STUDY QUESTIONSImmune System

Answers are provided below each question1. Which class of antibodies is abundant in body secretions?A. IgMB. IgAC. IgGD. IgEE. IgD.MATCHING: (Items A through D may be used more than once.) A. Delayed hypersensitivityB. immediate hypersensitivityC. both A and BD. neither A nor B2. B lymphocytes are involved.3. IgE antibodies are involved.4. Contact dermatitis, such as to poison ivy5. Occurs within a period of 1 to 3 days6. Fibroblasts involved7. T lymphocytes are involved8. Therapy - corticosteroids, such as cortisone9. Allergic reactions, hay fever and asthma10. Therapy - antihistamines and adrenergic drugs11. An example of passive immunity12. The antigens are called allergens.MULTIPLE CHOICE13. In response to endotoxins released by certain bacteria, leukocytes may release:A. antibodiesB. interferonC. antigensD. haptensE. endogenous pyrogens.14. Mast cell secretion during an immediate hypersensitivity reaction is stimulated when antigens combine with antibodies.A. IgGB. IgEC. IgMD. IgAE. none of the preceding. 15. Active immunity may be produced by:A. contracting a diseaseB. receiving a vaccineC. receiving gamma globulin injectionD. both A and BE. both B and C.16. B- lymphocytes combat bacterial and viral infections by secreting antibodies into the blood and lymph, providing what type of immunity?A. humoralB. nonspecificC. antigenicD. cell-mediatedE. none of the preceding.MATCH THE CELL TYPE WITH ITS SECRETION.A. killer T cellsB. mast ceilsC. plasma cellsD. macrophages17. Antibodies18. Perforins

19. Lysosomal enzymes20. Histamine.MULTIPLE CHOICE:21. Antibody molecules are composed of ____ chains and ____ light chainsA. one /oneB. one/twoC. two / oneD. two / twoE. two / three.22. A transplant between individuals belonging to different species is called a(n):A. homograftB. xenograftC. isograftD. autograft 23. A new-boom infant who receives IgA from its mother's milk develops:A. naturally acquired active immunityB. artificially acquired active immunityC. naturally acquired passive immunityD. artificially acquired passive immunity.24. Which of the following is not true of the spleen?A. it consists of red and white pulpB. afferent lymphatic vessels enter on the convex sideC. it destroys old, and fragile red blood cellsD. located in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavil25. Antibodies belong to a group of proteins called:A. albuminsB. complementC. interferonsD. alpha globulinsE. none of the preceding.26. Helper and suppressor T lymphocytes:A. attack invaders directlyB. help regulate the specific immune systemC. activate thymosinD. may specialize into memory and plasma cells, respective!27. Examples of immediate hypersensitivity are:A. conjunctivitusB. allergic rhinitisC. allergic asthmaD. atopic dermatitisE. all of the precedingTRUE OR FALSE: True=A False=B28. The graft least likely to be successful is the isograft29. Large lymphatic nodes located in the wall of the ileum are called Peyer's patches30. The tonsillar ring consists of the lingual, palatine, and pharyngeal tonsils31. The thymus gland gradually enlarges after puberty32. Poison ivy and poison oak can cause contact dermatitis33. Oncology is the study of allergies34. In an autoimmune disease, the immune system fails to recognize and tolerate self-antigens35. In the study of allergies, antibodies are often called allergens36. Interferons are polypeptides37. Macrophages in the connective tissues are derived from neutrophils

MULTIPLE CHOICE38) Which statement regarding blood cells is correct:    A) all blood cells originate in red bone marrow

    B) red bone marrow is the primary source of all blood cells except mast cells and  macrophage    C) most types of leukocytes appear in equal amounts in the blood    D) erythrocytes are produced in red marrow while leukocytes are produced primarily in lymph nodes    E) erythrocytes produce erythropoetin which stimulates leukocyte production      39) Which of the following are organs where activation of T and B cells usually occurs:    A) bone marrow    B) thymus    C) lymph nodes    D) lymph vessels    E) all of the above    40) Lymph fluid is returned into general circulation by draining into the:    A) superior vena cava    B) azygos and hemiazygos veins    C) cisterna chyli    D) subclavian veins    E) left atrium    41) Nonspecific immunity includes all of the following except:    A) immunoglobulin    B) complement    C) interferons    D) neutrophils    E) lysozyme      42) The most abundant immunoglobulin type found in blood is:    A) IgA    B) IgD    C) IgG    D) IgM    E) IgE      43) Which of the following are most numerous in blood:    A) lymphocytes    B) neutrophils    C) monocytes    D) mast cells    E) eosinophils      44) What is the role of complement in the body's defense:    A) it interferes with viral replication    B) it is involved with antibody production    C) it aids in antigen presentation    D) it causes cell lysis    E) it reduces inflammatory processes      45) The necessity of expressing most antigens in the context of MHC to initiate specific immune responses is termed:    A) immune surveillance    B) clonal selection    C) MHC-restriction    D) MHC-presentation    E) tissue typing      

46) Which of the following is not a difference between IgG and IgM:    A) IgM is a pentamer while IgG is a monomer    B) IgM is found in lower amounts in serum    C) IgG can cross the placenta, IgM usually does not    D) IgG has two antigen-binding sites, IgM has ten    E) IgG is formed early during the primary response, IgM is formed later       47) Which of the following organs is most essential for proper immune maturation and functioning:    A) spleen    B) liver    C) thyroid    D) thymus    E) lymph nodes      48) IgA deficiency is the most common immunoglobin deficiency, affecting about 1 in 800 persons. Typically, normal levels of other immunoglobulins are observed such that a lack of IgA is usually the only mesurable immune deficit in those patients. It is a genetic disorder resulting in a lack of IgA production and, though it has no cure, treatments generally involve controlling any associated infections that may occur as a result of this specific immune deficiency.  Which of the following would probably NOT be a disease that individuals with IgA deficiency would be susceptible to:    A) recurring bacterial sinus infections    B) chronic helminth parasitic infections    C) chronic pulmonary infections    D) gastrointestinal infections    E) frequent tonsilitis       49) Which of the following cell types can be infected by HIV:    A) B-cells    B) T-helper cells    C) macrophages    D) glial cells     E) all of the above    50) Corticosteriods (such as prednisone) are commonly prescribed drugs for certain immune-related disorders. Immunosuppresive drugs like this and others may decrease the severity of symptoms of all of the following except:    A) graft-versus-host reaction    B) systemic lupus erythematosus    C) myasthenia gravis    D) Type-I hypersensitivity reactions    E) AIDS      51) Which of the following statements is false: "For almost every foreign antigen you may encounter...":    A) ...a subset of B-cells already exists in your body specific to it.    B) ...a subset of T-helper cells already exists in your body that expresses a T-cell receptor      specific to it.    C) ...a subset of phagocytes already exists in your body that phagocytizes only that antigen.    D) ...a subset of antigen-specific antibodies already exists, but are not yet produced in large         numbers.    E) ...a subset of antigen-specific memory cells can be produced upon exposure to that antigen.       52) Which of the following is a cytokine produced by T-cells that acts mainly to activate B-cells to proliferate:    A) Interleukin 1

    B) Interleukin 4    C) Interleukin 10    D) Interleukin 12    E) Interferon gamma       

53.T lymphocytes gain immunocompetence in the: a. Thymus b. Thymus for T-helper cells and Bone marrow for T-killer cells c. Thymus for T-killer cells and Bone marrow for T-helper cells d. Bone marrow

Antigen challenge usually occurs in the: e. Spleen and thymus f. Spleen and bone marrow g. Lymph nodes and thymus h. Spleen and lymph nodes i. Lymph nodes and bone marrow

Consider the following: Plasma cells secrete antibodies and have a very well-developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

j. This statement is true k. This statement is false because plasma cells do not secrete

antibodies l. This statement is fasle because plasma cells have a very well-

developed rough endoplasmic reticulum m. This statement is false because plasma cells have a very well-

developed sarcoplasmic reticulum Vaccinations are an example of:

n. Naturally-acquired active immunity o. Artificially-acquired active immunity p. Naturally-acquired passive immunity q. Artificially-acquired passive immunity

Only _______ and ________ are able to activate complement. r. IgG and IgA s. IgG and IgE t. IgG and IgM u. IgG and IgD

____________________ are activated by antigen fragments complexed with MHC I proteins.

v. CD8 T cells w. CD4 T cells x. CD8 B cells y. CD4 B cells

An endocardial cell from the mitral valve of the heart would be exepcted to exhibit:

z. Class I MHC proteins aa.Class II MHC proteins bb. Class III MHC proteins cc. None of the above

Which of the following antibodies is able to confer natural passive immunity? dd. IgD ee.IgE ff. IgG gg. IgM The formation of an antigen-antibody complex can lead to:

XXXIV. Agglutination XXXV. Neutralization

XXXVI. Activation of complement a. I and II onlyb. II and III only

c. I and III onlyd. I, II, and III

A single IgA dimer can bind _____ antigens. An example of a primary lymphoid organ in humans is the:

Thyroid Bursa of Fabricius Thymus Pancreas 2 of the above are correct

Macrophages are examples of: Antibody-secreting T lymphocytes Antigen-presenting cells Activated plasma cells All of the above

Which of the following are involved in B cell activation? Antigen T-helper cell Cytokine All of the above

An IgG antibody and an IgM antibody that both bind to the same antigen will differ in their:

Constant regions Variable regions Residual regions All of the above

Perforins, lymphotoxins, and tumor necrosis factor are all released by: T-helper cells T-suppressor cells T-killer cells All of the above

True or False: The lag time of the secondary immune response is greater than the lag time of the primary immune response.

If Clare has no T-helper cells, she would have: Impaired cell-mediated immunity Impaired antibody-mediated immunity Both a and b

Which of the following is true of lysozyme? It's an enzyme that phagocytoses bacteria It's often found in secretions that also contain IgA antibodies It's found in saliva but not in lachrymal fluid It plays a large role in specific immunity

Which of the following are not phagocytes? Dust cells Eosinophils Microglia Mast cells Plasma cells

Interferons: Are released by cells that are NOT infected by a virus Cause nearby cells to synthesize a protein which inhibits protein production Are NOT released by B lymphocytes Are only released by cardiac muscle cells

 73) An infection results when pathogens _____.

 A)

enter a tissue area

 B)

enter the blood

 C)

grow and multiply

D)

grow and cause damage

 74) The fact that humans usually cannot contract a monkey pneumonia is explained by the theory of _____.

 A)

mechanical barriers

 B)

enzyme action

 C)

interferon

D)

species resistance

 75) A nonspecific class of chemicals that can inhibit viruses and cancer cell growth is _____.

 A)

antibodies

 B)

peptides

C)

interferon

 D)

antigens

 76) Which of the following is not an enzyme capable of destroying foreign bacteria?

 A)

pepsin

B)

fibrin

 C)

lysozyme

 D)

lipase

 77) The following are symptoms of inflammation except which one?

 A)

edema

 B)

hyperemia

 C)

exudate

D)

dehydration

 78) Which inflammatory response provides the greatest protection from the spread of pathogens?

 A)

antibody production

 B increase in

) leukocytesC)

fibroblast activity

 D)

redness and edema

 79) The major pathologic feature of inflammation is _____.

 A)

fibroblast activity

 B)

capillary permeability

 C)

increase in blood

D)

loss of function

 80) What is the main inflammatory blood cell?

 A)

monocyte

B)

neutrophil

 C)

lymphocyte

 D)

eosinophil

 81) Which of these does not belong with the others?

 A)

monocytes

B)

neutrophils

 C)

macrophage

 D)

histiocytes

 82) Which of the following is a specific immune defense?

A)

antibody

 B)

interferon

 C)

phagocytosis

 D)

all of these

 83) Thymus derived lymphocytes comprise about _____% of the circulating lymphocytes.

 A)

99

 B)

10

 C)

50

D 7

) 5

 84) Where are the greatest number of B cells found?

A)

lymph node

 B)

circulating blood

 C)

bone marrow

 D)

lymph vessel

 85) Antigens are foreign substances recognized by _____.

 A)

macrophages

 B)

T cells

 C)

B cells

D)

all of these

 86) Which of the following could not be antigenic by themselves?

 A)

protein

 B)

polysaccharides

C)

haptens

 D)

glycolipids

 87) Cell-mediated immunity is mainly a function of _____.

 A)

B cells

B)

T cells

 C)

macrophages

 D)

neutrophils

 88) Which of the following activates the cytotoxic T cells?

 A)

interferon

 B)

interleukin-1

C)

interleukin-2

 D)

interleukin-4

 89) Which factor stimulates B cell proliferation?

 A interleukin

) -1 B)

interleukin-2

 C)

gamma-interferon

D)

CSF

 90) Which factor activates phagocytosis by monocytes?

 A)

cytokine

B)

gamma-interferon

 C)

interleukin-4

 D)

lymphokine

 91) T cells may produce _____, which is lethal to the target cells invaded by a pathogen.

 A)

interleukin-2

B)

perforin

 C)

interferon

 D)

interleukin-3

 92) Humoral immunity is mediated by the _____.

 A)

monocytes

 B)

T cells

C)

B cells

 D)

neutrophils

 93) The specific source of antibodies is the _____.

 A)

B cell

 B)

T cell

 C)

macrophage

D)

plasma cell

 94) Agammaglobinemia will seriously impair which ability?

 A)

CMI

 B)

T cell functions

C antibody

) production D)

phagocytosis

 95) The heavy chains of an immunoglobulin differ by having _____.

 A)

fewer lipids

B)

more amino acids

 C)

more antigen sites

 D)

more sulfur atoms

 96) Most of the circulating antibodies are derived from _____ class immunoglobulin.

 A)

A

 B)

E

C)

G

 D)

D

 97) The cross reaction that occurs between incompatible blood types is caused by _____ antibodies.

 A)

G

B)

M

 C)

A

 D)

E

 98) Which is the most common immunoglobulin for allergies?

 A)

IgA

B)

IgE

 C)

IgD

 D)

IgG

 99) Erythrocytes clump together because of a _____ process.

 A)

clotting

B)

agglutination

 C)

complement

 D)

precipitin

 100) Which of the following processes can be initiated by any type of antibody fixation?

A)

complement

 B)

neutralization

 C)

lysis phenomena

 D)

antibodies

 101) The process which increases the chance of a neutrophil or monocyte engulfing an invader is _____.

 A)

phagocytosis

 B)

neutralization

 C)

complement fixation

D)

opsonization

 102) Tumors are most likely inactivated by _____ cells.

 A)

B

 B)

helper T

C)

cytotoxic T

 D)

suppressor T

 103) The increase in antibody levels in a second antigen exposure is due to the _____.

A)

memory B cell

 B)

T cells

 C)

helper T cells

 D)

B clones

 104) A vaccination is an example of _____ immunity.

 A)

naturally acquired active

B)

artificially acquired active

 C)

artificially acquired passive

 D)

naturally acquired passive

 

105) Artificially acquired passive immunity could be the result of _____ injection. A)

antigen

 B)

toxoid

C)

gamma globulin

 D)

cortisone

 106) Naturally acquired passive immunity results from _____.

 A)

a bee sting

 B)

immunization

 C)

a flu shot

D)

placental transfer

 107) AIDS is caused by viruses that specifically invade _____.

 A)

the liver

 B)

B cells

C)

T cells

 D)

neutrophils

 108) Purified protein derivative is used to screen for _____.

 A)

AIDS

 B)

leukemia

C)

tuberculosis

 D)

syphilis

 109) Which of the following cause the symptoms of an immediate allergy reaction?

 A)

B cells

 B)

T cells

C)

mast cells

 D)

neutrophils

 110) Which of the following is an autoimmune disease of the thyroid gland?

A)

Graves disease

 B SL

) E C)

scleroderma

 D)

rheumatoid arthritis

 111) Which of these is not a non-specific defense mechanism?

 A)

bacteria

 B)

stomach pH

C)

antibodies

 D)

skin sebaceous glands

 112) The most numerous and main cell in the inflammatory response is the _____.

 A)

macrophage

B)

neutrophil

 C)

monocyte

 D)

basophil

 113) Substances called _____ can stimulate cells to produce proteins that block the replication of viruses.

 A)

antibodies

B)

interferons

 C)

complement system

 D)

histamines

 114) What is the role of the thymus in protecting the body against disease?

 A)

It houses decaying lymphocytes, recycling the nutrients within them.

B)

It is the site of maturation of T lymphocytes and the production of thymosin.

 C)

It is the site of production and maturation of B lymphocytes.

 D)

Macrophages and monocytes are produced here and migrate to other tissues of the body.

 115) Select the statement that is true about the spleen.

 A)

The spleen filters the lymph much the same way the lymph nodes filter the blood.

 B)

The spleen harbors eosinophils waiting for parasites to attack the body.

 C)

The spleen is the major site of red and white blood cell production in the adult.

D)

The spleen filters the blood much the same way the lymph nodes filter the lymph.

 116) Which of these is not a nonspecific defense against disease.

 A)

species resistance

 B)

phagocytosis

 C)

interferon

D)

hair color and texture

 117) Why do tissues swell during inflammation?

 A)

Tissues swell during inflammation because of the volume of bacteria present in the wound.

 B)

Tissues swell during inflammation because of the number of blood cells attacking the bacteria.

C)

Tissues swell during inflammation because the increased permeability of capillaries causes fluids to accumulate in the area.

 D)

Tissues swell during inflammation only because of pus accumulation.

 118) Where are B lymphocytes believed to mature in adult humans?

 A)

Bursa of Fabricus

B)

bone marrow

 C)

compact bone

 D)

liver

 119) What traits characterize antigens?

A)

Antigens may be proteins, polysaccharides, glycolipids, or glycoproteins that stimulate an immune response.

 B)

Antigens come only from foreign microorganisms.

  C)

Antigens are immunoglobulins the body produces in response to exposure to foreign organisms.

 D)

Antigens are proteins that stimulate an immune response.

 120) Which of the following molecules is not generally produced by T cells and macrophages?

 A)

growth-inhibiting factors

 B)

cytokines

 C)

colony-stimulating factors

D)

tissue thromboplastin

 

121) How are B cells activated?A)

B cell is activated when it encounters an antigen that matches its B cell receptors and receives cytokines from helper T cells.

 B)

B cells are activated when they encounter their twin T cell component.

 C)

B cells are activated when red blood cells release cytokines.

 D)

B cells are activated when their matching antibodies attach to their surfaces and macrophages release cytokines.

 122) Which type of immunoglobulin molecule is passed on to nursing infants in breast milk?

 A)

IgG

 B)

IgM

C)

IgA

 D)

IgE

 123) Antibodies interact with antigens in all of these ways except _______________.

 A)

opsonization

 B)

attracting macrophages to the area (chemotaxis)

C)

releasing interferon

 D)

agglutination

 124) Vaccines generally confer what type of immunity?

 A)

artificially acquired passive immunity

B)

artificially acquired active immunity

 C)

naturally acquired passive immunity

 D)

naturally acquired active immunity

 125) Tears contain lysozyme enzymes that can destroy bacteria.

A)True B)False

 126) Inflammation is a nonspecific defense mechanism that is caused by any cell damage.

A)True B)False

 127) Mucous membranes provide a barrier to infection mainly because of their phagocytic properties.

 A)TrueB)False

 128) A macrophage could belong to the lymphatic and reticuloendothelial systems at the same time.

A)True B)False

 129) All phagocytes belong to the nonspecific mechanisms of defense.

 A)TrueB)False

 130) The origin of the B cells is the bone marrow.

A)True B)False

 131) A clone is a group of cells with identical genetic properties.

A)True B)False

 132) The area designated the constant region of the immunoglobulin will bind to the antigen.

 A)TrueB)False

 133) Immunoglobulin E can produce allergic or inflammatory reactions that are life threatening.

A)True B)False

 134) B cells usually require the presence of some activating factor before they can recognize an antigen.

 A)TrueB)False

 135) Neutralizing antibodies cause antigens to lose their toxic properties.

A)True B)False

 136) T cells produce factors that stimulate the activity of other cells including B cells.

A)True B)False

 137) The delayed reaction allergy to a chemical is mediated by the B cell system.

 A)TrueB)False

 138) The HIV viruses cause death from conditions such as pneumonia.

A)True B)False

 

139) Immunosuppressive drugs can be used to suppress the histocompatibility complex reaction in a tissue organ or graft rejection.

A)True B)False

 140) SLE is an autoimmune disease that attacks body tissues because of a T cell activation.

 A)TrueB)False