study and visualization of the concentration dependence on the refractive index of liquids

04/13/2304/13/23 Study and Visualize the Concentration DependeStudy and Visualize the Concentration Dependence of the Refractive Index of the Liquidsnce of the Refractive Index of the Liquids

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Department of Physical SciencesFaculty of Science and Technology

Universiti Malaysia Terengganu(UMT)2006


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INTRODUCTION

REFERENCES

METHODOLOGY

RESULTS & DISCUSSION

CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ABSTRACT


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Laser based measurement have been found in early 1900 indirectly by Albert Einstein during the research of photoelectric effects and until now, its application still growth. The main objective in this project is to study the dependence of refractive index (RI) on the concentration by laser based measurement. Low power laser pointer with the output of 1mW and the wavelength of 630 to 670nm are employed as a light source. The phenomenon of refraction occurs when a monochromatic laser light source passed through the prism which full with liquids. In this study two types of liquids consist of sugar and salt solution were utilized as a sample. Generally, refraction happened when the source light travel through two different medium like air and sugar water because of the slightly change of speed of light. Hence, the output of light from the second medium were refracted far away from the normal line and it is called the index of refraction, n where can be determined by using Snell’s. The concentration of these liquids were carried is from 5% to 65%. The RI value for both sample are proportional with its concentrations. The experimental value than has been compared with literature value. The differences are 1.5% for sugar and 5% for salt. Then, based on our experimental set up, we developed an interactive ‘Easy_GUI’ language to determine the RI value for the future accessibility.


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Used LASER POINTER

Produced REFRACTION PHENOMENA

Calculated REFRACTIVE INDEX

DevelopedGraphical User Interface (GUI)

‘Easy_GUI’


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Coherence beam

Not too dangerous Low-cost material and money

Small and easy to use

Monochromatic source


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To study the basic properties of refraction and its interaction with matter using a laser.

Investigate and develop laser-based system for measurement, diagnostic and visualization.

Using the unique characteristics of laser-generated light to develop a technique to measure the concentration of liquids.

To create new programming for determine the index refraction using Graphical User Interface (GUI).

Using the Graphical User Interface (GUI) to diagnose and visualize the laser-based measurement of concentration.


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2.1 Constructing the Prism

Cutting and gluing standard 1-in width times 3-in length of glass microscope slides.

Applied the glue both inside and outside in order to avoid the prism from being weaker and trap liquids in any raids at the beam.


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2.2 Sample Preparation

The samples of sugar and salt solution were prepared by weighing out the amount of samples which is 5g, 20g, 35g, 50g and 65g using analytical balance and transferring it to a volumetric flask.

The water was added is 95ml, 80ml, 65ml, 50ml and 35ml respectively to till the flask and then was stirring with glass rod to dissolve the sugar completely.


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Point aPoint b

X

L

Figure 2.1. The laser light hit the prism which full with solution sample.

L

Xmd

1tan

60

2

1sin00056.2 mdn

102 cmPoint d

Point e

Point c

2.3 Experimental Set up


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2.4 Create Programming of GUI

Property Inspector

Run button

Click Matlab 7 software.

Write the ‘guide’ & press enter at the command window.

Click ‘ok’ at the quick guide start.

Layout editor of GUI appear.


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t = get(handles.edit1, ‘String’);s = ‘2.0005*sin(0.5*(t + 1.047))’set(handles.edit1,‘String’,s)


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Concentration Concentration (%)(%)

XX (x10 (x10-2-2) cm) cm LL (x10 (x10-2-2) cm) cm mdmd RI (RI (nn))

5%5% 37.9937.99 84.9984.99 24.284524.2845 1.33971.3397

20%20% 39.1239.12 84.0484.04 24.975124.9751 1.35131.3513

35%35% 41.1141.11 79.9379.93 27.219327.2193 1.37991.3799

50%50% 42.3842.38 77.0577.05 28.812128.8121 1.39991.3999

65%65% 44.1044.10 73.8273.82 30.854630.8546 1.42511.4251

Table 3.1: The average percentage concentration of refractive index for sugar solution.


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1.33

1.34

1.35

1.36

1.37

1.38

1.39

1.4

1.41

1.42

1.43

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Concentration (%)

RI (n

)

Figure 3.1. The exponential graph of refractive index proportional with its concentration.


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0.24

0.26

0.28

0.3

0.32

0.34

0.36

0.38

0.4

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Concentration (%)

ln R

I (n

)

Figure 3.2. The Refractive index of sugar solution as a function of its concentration percentage.


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Concentration (%)Concentration (%) X (x10X (x10-2-2) )

cmcm

L (x10L (x10-2-2) )

cmcm

mdmd RI (RI (nn))

5%5% 39.2439.24 83.9283.92 25.060225.0602 1.35231.3523

20%20% 46.9046.90 83.8283.82 29.229229.2292 1.40511.4051

35%35% 52.3452.34 75.7575.75 34.645534.6455 1.47081.4708

50%50% 57.4257.42 80.9880.98 35.312235.3122 1.47851.4785

65%65% 57.9057.90 71.1471.14 39.136839.1368 1.52271.5227

Table 3.3: The average percentage concentration of refractive index for salt solution.


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1.34

1.36

1.38

1.4

1.42

1.44

1.46

1.48

1.5

1.52

1.54

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Concentration (%)

RI (n

)

RI (n)

Figure 3.3. The RI with its percentage concentration for salt solution.


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1.3

1.35

1.4

1.45

1.5

1.55

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Concentration (%)

RI (n

)

RI Sugar SolutionRI Salt Solution

Figure 3.4. Comparison of salt and sugar solution in constant percentage of concentration.


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1.32

1.34

1.36

1.38

1.4

1.42

1.44

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Concentration (%)

RI (n

)

Experimental valueLiterature value

Concentration(%)

Experimental value Literature value Different value (x10-3)

5 1.3397 1.342 2.3

20 1.3513 1.357 5.7

35 1.3799 1.383 3.1

50 1.3999 1.411 11.1

65 1.4251 1.435 9.9

Table 4.2: The comparison value of experimental value for present technique and literature value from Albrecht, (2003), Subedi et al, (2006) for sugar solution.

Figure 3.5. RI versus the percentage concentration of sugar solution.


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Concentration (%) Experimental value Literature value Different value

5 1.3523 1.342 10.3

20 1.4051 1.368 37.1

35 1.4708 1.432 38.8

50 1.4785 1.502 23.5

65 1.5227 1.544 21.3

1.3

1.35

1.4

1.45

1.5

1.55

1.6

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Concentration (%)

RI (n)

Experimental valueLiterature value

Table 4.4: The comparison value of experimental value for present technique and literature value (salt solution).

Figure 3.6. The experimental RI value of salt solution times its concentration in percentage with the literature value.


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Figure 3.7. The ‘Easy_GUI’ box for measure the RI of the liquids.


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Figure 3.8. The graph of RI versus the minimum angle of deviation when the value of RI insert in the equation.

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The refractive index (RI) of the liquids are dependence on its concentration.

All the five different concentration give the RI at 5%, 20%, 35%, 50% and 65% are,

1.3397, 1.3513, 1.3799, 1.3999 and 1.4251 (sugar solution)

1.3523, 1.4051, 1.4708, 1.3799, 1.4785, and 1.5227 (salt solutions)

Also, in this project, the ‘Easy_GUI’ language was developed to compute the refractive index value based on the experimental setup proposed.

All in all, laser technique measurement is the best way of a coherent light to produce the phenomena of refraction for measured the concentration of the liquids dependence with the refractive index (RI) of the liquids.


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•Noise•Optic room is not fully darkened

The measurement of the RI and the experimental was carried out at night or during the weekend.

•Constructed the prism Used a needle or small and sharp object.

•Future research

The concentration dependence with different types of temperature can be studied using spectrometer, thermometer and green laser pointer which can provide the best value of RI differs with concentration and temperature.


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Albrecht, J. 2003. The Refractive Indexs of The Liquids. Optics. Vol. 3, 3 rd ed. United State.

Abdulla, A.I. 2004. Introduction to Graphical User Interface (GUI) MATLAB 6.5. Electrical Engineering Department, IEEE UAEU student branch, UAE University College of engineering.

Catherasoo, C.J. & Sturtevant, B. 1983. Shock dynamics in non-uniform media. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 127:539-561.

Cap, N., Ruiz, B., & Rabal. H. 2003. Refraction holodiagrams and Snell’s law Optics 114(2):89–94.Chien, D.N., Tanaka, K. & Tanaka, M. 2003. Guided wave equivalents of Snell’s and Brewster’s Laws. Optics Communications 225:319–329.

Chauvat, D., Bonnet, C., Dunseath, K. Floch, A.L. & Emile, O. 2005. Timing the total reflection of light. Physics Letters A 336:271–273.

Davis, J. & Xing, C. 2002. Lumipoint: multi-user laser-based interaction on large tiled displays. Displays. 23:205-211.

Subedi, D.P., Adikari, D.R., Joshi, U.M., Poudel, H.N. & Niraula, B. 2006. Study of Temperature and concentration dependence of refractive index of liquids using a novel technique. Department of Natural Sciences, Khatamandu University, Nepal.


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Pn. Nur Farizan Binti Munajat (Supervisor)

Prof. Madya Dr. Senin Bin Hassan (Head of Department, DPS)

Prof. Madya Dr. Salleh Bin Harun

En. Azhar Bin Mohd Sinin

Dr. Mohd Ikmar Nizam Bin Mohd Isa

All lecturer and lab staff from the Department of Physical Sciences.

All the physics student.


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study and visualization of the concentration dependence on the refractive index of liquids

Education

concentration percentage

concentration of liquids

ri value

salt solution

solution sample

index of refraction

index refraction

samples of sugar