment  

15  

Domain:  IPs  

1.  Connect  to  VPNs  

VPNs  Relays  

2.  Traceroute  to  relay  IPs  

Traceroutes  

Relays  

Traceroutes  

1.  ssh  to  relays  

2.  Traceroute  to  all  IPs  

Client  to  Relay  Path:  

Relay  to  Server  Path:  

Page 16: Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) · Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) Annie)Edmundson,)RoyaEnsafi,)Nick)Feamster ,)Jennifer)Rexford) Princeton)University) NANOG 67 June

Can  clients  avoid  countries  more  o_en?  Yes  –  many  countries  are  almost  completely  avoidable  for  the  top  100  domains  

16  

Page 17: Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) · Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) Annie)Edmundson,)RoyaEnsafi,)Nick)Feamster ,)Jennifer)Rexford) Princeton)University) NANOG 67 June

Characterizing  and  Avoiding  Rou.ng  Detours  

17  

•  Which  countries  are  Internet  paths  to  popular  des.na.ons  currently  traversing?  

•  Does  local  traffic  leave  the  country?  To  where?  

•  Can  end-­‐users  avoid  certain  countries  to  popular  des.na.ons?  •  Can  end-­‐users  keep  more  local  traffic  local?  

Characterizing  detours  

Avoiding  detours  Tromboning  Brazilian  paths  decreased  from  13.2%  to  9.7%.  

Page 18: Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) · Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) Annie)Edmundson,)RoyaEnsafi,)Nick)Feamster ,)Jennifer)Rexford) Princeton)University) NANOG 67 June

Avoiding  Rou.ng  Detours:  Summary  

18  

•  It  is  more  difficult  to  avoid  the  United  States  than  it  is  to  avoid  any  other  country  

 •  Tromboning  Brazilian  paths  decreased  from  13.2%  to  9.7%  

Page 19: Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) · Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) Annie)Edmundson,)RoyaEnsafi,)Nick)Feamster ,)Jennifer)Rexford) Princeton)University) NANOG 67 June

Future  Work  

•  Country  avoidance  based  on  IPv4  vs.  IPv6  connec.vity  

19  

•  Connec.vity  within  a  country  

•  Rela.onship  between  IXPs  and  na.on  state  rou.ng  

Page 20: Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) · Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) Annie)Edmundson,)RoyaEnsafi,)Nick)Feamster ,)Jennifer)Rexford) Princeton)University) NANOG 67 June

Conclusion  •  Paths  commonly  traverse  known  surveillance  states  –  84%  of  paths  from  Brazil  traverse  the  United  States  

•  Relays  can  help  prevent  rou.ng  detours,  but  some  of  the  more  prominent  surveillance  states  are  the  least  avoidable    

•  Tromboning  Brazilian  paths  decreased  from  13.2%  to  9.7%  with  relays.  

20  

Full  write-­‐up  and  more  data  at:    ransom.cs.princeton.edu  

Page 21: Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) · Studying)Transnaonal)) Rou.ng)Detours) Annie)Edmundson,)RoyaEnsafi,)Nick)Feamster ,)Jennifer)Rexford) Princeton)University) NANOG 67 June

Relays  as  Proxies  

•  Relays  act  as  proxies  • Modify  Proxy  Auto-­‐Configura.on  (PAC)  file  

21  


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