75

S T U D Y G U I D E 7

1. Types of Muscle TissuesMatch the types of muscle tissues with the words and phrases.

1) Skeletal 2) Smooth 3) Cardiac

_____ Striated _____ Walls of blood vessels

_____ Single nucleus _____ Heart muscle

_____ Involuntary _____ Walls of digestive tract

_____ Intercalated disks _____ Skeletal muscles

_____ Branching network _____ Easily fatigued

2. Structure of Skeletal MuscleWrite the terms that match the statements in the spaces at the right.

1) A bundle of fibers enveloped by connective tissue. ____________________________________________

2) Binds all fasciculi together. ____________________________________________

3) Connective tissue covering entire muscle. ____________________________________________

4) Cordlike attachment of a muscle. ____________________________________________

5) Sheetlike attachment of a muscle. ____________________________________________

6) Plasma membrane of muscle cell. ____________________________________________

7) Cytoplasm of a muscle cell. ____________________________________________

8) Threadlike contractile elements. ____________________________________________

9) Thinner protein filaments in myofibrils. ____________________________________________

10) Thicker protein filaments in myofibrils. ____________________________________________

11) Portion of a myofibril between Z lines. ____________________________________________

12) Light and dark bands on myofibrils. ____________________________________________

13) Attachment of motor axon to sarcolemma. ____________________________________________

14) Depression in sarcolemma receiving axon tip. ____________________________________________

15) Motor neuron and its attached muscle fibers. ____________________________________________

3. Physiology of Muscle Contractiona. Write the words that complete the sentences in the spaces at the right.

The axon tip of an activated motor neuron releases

____1___ into the ____2___ , where it combines

with ____3___ on the sarcolemma. This stimulates

the release of ____4___ from storage areas, which

exposes the active sites on ____5___ filaments.

Cross-bridges of ____6___ attach to the exposed ac-

tive sites and exert a power stroke, which pulls

the ____7___ filaments and the Z lines toward the

center of the A band. This process is rapidly re-

peated until ____8___ is complete.

1) ___________________________________________

2) ___________________________________________

3) ___________________________________________

4) ___________________________________________

5) ___________________________________________

6) ___________________________________________

7) ___________________________________________

8) ___________________________________________

1, 3

2, 3

2, 3

3

3

2

3

2

1

1

Fasciculus

Fibrous connective tissue

Deep fascia

Tendon

Aponeurosis

Sarcolemma

Sarcoplasm

Myofibrils

Actin

Myosin

Sarcomere

Striations

Neuromuscular junction

Synaptic cleft

Motor unit

Acetylcholine

Synaptic cleft

Receptors

Calcium ions

Actin

Myosin

Actin

Contraction

b. Write the terms that match the statements in the spaces provided.

1) Decomposes acetylcholine. ____________________________________________

2) Combines with oxygen to store small amounts

of oxygen in muscle cells. ____________________________________________

3) Phase of cellular respiration that requires oxygen. ____________________________________________

4) Products of pyruvic acid breakdown when

adequate oxygen is present. ____________________________________________

5) Acid formed from pyruvic acid when adequate

oxygen is not available. ____________________________________________

6) Provides direct energy for muscle contraction. ____________________________________________

7) Process releasing energy from nutrients in cells. ____________________________________________

8) Chemical whose accumulation produces an

oxygen debt. ____________________________________________

9) Released from creatine phosphate to quickly

re-form ATP. ____________________________________________

c. Write the terms that match the statements in the spaces at the right.

1) Smallest stimulus causing a contraction. ____________________________________________

2) Activation of a muscle fiber causes a

(all-or-none, graded) contraction. ____________________________________________

3) Primary cause of fatigue. ____________________________________________

4) Type of contractions observed in whole

muscles (all-or-none, graded). ____________________________________________

5) Smallest stimulus that activates all motor

units of a muscle. ____________________________________________

6) Activation of an increasing number of motor

units in a series of contractions. ____________________________________________

7) Controls the number of motor units that are

activated. ____________________________________________

8) State of constant, partial contraction. ____________________________________________

9) State of constant, complete contraction. ____________________________________________

4. Actions of Skeletal Musclesa. Write the terms that match the statements in the spaces provided.

1) Fixed end of a muscle. ____________________________________________

2) Movable end of a muscle. ____________________________________________

3) Muscles opposing agonists. ____________________________________________

b. Write the names of the muscles that match the actions.

1) Closes and puckers lips. ____________________________________________

2) Pulls angle of mouth upwards. ____________________________________________

3) Helps masseter raise the mandible. ____________________________________________

4) Compresses cheeks. ____________________________________________

5) Pair of neck muscles that flex head. ____________________________________________

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Cholinesterase

Myoglobin

Aerobic

CO2, H2O, energy

Lactic acid

ATP

Cellular respiration

Lactic acid

High energy phosphate

Minimal or threshold

All-or-none

Lactic acid

Graded

Maximal

Recruitment

Nervous system

Muscle tone

Tetanus

Origin

Insertion

Antagonists

Orbicularis oris

Zygomaticus

Temporalis

Buccinator

Sternocleidomastoid

77

6) Pair of neck muscles that extend head. ____________________________________________

7) Innermost muscle of abdominal wall. ____________________________________________

8) Raises ribs during inspiration. ____________________________________________

9) Elevates clavicle and scapula. ____________________________________________

10) Draws scapula downward and anteriorly. ____________________________________________

11) Adducts and draws humerus across chest. ____________________________________________

12) Sheetlike muscle of lower back that adducts

and extends humerus. ____________________________________________

13) Abducts, flexes, and extends humerus. ____________________________________________

14) Rotates humerus laterally. ____________________________________________

15) Assists deltoid in abducting humerus. ____________________________________________

16) Assists latissimus dorsi. ____________________________________________

17) Assists biceps brachii (two muscles). ____________________________________________

____________________________________________

18) Extends forearm. ____________________________________________

19) Flexes and rotates forearm laterally. ____________________________________________

20) Flexes and abducts wrist. ____________________________________________

21) Flexes and adducts wrist. ____________________________________________

22) Extends fingers. ____________________________________________

23) Extends and adducts wrist. ____________________________________________

24) Extends and abducts wrist. ____________________________________________

25) Adducts, flexes, and rotates thigh laterally

(two muscles). ____________________________________________

____________________________________________

26) Abducts and rotates thigh medially. ____________________________________________

27) Extends and rotates thigh laterally. ____________________________________________

28) Flexes and abducts thigh. ____________________________________________

29) Flexes thigh only (two muscles). ____________________________________________

____________________________________________

30) Flexes leg and thigh. ____________________________________________

31) Flexes leg and adducts thigh. ____________________________________________

32) Group of four muscles that extend leg. ____________________________________________

33) Three muscles that flex the leg and extend

the thigh. ____________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

34) Dorsiflexes and inverts foot. ____________________________________________

35) Flexes leg and plantar flexes foot. ____________________________________________

36) Extends toes and dorsiflexes and everts foot. ____________________________________________

37) Plantar flexes and everts foot. ____________________________________________

Splenius capitus

Transversus abdominis

External intercostals

Trapezius

Serratus anterior

Pectoralis major

Latissimus dorsi

Deltoid

Infraspinatus

Supraspinatus

Teres major

Brachialis

Brachioradialis

Triceps brachii

Biceps brachii

Flexor carpi radialis

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Extensor digitorum

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Extensor carpi radialis longus

Adductor longus

Adductor magnus

Gluteus medius

Gluteus maximus

Tensor fasciae latae

Iliacus

Psoas major

Sartorius

Gracilis

Quadriceps femoris

Biceps femoris

Semitendinosus

Semimembranosus

Tibialis anterior

Gastrocnemius

Extensor digitorum longus

Peroneus longus

5. Major Skeletal MusclesLabel the muscles and associated structures in the following diagrams by writing the names of the labeled

parts in the spaces provided. After labeling, color-code the muscles to help you to distinguish them.

Head and Neck

1) _______________________________________

2) _______________________________________

3) _______________________________________

4) _______________________________________

5) _______________________________________

6) _______________________________________

7) _______________________________________

8) _______________________________________

9) _______________________________________

10) _______________________________________

11) _______________________________________

12) _______________________________________

13) _______________________________________

Anterior Trunk

1) _____________________________________________

2) _____________________________________________

3) _____________________________________________

4) _____________________________________________

5) _____________________________________________

6) _____________________________________________

7) _____________________________________________

8) _____________________________________________

9) _____________________________________________

10) _____________________________________________

11) _____________________________________________

12) _____________________________________________

13) _____________________________________________

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21

3

4

5

7

6

8

9

10

11

12

13

8

9

10

11

12

13

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Epicranial aponeurosis

Frontalis

Occipitalis

Epicranius

Masseter

Splenius capitus

Sternocleidomastoid

Temporalis

Orbicularilis oculi

Zygomaticus

Buccinator

Orbicularis oris

Platysma

Sternocleidomastoid

Pectoralis minor

Internal intercostal

Serratus anterior

Rectus abdominus

Internal oblique

Transversus abdominus

Trapezius

Deltoid

Pectoralis major

Linea alba

External oblique

Aponeurosis of external oblique

79

Posterior Trunk

1) ______________________________________________

2) ______________________________________________

3) ______________________________________________

4) ______________________________________________

5) ______________________________________________

6) ______________________________________________

7) ______________________________________________

8) ______________________________________________

9) ______________________________________________

Anterior Forearm

1) ______________________________________________

2) ______________________________________________

3) ______________________________________________

4) ______________________________________________

5) ______________________________________________

6) ______________________________________________

7) ______________________________________________

15

4

6

7

8

9

2

3

Trapezius

Deltiod

Latissimus dorsi

Levator scapuli

Supraspinatus

Infraspinatus

Teres minor

Teres major

Rhomboideus major

1

2

34

5

6

7

Biceps brachii

Brachialis

Brachioradialis

Extensor carpi radialis longus

Flexor carpi radialis

Palmerus longus

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Posterior Forearm

1) ______________________________________________

2) ______________________________________________

3) ______________________________________________

4) ______________________________________________

5) ______________________________________________

6) ______________________________________________

Anterior Thigh

1) _____________________________________________

2) _____________________________________________

3) _____________________________________________

4) _____________________________________________

5) _____________________________________________

6) _____________________________________________

7) _____________________________________________

8) _____________________________________________

9) _____________________________________________

10) _____________________________________________

80

1

7

8

9

10

2

3

4

5

6

Triceps brachii

Brachioradialis

Extensor carpi radialis longus

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Extensor digitorum

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Psoas major

Iliacus

Tensor fasciae latae

Sartorius

Rectus femoris

Vastus lateralis

Adductor longus

Adductor magnus

Gracilis

Vastus medialis

1

6

4

2

3

5

81

Posterior Thigh

1) ______________________________________________

2) ______________________________________________

3) ______________________________________________

4) ______________________________________________

5) ______________________________________________

6) ______________________________________________

7) ______________________________________________

8) ______________________________________________

Anterior Leg

1) ______________________________________________

2) ______________________________________________

3) ______________________________________________

4) ______________________________________________

5) ______________________________________________

6) ______________________________________________

7) ______________________________________________

1

6

7

8

2

3

4

5

Adductor magnus

Gracilis

Semiteudinosus

Semimembranosus

Gastrocnemius

Gluteus medius

Gluteus maximus

Biceps femoris

2

1

3

4

5

6

7Peroneus longusnus

Tibialis anterior

Extensor digitorum longus

Patella

Patellar ligament

Gastrocnemius

Soleus

Lateral Leg

1) ______________________________________________

2) ______________________________________________

3) ______________________________________________

4) ______________________________________________

5) ______________________________________________

6) ______________________________________________

7) ______________________________________________

8) ______________________________________________

6. Disorders of the Muscle SystemWrite the names of the disorders in the spaces provided.

1) Inflammation of connective tissues of muscles. ____________________________________________

2) Involuntary, tetanic contraction of a muscle. ____________________________________________

3) Antibodies attach to acetylcholine receptors,

preventing normal stimulation of muscles. ____________________________________________

4) Inflammation of muscle tissue. ____________________________________________

5) A pulled muscle. ____________________________________________

6) Abnormal increase of fibrous connective tissue

in a muscle. ____________________________________________

7) Viral disease that destroys motor neurons and

paralyzes skeletal muscles. ____________________________________________

8) Group of diseases characterized by the progressive

degeneration of muscles. ____________________________________________

9) A bacterial disease that prevents the release of

acetylcholine from axon tips. ____________________________________________

10) A bacterial disease commonly called “lockjaw.” ____________________________________________

11) Sudden, involuntary weak contractions of a

muscle or group of muscles. ____________________________________________

82

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Biceps femoris

Gastrocnemius

Soleus

Peroneus longus

Calcaneal tendon

Vastus lateralis

Tibialis anterior

Extensor digitorum longus

Fibrositis

Cramp

Myasthenia gravis

Myositis

Strain

Fibrosis

Poliomyelitis

Muscular dystrophy

Botulism

Tetanus

Spasms

7. Clinical Applications a. The accumulation of lactic acid can make muscles sore. Would heat or cold applications be best to al-

leviate the soreness? _____ Explain. ____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

b. While playing tennis, Jim had a sudden pain on the back of his left thigh. Was this a sprain or a

strain? What muscles were probably involved?

c. Tom has been working out to build up his muscles. At the microscopic level, how does a muscle in-

crease in size and strength? ____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

83

Heat Heat increases blood flow to the affected area which speeds up

removal of waste products.

A strain. Biceps femoris, semi-

membranosus & semitendinosus

Heavy exercise increases the number of myofibrils in muscle fibers (cells).