study on the potential of utilizing rice husk as biosorbent … on the potential of utilizing rice...

STUDY ON THE POTENTIAL OF UTILIZING RICE HUSK AS BIOSORBENT FOR HUMIC SUBSTANCE

Sharifah Nurul Fazilla Binti Ghazali

QD Bachelor of Engineering with Honours

341 (Chemical Engineering) A2 2013 S531 2013

P KHIDIIAT IIAKLUIIAT AKADEIIIK

111111111111111111111111 1000268853UNIV tAWAK

Grade ____~

Please tick (1) Final Year Project Report [] ~asters c===J PhD D

DECLARATION OF ORIGINAL WORK

This declaration is made on theltday ofM~y2013

Students Declaration

I SHAIUfAH NJJRlJkfAU~LA ~JNTJ QHAZA~J (~1~~m JJEPT Of QREMJCM ENQINEERlNG ANP ENERGY SJ$TAlNNUMTYL fAQ1JLTY Of ENQJNEEJUNG hereby declare that the work entitled STlJDYoNTHE rQTENTlALOf1JTJLIZJNGRI~E RJ$KAS uSOR~ENTfQRRJMI~Sm~$TAN~Eis my original work I have not copied from any other students work or from any other sources except where due to reference or acknowledgement is made explicitly in the text nor has any part been written for me by another person

JQMAY~QJ3 $lJAlnfMJNlJRJLfAZI1LAG~4~~~) Date submitted Name of the student (Matric No)

Supervisors Declaration

I MOJJP fARlP ATAN hereby certifies that the work entitledST1JPY ON TBE PQTENTIAL QfJJTILJZJNG mCEJJlJSKNtmSQR~ENTFORHJJMIgSJJ~$TAN~E was prepared by the above named student and was submitted to the FACULTY as a partial fulfillment for the conferment of ~AgHELQRof ENGINEERING wnH RONQ1JRS (gHEMI~AJENmNEERJNQ)~ and the aforementioned work to the best of my knowledge is the said students work

Received for examination by MoHP fARlPATAN Date HLMAY~QJ3 (Name of the supervisor)

I declare this ProjectThesis is classified as (Please tick (-J)

~ CONFIDENTIAL (Contains confidential information under the Official Secret Act 1972)

o RESTRICTED (Contains restricted information as specified by the organisation where research was done)

o OPEN ACCESS

Validation of Projectffhesis

I therefore duly affirmed with free consent and willingness declare that this said ProjectlThesis shall be placed officially in the Centre for Academic Information Services with the abiding interest and rights as follows

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bull This ProjectlThesis or any material data and information related to it shall not be distributed published or disclosed to any party by the student except with UNIMAS permission

L~ D Students signature ___~-+ ____ Supervisors signature 1~~_

(1~Y2013) dtrMAY 2( 13)

Current Address

K~HPiluimnIJIJt~CIJy~sectI(i6J99IJIJt~CIJy~sectI~~JIJm~Q~DIJXyJ~hIHL

Notes If the ProjectlThesis is CONFIDENTIAL or RESTRICTED please attach together as annexure a letter from the organisation with the period and reasons of confidentiality and restriction

[The instrument is duly prepared by The Centre for Academic Information Services)

11

APPROVAL SHEET

This final year report which entitled Study on the Potential of Utilizing Rice Husk

as Biorsorbent for Humic Substance was prepared by Sharifah Nurul Fazilla

Ghazali (24996) as a partial fulfilment for the Degree of Bachelor of Chemical

Engineering is hereby read and approved by

(Supervisor)

III

UNlMAS

10 Mei 2013

Pustakawan

Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik

Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

Puan

Laporan Projek Tahun Akhir

Laporan pelajar ini adalah dikategorikan sebagai terhad selama 2 tahun Hal

ini kerana maklumat yang terkandung adalah berkaitan dengan geran

pendidikan yang masih berjalan

Sekian Terima Kasih

Yang benar

En Mohd Farid Atan

Penyelia Projek

Kejuruteraan Kimia amp Sustainabiliti Tenaga

Fakulti Kejuruteraan

IV

Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademh UNlVERSm MALAYSIA SARAWAJ(

STUDY ON THE POTENTIAL OF UTILIZING RICE HUSK AS

BIOSORBENT FOR HUMIC SUBSTANCE

SHARIFAH NURUL FAZILLA BINTI GHAZALI

Thesis is submitted to

Faculty of Engineering Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements

For the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering

Chemical Engineering (With Honours)

2013

v

I

I

Dedicated to my beloved dad and mom supervisor lecturers and friends

who always bestow me sustainable motivations inspirations and

encouragements

VI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The author would like to express her sincerest appreciation to

supportive and helpful supervisor Mr Mohd Farid Atan for guidance

supports and valuables knowledge as well as for invaluable supervision

towards the completion of this research project The author also takes this

opportunity to express her gratitude to Co-Supervisor Mr Nazeri Abdul

Rahman and Dr Shanti Faridah Salleh for their willingness to give the

ideas and moral support along the implementation of the project Special

thanks are dedicated to authors family who always give her supports and

love Last but not least the authors would like to express her pleasure to

all of the staff from Department of Chemical Engineering amp Energy

Sustainability friends and all individuals that have contributed and

cooperated throughout in completing this project

Vll

ABSTRAK Pada masa kini pengguna mengambil berat tentang kualiti aIr yang

dibekalkan untuk memastikan ianya bebas daripada bahan berbahaya seperti

Bahan humik Bahan Humik mengandungi tiga (3) komponen utama iaitu Asid

Humik Asid Fulvik dan Humin Asid Humik berkepekatan tinggi di dalam air

minuman boleh menyebabkan penyakit kepada manusia seperti kanser perut

Justeru ia adalah penting untuk mengenalpasti satu kaedah baru untuk

meningkatkan kualiti air minuman Kaedah penjerapan adalah cara yang

terbaik yang dapat digunakan untuk memjerap Bahan Humik Berdasarkan

daripada hasil penyelidikan yang dijalankan sebelum ini Activated Carbon

digunakan untuk membuang Bahan Humik tetapi ianya menelan kos yang agak

tinggi Oleh itu sekam padi adalah penjerap terbaik di dalam merawat sisa

kumbahan berbanding dengan sisa pertanian yang lain Hal ini kerana struktur

dan sifat-sifat sekam padi sebagai penjerap Pemanasan dan pengubahsuaian

sekam padi dengan menggunakan Poly (Acrylamide) Carboxyl Modified dan

Potassium Carbonate mempunyai kesan signifikasi ke atas penjerapan Bahan

Humik Keputusan eksperimen menunjukkan kadar penjerapan yang tinggi

diperolehi dengan mencuci sekam padi dengan Poly (Acrylamide) Carboxyl

Modified kerana Peratusan Transmitansi () daripada kumpulan berfungsi

Karboksilik serta kumpulan Amine berkurangan Sebaliknya untuk kumpulan

Aromatik sekam padi yang tidak dirawat adalah penjerap cara terbaik untuk

penjerapan dalam Bahan Humik

Kata Kunci Bahan Humik Asid Humik Penjerapan Sekam Padi Penjerap Poly

(Acrylamide) Carboxyl Modified Potassium Carbonate

Vlll

ABSTRACT

Nowadays consumers concern about the quality of water that being

supplied in order to ensure the water supplied is free from any harmful

substances like Humic Substances (HS) HS are divided into three main fractions

which are Humic Acid Fulvic Acid and Humin High concentration of Humic

Acid in drinking water can cause disease for human like stomach cancer Thus it

is important to develop a new technique to improve the quality of drinking water

Therefore adsorption method is the best way that can be used in order to remove

HS Moreover from the previous research activated carbon has been used to

remove HS but it is costly As an alternative way Rice husk has been used as an

adsorbent in the wastewater treatment compared to other agricultural waste due

to its structure and characteristics as adsorbent Heating and utilization of

chemical modifier like Poly (Acrylamide) Carboxyl Modified and Potassium

Carbonate can have a significant impact on adsorption of HS The result has

shown that rice husk which is treated with Poly (Acrylamide) Carboxyl Modified

occurs the highest rate of adsorption of HS because the Percentage of

Transmittance () of Carboxylic functional groups decreases as well as the

presence of Amine groups in the wastewater However for Aromatic groups

untreated rice husk become the best adsorbent for HS

Keyword Humic Substances Humic Acid Adsorption Rice Hush Adsorbent Poly

(Aery lam ide) Carboxyl Modified Potassium Carbonate

IX

iusat Khid a Mak1umat Akadtmil UNlVERSm MALAYSIA SARAWAJ(

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages


APPROVAL SHEET III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Vll

ABSTRAK VllI

ABSTRACT LX

LIST OF TABLES XUI

NOMENCLATURE XVIll

APPROVAL CONFIDENTIAL LETTER IV

TITLE PAGE V

DEDICATION VI

TABLE OF CONTENTS x

LIST OF FIGURES XIV

ABBREVIATIONS XVI

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

11 General 1

111 Humic Substances 1

112 Main Component of Humic Substance 2

113 Effect on Humic Substances 3

114 Method of Filtrations of Humic Substance 3

115 Adsorption 4

116 Potential of Agricultural Waste in Malaysia 4

Type of Agricultural Waste 6

12 Problem Statements 8

13 Objectives 9

14 Methodology 10

15 Expected Outcome 12

X

shy---=-shy-

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

21 Rice Husk as Adsorbent 13


221 Humic Acid 16

222 Fulvic Acid 17

223 Humin 18

23 Adsorption 19

231 Theory 19

232 Mathematical Modelling 20

233 Adsorption of Humic Substance 23

24 Chemical Modification Techniques of Rice Husk 24

241 Poly (Acrylamide) Carboxyl Modified 24

242 Potassium Carbonate 25

25 Impact on Related Parameter 25

251 Impact of Contact Time 25

252 Impact on pH 26

253 Effect of Initial Concentration 26

26 Analytical Instrument 27

261 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry 27

(FT-IR)

262 Moisture Balance 30

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

31 Literature Review 32

32 Collect and Process Agriculture Waste 32

33 Propose Process Agriculture Wastes 33

34 Collect Wastewater Sample 34

35 Analysis Sample 34

36 Adsorption Process 35

37 Analysis Treated Sample 35

38 Results 36

Xl

CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

41 Preparation of the Fibre 37

42 Cleaning with Chemical Modifier 39

43 Preparation of the Wastewater 40

44 Mixed Fibre and Wastewater 41

45 Continuous Stirrer Tank Reactor (CSTR) 41

46 Collection of the sample 43

47 Analysis the samples 44

CHAPTER 5 RESULTS amp DISCUSSION

51 Sample of the Fibre and Wastewater 45

52 Adsorption of Humic Substance in Fibre 47

53 Impact of Temperature 49

54 Impact on Chemical Modifier 51

55 Structure of the Rice Husk 54

CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION amp RECOMMENDATION

61 Conclusion 56

62 Recommendation 57

REFERENCES 58

APPENDIX GANTT CHART 68

xu

I

LIST OF TABLES

PageTable

Approximate Estimate of Annual Production of Agricultural 511

Waste and Residues in Selected Countries in the Region

12 Total Biomass Waste Available For Power Generation (ktonne) 6

21 Chemical Properties of Rice Husk 14

22 Characteristic of IR Absorption 29

Xlli

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

11 Intensity colours of Humic Substance 2

Proportionate Annual Productions of Agricultural Wastes in 12 7

Malaysia

13 Methodology 10

21 Example of the Rice Husk 13

22 Model Structure of Humic Acid 17

23 Model Structure of Fulvic Acid 18


31 Flow Chart of Methodology 33

41 Flow of the Experiment has been Conducted 38

42 Potassium Carbonate diluted with Distilled Water 40

43 PID Controller Page at CSTR 42

44 Overview Page of CSTR 43

45 Example of the Sample Placed inside Petri Dish 44

51 Conditions of The Experiments 45

52 Functional Group Content inside Fibre of the Rice Husk 46

53 Functional Group of the Sample of Wastewater 46

Adsorption of Aromatic Groups Without Chemical and at Room 54 47

Condition

Adsorption of Carboxylic Groups Without Chemical and at Room 55 48

Condition

56 Impacts on Temperature of Without Chemical for Carboxylic Acid 49

xiv

I

I

I

Impacts on Temperature of Poly (Acrylamide) Carboxyl Modified

57 for 51

Amine

Impact on Chemical Modifier at Condition 60 oC for Amine 58 52

Group

Impact on Chemical Modifier at Condition 60 oC for Carboxylic 59 53

Group


xv

I

I

aF

aL

KL

q

aR

KR

bR

q

C

degC

COOH

CSTR

FT-IR

GAC

HS

IR

OH

OPEFB

PAC

PID

POME

I

ABBREVIATIONS

Freundlich Isotherm Constant

Langmuir Isotherm Constant


Langmuir Monolayer Saturation Capacity

Redlich-Peterson Isotherm Constant


Redlich-Peterson Isotherm Exponent

Solid Phase Metal Ion Concentration At Equilibrium

Solution Phase Metal Ion Concentration At Equilibrium

Celcius

Carboxylic Group

Continuous Stirrer Tank Reactor

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry

Granular Activated Carbon

Humic Substances

Infrared

Alcohol Group

Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch

Powdered Activated Carbon

Proportional Derivative and Integral

Palm Oil Mill Effluent

XVI

RHA Rice Husk Ash

SCORE Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy

XVll

NOMENCLATURE

cm Centimetre

Igm-3 Microgram per meter cubic

dm3g-1 Decimetre cubic per gram

dm3mmol-l Decimetre cubic per milimol

g Gram

ktonne kilotonne

mglL Mailgram per liter

mIn Minute

mL Mililitre

mmoldm-3 Milimol per decimetre cubic

Mmolg- Milimol per gram

Nm-2 Newton per meter square

ppb Part per billion

V Volt

XVllI

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 General

This chapter generally discuss about the overview of the research study

including introduction to Humic Substance Agricultural Waste and slightly on

adsorption process Problem Statement Objective Methodology and Expected

Outcome also been discussed in this Chapter in order to give some ideas on the

research study

111 Humic Substances

Environmental pollution has extremely increased in Malaysia especially

in water pollution Water is one of the important needs of human on this earth

Nowadays consumer are stressing on the quality of water which is supplied to

them in order to ensure that the water supplied is free from any harmful

substances like Humic Substances (HS) HS are the most widely distributed

products from biosynthesis contained in soil Apart from soil it also can be found

at different level of concentrations in different sources like rivers lakes oceans

compost sediments peat bogs and soft coal HS are formed by a process called

H umicification [1]

1

112 Main Component of Humic Substance

Humic substances (HS) consists of three (3) mam fractions which are

Humic Acid Fulvic Acid and Humin It can be classified based on it solubility in

acids and alkaline [2] Humic Acid is the first fraction of HS which is insoluble

in water under acidic conditions where pH is less than two (2) However it is

soluble at high value of pH where the value is more than ten (10) [2] Moreover

it consists of complex aromatic macromolecules and classified as the most

dominant group in HS Contrary Fulvic Acid which is the second fraction of HS

possesses different properties compared to Humic Acid It is soluble in water

under acidic and alkaline conditions Lastly Humin which is the third fraction

of HS is insoluble in water at any pH value Different components of HS are

identified by different intensity of colours as shown in Figure ll

Humic substances (pigmented polymers)

j FuMc acid

Lt-rl I 13riV

tit I black I

Light

yellow

----- increase in intensity of colour ) increase in degree of polymerization --~)

2 000----- increase in molecular weight ) 300000 45 increase in carbon content ) 62 48 decrease in oxygen content ) 30

1 400 decrease in exchange acidity ) 500 ----- decrease in degree of solubility ------lraquo

Figure l1 Intensity colours of Humic Substance [3]

2

113 Effect on Humic Substances

High concentration of Humic Acid in drinking water can cause some

serious diseases on human health like stomach cancer This is because it can

produce disinfection caused by by-products like trihalomethanes [4 5 6] Humic

Acid contains relatively high amount of basic Amino combination of functional

groups of Amine and Carboxylic Acid can be poisonous if the molecular weight of

Amines is relatively low [7 8] On the other hand Amines are not totally

harmful but when it reacts with other compounds it will form nitrosamines and

nitramines which have an irreversible effect on environment human and

animals Some of the amino compounds have also been known or suspected

carcinogens due to the aromatic amine which can cause disease like bladder

infection [9] Therefore it is important to remove HS especially Humic Acid from

drinking water As mentioned by Hatam et aI high amount of Humic Acid can

become one of the etiological factors for Blackfoot disease [10] For that reason

mineralization of the drinking water and other relevant process water in

treating Humic Acids are very essential

114 Method of Filtrations of Humic Substance

The conventional drinking water treatment processes like coagulation

settling and sand filtration can remove between 20 to 50 dissolved HS [11]

There are some various treatment techniques that are available for organic

compounds like reduction ion exchange evaporation reverse osmosis and

cbemical precipitation Most of these methods are highly expensive in term of

operating cost Moreover traditional drinking water treatment processes might

3

not be able to totally remove the organic compound Thus previous researcher

recommend that activated carbon can be used in order to remove the organic

compound like Humic Acid from water In Malaysia activated carbon is

produced from various materials like rubber wood sawdust and palm oil coconut

shell [12] Activated carbon is used primarily as an adsorbent with the aim of

removing organic compounds and pollutant from liquid and gas streams As an

alternative method agriculture waste is used as an adsorbent for the adsorption

of Humic Acid from drinking water

115 Adsorption

Adsorption is a physical process where gas or liquid solute accumulates

on the surface of a solid or a liquid which is known as adsorbent and forming a

molecular or atomic films which are known as adsorbate Adsorption is operative

in most natural physical biological and chemical systems It is also widely used

in industrial applications especially in water purification Adsorption is a

consequence of surface energy Adsorption is one the effective method that has

been used with the aim ofremoving Humic Acid from drin_king water [13]

116 Potential of Agricultural Waste in Malaysia

Improper disposal methods of agricultural wastes can cause serIOUS

environmental pollution [14] Instead of using Activated Carbon as an adsorbent

which is relatively expensive agricultural waste can be used as an alternative

adsorbent in order to remove Humic Acids from wastewater Recently the

4

rusat Khitimat N aidumat Akademi UNlVERSm MALAyenSIA SARAWAK

interest in using low cost adsorbent for adsorption is largely augmented

According to Sadon et aI compared to conventional adsorbent this type of

natural adsorbents possesses a lot of advantages such as inexpensive effective

readily and local available technical feasibility as well as engineering

applicability [15] Expanding the agricultural production resulted in increased

quantities of livestock waste as shown in Table 11 provides an estimate of

annual production of agricultural waste and residues in some selected countries

in the region Based on the data Malaysia produced about 12 million tonnes

agricultural waste per annum and it considered as moderate compared to other

countries [16]

Table 11 Approximate Estimate of Annual Production of Agricultural Waste

and Residues in Selected Countries in the Region [16]

Country

Annual Production (million tonnes)

Agricultural Waste (Manure Animal Dung)

Crop Residues

Total

Bangladesh 15 30 45 Republic of China 255 587 842

India 240 320 560 Indonesia 32 90 122 Malaysia 12 30 42 Myanmar 28 4 32

Nepal 4 12 16 Pakistan 16 68 84

Philippines 2 12 32 Republic of Korea 15 10 25

Sri Lanka 6 3 9 Thailand 25 47 72

Waste is an unavoidable by-product generated from the majority of

human activity Generally the developed countries generate much more

quantities of waste per capita than developing countries like Malaysia [16]

However in certain conditions the management of small quantities of waste is

5

P KHIDIIAT IIAKLUIIAT AKADEIIIK

111111111111111111111111 1000268853UNIV tAWAK

Grade ____~

Please tick (1) Final Year Project Report [] ~asters c===J PhD D


This declaration is made on theltday ofM~y2013

Students Declaration

I SHAIUfAH NJJRlJkfAU~LA ~JNTJ QHAZA~J (~1~~m JJEPT Of QREMJCM ENQINEERlNG ANP ENERGY SJ$TAlNNUMTYL fAQ1JLTY Of ENQJNEEJUNG hereby declare that the work entitled STlJDYoNTHE rQTENTlALOf1JTJLIZJNGRI~E RJ$KAS uSOR~ENTfQRRJMI~Sm~$TAN~Eis my original work I have not copied from any other students work or from any other sources except where due to reference or acknowledgement is made explicitly in the text nor has any part been written for me by another person

JQMAY~QJ3 $lJAlnfMJNlJRJLfAZI1LAG~4~~~) Date submitted Name of the student (Matric No)

Supervisors Declaration

I MOJJP fARlP ATAN hereby certifies that the work entitledST1JPY ON TBE PQTENTIAL QfJJTILJZJNG mCEJJlJSKNtmSQR~ENTFORHJJMIgSJJ~$TAN~E was prepared by the above named student and was submitted to the FACULTY as a partial fulfillment for the conferment of ~AgHELQRof ENGINEERING wnH RONQ1JRS (gHEMI~AJENmNEERJNQ)~ and the aforementioned work to the best of my knowledge is the said students work

Received for examination by MoHP fARlPATAN Date HLMAY~QJ3 (Name of the supervisor)




o OPEN ACCESS










(1~Y2013) dtrMAY 2( 13)

Current Address




11

APPROVAL SHEET





(Supervisor)

III

UNlMAS

10 Mei 2013

Pustakawan



Puan





Sekian Terima Kasih

Yang benar

En Mohd Farid Atan

Penyelia Projek



IV










2013

v

I

I



encouragements

VI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT













Vll
























Vlll

ABSTRACT





















IX


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages


APPROVAL SHEET III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Vll

ABSTRAK VllI

ABSTRACT LX

LIST OF TABLES XUI

NOMENCLATURE XVIll


TITLE PAGE V

DEDICATION VI

TABLE OF CONTENTS x

LIST OF FIGURES XIV

ABBREVIATIONS XVI


11 General 1





115 Adsorption 4




13 Objectives 9

14 Methodology 10


X

shy---=-shy-




221 Humic Acid 16

222 Fulvic Acid 17

223 Humin 18

23 Adsorption 19

231 Theory 19








252 Impact on pH 26




(FT-IR)










38 Results 36

Xl
















61 Conclusion 56


REFERENCES 58


xu

I

LIST OF TABLES

PageTable






Xlli

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



Malaysia

13 Methodology 10















Condition


Condition


xiv

I

I

I


57 for 51

Amine


Group


Group


xv

I

I

aF

aL

KL

q

aR

KR

bR

q

C

degC

COOH

CSTR

FT-IR

GAC

HS

IR

OH

OPEFB

PAC

PID

POME

I

ABBREVIATIONS










Celcius

Carboxylic Group




Humic Substances

Infrared

Alcohol Group





XVI

RHA Rice Husk Ash


XVll

NOMENCLATURE

cm Centimetre




g Gram

ktonne kilotonne


mIn Minute

mL Mililitre





V Volt

XVllI

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 General





research study










H umicification [1]

1














j FuMc acid

Lt-rl I 13riV

tit I black I

Light

yellow





2
























3









115 Adsorption













4











countries [16]



Country



Crop Residues

Total










5




o OPEN ACCESS










(1~Y2013) dtrMAY 2( 13)

Current Address




11

APPROVAL SHEET





(Supervisor)

III

UNlMAS

10 Mei 2013

Pustakawan



Puan





Sekian Terima Kasih

Yang benar

En Mohd Farid Atan

Penyelia Projek



IV










2013

v

I

I



encouragements

VI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT













Vll
























Vlll

ABSTRACT





















IX


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages


APPROVAL SHEET III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Vll

ABSTRAK VllI

ABSTRACT LX

LIST OF TABLES XUI

NOMENCLATURE XVIll


TITLE PAGE V

DEDICATION VI

TABLE OF CONTENTS x

LIST OF FIGURES XIV

ABBREVIATIONS XVI


11 General 1





115 Adsorption 4




13 Objectives 9

14 Methodology 10


X

shy---=-shy-




221 Humic Acid 16

222 Fulvic Acid 17

223 Humin 18

23 Adsorption 19

231 Theory 19








252 Impact on pH 26




(FT-IR)










38 Results 36

Xl
















61 Conclusion 56


REFERENCES 58


xu

I

LIST OF TABLES

PageTable






Xlli

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



Malaysia

13 Methodology 10















Condition


Condition


xiv

I

I

I


57 for 51

Amine


Group


Group


xv

I

I

aF

aL

KL

q

aR

KR

bR

q

C

degC

COOH

CSTR

FT-IR

GAC

HS

IR

OH

OPEFB

PAC

PID

POME

I

ABBREVIATIONS










Celcius

Carboxylic Group




Humic Substances

Infrared

Alcohol Group





XVI

RHA Rice Husk Ash


XVll

NOMENCLATURE

cm Centimetre




g Gram

ktonne kilotonne


mIn Minute

mL Mililitre





V Volt

XVllI

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 General





research study










H umicification [1]

1














j FuMc acid

Lt-rl I 13riV

tit I black I

Light

yellow





2
























3









115 Adsorption













4











countries [16]



Country



Crop Residues

Total










5

APPROVAL SHEET





(Supervisor)

III

UNlMAS

10 Mei 2013

Pustakawan



Puan





Sekian Terima Kasih

Yang benar

En Mohd Farid Atan

Penyelia Projek



IV










2013

v

I

I



encouragements

VI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT













Vll
























Vlll

ABSTRACT





















IX


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages


APPROVAL SHEET III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Vll

ABSTRAK VllI

ABSTRACT LX

LIST OF TABLES XUI

NOMENCLATURE XVIll


TITLE PAGE V

DEDICATION VI

TABLE OF CONTENTS x

LIST OF FIGURES XIV

ABBREVIATIONS XVI


11 General 1





115 Adsorption 4




13 Objectives 9

14 Methodology 10


X

shy---=-shy-




221 Humic Acid 16

222 Fulvic Acid 17

223 Humin 18

23 Adsorption 19

231 Theory 19








252 Impact on pH 26




(FT-IR)










38 Results 36

Xl
















61 Conclusion 56


REFERENCES 58


xu

I

LIST OF TABLES

PageTable






Xlli

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



Malaysia

13 Methodology 10















Condition


Condition


xiv

I

I

I


57 for 51

Amine


Group


Group


xv

I

I

aF

aL

KL

q

aR

KR

bR

q

C

degC

COOH

CSTR

FT-IR

GAC

HS

IR

OH

OPEFB

PAC

PID

POME

I

ABBREVIATIONS










Celcius

Carboxylic Group




Humic Substances

Infrared

Alcohol Group





XVI

RHA Rice Husk Ash


XVll

NOMENCLATURE

cm Centimetre




g Gram

ktonne kilotonne


mIn Minute

mL Mililitre





V Volt

XVllI

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 General





research study










H umicification [1]

1














j FuMc acid

Lt-rl I 13riV

tit I black I

Light

yellow





2
























3









115 Adsorption













4











countries [16]



Country



Crop Residues

Total










5

UNlMAS

10 Mei 2013

Pustakawan



Puan





Sekian Terima Kasih

Yang benar

En Mohd Farid Atan

Penyelia Projek



IV










2013

v

I

I



encouragements

VI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT













Vll
























Vlll

ABSTRACT





















IX


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages


APPROVAL SHEET III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Vll

ABSTRAK VllI

ABSTRACT LX

LIST OF TABLES XUI

NOMENCLATURE XVIll


TITLE PAGE V

DEDICATION VI

TABLE OF CONTENTS x

LIST OF FIGURES XIV

ABBREVIATIONS XVI


11 General 1





115 Adsorption 4




13 Objectives 9

14 Methodology 10


X

shy---=-shy-




221 Humic Acid 16

222 Fulvic Acid 17

223 Humin 18

23 Adsorption 19

231 Theory 19








252 Impact on pH 26




(FT-IR)










38 Results 36

Xl
















61 Conclusion 56


REFERENCES 58


xu

I

LIST OF TABLES

PageTable






Xlli

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



Malaysia

13 Methodology 10















Condition


Condition


xiv

I

I

I


57 for 51

Amine


Group


Group


xv

I

I

aF

aL

KL

q

aR

KR

bR

q

C

degC

COOH

CSTR

FT-IR

GAC

HS

IR

OH

OPEFB

PAC

PID

POME

I

ABBREVIATIONS










Celcius

Carboxylic Group




Humic Substances

Infrared

Alcohol Group





XVI

RHA Rice Husk Ash


XVll

NOMENCLATURE

cm Centimetre




g Gram

ktonne kilotonne


mIn Minute

mL Mililitre





V Volt

XVllI

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 General





research study










H umicification [1]

1














j FuMc acid

Lt-rl I 13riV

tit I black I

Light

yellow





2
























3









115 Adsorption













4











countries [16]



Country



Crop Residues

Total










5










2013

v

I

I



encouragements

VI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT













Vll
























Vlll

ABSTRACT





















IX


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages


APPROVAL SHEET III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Vll

ABSTRAK VllI

ABSTRACT LX

LIST OF TABLES XUI

NOMENCLATURE XVIll


TITLE PAGE V

DEDICATION VI

TABLE OF CONTENTS x

LIST OF FIGURES XIV

ABBREVIATIONS XVI


11 General 1





115 Adsorption 4




13 Objectives 9

14 Methodology 10


X

shy---=-shy-




221 Humic Acid 16

222 Fulvic Acid 17

223 Humin 18

23 Adsorption 19

231 Theory 19








252 Impact on pH 26




(FT-IR)










38 Results 36

Xl
















61 Conclusion 56


REFERENCES 58


xu

I

LIST OF TABLES

PageTable






Xlli

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



Malaysia

13 Methodology 10















Condition


Condition


xiv

I

I

I


57 for 51

Amine


Group


Group


xv

I

I

aF

aL

KL

q

aR

KR

bR

q

C

degC

COOH

CSTR

FT-IR

GAC

HS

IR

OH

OPEFB

PAC

PID

POME

I

ABBREVIATIONS










Celcius

Carboxylic Group




Humic Substances

Infrared

Alcohol Group





XVI

RHA Rice Husk Ash


XVll

NOMENCLATURE

cm Centimetre




g Gram

ktonne kilotonne


mIn Minute

mL Mililitre





V Volt

XVllI

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 General





research study










H umicification [1]

1














j FuMc acid

Lt-rl I 13riV

tit I black I

Light

yellow





2
























3









115 Adsorption













4











countries [16]



Country



Crop Residues

Total










5

I

I



encouragements

VI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT













Vll
























Vlll

ABSTRACT





















IX


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages


APPROVAL SHEET III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Vll

ABSTRAK VllI

ABSTRACT LX

LIST OF TABLES XUI

NOMENCLATURE XVIll


TITLE PAGE V

DEDICATION VI

TABLE OF CONTENTS x

LIST OF FIGURES XIV

ABBREVIATIONS XVI


11 General 1





115 Adsorption 4




13 Objectives 9

14 Methodology 10


X

shy---=-shy-




221 Humic Acid 16

222 Fulvic Acid 17

223 Humin 18

23 Adsorption 19

231 Theory 19








252 Impact on pH 26




(FT-IR)










38 Results 36

Xl
















61 Conclusion 56


REFERENCES 58


xu

I

LIST OF TABLES

PageTable






Xlli

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



Malaysia

13 Methodology 10















Condition


Condition


xiv

I

I

I


57 for 51

Amine


Group


Group


xv

I

I

aF

aL

KL

q

aR

KR

bR

q

C

degC

COOH

CSTR

FT-IR

GAC

HS

IR

OH

OPEFB

PAC

PID

POME

I

ABBREVIATIONS










Celcius

Carboxylic Group




Humic Substances

Infrared

Alcohol Group





XVI

RHA Rice Husk Ash


XVll

NOMENCLATURE

cm Centimetre




g Gram

ktonne kilotonne


mIn Minute

mL Mililitre





V Volt

XVllI

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 General





research study










H umicification [1]

1














j FuMc acid

Lt-rl I 13riV

tit I black I

Light

yellow





2
























3









115 Adsorption













4











countries [16]



Country



Crop Residues

Total










5

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT













Vll
























Vlll

ABSTRACT





















IX


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages


APPROVAL SHEET III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Vll

ABSTRAK VllI

ABSTRACT LX

LIST OF TABLES XUI

NOMENCLATURE XVIll


TITLE PAGE V

DEDICATION VI

TABLE OF CONTENTS x

LIST OF FIGURES XIV

ABBREVIATIONS XVI


11 General 1





115 Adsorption 4




13 Objectives 9

14 Methodology 10


X

shy---=-shy-




221 Humic Acid 16

222 Fulvic Acid 17

223 Humin 18

23 Adsorption 19

231 Theory 19








252 Impact on pH 26




(FT-IR)










38 Results 36

Xl
















61 Conclusion 56


REFERENCES 58


xu

I

LIST OF TABLES

PageTable






Xlli

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



Malaysia

13 Methodology 10















Condition


Condition


xiv

I

I

I


57 for 51

Amine


Group


Group


xv

I

I

aF

aL

KL

q

aR

KR

bR

q

C

degC

COOH

CSTR

FT-IR

GAC

HS

IR

OH

OPEFB

PAC

PID

POME

I

ABBREVIATIONS










Celcius

Carboxylic Group




Humic Substances

Infrared

Alcohol Group





XVI

RHA Rice Husk Ash


XVll

NOMENCLATURE

cm Centimetre




g Gram

ktonne kilotonne


mIn Minute

mL Mililitre





V Volt

XVllI

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 General





research study










H umicification [1]

1














j FuMc acid

Lt-rl I 13riV

tit I black I

Light

yellow





2
























3









115 Adsorption













4











countries [16]



Country



Crop Residues

Total










5
























Vlll

ABSTRACT





















IX


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages


APPROVAL SHEET III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Vll

ABSTRAK VllI

ABSTRACT LX

LIST OF TABLES XUI

NOMENCLATURE XVIll


TITLE PAGE V

DEDICATION VI

TABLE OF CONTENTS x

LIST OF FIGURES XIV

ABBREVIATIONS XVI


11 General 1





115 Adsorption 4




13 Objectives 9

14 Methodology 10


X

shy---=-shy-




221 Humic Acid 16

222 Fulvic Acid 17

223 Humin 18

23 Adsorption 19

231 Theory 19








252 Impact on pH 26




(FT-IR)










38 Results 36

Xl
















61 Conclusion 56


REFERENCES 58


xu

I

LIST OF TABLES

PageTable






Xlli

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



Malaysia

13 Methodology 10















Condition


Condition


xiv

I

I

I


57 for 51

Amine


Group


Group


xv

I

I

aF

aL

KL

q

aR

KR

bR

q

C

degC

COOH

CSTR

FT-IR

GAC

HS

IR

OH

OPEFB

PAC

PID

POME

I

ABBREVIATIONS










Celcius

Carboxylic Group




Humic Substances

Infrared

Alcohol Group





XVI

RHA Rice Husk Ash


XVll

NOMENCLATURE

cm Centimetre




g Gram

ktonne kilotonne


mIn Minute

mL Mililitre





V Volt

XVllI

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 General





research study










H umicification [1]

1














j FuMc acid

Lt-rl I 13riV

tit I black I

Light

yellow





2
























3









115 Adsorption













4











countries [16]



Country



Crop Residues

Total










5

ABSTRACT





















IX


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages


APPROVAL SHEET III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Vll

ABSTRAK VllI

ABSTRACT LX

LIST OF TABLES XUI

NOMENCLATURE XVIll


TITLE PAGE V

DEDICATION VI

TABLE OF CONTENTS x

LIST OF FIGURES XIV

ABBREVIATIONS XVI


11 General 1





115 Adsorption 4




13 Objectives 9

14 Methodology 10


X

shy---=-shy-




221 Humic Acid 16

222 Fulvic Acid 17

223 Humin 18

23 Adsorption 19

231 Theory 19








252 Impact on pH 26




(FT-IR)










38 Results 36

Xl
















61 Conclusion 56


REFERENCES 58


xu

I

LIST OF TABLES

PageTable






Xlli

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



Malaysia

13 Methodology 10















Condition


Condition


xiv

I

I

I


57 for 51

Amine


Group


Group


xv

I

I

aF

aL

KL

q

aR

KR

bR

q

C

degC

COOH

CSTR

FT-IR

GAC

HS

IR

OH

OPEFB

PAC

PID

POME

I

ABBREVIATIONS










Celcius

Carboxylic Group




Humic Substances

Infrared

Alcohol Group





XVI

RHA Rice Husk Ash


XVll

NOMENCLATURE

cm Centimetre




g Gram

ktonne kilotonne


mIn Minute

mL Mililitre





V Volt

XVllI

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 General





research study










H umicification [1]

1














j FuMc acid

Lt-rl I 13riV

tit I black I

Light

yellow





2
























3









115 Adsorption













4











countries [16]



Country



Crop Residues

Total










5


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages


APPROVAL SHEET III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Vll

ABSTRAK VllI

ABSTRACT LX

LIST OF TABLES XUI

NOMENCLATURE XVIll


TITLE PAGE V

DEDICATION VI

TABLE OF CONTENTS x

LIST OF FIGURES XIV

ABBREVIATIONS XVI


11 General 1





115 Adsorption 4




13 Objectives 9

14 Methodology 10


X

shy---=-shy-




221 Humic Acid 16

222 Fulvic Acid 17

223 Humin 18

23 Adsorption 19

231 Theory 19








252 Impact on pH 26




(FT-IR)










38 Results 36

Xl
















61 Conclusion 56


REFERENCES 58


xu

I

LIST OF TABLES

PageTable






Xlli

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



Malaysia

13 Methodology 10















Condition


Condition


xiv

I

I

I


57 for 51

Amine


Group


Group


xv

I

I

aF

aL

KL

q

aR

KR

bR

q

C

degC

COOH

CSTR

FT-IR

GAC

HS

IR

OH

OPEFB

PAC

PID

POME

I

ABBREVIATIONS










Celcius

Carboxylic Group




Humic Substances

Infrared

Alcohol Group





XVI

RHA Rice Husk Ash


XVll

NOMENCLATURE

cm Centimetre




g Gram

ktonne kilotonne


mIn Minute

mL Mililitre





V Volt

XVllI

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 General





research study










H umicification [1]

1














j FuMc acid

Lt-rl I 13riV

tit I black I

Light

yellow





2
























3









115 Adsorption













4











countries [16]



Country



Crop Residues

Total










5




221 Humic Acid 16

222 Fulvic Acid 17

223 Humin 18

23 Adsorption 19

231 Theory 19








252 Impact on pH 26




(FT-IR)










38 Results 36

Xl
















61 Conclusion 56


REFERENCES 58


xu

I

LIST OF TABLES

PageTable






Xlli

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



Malaysia

13 Methodology 10















Condition


Condition


xiv

I

I

I


57 for 51

Amine


Group


Group


xv

I

I

aF

aL

KL

q

aR

KR

bR

q

C

degC

COOH

CSTR

FT-IR

GAC

HS

IR

OH

OPEFB

PAC

PID

POME

I

ABBREVIATIONS










Celcius

Carboxylic Group




Humic Substances

Infrared

Alcohol Group





XVI

RHA Rice Husk Ash


XVll

NOMENCLATURE

cm Centimetre




g Gram

ktonne kilotonne


mIn Minute

mL Mililitre





V Volt

XVllI

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 General





research study










H umicification [1]

1














j FuMc acid

Lt-rl I 13riV

tit I black I

Light

yellow





2
























3









115 Adsorption













4











countries [16]



Country



Crop Residues

Total










5
















61 Conclusion 56


REFERENCES 58


xu

I

LIST OF TABLES

PageTable






Xlli

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



Malaysia

13 Methodology 10















Condition


Condition


xiv

I

I

I


57 for 51

Amine


Group


Group


xv

I

I

aF

aL

KL

q

aR

KR

bR

q

C

degC

COOH

CSTR

FT-IR

GAC

HS

IR

OH

OPEFB

PAC

PID

POME

I

ABBREVIATIONS










Celcius

Carboxylic Group




Humic Substances

Infrared

Alcohol Group





XVI

RHA Rice Husk Ash


XVll

NOMENCLATURE

cm Centimetre




g Gram

ktonne kilotonne


mIn Minute

mL Mililitre





V Volt

XVllI

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 General





research study










H umicification [1]

1














j FuMc acid

Lt-rl I 13riV

tit I black I

Light

yellow





2
























3









115 Adsorption













4











countries [16]



Country



Crop Residues

Total










5

I

LIST OF TABLES

PageTable






Xlli

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



Malaysia

13 Methodology 10















Condition


Condition


xiv

I

I

I


57 for 51

Amine


Group


Group


xv

I

I

aF

aL

KL

q

aR

KR

bR

q

C

degC

COOH

CSTR

FT-IR

GAC

HS

IR

OH

OPEFB

PAC

PID

POME

I

ABBREVIATIONS










Celcius

Carboxylic Group




Humic Substances

Infrared

Alcohol Group





XVI

RHA Rice Husk Ash


XVll

NOMENCLATURE

cm Centimetre




g Gram

ktonne kilotonne


mIn Minute

mL Mililitre





V Volt

XVllI

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 General





research study










H umicification [1]

1














j FuMc acid

Lt-rl I 13riV

tit I black I

Light

yellow





2
























3









115 Adsorption













4











countries [16]



Country



Crop Residues

Total










5

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page



Malaysia

13 Methodology 10















Condition


Condition


xiv

I

I

I


57 for 51

Amine


Group


Group


xv

I

I

aF

aL

KL

q

aR

KR

bR

q

C

degC

COOH

CSTR

FT-IR

GAC

HS

IR

OH

OPEFB

PAC

PID

POME

I

ABBREVIATIONS










Celcius

Carboxylic Group




Humic Substances

Infrared

Alcohol Group





XVI

RHA Rice Husk Ash


XVll

NOMENCLATURE

cm Centimetre




g Gram

ktonne kilotonne


mIn Minute

mL Mililitre





V Volt

XVllI

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 General





research study










H umicification [1]

1














j FuMc acid

Lt-rl I 13riV

tit I black I

Light

yellow





2
























3









115 Adsorption













4











countries [16]



Country



Crop Residues

Total










5

I

I

I


57 for 51

Amine


Group


Group


xv

I

I

aF

aL

KL

q

aR

KR

bR

q

C

degC

COOH

CSTR

FT-IR

GAC

HS

IR

OH

OPEFB

PAC

PID

POME

I

ABBREVIATIONS










Celcius

Carboxylic Group




Humic Substances

Infrared

Alcohol Group





XVI

RHA Rice Husk Ash


XVll

NOMENCLATURE

cm Centimetre




g Gram

ktonne kilotonne


mIn Minute

mL Mililitre





V Volt

XVllI

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 General





research study










H umicification [1]

1














j FuMc acid

Lt-rl I 13riV

tit I black I

Light

yellow





2
























3









115 Adsorption













4











countries [16]



Country



Crop Residues

Total










5

I

aF

aL

KL

q

aR

KR

bR

q

C

degC

COOH

CSTR

FT-IR

GAC

HS

IR

OH

OPEFB

PAC

PID

POME

I

ABBREVIATIONS










Celcius

Carboxylic Group




Humic Substances

Infrared

Alcohol Group





XVI

RHA Rice Husk Ash


XVll

NOMENCLATURE

cm Centimetre




g Gram

ktonne kilotonne


mIn Minute

mL Mililitre





V Volt

XVllI

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 General





research study










H umicification [1]

1














j FuMc acid

Lt-rl I 13riV

tit I black I

Light

yellow





2
























3









115 Adsorption













4











countries [16]



Country



Crop Residues

Total










5

RHA Rice Husk Ash


XVll

NOMENCLATURE

cm Centimetre




g Gram

ktonne kilotonne


mIn Minute

mL Mililitre





V Volt

XVllI

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 General





research study










H umicification [1]

1














j FuMc acid

Lt-rl I 13riV

tit I black I

Light

yellow





2
























3









115 Adsorption













4











countries [16]



Country



Crop Residues

Total










5

NOMENCLATURE

cm Centimetre




g Gram

ktonne kilotonne


mIn Minute

mL Mililitre





V Volt

XVllI

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 General





research study










H umicification [1]

1














j FuMc acid

Lt-rl I 13riV

tit I black I

Light

yellow





2
























3









115 Adsorption













4











countries [16]



Country



Crop Residues

Total










5

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 General





research study










H umicification [1]

1














j FuMc acid

Lt-rl I 13riV

tit I black I

Light

yellow





2
























3









115 Adsorption













4











countries [16]



Country



Crop Residues

Total










5














j FuMc acid

Lt-rl I 13riV

tit I black I

Light

yellow





2
























3









115 Adsorption













4











countries [16]



Country



Crop Residues

Total










5
























3









115 Adsorption













4











countries [16]



Country



Crop Residues

Total










5









115 Adsorption













4











countries [16]



Country



Crop Residues

Total










5











countries [16]



Country



Crop Residues

Total










5

study on the potential of utilizing rice husk as biosorbent … on the potential of utilizing rice...

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