studies on virus diseases of ornamental … · »3rplk>logy sadln^statior coefficient...
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STUDIES ON VIRUS DISEASES OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS
DJSSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY. ALIGARH
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
Master of Philosophy IN
BOTANY
MOHD. ASLAM
PLANT VIRUS LABORATORY NATIONAL BOTANICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
LUCKNOW 226001 INDIA 1 9 8 4
^^^ 'm^ ^>y^
hS 3 GS' ^
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"4 MAn935 ^ ^ X R
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ACvnovhEDQ&nBura
1 v lsh t o take t h i s e^ppowtaxd^ty to reeozd my deop
8«Rse o£ 9ratitod« tot
Prof. Kh^lia Ha!%oo£« OapartSHVst of Sotasiy, Allgarh
^isllBt tmiversity* Allgarh ana i3ir. lc«H» Srivastavft* 3cl«ntl9t«
Plaint Viros Laboratory* Mstlofial Botanical Bmammxvlh Ziiatltut««
tAicltfiow for suggoatieg t h i s iBvastivatioo* aki l ful 8%^parvisioQ«
kmuo imtwcmat., constant halp aod guiaasco a t «vary step of
t M s wozl;.
tJr. B. P. s i R ^ , Head* Plar.t Pathology aisd Protactioc
oivisioo* Natioital Botanical Raaaareh £aatitiita» Luclroow for
of^ourag^MRit and pzovif'ing lal>oratory f a c i l i t i a s .
"'^^rj^..^, SQtm« Oiraetor« Itetioeal Botanical Raaaar^
Imstlp^tm^lK^auom for provii?iiig raaaazdi f a c i l i t i o a .
Prof, s , K« S€ac«ca« Obaixnaan* Ot^rfanm&t of Botany*
Aligartt fiuBliis Qnivarsity* Aligarh for valuable miggeatioca
apr constant ^jcouragemmt*
Dr. B. L. Stdbdba Rac« Seiei^iat* Central Ins t i tute
of Medicinal and AroM»tie Plaits* Uicl^timi for electron
Kdleroscc^y.
iJrs. Ae)lnu^lri« V*C, Owedash Sbroni* S , A , A . za ic i
and k« K. Ralsada of thie laboratory for tbiiv eoc^^ratlon
and valuable h«lp randwmd at wirioua oooasioss.
Or. Camar A« Haqvl* i3i^«rt»«!t of Boteey, Aligarh
>^dliB) l%tdversity« Aligarln %A)o b u i l t up ny baclt ground in
Plant Virology.
Ootsncil of ScieiJtific and Industrial H^iearch,
Haw Delhi fior providing fis&iicial assi«tano««
^ cx^it 1^/-*^ .
( Ik3li6. Asian }
C O K T E K T S
P A R T - i
page
XETROE UCPIOH . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 2
teVIEl* OF L1T4I<ATURE . . . . . 3 - 6 5
PtAK QP «PO»r Atm t^^IfKxm . . . . . 6 6 - 6 6
RET^HiliCEa . . . . . . . . • • 67 - 105
P A R T - 12
IRTROTUCTIC^ 106 - 1C7
$iBVimi OF LITSRATtmE 106 - 109
msetiJiiAi^ Mj t'^ma 3 . . . . . 1 1 0 - 1 1 2
RgSUliTS 113 - 119
Discmssimi . . . . . . . . . . 120 - 121
REFfcBiilcr^J . . . . . 122 - 123
£ A R £ « ^
X U T R O C O C T I O K
Th« onmwmstml ptmt^m oeaxxpf « tifil<; « posit! on
in plant world \3ff offarftiHI to mm aosthatle (Mtlsfftctloit
with tb«ir eoloorftil flowvn or wtltifittriaiis follago*
Florlenltura \m» now boeoiM • trttdo« spoelally In ^ovolopod
eouutrios, I^isottsos cmammB by if»rioas gsoups of psthogons
mB'vmxmmVf affact tho glory of tlio bloopo liavliig vivia
oKotle Imoo. Amso ; vitrloisi plant pathog«na« v i rus^
figura prcaiifNnitly a« thasa ba va baan aultiplying slnca
t h ^ r firat appaaranea in tba tdamtmom of a^aquata th«eapaiitic
iBaaauraa* ^imanantal planta qcmm vagat^tivaly tbroo^
bulbs, corns* SQe>«rs* euttiiigs and ^^rafting pass on %hm
virusas ecHBtainatf in tbcai to tbair progsnias lai^lng into
MBsa aultiplicatioB of tJia patbogses along with tba plant*
Omamntal p lmts basbooriiig vimsas ara inportat^
rot only ffroRi tba aeonovic pc Lnt 9i iriaw of florieultura
tnHl<a but also amrwm as rMMurvoixs of inooulon for infaetion
to otb«r aeonoaic plants in tba fMnManea of afficiitfot
vactors. Virosas* tbus ara a potsiit tloaat and lisiiting
factors in eulti'vation of omassantala* fruit plants* and
agricultural crt pa*
Tba f irst raliabla raeoaS of a plant virus aisaasa
2
I s I t s a l f Ifi mi omemmntal plant •ttilit** In **ilch colour
br^iVlsg wBs nfos€ffv«e its f lowors by Dtttd^ twllp growers
If! <9arly 17th caetury. At « \ l 8 t l »« th« s t d p s d flowers
t»rortK?e by 4iif«ctee twl lp plants wars greatly prl«ee by
^b« Dutcb tb«B tb« <mifoXRly coloisma bloanM of ^ c u s
frae pl«ats« This fashion was eeacriboa as *tulip<»onia*
by Dtibos (1938) an^ th« infactaa t u l i p biooMi war* conr^aily
iiicluaaa in tha paintings by Ootch nostars in aarly 17th
cantnry.
Xt i s proposal t o invaatigata tha vlcusaa occurring
on Astaracaous omaoMntal plants , Tha stu^iaa wi l l inclw^a
tha bio logical dtiarMrtaristics «is«« tzanMtfssion, hc»t-
ranga and physical propartias of l^ta irirmi ifl^lates att K lr-
ing omaoantal plants of fradly Astarw^MW followad by
invastigation on soraa solactad vim^ra with raf<»rarca t o
purificaticxD* leorphological chazaet<»risties and s«ro l<^cal
prtq^artias. hrt attaiept would a l s o ba nm6m t o study tha
chamlcal cbar^irtaristic^ of tha vir ions aswxriatad with the
spael f ic <^isaasas, fesad om cunulatiya IqKiwladga of tha
varioos biological* chanical* physical and aorological
propartias* obtainad during tha invast igat ions, tha vlrusas
associatad with differant disaasws would ba placad in as ta-
blished groups of plant vlrusas aractad by Xntaznetional
Conrdttaa on Taxonosiy of Vixusas 'I .C.T.V,) .
3
D B V X B W OF t X T S R A T t J R B
InnaTC»xiA>l« rvport* ara «««lMi>l« on disMtiMS of
onrnvmatml plmtitm emaamO by or wu—tf to bo oousod by
plant vlntsos. In • f«w lootoneos* tho pmkhoqmim ba po
boon m^ocialvocally astabllAiatf wltb ragaatf to thoir variaus
^tazaetarlatlea i^l la in othara* tba rafsorta ara llmitad to
pralivinary Invaatlgatlona a«1tiim i t tflf fleult to asalgii
t HM to partimilar groopa* Is tba praaant raviaw an attanpt
baa baae Mada to eempila tha wall raeognl aafl ^x^a^B lAlch
bava baaa plecad In a particular grot^ of plant ^xuamm
roeognlaad by Zntamational Connittoa on ttetinony of Vlruaaa
(I.C.T.y,).
Tba ^aaerif^on atarta wltb tba aallant faaturaa of
tbo typa waatiar of tba grwxp followatf by a tabulatad Hat
of viruaaa laolatad froa nimawntal planta balonging to tba
apaelflc qxoap^ Fraqaantly* viimMa aaauaiafl to balcmg lu> a
particular group (baaatf on ineaaplata data) bava alao baac
givan a pasaing rafaranca but* aa i t «ay ba dbamnrmB, nany
jcaporta wbleh migbt aM confaalon bava baan ondttatf* Tba
inportanea of socb roporta* boMavar* can not ba Ignorad,
Vima groura bava baan divitfad an tba baaia of typa of
enelaic acia« idtapa of particla and aaaociatlon of tha y«ctor
typa*
4
Typo B!aiiA>sr
»3rplK>logy
Sadln^statioR coef f ic ient
l>iffUSiO«» CCN8fflci«Rt
tJV Abaortapcc
f^rt ia l spec i f ic volups
3P8JEC«r»t nucleic acl^
PeR;«nt proteiii
"itt^r caBipoi}«3t8
Qcnow tvp«
MK' of imcleic aei^
l^- of rrotelrs species in virion
MUslmr of protein mikmnltB
:^!i^iiri09anicity
Cvtopethie e f fect
Vector
Vims-vector reletiomrtilp
ffost-range
Ty/2 9 S/c^ t s / s t s/Vm/M>
Cauliflower leoeeic virus
Zsoaetrie* SO tm dianeter
2ee 3 •ml
^•75 X 10 caa/BGC At 260 ne, 7A^>1R1
0.704 c«V<pi
17
63
l ^ne
CincRilar tiVA, 1 f « r t i t e
5 X 10*
^CKM), 1 protein species
Ho iaAuantion
OcKXS IWHuiimyeti
CytoplAMdo e r y s t e l l i n e
ineltmioni
Hon'-persiateRt and aeni-ipersiateot
Tid»le I deals witli t ! ^ <*iff«-fKit e a u l i p o ^ m s e s
naturally occurring on omasiantal plants ana t l ^ i r synptona-tology*
mBXJS> t
5
Kkm op VIR0S/HOST snmPTma mvzmncEs
CansBtion «tehtt^ ring • i r u s
ring aii^ lii^« T»itt«m8 (1972)f
SlM>0|r«r &
notmic^ oarllag mn0 ervrnpUng of
l^ihlia mosaic victts
Tallow or p^lm qrmm inoaalc
Bri<»-ly & Smith (1950) f a^nmt (1971)
Hig1»ll l« «f>.
Patiwia valB el«arl»9 v i m a
Pat^ilf sp«
Ctilorotie bands aii^ eblcMrotle not t la
Vain elaacing
mg%mit & Kitajiina (1973)
ILasanam) i> (1973)
Cryptoqiaw t E/1 i 0 , 7 ^ * s XA • S/Va/M, Au
Typa •!—fear i Maina straalt v i n s
MorT3hol«>gy of vir ions t OaMdnata* lB»7f> nn dimtatar
6
a^^inmatrntloB eomftieitiat
rjifl^islan coef f ic ient
W AbsortMuwe
Partial apaeifie irolima
Pafc< E}t nucleic aeitf
Percent proteifi
^! ier cOHmotiertta
OmMsem type
MN of nucleic eciiS
MH o{ isrotein species in ^rlrloii
Vimb9T of protein sidtwnita
Henmogafiicity
Cytopatbic effect
Vector
Virtia-^rector reletiontf i ip
Hta st ran^e
66-76 3
Ho infcacBtttioB
At 360 rm, l»l/uq/^l
No infOTMitieB
20-30
7 0 ^ 0
Cireular* aingle stranded VISA, 2 - p e r t i t e .
0.7 - 0.8 X 10*
28«00G-34«000«
1« protein species
22
Good iuwnoQes Viius per t i c l e s foimd in cytoples9i*# nucleus and micleolua.
Whiteflies and leef hoppers
Persistent
•ainroif <»• variable
No geminivirus has yet bean isolated froai an omtfwntal
plant. However* verioaa diaeeses vectored by eh i t e f l i ea have
been reported froK omawentel plants* Reeent reporta have
Shoen that flMMst of the e h i t e f l y vectored diaeeaee are eeuaed
by gemlniviruses (kHirstair« 1^1) • As sec^ i t appaera that the
eiammauB vcctarag by i«)itef 11«8 i c ottmmmntMl plants i ay
a l s o turn out t o b« acm or tb« ot^«r ^HWdLni E d* Leaf
curling sYieptaKis oe Zinnia s iSSSm <^thur* 1933) • t>ft a|rqqp|yff
(Hc%l <Mrt©r, 1957), Hibiscus roa«al«MB«is (Vmrtm, 1<562).
iBmatians baloaciina (Varma & Sin^« 1973), topinus sp. (Varm«,
1974). Sapocarla vaccaria CVazna, 1974). vain yellowing of
Salvia s^landans ^wtm, 1974). A^^^^fa SSSm CSrlvastava
^ HJ... 1978). Aqorattai; sp. (Srivastava JSl &!•« unriubllah^e
i^ata. 1*^4) an** i«osalc or ^Idac iN^aic ayfuptcem or roses
(BImrvnra & JosM. l'>62> Saatry. 1966) ara aoina of th**
r^laaases of orrap'^stal plants tranae^ttatf by wlsit^f l i e s . Tba
pathogens of thaae <*i^Mis«s are at preswJt «ispect«d t o be
the ai^^bers of <7€BE irivims QrcfKUfy, Their peraitiva inclusion
In t h i s grour. howev«»r. atiaita I'^ta on r«r t i c l« aorphology
oiWJ other characteris t ics of the grcmp.
Cryr»tograBi s R / l i L l / I * •©•7(e,3)/L*tS/StSA«^3
Tyce mm^oer t Broma »c»aic virus
Morphology of vlricn^s i Isometric. 26 r«! f»iMPeter
SaeiRi^rttation coef f ic ient » 65 S (of cctfTptsruaart reer'ei? for infectic»i)
Diffusl^wi coeff ic ient » Ko i r fomat ioe
s
TTV Absi»banc«
F«rtlal speci f ic voltar«
PercflRt tiuelcic aei^
P^rce^t pTOt9lfi
•^thar components
Grnioum t-ype
Hfc" of rmclmie acilP
9
t
t
f
t
i
f
At 26© tm, *=A?^^1
c».7 €m /<gm
20
Bfi
fknio
LliHNir^ 3 p « r t l t «
l « l X 1 0 * , I X 10^ s€
KN of protein specie* 4» vir ion t 20«00C« X protelii ^peclas
HoMber c£ protein «3lMa<s *
liMRsmogeBlclty *
Cytopethic e f fect »
Vector »
Vlr«s-v<?ctor relatl<»i9Mp «
Host rmnge »
0006 lariawigep
Vlroe pert lc lee foia-^ Ir cytoplean
Beetles
Fer8iet«s»t
Karrow
Only tbree isertbers of the group are VnowR vl««« Brc»e
iBOsele v i m s (mw), bros^ been iROttle ritwi C8»w) ar«*
c*»*p«*» chlorot ic mottle vlroa (CCMV), WBMV lies hmm r&rort^
t o in HiC4» rott l lng* reductic^ In leaf e l s e «M^ ^efteral
sti]f>tli»g In mm&t f Mia (Sitith^ 1972) n ^ I e BHV eanses i?»e»aic
s iRptans in Loliiya ff^|<^f|ogui8 (Kliii^OMiVl 6 Kreut^brg, 1<»58),
9
Tyipm
SssssEOssiaLsasssm
I B/lf 2.1A*^ •1»4A* «S/3 t5 /r , V«/C1
t CowpCMI IROMllC VlZttS
Morphology of irirlons
S«diiR«R^«tion coeff ic i«f^
Diffosion co«fflei«Bt
tJV AbsoztMre*
Partial spael f ie ^roltaw
P«re«Rt ruelttic acid
Paxcaot protaln
'^her cotiwjaopeptg
GotsopMi typa
MM of Ruclalc aeld
MW of protein spoelaa Ifi v ir ion
RuBtMir of protein stAxmlta
XHminiogaiilclty
Cytopathlc affact
Vector
Vlxva-vector relatlanaMp
Host raiH^
Isovatrle , 28 am dla»ater
116 St 95 3
1.30 X 10"'' cii?/S
At 260 wmt 12.S* 6*2 and lOAtg/hl
l9o loffMnoatlon
35
65
Soca
IdCMar, 2 partita
2.1 X Iffit 1.4 X 10^
18000«2«00er 37000-49000 2 proti^B apaelaa
60
OOOdI IflHItllOQaR
Veslcttlata-vaeuolata mn^ cytoplaaade eryatalllra InelQalORa
Sarrov
CoRtovlrus group Includa twalva <*aflnitlva ana a few
poaalbla waalaara, Oat of thaaa nlna era reported^ fro*
legnmM* MMS oca attbh froai eniell^ra* euenucblta and
19
solaiuMMMfus p l a n t s , AffCMagst tt«m «Bly R ^ l a * iposalc
"Virus i s IcnoMB t o n a t u r a l l y iefaert a few ortiemmtml rjlerta
(Tcbla- TI ) .
TABI.S- XT
H^ST snmpT^ma HEFERSFCfci
P^J^TMPlffl SP< PJ^rrotic l e s i o r s aaiit^ (i*???)
^n»?l,.<?;^^ l^vi^m 3 y s t c » i c ROttla
^rm^mm sMVf^Mlf9Uvm ^^^ic
awith (1^72)
PlaVol l i & St«f»rers (!<576)
Cryi3tCKjr»W! i R/l« l,4/L* t S/S t S/C, VeA"!
Type m&t^bmx • 3«»uth<!src be«is esoaaie irinis
Horpbology of v i r i o n s s Isemctrie* 28-30 nr f'iarQt<»r
Sedimentation co@ffici«WJt • 112-115 S
Dlf f t i s ioe c o e f f i c i a n t » 1»3« x 10^ cna / sac
UV M>sorbenca s At 260 n u 5,e5/teg/^l
l ^ r t i a l apwcif le volur« « 0 ,696 -0 ,7 ctei^/gm
11
Pareoi^ Boclele ^ 1 ^
Pejccent prot«lB
ottvsir campOMmtB
Ovaamm typ«
MM of micl«le acid
MM of protein species in virions
Vivashmr of prot«»in sutoonits
im^uno^Hiicity
CytopB^hic sffact
V«etor
Viiu»-¥»ctor mlationfliiip
lfost-*ning«
20
60
Lia«ftr« 1 partis*
27700-3e<X»0, 1 protein spaeies
180
Qoofd immmog&n
Virua partlclaa found in cytoplaaat* nnelami and vBCttOla
Parsiatant
Karrow
?h« Xntamational Comtiittae on Taxonoeiy of VixnsmB
(Z.C.T.v.) haa accaptad tha araetion of this group inclut^ing
southazn baan noaalc vixua (S8KV)« coelrafoat aiottla vinsa
(Cf MV)« rica yallow mottSa vlma tRW9}, aowbana irasaic
iriras (So MV) M»9 turnip roaatta voaaic vlros fTMo sv) as
manbara. NOIMI of th«i« howairar isaa baan raeovdad on
omsnertal planta*
12
Cryptogrmm « R/l • 2 A * » S/3 s S/y*>«l
7yjp« fMRlMir t !himip y»llow noaalc vizos
Morpliology of virioiui
Sadlawntation coefflclotit
Diffusion c4M»fflcl«nt
tlV A)>8<»ZIMIBC«
l^rtlttl irpeclfle roIiXM
Pnrcmik tmcleie acl^
P*re««t f»rotttln
other eoeapooflfits
OcHnoiNi ^9P^
Mif of nucl«ic acid
mf of prot«ln speelos In virion
nvt^bmr of pnc^elo suSxailta
nKmnoqpn Icl t y
CytopBthie offect
Vector
Virus-vector r«laitloiMililp
Hoat nr.qm
XscMMtrlc* 3 ^ tm iMMkt^r
115 @
1.51 «w» 1,55 K 10*'' eips/sec
At 360 m^ 9»6 ing^l
^•733 CfliV^i
35
6 5 MM9 1<KI
1 percHHRt «p«nnldlr«
ZdiMHir* 1 fjartlto
2 X 10*
195eO-205»H», 1 protftlr •peel Ml
189
Oooa iMwiiogMi
I>oiib3« MPt>r«t«-bound vvs ic les In ctilfMToplAvt* WRt'ity protoln «lv«lla i s noelol
Qwotl^M
nodiorato
T imviruMMi h«v« boMR z«port«d frow most parts of tha
world, novvrtholo^ Icdlviatal tjmtfwimmmm ammm t o b« ros tr l -
ct«9 t o certain geoqaraphloil areata. Slxtoan dlffarart
13
vtrtfmB having b««tl« vectors haiym b««n • s s S ^ « ^ t o t'ppo-
virus qrtyai>m 'Out of tbeso or ly c l i t o r i s y»llow vsln
virus (CYW) occurs ns turs l ly on sa omsRNMRtal plont
(Cl i toris t s m s t s s ) prochieiiig vsin ysllowing sifSTtoins
(BocJr jtt * ! • • 1973),
RTA COr?PMKIKG APHID TUMtSHTrrSD I30WETRIC VIRII3ES
Cryptogrss* t R/l t 7mO/L 4- l « 6 / t i S ^ > S/Ve/Ap
Typs mantosr i Broa^ bssn v i l t v i m s (aBWV)
ftorphology of virions
Ss^Fj^Rsntstion coof f l c i er t
Diffusion coef f ic i snt
nv AbsoztMn^
Z^rtlsl spoei f ie VOIUBM
Par esnt nucleic se ia
Per cent protein
<^her eoB^MSnerts
Omnoam type
MW of nucleic ac l*
KW of protein species In virion
Ntefeer of protein jnAmnits
XnsBiuiogsrielty
I sons tne* 2S nsi aisswtcKr
126 Sf 100 3
Vo Infonnt ian
Ro i n ^ n s s t i o n
ffo InfomstloR
2? sn^ 33
«7« 78 sntf 100
X4nesr« 7 p s r t l t l e
1.6 X 10*f 2 X 10®
26000y 42000 2 protein species
60
Poor immmoqmi
14
C^Ofiathlc ef fect
Most ranrr«
t > -bo<»l«s# c rys ta l l l f se . shemt ««• tiAwlar a r rays
t t i ^ - re r3 ls te r t
t-> F« causer' by a s t r a i r of ^'^uv fT^ali ^fe § ! • • 1 9 ^ ) .
Rac@Btly, QBAf has «3so b^er rf^corS^d cm B^joamif^ s?>. sbowlng
l<=iaf B-ottlJrq, rir^f? s r o t s and r^tc^r growth of p lan t s
Cloclrliart £ B&twtoie, 1*^2>•
CrvrtograBi s R/181.3/?* +1.1A"^ •r,eCf^.3)A^ « 3/3 t 3/C, Ve/Ar
TVrs P5^*Mir » CiKn3t<*»«r mosaic v i ru s
Morriholo<7y of v l r l o r s »
5«f»li?'af»tatl<W! roef fJc len t t
Dlff t is lor coe^'flcJ^st »
P a r t i a l 9Tw«lflc voltasm »
r e r e e r t r u c l e l c ac l^ i
r e r c ^ r t p ro te in »
itl*'»r copp«p<w«»*.ts »
I s o r e t r l e , 2*? np <^iai^tar
«'•«> 3 < <* c o r t x j r e r t r9«<*ef» f o r i n f a c t J o c )
1.7^-1.35 X i r ' ' c r s / s e c
At 26P r?B5, 5A^/i^l
'^•701 €m / g r
l e
82
I ot=a
15
MW of imcl«dc acl^
FW o f p r O t f l l S St>9Cl«« in virion
f^vBRher of proteiu stibtmi t s
IftsDunogenlcity
CTtopttthic s f faet
Vector
Vimm-^nctOT rclatlon-sMp
Host rsB^v
t LiiM«r
» 1.27 X 10*f 1*13 3t le^f 0*82 X 10*
t 24500
t leo
t Ooo^ imrvsnogun
« Cytoplaoieic cnr«t*lliiM
•99r«9it«s nost ly i s mesorhyll
t Af lh i^s
t I30tM!l|)«rsiSt«K)tt
t mem
Ctxnsnovims gronp InelisAaa oply thr«*» well ttStidDlishe^
fRCBixsrs vi«« ciie»rt»«r nosttie* piiaput stmit VD& toieato aaperwy
virus«s« Table ITI ^aals witti na^ra l oceuraRca of t%ro
cucuTiOvinsaaa on omaawntal plattta and thair ayRptoastology.
P(»antit sttmt i^rua« howavar* has not baae reporte^ t o cause
any (^isaasa in otnanaiitaila*
TAaiS^ H I
l?AME np VTRUS/HOSnP ffJMPTOf© i^FBR-:rx;ss
CucoRtMHr v»oaaic vijrtis (CMV)
Stunting euznatt (1* 34)
T»bl«-. TTI coilt<*.«.
l b '
1
D«lt^i|il|gn rnp*
Lvelads «lba
Zinnia Bpm
^fftfYlllf »P»
Uaum mtaatsuaa.
& £aUft sp*
9§sa^ a ^ i m i i
Anita
^NirsiffWi £iatfid^ m^nmfin »P*
mmtimm oarvif loia
I^e£cii2iy^ sp*
2
Ring «P0fe
Mosaic
Mosaic
Mosaic
Mosaic
Mosaic
Mottling* yallaM>i lng» r i n ^ and l ina pi^tams
Mosaic
m.16 rott ia* vain yallowing aiM" oaJt-laaf pattam
MMMIC
Mosaic
Mosaic
Aiint chlorot ie pat^aa and ch 3 orotic rin^i
3
Briarlay (1944)
I'laan & Jnt^nson (1951)
AMtn & Jii^nsor (1951)
P»sa<^ & te3K:haur'httri (1961)
atouffar (1963)
Mails sSi §X* (1964)
» Bruekbauar (1966)
Maallar (1966)
LowsOR (1966)
Bxtmt (1966)
Tmnrm & roifura (1967)
Prica (1<»40)> I»ola> (1967)
Xnova (1*56<»)
Jaaninu
Conte",
Tabl«- I I I cont^.**.
i?
1
^hH^lMSlM, SdSiiM.
SaavtimiUm sMfSk
£al2i4^ arqffltrH
SH&tSft 8P«
flMl9ly« sp* Utora 9)>*
I l l y
SmBmclo kmmmtm3f±
Sianoft usssai
Asiffifthua nollltf
^9Mli<^lt 8p«
MssBfeg ilffntai
a
MOMSe
Mottl ing «n0 erlnlcllBg
Mosaic
Mosaic
*
*
3
t^tarworth (1971)
3<Amiet (1972)
BaxMftt 6 Baxter <1973}
Horvath (1973)
•Joshl g^ §X* (1974)
Prowltfantl (1975)
Dls tor t«0 co lour Fln lay (l<>75) broltsB flowof* and m y t t l i i ^
•
Mosaic
Mosaic
*
•
Mosaic
Mosaic and laa f aafOfna^lOB
Dwarf l e g and d a c l l o c l a bloQsa
Mosaic
KamlRska (1975)
t«at«rwortb & I>ovl^ (1975)
Allan (1975)
ffltsany (1975)
Ragoaslno & Stafan l s (1975)
Joshl ti Duba (1972) Sang & Varna (1975)
RagwislBo (1978)
Maranl ^ Pi s i (1976)
(1976)
Cont^«««,
IS
Tftbl*- ITZ coetiS**.
1
fsiMsas^m «p*
SiEMmkL sl^saBi^
^simMaSsm
Is^^sttoi j s i m
y^pp^ y<wp<
lb?»msffli ^ B O O j m
Calandnl* offielimlAa
S ^ l o l M «P»
P»l»rqo i i i iqB s p «
P«§tl^ll^ 8P«
H4pp>atiBaB luisziayBi
tfvosofeidim horliMiMl*
Sastffiiim £3aaa
A<uq« gfpfcanfl
2
l4«f cwrling
M S M i c
Noaaie
MOOftiC
Mosaic
yiowCT b«eaiM
*
Monle
M9amlc
Mosfliie
*
S«V«X« MHMlie
R i»98pOt« l i M I l»tt«jm and seattazvd 7«12ov 8pc»fca
3
(1976)
Chuyac «^ a l , (1977)
Mtnrrla-rralnich (1978)
SiBgh at a l • (1978)
Kariani at al» (1978)
Halrlcart (1979)
^ s a j l a l . (1979r
Stain a t l i « (1979)
Schnats fir Kagler (1979)
Pzakaab 6 Joahi (1979)
Kiai J&. a i . (1961)
Thonaofi (1961)
(1962)
Shidcla & Oou^ (1963)
Cont^,
19
T^l«-. XII contd . . .
Tomrto mMpmxmy vixv» (ThV)
sp*
AspfHEmy
Floww distor t ion aittf d^pressioca or r»y f l o r a l
Kositslrii (1975)
Qtaptm 6 S i n ^ (1981)
XnfozMtion not «v»il«bl««
As ammn from tebla I I I CMV appoan t o ba a potent
tbraat to ornMRantale, aw haa witfa boat rango# aiM* is
trananittad by ai?hida i n a noe peraiatant aianrar. Thaaa
cTisraetars naira i t coevaniaRt for Uia iriiua to apraai* froai
<mm t o apotbar plant of tba 8p«ciaa and froas plant to plant
balonging to ^i f farant taxonoaiie ganara*
20
TyT>e fwrtier t Berley yellow « w»rf v i m s
ftorphology of virion*
S^insntat lon eoefficle«tt
^Ifftisiofi coefficimit
UV Ab3orbac»«
rairti«l ar^clflc VOIUBC
Per cetst rucledc aci<^
Per c«iit protein
'^her coB^pommite
Gmmctm typm
MW of rucle lc aci^
HW of f»roteiii sr»«cles lu
t
f
s
t
i
1
t
1
3
«
t
IsoM^tric* 25 i»B aiareter
115-127 3
no Inforraetldr
At 260, 7/tagABl
Mo icformtitlcm
28
72
NOIM
linear* 1 part i te
1.9-2,0 X 10*
22600-56000 virions
liiailMir of proteis auborits s
Iiwsunogttr.lcity t
Cyfcopftthic «ff9Ct •
Vector s
Vlrua-veetor ralatloiisMp •
Host ran^e s
1 i:»rotQin spaelea
Ko ififojCBAtian
Ck;>oa Isrunogmnt
Ic«uff ic l««t ly eJairsctT.rJ 3€K»
Aphi^0
Peralatertt
iiarroif
Tti« mnbemi of t h i s group via.* Barley yellow d% rf
(Btrv), beet western y e l l o w (BWW), Turr.lp yellows tn\: ^v),
Pea leaf ro l l (Pe LiV), aojfeeai^ d%airf (SDV), solamim yellot*«
(SYV) ac<' rotato l«sf rol l viruses are not >noi«r to c€snse
any disease <m oni»aeetal plants*
?A
P— egatdon m^Ui wima 'group'
Type ir)«3 »er s l aa er^tion iROsaic virus
ftorpbology of virions
B^eimmitMtiati coef f ic ient
Dlffusloti coef f ic ient
tJV Absozbam;e
r'^rtial speci f ic volu8«
Percent nucleic ecid
Percent protein
"^ber campcmemta
GetJoBs© type
M6I of nucleic acia
H^ of protein species in virions
K\iB*>er of protein autnmits
Tnsucogerilclty
CyfcOpetMc ef fect
Viactor s
Vlruis-vQctor r«?latlanshlp i
Host ranqe »
Xsoawtric* 28 tm dl«»@ter
112 s (of c<3mr<memt ne«»ed for Infection)
1»B9 X 10 cmi/aec
»o information
Po infoztnetion
27-26
72-73
Son©
Unesr* 2 p s r t l t e
1,4 X 10*1 1.7 X 10*
21800^ 1 protein species
145 or 180
Good lemmoQam
Dotj3)le-<«»ecA>rBBe bour«? ves i c l e s eofttsining DKIA f i b r i l s in
Apiii^s
Persi8t«3t
Hsrrov
l^etural infection of PStw in orra^xsntaJ rlants
ofcher than In Lathvrus o^orstus (Hull & Selran« 1965) has
not bew? recorded.
22
l a ^ CltvTAI?IKG^ l AFI ' rTBR ' 'RIVP frr-gD IS^^r^TRlC VIRUSES
HorHtr»icK|y of v l r l ' ^ s
CI f u s i o n cc^ff le laf t t
P'artlal s p e c i f i c voltaw
Perc^ftt o r o t e l n
Gerofm tyve
t^ oi cttclelc acia
fn« of pro te in anvciem In vl'-lf^r?
Nuwtser of t>rot«ln duftjurits
immmogrnilclty
Cytopi th lc effecrt
Vector
virus-^^etor relationship
Host rarge
Tsoinetrlc, 30 r*r (^lae^eter
175-183 S
Ko Infoxmitlofi
At 260 cnR« S.^AKXABI
Ko Infoznet lor
36
64
Ncase
U n o a r , 1 t « r t l t e
3.2 X 10^
leOOOj 30000 of 2 i5rot*^liJ 8p€clp«
No Infoxraatlon
Ooo^ ixmotiogmi
DcBf sm Q n i n u l ^ lis c^torlesi i
hoBf h o r y r s
I^OR-t»3Z91st «Ct
Harrow
Halx« c M o r o t i c ^^«rf anf ricm t^ jgro v i r u s e s
ccMfistlfute t h i s grout». 'Stiese are not IrnoMn t o occur
n a t u r a l l y on omtstfioitals.
23
Type iimnriliiiir t wcKam? tumour virus
Zscnetrlc* 70 m dlMHitcr ^risholocnr of vlrloiw
S«^iRiantatloti coef f ic ient
Dl f u s i o n coHtffldect
Jf9 Abeoxberce
Pttrtlel speci f ic VOIUIM
Percfffit nucleic acid
Percent |>roteln
0th ep component 8
OencwM type
ffl# of nucleic ecld
MI; of protein apeclee In vir ion
RuBber of protein subm^ltfl
Zinranoger I d t y
Cytopethlc e f fect
Vector
Vlxus-vector reletlonahlp
Host mnge
510 S
Mo Infoxstatlon
8o infooMtlon
No Infometlon
27
78
None
Double stren^eA RRAf 14 nee r. OenoBw bee 12 pert (3)
t largest genoeie segment 3 x 10
7 le^roteln speclesf Larg^rt IKTOteln 160000-190000
9o Infoxwetlon
Ooo6 lavuBogen
Cytopleseilc c rys t e l l lne InclueiODS of eggregete^ virus part i c l e s
Leaf hoppara
Persistent
I9erraif
^ l y two mmkfxm v ia .* %KKmP turour virus (wrv) end
r i c e dwarf vlrua (BTV) are Included in t h i s group. A praba-
b l e Hiytoraovlrus hes been Isolated fron 11 Ilea slwwlng
syn^oas of stunting^ dhlorotie BNjttllng and ctosaic witb
necrotic fleclring (Varna pt a l .^ 197<i}*
24
TolaiKico ggcrosf f v i n i » 'grout?*
Cryptograw » T(/l s 1»5A"*^ t 3 /3 » J/Ve/Fu
Typ© tmHrmr t Tobacco necz^^ls v i m s
H^TfAiology of v i r i o n s «
SmBlK'mitmticm c o e f f i c l a n t t
Diffusl<wt c o « f f i c i « J t 8
?JV Ab80£l>srce s
Par t ia l s p e c i f i c volvara t
Perc€«st mic l« ic a c i e «
Percaot prote in «
"Jther co^T«on©nts t
G*?no*m type «
?w of nwcle ic aci<! t
MV< of nrot^Jn Sf^icies s Jn virl<»s
Ku^Mir of protCfJn subur i t s i
Immnogei^icity »
Cvtopathic e f f e c t %
Vector t
Virus-vector r e l a t i o n ^ i l p >
Host rang* s
Xsa^atric« 26-30 rte eiaipeter
l i e - 1 3 3 S —7
1.2 X 10 cs»3/s@c
/ t 260 riB, *y^SmS/mg/ifl
No Infozesation
e i
Mneer# 1 p a r t i t a
1.3 - 1.6 X 10^
3000-330^0? 1 TMTOtein s p e c i e s
leo
Good iRmrKxjec
CytoT^laatRic cr^/stal.1ine i i ^ l us i cms
Ko i n f o m a t i o n
Wic a
"Wie ijrouT^ irjcliides two iseotbers v i a . , tobacco re<ros l s
vixtjs (Ttv) ane cucuRfcar nocros i s v i r u s (C*^) es a l s o t l ^ l r
s a t e l l i t e viruso®. Tnly T^'V hag b«©r r e r o r t ^ *-n fr-cvr
nmtnraT^v nti o r r a r e r t s l p l o r t s fTabla IV),
TABiM' IV
25
HOST
Tulip
qiadlQlug dp.
Tulip
STB^PSOt^
Lar^ necrotic potchtts cm leaved
Augusta dl8«aso
Augusta dls^UM
Augusta aisaasa
hhF^BE^ChS
nc^ixa (1963)
da Bxuy&« Oubotar & Slogtaxae (1949) Mowat (1970)
l^altslcl l (1975)
Potsaargla (1976)
mh ooBfTAxmua^ nsjunpom i^AiiagTTED ISOMBTRIC vnaiasa
SSBSS£L
Cryptogran s K/ l*2 .eA* + 1,3-2«4A* t 3/S » 3/C# VV*ia
T^»« B oribar t TGI^OCO rlcgspot virus
Mor|;^)ology of v i n o » t
SadlisMQtatlcm cxmttlcimat f
ii^ffualoo e o a f f l c l ^ ^ i
UV AbsoxbCBioa f
Partial sp«cl f lc iroluMa $
Parcitfst Rucl^c a d d t
ParcMit psotaln i
Xsoraatrlc* 26 en dl^ȣtar
115*134 3 (of oampanmo^, naadad for Infactlon)
1,59 X 10"''
At 260 wm^ 10 wgAsX
Bo Icf omatlMi
40
60
26
'Ttlier coffifiOMmtM t Vonm
Grnicmm tjv * Mneiir, 2 psrtitm
MW of Ruclttic acid t 1,3 - 2 ,4 x lO^t 2.8 x 10^
MW of prot«ln spoci«s t 540(>0-6f>f»00y In vlrlcm 1 protAln ap«cl«s
tTuuftser o* rrot«ln mdawnlto* 60
Inrtiroowcilclty • Goo<« lrnuno(?4ni
Cytopetbic aff MCt t Vesiculat* R«f!rt>rBnoua boeios*
Part ic les allgr*** within ttibl«s«
Vector t NeRatocfes
Vlrus-vactor relationship t Fo Infomatlon
Host range » Wli'e
^'«fxyviru8 group Incltx^as slvtinn) ^aflnlt lvv members
ana flv« tantatlva veKbars. Tha <l*eflnltlva mmibmrm hava
baan ^ivt^eS Into safvaral mjhqraapm «l)lcb ara aarologlcalJy
tuiralatad* Hapovlruses, as saM) froR table V have bean
isolatet* froe several omaiNMrital plants causing v l l ^ t o
severe <^l3easas. Although, the vectors of t h i s group of
viruses are l e s s mobile ai^ so i l boma !fst bemusa of the ir
wlda host range* the viruses are pxarvalent In several crona,
horticultural plants and waads*
27
MAMS IF VIRtJS/ffTSr 1
TABZf-. V
Tobacco r ingsrot vlrua (TRSV)
J»n?«UsEji »T «
Gla<?lQlU« TO.
Aremon*
Vipca 3SS3SSL
PotuuJa «m.
SYt^Pft^
2
Rlrgapott lng
Crlrltl lBc of l eaves anfi stiffit lcg
Necros is
ti«cr<^ic I s s i o r s , spditiasty an<* in%iardi c u r l i n g of l e a f wsrg irs
tmzir grs«n r»osaic ar^ 9catt:«Hrsd 7«ll0fif or t iMta aroas .
PETEP rCES
3
Prlca {l'>4r)
Brlar ly & Smith (I960)
Kol l ings (1965)
ficlaar (1965)
(1969)
Rosa
Gladiolus m>.
Rlcgsrot t ing
R i » g s p o t t l i ^
Crln>llR9 of laav«3 aiM9 BtttntlBo
RlngsTtottlng
crei?et^ y«i3ow i««f St30t
Rli»gsTM3t# o»ottla ana l e a f blaacMng
Me(*anlal a t ftl* (1971)
Smith (I'^TJ)
atelth (1972)
SBlth (197?)
Khar fc Kaxvell (1975)
TeeVle (1076)
*teterworth t Povlsh (1077)
LocVhart & B«taolf^ (1979)
C o n t r . , . ,
"al^l©- V cc^t**.
28
tp^%i,^^ ^%^n an<» iitmttlng
LocVhart &
Arabls ffiosaic v ims
'"arciastis sr^,
tl l imf! tlarlryiii
JasiPictjis jBesRvi
Mosaic
I'^lrrt cMoroaJs
Rlcfjsrot af5^ llis« riat;'-«rr
Ha»r-rt ^ j ^ . (1Q72)
Ptairarl £ Pacc lo l l 1'374)
Watervort-b
A^Jes (2-576)
Kovalr £ Larz-Tvs
(197<»
Towato rJrgsnot vlrua
PeUrcrorlw sv>.
PelarcKgiJB^ s p .
• osBBto b l s c k r l r n v i m s CTBPV)
I r g a r o t t l c g
Plow«rlii9 l a
Curling, ^mfnrvm-t l o r of l eaves
with ring sbar fw" r'ark SfHJts
Keinp (logo)
(l-^Tl)
Chrlsteri*^«- f
(i'^65)
Cfwitc',
T)|bl«-> V COBt<*»».<
29
y f ^ i f w i »p* Curling* tfefo: tioD of l«av«« v l th ring sbapsil darlt spots
Bmrnxhrnrry rinriepot vicus (RRSV)
Iwaki 6 Koauro (19S9}
ThORis««r) (1970)
StrstAMuny l«t«Rt rinqanot -WitVB (SLRSV)
R08«
?!^ygifffuf »p»
chlorot lc rliH»-pOttll^ MM* •tisntixm
SwMt (107S)
Bel3art*i & GmlU (1964)
Zafon^tion not «iNillabl««
Be8l<!«8 th« nettirftlly occitrltig (*l««es<Mi on omeiP«rt«l
plants iii«f)tio»«!(* «bovfi« m fmt vm^avir^&mm luivs besn idiown
t o infect omafBontal pl&nts during cBcpsrinsntal tnesiRission*
30
Typ« iRaRt>«r « ToBwito spotterfl %rtlt v i m s
Morphology of viriatiu
S«dliMHRtatlaR coe f £iei«ist
rslffu«ic«n co«ff lc laf»t
t?V AbSQldMURCa
r « r t i « l s p e c i f i c vohmm
Par cent ime l9 i c ecl«'
P«r c««»t prote in
'^tber eoRipcMrients
QmnoKm type
MW of m]c l« lc e c ld
MK of •^rotelfj s p e c i e s Ir v i r i o n
!?u»t>er of prote in subtmlte
Tnpunogwnldty
Cytopethlc e f f e c t
Vector
VI rue-vector r«latloi}Si)ip
Host lenge
TeoMitrie, enveloped* 85 rm
550 S (of cowponent needed ct-HfumieiiL. blon; for Infect ion]
Ko infoniMtioR
Kb Inforrat lon
Wo infonBBtlon
5
70
20K lipid* S9S cerbohy[!*rete
Linear* 4 partite
1.9 X 10*f 1.3 X loS 1.7 X 10^
2.6 X 10*
4 protein species* 78, 58* 52* 27
19o i n f o r m t i a n
FOOT li«!^unogee
Xnclusions of diagnostic value
Thrlps
FarsistffiBt
Wide
31
T :;cv h«s ht^mi o f gr«^t lm:^^r»st t o f jetholoolsts
hf3er»»'se of8 ii) tlK^ r lseases I t causes t o several ^conafnic
orrer«Bta l r l t m t s (11) I t s ex*-r<»nely wl(*« l iost r»r<5»
(J 11) I t s t ra rs r i ss lem by t b r l w i ( Iv) th«i v a r l e t v of
85iBptriE« I t I s capable o^ l»w*i5clng <» th« saiw boat sr*«cl«o
aw* I t s c o r r a l a t l « r %#lth the age acr' r « t r l t l * w : a l ata ies of
the T>l©rt as we l l as aravlrorap-art Cv) tha a b i l i t y of the
ri^^ca^s t o r*H-oBri>iiie ata* pro^Hice a wl«®e apectnua of var ian ts
<8eat# 1968) ar<* (v i ) belfjg ar envalor^^ spt^arlcal vinw^
Tjv.v i s a «»i f f icu3t v i r u s w i th regarr^ t o I t s IsoJa-
t l o t j ar^ a t ^ y of i ^ v s l c a l ard ch*»l<Mil chazs^rterl s t i e s .
I t has been reportai^ t o rause va r iab le aymfstcmm i n several
o r ra re t i ta l p lants (Table- VI)
TABIE- VI
F ^ T S"¥*'PT'^S REPBRSf CSS
^^Qf t ff im?^^l,^^jff Ca^lorOtlC 3T>OtS aui^ sttsfsting
Ounpf fc Waetbors (1*5*7?)
.Bflay^^^a g ^ r ' ^ f H t
a l i a pa1M^t r ig %<ttitish yellmtf ST>ots arc' streairs
f lo%«rstal l f
Yaimeoto & Thata Cl'*??)
Pu r i s t i c ^ a l . (i*y73)
Cor t d ,
Table- VI cou-tf*...,
32
flower <'«for!«atloR
CM«^rotlc c*©gs*iera*:ic«n
FlcHisar daformotlan axH coloiur brealtlng of f^stals
Calerr 'r la offAclral i f King p o t t l e
Cjperar ia a r .
RiBj ffoeti«
i8!f-l«af pattarr
FrarsVll & Ha*-* a (1981)
FraKkll f. r a t t a (1181)
Frar>l l f I'jatta (I'^ei)
FrarVii f !a t ta (1*381) Pri?ir>ll t I 'atta (I'^ei)
Prarlfii i Fat te ( loei)
C^acfiolu^ sp.
LUPJIIOS ST>.
Flower coloiir brea9t« nialfonnatloR arr' stur^tlug
Rlr^ vattmm aRf' f ' l s t o r t l o r of leav^i
KeisTar & Ii!5a<*rierah (1 "^1)
Karrar £ I«a<»nQrah (K*ei)
2^,rrl^ fi^?<^^,^ Ring p a t t e r r Vsrrar f I«ac*rar,«h (1 ©1)
» Irfonnatlor not available
0 JO
TyD« o* fscsffcen Tat>acGo str^alr v i r u s
J '^r t^oJogy of v l r l o r s t
Ser ' l iwsr ta t lcr c o e f f i c i e n t »
Isoir.«trlc# 76-3 S rar f* l«rc ter
^*5-lie 3 (of coraf>orei5t rfes^ot* f o r lufec t lOR)
TUffmsitm coaff jc i^r^t
•IV AbsoytMirco
P a r t i a l s p e c i f i c vol«i»«
Per c«r5t n u c l e i c ac id
P«rc*a?t t>rot«ln
• ^ b e r c^;p?rorem:s
Gesntmm tyr>«
H; of m j c l e l c acli"
1
I
t
t
«
s
t
t
No irfortmtiOKt
At 26C5 riP, 5 .1-5 ,3/BM3A«1
Ko i B f o r ^ a t i o n
14-.16
64-e6
KOIS©
hit^&r, 3 r e r t l t e
1.1 X 10^> f .<? X IC^j f*.
HW of WOtellS ST«5Cl«S If! vlritMJ
t 750CC-2750f»f 1 o r o t e l n ST3«cles
Kia!*>«r of T>roteln s u b u r i t s s ?o ir*=an»atloD
I»pufso<|«-lclty t Poor Itentnogen
Cytorsathlc o f foc t •
Vec tor a
V i r u s - v e c t o r relat loKS*)lp «
Host range t
Vini« r w r t l c l o s In cytor'lasiR
Leaser VKowrAjrlfrowra
Ko ln*orRi8tl<w>
vrie'e
34
Th« groap IrcltK*** 10 tmll c»«fln«<' vlruaca out of
**!lch only 7 iranbttrs v i s . * Pn»m« B'^crotle rlngsrot virus
(Pf R3V) tu\^ tobacco strea* vinsa (T3V) have beer rerorte*^
to cause natural infection on oma»flnt»l plants*
PNR jV has bear Isolate** frow roses showln? iROsalc
ajff^oma (Cardin & Devergne« 1975), I t c^elays the cw set
of flowering an* retftaces the 8i«e an# rrewber of blooBMB in
roses (ThoRWss, 1*^2).
JRecently* an \inlr?entifie0 l larvlrus has hemn foanf
t o cause rJngsr>ottin9 anrf l ine patterns in Aaarvllis
bellai*ona (Srlvastava ^ §X»» tmpubllshec? ^ata« l<5e4^,
Cryptoqrmm t R/1 i 1»5A » 3/S • s /n
Type Bwsntoer » Tomato bushy stunt virus
Morphology of virl<»s
SeaiiRentatlor coeff ic ient
Piffosicm coeff ic ient
TJV Absorbance
Partial speci f ic volusw
IH»n:ont nucleic acia
Percent protein
Other components
Isometric* 30 rm i^iaineter
132-140 S
1.22-1.26 X 10* eais/sec
At 260 no», 4.S/a9/Btl
0,7-^.71 en /gm
15-18
62-85
i one
35
f^ o€ nucleic acl6
t Xdnesry 1 partlt©
t 1.5 - 1.7 X 10^
MW Of prot«irk s p e c i e t 2 protdln spec ies . i r v i r i o n 84rtH3-.90ftOOf 280^0-29000
Mi: ber of protein satouolts
Ir* unc^ericity
Cyfcopathlc e f 'act
t 1 (n j ror ) SUTK! 180 (csiajor}
t Ooor' i«^«lnog«r
8 Crystal31ii« eytop3a»Klc lnc3uslor«
of r^ia^oa-tic value
I f^ot >row^
Virus-v«ctor relatl«»i- t Wot Irnowi ship
Hoai: racge I Wi<«e
To(rl>uav3rtif?9S were rej* eorslt'ere* as acofinndcally
iarportent p»ttj€>iers t i l l J960 but aftnrwar^'s an increasing
maa*-»®r o* 'r93 ^ i so la te s causing serious rlson'eiB Ir rany
plants %N»re observer!. At present ^laht PBflWbers are
recr»<3fnlse«' liKjlv^^lng two t^^tf^tivo Keptser^. Torato bi sihy
stunt, carnation I ta l ian ring sfXJt, Feturia asteroid f»ws«lc,
Cvstei^iug rlnc spat BPJ^ cansati<»* p o t t l e viruses bave hear
Qstabllsber* es causal aq^pts of leild to mmvnrm ^iaorrerr.
In various om«p'«rtal p l a r t s . ?able Vll eoels v i th t'lfferect
tosisusvi ruses occurring nstuz^lly on omi»>ental plants ai^
th^'ir syRfptoREetoloQy.
lABME-VII
36
NAME IP VIRUS/HTST SirKPT^MS REFBRl^CES
Tomto bushy s tunt v i n w (TBSV)
R«er<Mds of leavtts mr»fl rtcrtals
Kowt (1*^72)
ToliBlea •wnslsai 1 Variagst lon K«r;rlc|ue8 6 Se»ilagttl (1978)
Csmat ion I t a l i a n rtnqmyate, v i m s (cijw)
C^bi^utP r ingsro t vlxtui
Cvatolgltaw sp« Ringspots
Msx^alli (1961)
MsxtQlll (1<?81)
Pal^rctonluw l«af c u r l v i r u s (PTCV)
P^laroonlu- j y f j j t Laaf c u r l
aat«roid inosaic v i rus :PAMV
^'^q«i« s p . nosaie
Carnation i sot t la v i r u s (Ca w )
Carnation
Dmnhna 8p«
Carnation
Mottle
Mott l s
S^wptoetlaas
Vovlas & Grlgorlu (1977) f Mart«IU (1981)
Marts l l l (2981)
3RN30lrl«r & to«b«nStein SiDoo>lar & to«i>«asteln MaVltotilr & She^iab (1980)
37
I t Mould b@ mytie«d froa th« i bovd ocnount tf^t
many toBtmsvirusflA induuca ring spots s i n l l a r t o those
eeussd by copovirusss % ii2e a few iaduce leaf curl sp€iclflc
t o garniRlviruses. G9isracteristic syBqptons dlcMn«« thersfore^
BiQy b« iaislsfir^lng to reach t o airf group specifIc^tioR unless
eore ooDcrete evld«ices v i z . sozphology of virions and the
type of vsctor-Kiroup assocletei^ I s ItsowQ.
mA (XmSOMIMQ. JttfilD TBAM^tOrmD ROD miAPSD VIRUSiiia
Cryptogrm i R/l s 2.6/L* t E/fe t 3/Ve/AF
Type RWRider t Csmetloo l e t e c t virus
Mori: x>lo9y of virions t l >ds or fll«Metous« nodal l e ^ t b 600*700 tm and width 13 cn« t;umielly fl EKuoos
SedlMNRtetlcn c»efflcl^Dt s 156 • 173 S
Dlffu8l<»3 co3 f f l c l« i t s 0.24 X 10 o u / s e e
UV Absoxbanee t At 260 tm, 2 .1-2 .3 mg/al
Partial spec i f i c VOIUIM S 0.72 caiV<GR
Percent nucleic acid s 5»S
Percsoit protein i 94 .S
Other conpoi^cts • Vkmm
Omkomm type t Idnear* 1 part i te
38
^ Of rruclelc acie t 2,3 - 2.6 x 10
!#-' of t»rot©lr s p « c l ^ t 31P<v»«33r'rC, i r vlrlfm 1 Tiroteir speclee
Ki!ra:^r of p ro t ^ i r su* - t 1300 u r l t s
iBr^nr.ogerleltv « Gooe' iifffnmogen
Cyt«">r«t: ir e?f^»ct t Irwluslm^s abs««3t
Vector t Afrit 's
Vi rus-v*>ctor re la t loe«h ip t !fe»--persl s t e n t
Host ratio* i *to^<e»rat«
C«rIa'Virus«»s barrif^g a f«i» «^c«ptlot5S a r e ro t
Irvrslver In ser ious c*l9«»398 of e i t h e r c r ^ p lap t s or
h o r t i c u l t u r a l spec ies , Their f'lscoveiry, nsary a t l » s s ,
has be^t by char:ce« ^IKia I s t r u e ^ v * for th© tvt-^
imvher of t h e 'qproup, carnatloti la tmi t v i r u s . However,
c e r t e l n v i ruses v is .« poplar e»saie« xxm 3trmkk, red
c lover ve l r posalc and cown^i trl3<? i so t t le have b^M)
rerooi^lser* as «=«ir»iaplcally liarsortaut T^athogeiss. Keverth©-
les6« td>e qrtiMp Inclm^es a m3Bt>er of v i ruses lisclur'lixj
St l<^st 70 well ^efliHi^ irimf'iera aof ** poss ib le wert>ers.
Vlrt>seJ3 belof»r;li»g t o t h i s grour ar.^ causlrg
syewtoms, 1^ arsy, or omaeseRtel nlapfts art* corr»lle«? In
t a b l e VTTT.
TABI«- VIII
39
m,fm 1^ VTEUJ/r^'^sT 3^'«pnf'i3 p:-vt:ji'iyCBii
CansatloB latent virus (rrv)
p l#rqo ,;^w ^'
p ff«?t? g sp«
Chlorot lc S'^ots aix» r ings
Systaisatlc c r l r V l e ara? n e c r o t i c hrmm SSTOtS
l?o syfsptoBS
feiatter U^n); ^rnltb (1177)
Sp-lth (-^7?)
(1^7^)
Halenity v irus S m®i vs]
KuschM g^ a l , (1978)
M M T mil AwABttSL
!TJ t V ) SSSE l a t e n t vlrtis
Hlt»eastrMP 9f»* Ko sYiPptOKm Brunt (1*572, 1975)/ Maat sL ftl«
(l<578)f Bnint & PhllllT>s (1<»79)
^ a r q l i ^ g l a t e n t v irus
HarclSBua s p .
I r i s J3r>«
Faint llql»t gre** ipott l lna
Brunt (1976, 1977)
Brunt (1977)
Cont<?,
T 8 b l « - V I T l C O D t * ' , , . .
40
?,aatyrtlt«r p o s e l c v i rus
S«w»r0 laosalc <*a Graca & Martin {I'^Tt)
I d l y s^rptomless vinifi 'LSV)
U l y Curl strip® and basa l s t r i p e
Clv0rolo e t e l , (1968) I Allan (1<>7?)
L i lac roottla vlzt is (I«V)
Li lac Mottling of leav«»s
WBt^rimrth (1972)
Chrvaanth<BMg v irus B CCVB)
Chrvsort^^etBUP s n . mie laaf n o t t U n q Br«n<»i?ss (1Q63) arw' ve in e l a a r i n y Hollinga s
Stone (i<"72)
Yellow strlrai* flowers* yellow green rings on
ardth (i'^'ri)
Cactus v i rus 2 (rv?)
Zvrjocatus Sp«
^ 1 ^ 2 g v i r u s - T
r s l a i ^ h o e blOMiffeie iara
Bran^'es £ Wetter fl963- 1064)
H«9aron (1*^?)
Irformation not available.
n. Clog te ro^gqs grour
Ctyptogrmr t n/l t 4«0-€ ,5A » E/E t S/VmAp
Tyre n^jiiber s 3ug«arb«'€«t "y«»ll'y«.'S v i rus
Morrholo^y of virJor?s
Sat'Jinerstatior c<^f flcl^fst
Diffusion co«r»ffJcJ«rt
JV Wbsorbarce
Pan-.iPl spec i f ic vol«p«
Per Cf»i»t nucleic aclc»
Per cefJt T>rotelri
'^? pr cor*ror>erts
G«r»ope t y p e
MVJ of mjclelc ac i^
fa* t>rr»tclr r?»'>pcl' s i c v i r i o c
Kufftoer of pro te in subumits
Itarenmogw. i c i t y
Cytopathlc effect
Viwrtor
Virus-vector relationship
Host re rge
Ror*s or fi laptents, f'jx'al length 1250-20O0 rm em' width 12 rr# fl^xtjous
97-140 S
No infors» t lon
Ro infonaation
No informatioii
5.2
<»4.8
l inear* 1 p a r t i t e
4-6.5 X 10*
2300«-25'WM*, 1 p ro te in 8peci<^
3400
Poc r IfiruBogen
Crosa-bsnded bodies of aggr'aftttqg p a r t i c l e s in pMoew
Aphias
SeiPl-per 3l s t e n t
Moc'erat©
Clostorovlrus grout? i s r - t b e r an i l l defined group
of p lan t v i m s e s ©rd r»preserits a betero^ienous a8seRt>la<^
42
Of 14 viruses , Thas* viMMims, •« a Pwtter of cor»ver»l®r.c«,
h»ve be«n fetrth«r dlvl^aS Into ti*o avSy^qroopm bassd oti
p«rt lc l« len<7tb (Lister & Jo8«ph« 1961). Clost«rovlr\]S^«
i»3V«rth<^l«s8« ar© <*l3trihiitac» *»orl«f%rl<!« ai^ SOR* of th-'se
causa iBP^^Ttattt f*i9©ases» Th^w vlrus<*a are c' lff lcult to
^alldl• bacaiusa of f ' l f f lc i i l t las In sap tranaplsslor ard
v l m a TH^riflcetlOT! afs** thus tb€dr ^legrools Is s t i l l t o t
ro«2tlfia ai^ simnlm*
T»ly two c lost^rovlmses Inave b«an rerort€«i» Ir^ertlng
orrsaptfiTtals In natura. Cematlor n ^ r o t l c flaelt virus inCxxcea
graylsb--whlta or reddii^ psurpla uactr^tlc fle»clrs, s tr al^s
or srots Ir Dla<ithus cervot^ivllug (Inowye & Hltsuhata, l*>73f
dipool'ler & Lo«^&««istein, 1974) whila l i l a c cMox^>tlc leaf
spot virus Is }tT,abm t o lnfe«!t Svrlnaa vuloerls pror'uclng
chlorot lc leaf spot s^cuptop^ (Brunt, 1978). Clostarovlrus
Hire per t l c l e s have a l s o b«e« isolated froa thar^.rtplwm
rh&lB^fqr^a,i.9 shoving vcdn r^ecrosla of the flowers and
l ieviffl (Z^esananr, 1977).
Cryt>tograw i R/l t 3-2 A** i is/l t SA"* Ve^^p
Typ« pfteober i Potato vlzvo Y
r*orrt»olofn?' «> virlcaw s flat's or f l law^its , w^al l«f?gth 720-.90f» MB awfl i#ii^th 11 rap, flexuous
SediaMRtatlOf} coefflcl<»nt t 140-.154 S
43
tiv Ab80zbam:tt
Partial spec i f ic vo l t e s
Perr<^at rticleic &ei^
P<^rem't protein
Other ccmptxumta
GetioBw type
f^ of nucleic acl*
HW of protein s p e c i e In virion
l^ssber of protein mjtoonlts
Jmmnoc^r Sclty
CytopatMc e^'feet
Vector
Vlrus-v^tor rsl.-tl^anshlp
Host range
lio Information
At 260 niB, 2,4-2.9yArN3/%'l
no Infoxiaatloe
5.5
Noam
Linear, 1 part i te
3-3.5 X 10®
32000-36000,
1 protein specliMi
1700
Variable Plr?whe l Inclusions lr> eytoola^* ©re of <"lacir!«^stlc value
Aphlrsa
Kcm-peraietent
Sorrow
Potyvlnts group la a large assenblage of iRore than
^0 vlnsses Including possible mniberB. Tt^se are ^K^onorl-
c a l l y Important pathosjens of »any cropa and transmitted by
aphlda In non-perslstoiit inanner. However* tran^lsa lon by
ai^^ds I s c»ep«n^«5t on the presence of a helper substance
which has been lc»«:5tlfle(^ as a lab i l e "^roteln of rolecijlar
W0l<3 t 1O0-200 ve. That, the f a i rer componert Is cor' er' by
44
part of t h e v l i t i s gstiore SM^e I t s fuoct lon I s t o at tach
th© v i r u s partlrrlf»g t o tb© »i:f>roprl©t« Rotith parts of
the aphid has b«*er ©vlr'.-^ficad by the c l a s s i c * 1 woi* of
Govler a t a i . (l'>77).
P o t w l r u e e s are a h i g h l y succes s fu l qroup of nlarst
pathogens »^lch occur i r a vl^m zmngm of crops an^ ert^rt-
roiansKtal cof«»ltloi5S» The v i r u s e s of t h i s grour causing
e i s o a s e s itj omaPental p lan t s ara coinrpllad Ir. t a b l e - !>:•
yABts> IX
FAHE OP ViRUS/HnST SWPTOKf R£?SR--f''-3
Potato v i r u s Y
Pah11a s r ,
2iiia s p .
Mosaic ar^ floiiwr co lour brcsa^lPQ
Mosaic
Mosaic* l e a f r?lstortlois arsd s t u c t l u g
Hull <1965)
MB>utar«lte (1971)
aElth fl^T?)
Lisa 6 l o v i s o l o
Moral < 9 £ 2©t*ler (l'^77)
LocJfhert et a j , (1'>R1)
CcHRtf'4
45
T ^ l © - IX contr,
<?fr«1lHI SP* Flosalc, l ea f f ' i a tor t loc ard S'tuistiag
Loc^^art ^ a l
Bear ye l low tposaie v i r u s
Q^Mlt?^^§ sp.
Moselc
White l e a f
srtutitiRQ
Flo%^r co lour breeV, walforra-t l o o ane» s tunt ing
Gladioluo Twittaeirtia HIW niosaic
Corbatt (l^'Se)
Alper £ loflfoerstelr (1964)
Kaiarar & l5Ba<»i5anab (l^i)
Srivastava j|| ft^« (lo©3)
Turnip coosaic v i m s (Tu MV)
I r i s s p .
lATrarla artr\»
Flower brealring Kruclfelrarr & Seyf fert (5^70)
Hoaaic Brunt (1^7f)
I>eaf n e c r o s i s an? Znouye & i»>saic Mitsidiata
(l<?78)
AsMjy £ Thorson (1960)
^ t TP ?!?"? balsa«dna Stan n e c r o s i s , Frowii^entl folla'Te <3i1orosis, (I' GZ) n e c r o t i c ^i^ins end styjts
Contd,
Tabl»- I> eotat'd.
46"
Marigold BK>ttl« vittxm (MMV)
Itottllng
"IPPqgnffiff i«o«»ic virus
HtPTWIftJVff hypn^fms. Mosaic
Rft(|vi 6 HihMMitf (1981)
Brants & V«n0«f) Hmnrsl (1965)
Tulip br««)(lBg v i m s
14 H U B S P .
Colour brasftlng Csyl«y (1^28)» In f lonwrs Mclray j | t <!•
(1929) y Kiuwba & K«b«t« (1976)
Hlltf t o »o0*rttt« AsjM (1964) mottling
Carnation vain inottla v l n w
Ce mat ions Chiorotic «pottlB9 Slid not t l log
HolUnga & Stona {1971)
Warelaana yal lov atrlpa v i m s
Karelsao^ sp . Yailow str lpa
Wal a «alR elaarlng v i m s
l&lat a i l v a s t r i s Vain claarlng
ZSiS, iRlld mosaic virus
Xrls s p . Mild iROsalc
Macova & Doc<»a« (1979)
Korvath at al« (1979)
Kuratalc (1981)
Contd.
47
Table- T coot**,
Pa«ha«o apm Mosaic
Stat lce virus Y
Sarpagulta yellow rlnrsr^ot vim©
^vHpm m^^m?
VvlatAk (l«3ei)
L«s«Barn gt al« (1079)
Benlgno g^ a l . (1<J75)
l^rclsatis (^eqafMiratlcm virus
Harelaatis sp . * ""nrt <1<?80)
* « infozBtatlori not av«illabl««
Potyvlrtises have b«HMi further s«parater* Into three
sveb~groofs3 based on prasei^e of dlffarent t y p ^ of liKrlw»
•If^ bot'les CE^wart'son, 1<*74) vlz», tubular Inclusions and
li^lnater? aq^raqates. Tan otber viruses* fa l l ing In lergth
an*'' vldth slirllar to those of wjtyvlruRes have a lso hems
Bsaerhl@e ir th i s groap as 'xvty^tllre v iruses . However, t M s
•*oes not atspear to be aoproprlata as thes?e vlrusati heve
vectors other than aphlds* Incidently r.mm of th^» la >nowR
t o cause any disease In omas;€i3t«ls.
48
mit\ COHTAIKiyrG^ KEMftytJg TSftKSMiyT^J R"P SFAI^^ VTRtfSES
Cryrt 'jcjrar' J R / 1 S J . 4 A * • f " . 6 - 1 . 4 / 1 * « ^ A
Tvre ir^j^steer 8 T«A>ecco r a t t l e v l r u a
Morphology of v l r S o r s
Ser^im^ntaticMt c o e f f i c i e n t
^ I f f u s J o r coe'^'lclSfTt
l?V Absozbance
P a r t i a l s t i oc l f i c voliane
Percsfit WKTlelc a c l ^
P«rc«ist p r o t e i n
'^ther coiBp<»«nt«
G«noni« type
MW of i m c l « i c «ci($
iffN of p r o t e i n sp©cle» ir virioti
luuher of p r o t e i n 3i3ftyi»*it8
Imminngm icity
Cytope tMc ®f*"ect
Vec to r
V l r u a - v e c t o r r e l a t l o r s h l p s
Host rsr.qe i
s t r a i g h t rrx's o r fll©if»«Pts, iRO(*al l e r g t l ' 180-?15 n r and wlrith 2a-<?7 r«)
285-305 3 (of coB^rK»5ert reec*** *or l f5f«ct lor)
No inforB«»tJ«:r
At 26r nir, 3/mgyVBl
Ko inforraa t lon
5
95
Hone
Linear* 2 p a r t i t e
2 . 4 - 2 . 5 X 10*/ 0 . 6 - 1 . 4 x 10*
22000* 1 protein species
25on-.3onn
Goo** inmir.orrer
>'-bogles i n t h e c y t o r l a s w
Pprs i s t e n t
49
Two mmhers v l « , t obacco r a t t l e v i r u s (TRV) aod
pea e a r l y browRlr.g v i r u s (rH;3V) c o r s t l ^ u t e t h o orowT* bu t
o r l y T!' I s Vrio%rt3 t o occ?ir n a t t i r a l l y otv orr»r<ttJtal p l a n t s .
T a b l e X r 'ea ia wi th T??V oCKrurrlog or r ' l f f e remt or r«m«:*a ls
ant* t t e l r syry^t-iiratrolocv*
H03T 3'VKPT'^^ REFf'.P rCEi
Croctig
Hyacinth
L i l y
t^arclflsus st>,
Glad lo lug ST .
A s t a r sr«
Garfeera lawegonll
Mottling
Mottling
Mottling
Mottling
Colour streak In petals
van 31ocrt'=»rer (l'>58)
wan Slocitaren
van S3cgter©r
van SlogtQrer
van Slortr^rer
D i s t o r t i o n of l«af Cramer £ Scherlf ««rgS ns anr nef- rot lc (l<>67) a t r l T ^ s o r s n o t s
C u r l y s t r i r e with wi th r i n g spo t cm
Ar<««rsor 'l '^54) namiyaz>lr« (1^68)
Haklcart (I'^ee)
Ccwrt^,
Table > coot*'#»..
5i)
Dienthus spectabi l i s LIgtit yellow spots, llhr>«13 t Kllgor s t r i f e s atH' s igssg (1< 6**)
Hverergqa sp. Mosaic
Kale s t a r i l i t y aix"
SchBJ#la«r (1170)
Howat sL Sl»
Huang gUi &!• (I«»e3)
• a InforBtttion rot availabl®.
I t a TfMMrs from tha t^bla X ttmt »ev*»ral bulboua orrsa-
p<»rtala irl«. t u l i p , H^raBoaa »p. , Sarcisaua sp. aix^ l i l i a s
era natural hosts of tobacco ra t t la virus* Propagatitwi of
thas« placsts by bolba/corra a Hoi's r>9Tpmt^3&ti.<x^ of. tha virus
Ir tbalr prog'n'Jes.
P JW, another rogtwir of the qfroup has prc*>ably i5r»fc
be«r is'>lat0^ from o r r e c ^ t a l s but eitperiw««rta 1 JroctjlatJevs
^sve baer report«^ to be aticcassfutl In Petunia and S^xiJL*
b l
tarn c^wrhirn^G nno smper \^ifrusss WSTJ^. LESSLR Ft -mi/
Tyne i?«Et>«rt BarJay s t r i p * inosajc v i rus
forrhologf of v i r i ons f
Se^iraeyjtatlois coeff ic ient*
T>i^1hisi<m coefflcledRt f
uv Absozbarce t
P a r t i a l spec i f i c volmm »
P«r cetrfe nwslelc acid %
P^rcmst protalfi t
•'>ther ccHT^stents s
Omiosm typ9 a
Hw of f?ucl«lc ac id •
Mw of protein apaeloe s Ir virion
Kuafcer of prote in mib^ t u n i t s
Irafmipoganlclty t
CytOfsatMc e f fec t s
Vector t
Virus-vector relatlcasshlp*
*'03t Kir.a© s
St ra igh t rods or f l la iwri ts , eodal length 146 nm an^ %)rl<*th 22 »B
1^-2(^ S (of ccBpcMsWit needed for Inf^r t lon)
Ko i n f e a ^ t l o n
At 260 »»« 2,4-2.7/tecr/^l
0,73? cm /qn
4
96
Carbohydrate
l inear^ 2 p a r t i t e
1.4-1.5 X Iff^t 1.2-1.3 X 10^
215f^-22fVC. 1 pro te in species 3f»00
<3oor» lB»^no«en
^ a r t i c l e aa«5if®gafes pr«dcrRlB»ertly ey toplas» lc
TiRkro%«i
Ko Infoztaetloe
Mot'eret©
yl
The if^B*3«rs of t M s group v i a , , b a r l « y s t r l rn?
B^osalc 'Bsr*V), l-ychrla rlfH?ST»ot flF;>'V) err* r^ta s«srJ3at^i t
v^rusf»s f^SIV) a r e fjcr^opilcally ur l ra isor tar t pathogens of
orr .-"r*^rta1s. It, I 3 «vl#'«ffst from tb® ^act t h a t I-ASV has
^eiM- r o t s c t a * ' fjrly i r a a i rsgle plaint of VvcYrta ^ I v g r i c a t a
s^owirg rlf»qsr?ot s^^Ttop*. TtK? v i m s was e a r l i e r lrcltK»ed
J r t h e r.^r.^s^^t g rour of r?laist v l n j s « s (Barr«t« 1*>59),
Fow**VQr, subserfti*»rtly LFtSV was shmar? t o have rof* s^aT»«*
v J r i o r s a r c c l a a s l f i o t * a s a <'lstaf»t serotytse of B3I«V (Gibbs
Crvr«togi^K» » R/1 9 2 .1A- » 'A^ » V '
Ty??e ifHaisi>er 1 P o t a t o v i r u s X
^1orr(^!Ology of v i r i o n s « ? lex«ous ro*' o r ^ ' l l a r e r t s , wai^al l ^ g t h 47O-5P0 rm and wl<«th 13 r »
3«'lT?ier.tatrl'sr coe'^flcl-^ait « 114-130 s
r i f f t«a l<^ rrOQ^^'lclsr.t s J-'o I r fonna t lo i s
^n/ M 9-^ffiance » At 2ffS TW«, 7 . 7 - 3 . 1 r^i/fel 3
r ' a r t l e i TT>^»rl*lc voltsne « 0«73 cw /gw
Percer^t ru-^l^lc aclt* » 6
r'ere«?«^"t p r ^ ^ e l r « *>4
" tVer cnB>porsert3 t Kon©
Gerrjp^ tyr»e s I l r e a r * 1 r a r t - l t a
b3
f?A of r» ro t" l r 3T5*»cle© Ir vSrinr 1 njroteln s t ^ e c l ^
?Hjrfcer oF r>roi-eJln s u H i r l t s s 1640
Vect:t>r »
v i r u s - v e c t o r reiatiarahip t Ko iBforoetlcwi
f t ' s t r e r a e » f'tor'arate
Po texv lm. i 7roirr Jnc1ti<^<»s 12 «*f»*lrlt:Jv*^ rewbere anr
?n r o s s l b l " r«H-»er3. I t l '«s b«»€ff' s«Tqest«f' t h a t h i » ^ a s t r t w
l a t e n t v i r u s v> lc>^ I s Irclwr^es' In t M s oroup ^Koerlg 6
t^'^fafmt^r, l^ ' re) sbr»tjl«* lrsit«€K' b« r-lmce^ I r c a r l a v l m s groijr^
(t5jrurt K LoseWQPri, 1*5*^), iv»tescvln33<*s bv v i r t u e oP b-^lnq
b l g M y s taMo# rr«»9Qrt I r M ib cor>C€r!tratlor I r tb© T>5ar^s
aw ' r eor l l -v r<*cl%r<ical3y t r a r ^ w l s s J l b l e (f>lpf»t t o r l a r t
c r»i t8ct ©n^ v i a b o r t l c i s l t u r a l / a : r l c t j l t u r p l Of)er«.tJl<»s)
m j i r l ' l y c^rnr^r" ^ ro*" or© r*3ert t a r r r t b^ r . Various orrar»*>rtal
r ^ a n t s recort 'or ' t c b ^ r a t t s r a l l y Inferte** wi th f?ot<^vlr»«s^
have be«r IrcJiu'er* In t a b l e 3CT,
54
^^BtS~ XI
KA ft - . ^rrnrs/H'^j^
1
P o t a t o v l r i j s >
CvclaBKar. sr>-
T a M l a sr-.
Chxvoavzhmvm s o .
r©ctt?s v i r u s ^
%:,l^^^<-.Hf, sm.
Kvloceraus urs<^tus
SyhlF^"^'3
7
*
*
•
Ch 2 o r o t i c r lC ' js
Ko syssptoisRS
Ml I f o r a t i o n ,
arturstlrg
p.r^f^nEf'-'EJ
3
rali^r'an ( 1 ^ 5 )
Mal^utei^lte
Chuyar. & Krvlov (1^75)
BrarKQB f. BereVs (1063)
A,ttatb<3ir g t a l . (1<>78)
Cvi»*>l^lup nooa lc v i m s fCy MV)
^?osalc FiirstaV ( 1 ^ 1 )
f?ay»^^Q v i r u s K
(1978)
Hyerancma rlR' i ar^ot v i r u s
CM o r o t i c arrots 3B<ith ( J T ^ ) ar*** riZKjs
Crw^tr , , . , •
55
Table y i ccast*'.
1-1 l y v i rus
til itgg ST.
^arc lgs«s i??oselc v i rus
Kerirse' v i rus X
S«ver« i so^ i i c Hofcsat (1^71)
Chlorot ic yellow Bwrm (1963) srtripe®
^ l i p v i rus K
Chl«srotlc aw* J kjwat (l<3e2) i i^?rot lc l ea l Otis i r l@av«» «»d! iB seDSls
Vjol^ fBottl« Virus
Viola prorata tmatf mc3ttlimg mnfi fJotmr s t r i p e s
(1«I77J
Whit® c lover Pfosaic v i rus
lathvrtia odoratus Mosaic
^ 1 ^ veinal ti&crtmlm v i ru s
Iva Br^,
Hollings & Stamm (1^74)
V«ixml necros is Costa £ Ki te t l»a (l'>70)
CoBta . . . ,
56
Ti^ la >I cnr t** , , , .
Sap<?iiia iBOsaic v i rus
N i ^ l i m ^nmi^ticm Mosaic Kors*:o g^ ttl« (1976)
RhodcK^^n^ron necro t i c rir.g spot v i rus
aft** r>9croBia (1*^T7)
* « Ir.foxidation uot ava i l ab l e
Potexvi ruses a r e accmoplrally lwTx>rta«t <*ue t o
t^@lr notr»r;tia3 t o re<?nce cror; ylal<»3 but these ©ra ro re
^Iff lcni l t t o cont ro l ^ua t o t t e l r r>rmB«nce in vegeta t ive
rropagiiles of var ious a^nr loj l tura l ly l ierortant boats ari^
t > e i r spread by a g r i c u l t u r a l operatlcma (Koonlg fc tesee»rr«
1<578). Beimlornert ar^ iiRrlersontatlor o« s a r l t a t i o r aw»
inr'fmirtq r^mc^^^rea a r e t ^ e l^ey r o i r t s I r developing
e f f ec t i ve cont ro l measures of these v i r u s e s .
57
Tyr»e reitteer « Tdbecco Pfoaalc v i rus ?U1 s t r e l c )
Homho1ogv» of vJr lors f Stral^l^t r<j 3# p-€»f»el lertjtb
;«r?li?>i«itetlfw roeffjcl«t?t 8 1* 4 S
Dlf f«s l«B c o e f f l c l ' i r t
tiv Absori>arc«
^'artial s p e c i f i c volvam
Percent r t je le lc acl*'
Percefct protelfj
^h«sr cc3i8p«Mner t s
G«r.oi9« tyr«e
W of r u c l e l c ac id
MW of prote in spec las Ir vlrl<w
lr<BUiJog«nlclty
Cytotisthlc • f f « e t
Vgctor
Vlr»38-v«»rtor r*»1atJor8Mr>
Hcst rsri^e
- 7 I C.44 K IP e»a/3ec
a At 2€f rat, 3 ff^vAiil
« 0.73 err/go?
t 5
95
Llii^ir, 1 r a r t l t e
2 X 10®
17000-18000, 1 pro t s ln s p « c i « i
fivmhmr of r»rotelr miburlts t 2130
f <3oo6 lBW«mo len
1 Cytooleasslc c r y s t a l l l n « staclrei* p l a t e s
t Lesaer >f50wr^rVrowr/
Fur.iel sror'?s
t Vo lr;*'or«E®tlor
i wi^«
58
Tdb&mrriraa&a coaprlBm a large group of we l l
character law' v i i ^ s s s . The f^eflnlt© mmitomrs hav« ro
Vnowr v e c t o r s aw^ spread r^ilcly by a g r i c u l t u r a l oparatlors
»n^ plant t o plant c o n t a c t . Howflfv«r« sowa of t h e t e n t a t i v e
imBtomra vihich ar« s e r o l o g i c a l l y relate*' t o TJfV have fur'^l
v e c t o r s . •n^o«<^, partjc:l«3® Jergth 1» » o s t of the c e s e s . I s
arount^ 30f" nr, yet# i r a f«5w instaiMses* p a r t i c l e of two or
thr«s wodal l^rgtha have been reportaiS (Vaasapls ej;. §!.•»
1*^7?), Tobawovi ruses i s o l a t e d fraw orrsapei:}tals have b**er
mvmstmri^m^ Ir t a b l e - X l l ,
RAFE OF VTRUS/H'liSr SWPTOKS REPi:RE!«n.'
TMV- tyoe s t r a i n
HiTC-«astrwg hvbrl<n3p; Yellow b l o t c h ing OFi l eaves
Tul ip
Gla<^iolu8 s o .
Necrosis
Mil^EPOsaic ana l e a f r^lstortlon
?«03alc
Deleeuw (l'*»7?)
(I 'JTS)
S i j g i s a V l ( i< i7^)
Vorgancl f Karaee (^'^74)
Mali & V v a r j a r e f1^8f>)
•Pul-'^rioto ^ a l . (1982)
Ct-ynt**,
"able XTI cfwt^nm.
59
I'KV-orcMf' BtretiTi
f««f oneat i or ' 1 «e2)
B103S0IR isi«proal» I^e^psnsh gj^ a l .
S t a l . <l •577)
Flo«r«r brcnKlng
'Viojitoglosstap rltjgarot v i rus
Cat t leva jrrv Meurr (1<«4)
S««m(^8 ontmtia v i rus {snv)
>nintla I'lett^^r s Paul (1067)
* w IT? format lor B<rt: aval l a b i a
^esl*^©® ttve rs©t«ra3 hra9ta# ""VlV-^ypm s t r a i r has h-^m-
r e r^ r tw ' t o causa BsottllRa, ra l fo iwat lou and ch lo ros i s WH^'TT-
panlQC* with sttir.tiu^i i n l«lpMy>llff^ S2Eft2lL£ft« Pig^grO^othaca
Bllf,yffi|cf» Z|J1£M ? ff<?a|i,P «w? f a q ^ ^ f PBtiala Irj t h e Qyr«rlpj<»r..
t a l host rarora s t i i ^ ias .
6y
Alfa l fa laogaic v l n i a 'group*
CryrtoqrBir « P/1 t X , l / ! * + ^•B/t* t f>^l/l* % t?A' «
Type ir!«f*>«r t A l f a l f a mosaic v i r u s
Horphology of vlrJoRS
Sec»ifN*ntatlor c o e f f i c i e n t
DlffiislOB c o e f f i c i e n t
iW Absorber CQ
P a r t i a l s p e c i f i c voluBia
Percent m w l e l c ac id
V^TC^mt pro*-<»li}
Other coBTOODenta
Gmrnm* t y r e
MW o* m i c l e l c Bci6
MK Of prr>*:@ir spec iea Ir v i r i o n
K'urber of pro*-#in sulnuilts
Irr wrsocforslclty
CytopatMc e f f e c t
Vector
Virus-vector relationship
Host-rar.ge
BacillifOCTf, teoeal lerqth 58 rr ant* width 16 rm
^'i S Cof csTevORcart reet'ed for In fec t ion )
Ho Inforpatloo
At 26f> tm, l « 7 - l , e p^g/pl 3
0.7C3 cfw /gw
15*4, 15.5 , and 16.3
63.7 , 84 .5 , we 64.6
K<»ne
l i n e a r , 3 r e r t l t e
1.1 X lO^f ^.8 X lO^f ^ .7 X IC^
24280, 1 prote in ?5WSC1QS
132, 150, 186 and 240 i r eerli v i r i o n
Poor iJJsminofHW!
v i r u s p e r t l c l e a foun^ In e l ! T^laltt l ayers of rsartScles
AphsldS
f'or-persl s t e n t
Hl<ae
61
A l f a l f a mcmaic v l i u « (AJIV) has urlqua irorrfiology
r^jresent lng fJv« <?lffer<aet coBiponeuts, one or tbe^ bejcg
i s ee i e tr l c (18 nf«) anc* r e s t b a c i l l l f o x w of tha n»odal l ergth
50, 4", 36 arw? ?9 rar with a «ildth of 18 r»» As such I t can
n e i t h e r be grouped a lougv l th ro6 ^apad nor isor^etrlc
v i r u s a s . Charac ter i s t i c csorp^olooy of tha p a r t l c l a s has
ir^xtcB^ a l l %*orlfara t o c l a s a l f y tba ^If farant lso3at-<=?s as
s t r a l r of AHV Instaec^ g i v i n g thate e i f f e r a r t v i rus naiPeB
on the b e a i s of f*lffarprc€® in host range aw? ayraptcjips,
Tbwa, AMV group l a a large c o l J e c t l o n of s t ra ina with n i d a l y
c l f f e r l n g b i o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r i a t l c s but t l o d together with
a coCTTor prsorrt-ology. Table XIII daala with the reports of
AHV s'-rains causing iTlwsaaeg i n omas«ntala«
TA8LE~ XIII
H^>9T S-yitFT^MS RV'FEHSK^-"SS
Iwpatiena s^,
"y^y^R^ftft s p .
Hecrt;8la an^ s tunt ing
Vein c l e a r i n g
Price (1<540), yovachevsi 1 ao65)
Hull (ineB)
B e l l i & B e l l i
onf*.
T a b l e >TII fwitf*,
62
Iavm><^<jla l a t i f c H a
T^-crm&r^a ^§P^f?|,ff
Pet^jria a r .
Kosalc Guircher ' l f F e r r e r (197?)
f%>t*-l© arr* l e a f Korco ^ f l . , cQfoirwotJais (l'»72)
V«ln c l e a r i n g 3tnith (1972) ar<» velts b©r«*lf5g
i<bafrn,i,9 ,^^^§.rq^l,a
Pe tun ia a^»
C h l o r o t l c r i n g s
R i n n s r o t t i t i g
Mararl &
(l'^76)
Mall (l9en)
Pe larqot ; lur sp . Yellow srnst B e t t i £ Tanova f l ^ l )
« IrsfonpafrMT: r o t a v a i l a b l e .
P^vtOl^t^abf^o»lr^9 a r o u r
Crvrtocirep? i ! ^ : 4 , 3 A ' ' « ife/B i I , 3 /Ve(C) /Rc , Ap, All, Oy
•^T'© irerfteer « P o t a t o ye l low ^warf v i r u s
Morpboloqy o^ vlrloTiS t B a c l l l l f o n f . env*3loT«r', ror ' a l l e n g t h 2^0-350 ar<» wlc'th 70-O5 i ^
3er^ln»ertati<» c o e f f i c l e r t s l lT '^- l?nn _
63
!JV A-b3ort>a; r e
Par t ia l st5©c3flc voltw*©
Percon*- nvcT^ic Bci<?
"ither eofmor^mtts
m%' o^ r u c l e l c oci*?
Jft of prote in s p e c i e s Ir v l r l o r s
IIBWIHRCK rdclty
Cytor«tMc e f f « c t
Vector
Virus-vector r e l a t l o r s M p
Host-raisa«
No iisformatior
No I r f o r r a t i o r
^ iBforfnatlor.
1
70
liiMsar* 1 n e r t i t e
77-e3f 56-64? 27-44? 21-39 . 4 protoin s p e c i e s
Ko irsjc nsat lor
Poor iffnunogem
P a r t i c l e a g g r e ^ t s s 1 P porlmjrleer stsece
ArMf's, lacebug, l e a f hor-pers, e d t e s
P e r s i s t e n t
liarrov
r^Vtoxtvabdovlirtises are urlmi© p l a r t v l ru3« i wltb
rep«rlrebl© str«ct^'ral s i p i l a r l t l e a %ilth soiPe v i r u s e s
lpf©f"t1rg a r l r a l s . H«^ea# v i r u s e s of both plant ant? aritml
oirlgln have beor^ qrcKmrnB In t h e 3sme f e r l l ? Rhabi'ovlrir'ae,
f?hab« ovlJrtis of plant orlqlfs car b^ r»lvl<^ed Into f i v e qri ^rss
base6 cm a r s o c l a t i o r of v e c t o r s . This ' I v l s l n r , hoi*ever.
64
Is rore for conv<srlerc©. ' f thm 30 f'«flriltlv« rt^bt'o-
vlnjses I'aecribe** so far, *? are tranOTiltt^a^ by af^l^s,
1? by l«afborf>ers# <»» by Jace bug er^ on* by ir.lta. In
casa of 7 others* vaetors ara unVrown. Tb«r«? are 32 other
rafports In wMch rt«ibf*ovlrus - llVe partjclas hava baae
dbs«xlrai? lit tha ^ i s^a«0 plants e i ther in tha laa€ dip
preparBtl<»i or i» ultratMn sactlons of t'lsaasad tissua*
Potato yallow dvarf v i m s ipytv), tha type w^fPtoer
of t h i s gJKJup hmB ba«s raport^^ to Irfaet Cal«;i6qls
o f f i c i n a l i s plants CDhilloc at a l . , 1976) i^Mla ivy vain
claariBg virus (IVCV) i » Irrowis t o indtica chlorotic vain
elaaring ip PalaroorlMa oaltatiaa (Vtaaso, 1979) am! Hatfara
hajL«> (Ru3SO, 1979f Casta! laro S. Raiia# 1981 ) • 0<m*pbre>rA
v i m s has baan raportei^ frc» Brasil causing variafela
ajmptams on G9»B|S ir?fll olobosa (ritaJlBW & Costa, 196f).
Rhab<'ovir«s-li^a part lc l^i hava bean <*etecte^ by
alactrcm spicroscopy in t l » c a l l s of tha plants s^owing
laaf streak in Pai^robiiai sp* (Patsol<^, 1971), chlorotic
srots ±n PhalaaBOPSls ap, CLasaeam; & Bagtrup, 1971), vein
chlorosis in IAIPIPUS T^olvnlivllus (Inlc»u(*san, 1973), vein
chlorosis in taburmsB anaQvroi4gas (Shults & Harrap, 1975),
no syB?r*oB3s In Gatbara sp, (Onana j|g| ftl.., 1976), vein
chlorosis in Pittoar^orui^ sp. (Plavsic- Barjec fitftX., 1976)
st«iR necrosis in totus sp . (ItemBShita g^ A1«« 1976), leaf
65
s tr ipe irs I r i s ggrciaclca fRublo- m^xtoa, 1978), veir
cMcros ls lit Chrya&Kthmmm »p, (Kltajlwa fc Costa, I' TO)
ard chlorosis 1B Calllatgishus chip«i8l8 (KltajlRsa t Costa,
197^?).
fhe foreqolcg account i s by no eeans a c0(Prl®to
r^»cor? for virus ^Isaases of ORiair$«ntal plants as a thoro«^
ssarcb of lltexBtura waaW rsvaal iMOiy store diseases of
exiotHMlc liRrortai)c« %fhlch have not bean Inclut^ed due to
Insufflclcmt Inforpatlon available on thae. Diseases
caused by vlroi^s an^ Riycoplanm*lllre organlsmi have hetm
Ifnowlngly onittet^.
That the orramantal plants are subjecte<» to ln*^ec-
t lon in eaature by a large nusrber of viruses i s obviotis.
Diseases in iseny instances artversely af fect the plants
wMle in a few cases the pathoq«r-s are only of acac'eRiic
in teres t . Ko%fever, 8lm;e many oma^^intals are propagated
by VQ^^atlve fpeans, the perpetuation In an** spread of
vlmstts frov than i s a contiinious process. The viruses
affectlnci omaB^^itals 8ho«ild be ^van as leuch attention
as vlru-^es preval«)t on any othtur crop s ince the pethog<Mi8
fnay be conraon. H^^lignnee in control of a virus disease of
omanental plant l a y help in i t s perpetuation an« further
sprear* to other econoiRie plants .
6S
r i A R '^ T W n R K A N D K I T H ' ^ P S
I , Ralsipg of tggt t>lfiRt98 Seeds collector' froiP the
hfielthy pl«r?ts grown xm^^r the ir,s^*et. proof conditions
v l l l be raised In s t e r i l i m 6 travs ccwitainlrtq s o i l and
farwyard Bfmrura (2tl V/V). Uhlforw young see^lini^s
wil l be transplantsK" t o 6" pots containing s t er i l i s ed
aoi l an<' farmyarrt nmntira (111 V/V), The sHra linqra wi l l
be maintained* in glasshouse (25-28*^^1 60-80^ R.F'.f
normal day l«B9th}. The pots w i l l receive unifoxn care
in f er t i l i s er* water application and other reciuirenMsnts.
I I . Soqrce of iaoCTiloBg The cnv^e sap fror the leaves of
naturally Infected plant w i l l be n^bed iRechanically
after dusting the healthy t e s t plants with cazborundtnp
(600 sNKrt)). Culture of the virus/es* once established
on a suitable host* wi l l be kept act ive by fr«sh inocu
lat ions at one msiith interval oe young vicjorously
growing healthy seedlings by either asechanical or
insect tran^msission depending on the t r a n s e i s s i b i l i t y
of vims/Qs* During the invest igation, a l l e f forts would
be ^ d e to maintain insect free c<mditicsui in the
glasshouse.
67
TP.At?3fJTSSinK
I , Machaislcal
young v i r u s in fec ted l e a v ^ a f t e r t b o r o u ^ %^shiB9
w i l l be b l o t t e d dry ard thereaft*=>r ground in a c h i l l e d p a s t l e
morter v l t h 1 irl of phosp*iate buf fer (rH 7,Of 0.1 H per gram
of infectec* l ea f t i s s u a . The s l u r r y w i l l be squeezed
through two layvrs of muslin c l o t h pr ior t o centrifugati<Mi
a t 5000 rpBJ for 15 reiimtes a t lO^'c, The undiluted superna
tant wil3 be used as standard inoculun for various purposes.
In c a s e where the percentage at otechanical transHii-
saloD i s not promising* soaie ch^Rlcals which «ihance the
transniss icm ra te w i l l be mixed with the inoculum. Addit ive
in t h e inocultan w i l l inc lude soditof s u l f i t e * 2'Hiiercaptoetha~
nol* e thy lene diaminetetra a c e t i c ac id , sodium d ie thv l
d i t h i o carbamate and t h i o g l y c o l l i c acid e i t h e r alone or in
various pc^s ib le combinations. Some o^ t h e s e chemicals are
Irnown t o reduce the oxidat ion of pl^wiollcs t o guinones which
are v i rus i n a c t i v a t o r s v ^ i l e the others are s trong c h e l a t i n g
a g e n t s .
I I . Insec t
(a) Aphid» Adult aphids found transmit t ing the d i s e a s e
during prel iminary investiqatJ<wss* w i l l be n t l t l r l J e d
us ino a s i n g l e apter t^s female on an imrnine host of the v i r u s .
68
To &m:mr^tkin th® IB«^© of trarsapissior I . e . ,
e lth«r iB iieti-ir>erslst«fit or In rtereisterit irarrer,
the €ollcwlit9 proe«tfures wi l l be used t
Kofi^ipersistgnti
1) Pr<»-acmilsltloii starvatlesn period ?-. hr
11) Accjuisltlon 8»;«ss period 1 to 2 B>ln
i l l ) Inoculation access period 24 hr
Iv) IStmtoer of aphids per plant 10
Tranamissl<m t-^sts using a^r^lrs wi l l be carried
out by f i r s t starving apMds In a glass v ia l before an
acquisit ion access period of 1<»2 aiin on the leaf of the
disei^sed plant placed on moist f i l t e r paper in a petxldish.
After acquisit ion ac-ces»# 10 aphids wi l l be transferred to
ei^h hpalthy seedling (8-10 days old) for an inoctilatioti
access period of 24 hr. The aphids af ter th© end of inocula
t ion access wi l l be Villed by spraying with an aT^ldlclde.
The t e s t plants w i l l *» kept under Insect proof glassh<M»se
for obserwBtior of s- iRpton ,
1) Acqulaitlofi access period 24 hr
11) Xnoculaticm acccas period 48 hr
i l l ) N\»t>er of aphids per plant 10
In t h i s test* aphids wlthotJt bolnc given any prB--
acoulslt lon starvation wi l l be qlv«i 24 hr acqtilsltlon access
69
(m ^iseamtd leaves folltnm^ by an inoculation access
period of 48 hr CMB t e s t plants . This inoculaticm access
w i l l be terminated by spraying the plant with an aj^sldiclt'e.
These t-^st plants wi l l be l<ept under Insect proof conditlcwis
of glass house to obserre for the dev»lopR>ent of symptom.
1) Source of viru^ free whitefli<38i v*itef3ies
(B^Bisia tabaci Geain.) col lected from Clitoria
tumatea wi l l be caged on a healthy plart of
£• tumatea for egg laying. After in days the
adults w i l l be reipoved froBs the cage. Bfew whitet-
^ly adults developino after 7-8 days (in starwer)
would b» further multiplied. Insect colonies so
raised would be used for tran»nissic»i s tudies .
i i ) Handling of %»^teflies» Essential ly same method
as used by Srivastava jgSL £l* (1977) wil l be
followed for the handling of whi te f l i e s .
i i i ) Tranamiaaiam Non-virullferous whitef l ies would
be allowed for acquisit ion and inoculaticm access
periods of 24 hr each on diseased and healthy
plants, respect ively. Rogor (0.1%) wi l l be snrayed
to Vl l l the whitef l ies a f ter the «Bd of inoculatitxi
feeding. The t@8t plants w i l l be >ppt for a n cwith
for Qbservatiem of symptoess.
70
I I I . Graft I
Slr«« aiM? w«d9« gra f t ing %rlll b« trl«t» t o e s t a b l i s h
txananiss ion by g r a f t i n g . Tfifectaet s e l o n s v i l l b« grafter*
<m b t a l t h y stocJc and" Irapt un^ar appropriate l i ^ t and
h*»fiJ«!lty c<WMlltlt5t5a t o a l low success fu l union %*lch i s
necessary for tranmnissicxi.
IV. S o i l
S o i l around the n a t u r a l l y in fec ted p lants growing
in the f i e l d w i l l be coll€Jcted and sieve*' t o r'?»ove roots
an<* <»^ris «ptc. Such s o i l w i l l be c o l l e c t e t ' i n two q inr.y
bags . Tne gunny bag w i l l be autoclave^ a t 15 l b s / i n for
30 winutes arr* other w i l l be l e f t a s such. Seeds w i l l be
down separate ly in s t f^r i l i sed and u n s t e r i l l z e d s o i l contalred
in r o t s . Symptoms,if any» w i l l be obseijved t i l l a period of
2 months a f t e r sowing.
Appearance of syRtptoim in the s e e d l i n g s grown i n
u n a u t o c l a v ^ s o i l w i l l i n d i c a t e e i t h e r t h e a s s o c i a t l c ^ of
s o i l borne vec tors or the seed t r a n n n i s s i b l e nature of v i r u s .
(a) Search for fiaaoal vector« Roots of natuxal ly ln«=«ct«?
p lants which have not been imtered for ? t o 3 days w i l l
be lim»ersed in double d i s t i l l e d wat^r for 15 t o 30 mlr.
The sust>ensl<M» w i l l be t e s t e d in t%#o * ^ ' S J ( i ) 3»iST>en~
si'-jn w i l l be poured around t h e roots of hea l thy te»st
71
seer^Urrgs, At»r>«aranc« of aymptotts on snch t*>st
plant s w i l l liH'lcat© that the soospores carrleif the
v i rus i n t e m a l l y i (11) Fungal sust«n3l*w dbtalred
as <*e^:rlbe^ above w i l l be B«ixec* with star^ar^
iBoculur of v i r u s . The mlyture w i l l be allowed t o
incid:>ate for 15 iRlimtes an** t h e r e a f t e r poure*' aroiir^
the roots of l » a l t h y t e s t s e e d l i n g s , Syrnptors w i l l
inr' lcate t h e a s s o c i a t i o n of f u n ^ l v«r tor carrying
the vlTOS eixterral ly on the aoosrores .
(h) Search for newsto<^a vectors» The <-ran£»lsslor • r i a l s
w i l l be carr ied out uslrtg t ' l f ferent nernatoee genera
pluviousIv r«nN>rtee» a s v i r u s v e c t o r s . These nenatot'es
w i l l be isolate** fxxm s o i l t^rmifih conv»rti'"Wjal sl<»vir«g
procef«ur«»s. Species of Trlchodorus. L^jngjthorns anc'
Xir>hinqB|a w i l l be hand pSe^e^ s epara te ly aw? a varvlng
Roit*>er of such nennatoc'es w i l l be po»rer* ar^jn*' the
roots of hea l thy t e s t p l a n t s . I f t h e above observa
t i o n s are p o s i t i v e the s t iK?!^ w i l l be eset&^&fi t o
i t ' o s t l f y the s p e c i f i c ner»atoc'e sr*ecies ac t ing as vectors
anc» i t s relatl<H)8hlp with v irus unc'er In'^mstigetlcwj.
^* Seqcf Transwiissl<m
3*>er«s c o l l e c t e d fror h ^ l t h y and v i r u s J n o c a e t ^
p lan t s w i l l be sown saparate ly cHirlng the proper si=»si or t o
cvT^are t h e i r percentage v i a b i l i t y and seed t r a r . s r i s s l b l e
rature o*" v i m s i r "-he s e e d l i n g w i l l be t e s t e d by t he
72
fo l lowing wathodss
l ) By )t9«plng such p l a e t s uiW*<Hr Iraact proof CMVSI-
tlo«5S t i l l or>9 mtmth for obs«rvatlor of ayrfiptatf^s,
11) By Inoculat ing sap obtained from young seed l ings
on Iro^icator h o s t / s .
I l l ) By iPaceratlng BemBB In piiosinhate buf fer (pH 7 . 0 ;
0.1 M) «nd inocu la t ing th« j u i c e c±>talna^ a f t e r
low spaed c « i t r l f u g a t l o n tm youno t e s t p l a n t s .
VI. Dor <*er
Seeds of Cu^nita eeygp^ttrlg w i l l be grown In a
g lasshouse . Tranawlsslon of v i rus by «*oi?der w i l l be carried
out by t h e wethod <?«wcrlbed by Pulton (1964) and Noordap
(1973).
VTI. PQll^i
Saine awthod as used by Frosh«^sf»r (1^7^) w i l l be
folloii^d t o determine the trarsBlss lot i o f v i rus through T»ollen«
A nufltser of ec<»»ai»lcally Iwportert r l a n t s as %«8ll as
weeds w i l l be screefied for t;^elr suja;@ptlbl31ty t o the v irus
under Inves t lgat lcm, Five t o ten young p lants o^ each host
V3
Bjmclea w i l l b« Inoculate** by the v i rus thr-^itgh ntecharlcal
means. Plants v l l l be observed t i l l t v o months a f t e r i n o -
c« la tJor an*' s^nnptopis. I f any, w i l l be recont'ed. P l s r t s
with apnarently no symptoms w i l l be checVer' for l a t e n t
v lnxs InPeetf'w: by bacV Inoculaticm an** ln<^lcator boat .
To e s t a b l i s h the r e l a t l o n s h l r between v i m s arc"
Vf>ctor, the method *roulc' f»epejid on the t y r e of vec tor
grotm Involver" In transmiss ion. However, In 'aeneral, the
v a r i a b i l i t i e s Inclwr^lng mwpber of Insect T>er r i a n t , «'l*'**»rort
pre-acmi ls l t l cm s tarvat ion per iods , \ » r y l n g acqulr^ltlor f r r'
Inoculat ion a c c e s s y^rloc's w i l l be wsrT'ed out a lor with
<?*'*'ect o* ino!?ltlng of Insec t on vlrdus retertl<»i and la t en t
period In the vec tor .
C JJCEKTRATI* OF VIR JS IN HOST
Concentration of v i rus In host a t dl fferp>rt t ime
I n t e r v a l s a f t e r lnoc«latl<MP w i l l be t^^sted on an In** 1 ca t or
host through l o c a l l e s i o n as say and t h e r*eeV r*»rlod of v l rvs
com:ertrat lon w i l l b© recorded.
74
Technlqwas as dtttsllec^ by Hoor^Bw (1Q73) wJU be
en^loyed for ascertaining therB«l Inactlvatlon point.
^llMtlon extH point and l<wjgevlty jjt v i t ro .
l« Selection of auitabla boat
Aiaongst th« su9c«ptlble plants sbowlna posi t ive
sywp^ama, one bost plant w i l l b« selected wltb the following
character is t ics , e .g .s
1) Genaination an^ growth Is Cast In l e s s time*
11) XzKnibatlon period of the virus la short.
I l l ) Peak concwitratlon of virus within a short period.
Iv) Absence of v i m s Inhibitors.
21. Seleeman of Sttltable buffer
Several Iniffers (phosphate* borate* c i t ra te and
glycine - Ka'Wi) with different molarity and H l a i coricentra-
tlon (pH) wi l l b« tested as extraction iaedlt»8 In order to
<A>taln Riaxli»t»R esctractltm of the virus fro» the Infected
t i s s u e . The suitable buffer syatew along with an appropriate
1 1 and n o l a n t y w i l l Invariably be used for further extrac
t ion of v lrus /es for purif icat ion.
Ti
I7X. C l a r i f i c a t i o n of sap
Young in fec ted l eaves with the s u i t a b l e buffer follo%ied
by centr l fugat l tm a t 5000 q a t 10**C for 10 minutes. The sap
thus obtained w i l l be subjected t o various clarlfic»iti<M
procedures.
(a) C e l i t e and charcoal* C e l i t e and actlvat«>d charcoal ,
t h e s e two absort>ents w i l l be wlxed with standard
inoculiJBs (1/5) a t the ra te of 5 per cent fw/V) e i t h e r
s e p a r a t e l y or in caedt>iration.
After incubating t h e leixture of sap and
adsorbent/a for 2 loinutes with simultaneous shaking
t h e absozb€»nt8 w i l l be ranraved fror the sap by the
fo l lowing nethodss
i ) Centrifugatlmi a t 2 ,000 xrtti for 5 irlnutesj
i i ) Fl l tratl<»i through Aschner funrel surr>ortp«d by
a 2 t o 3 sn thicV c e l i t e pad and f i l t e r r«r>er
(Vtateian Ro. 1 ) ; and
i l l ) F i l t r a t i o n through a f i l t e r paper fKatiBan No, 1)
only in a Buc>aier funre l ,
(b) Orcttnic aolvantai Orgaric s o l v e n t s (butanol, c h l o r o
form, carbontetrachlor lde a i^ d l e t h v l e i t h e r ) e i t h e r
s e p a r a t e l y or in coadbinatlon w i l l be used in two ways
for reRKsval of axtraneoijs material fr<»p Jnf^rted
76
t i s s u e s ( i ) By macerating th« t i s s u e alonq with
a r lxt t ir« of s t i i t ab le buf fer and o r ^ n J c solv*»rtsi
and Hi) By «d<?lng r e q u i s i t e awount of s o l v e r t in
standare' inoculwr (1/5) followed by incubet lor for
30 r l m j t e s .
The incubated mixture id. 11 be centrlffuasid a t
5000 g for 15 iRlinates aw? t h e aqueous layer w i l l be
separated. The e f f e c t on so lvent on the I n f e c t i v i t y
of t h e v irus w i l l be t e s t e d by assay ing the aoueous
layer for a c t i v e v i rus conter t on a loca l l^sloti h o s t .
(c) Calcluw Phosphate o e l i Calcium phosphate l e l w i l l
be prepared by mixing 0«1 K sodium d i b a s i c h\'drog«>n
jidiosphate (Ka-HPl., 2H2O) and 0,1 K calcium ch lor ide
(CaCl^) in equal voltsmw. The mixture a f t e r contlroi is
s t i r r i n g for 15 minutes* w i l l be allowed t o s e t •tie.
The g<»l w i l l be washed with double d i s t i l l e d vmt(^ a t
l e a s t t&n t imes t o resKyiw excess of ch lor ide ion (Cl~)
iunff f i n a l l y equi l ibrated with i^osphate buffer (T^ 7,0f
0.1 M). Such f r e s h l y prepared g e l w i l l be mixed with
star^ard inoculum, s t i r r e d v igorous ly and c«)ntrlfuged
for 5 minutes a t 5,000 g. The c l e a r sxjpentwtant w i l l
be bJoassayed for v i r u s a c t i v i t y ow a loca l l e s i o n
h o s t .
77
(^) S i l v e r nltrfl^fi Dlff©r«vt ^^Itjwes of 1 r e r c&nt
s l l v « r nolvtti<m wl33 b« Bifl^9^ ^ron by r'ror t o t h e
at&r^ar^ Inoctiltan (1/5) aiK atirre*" cortitmously
The 8!ixtur« w i l l b« l « f t a t rooB> te»?p©rattire for
30 wlmites an<5, t h e r e a f t e r , centr i fuge^ at S,^(^f^ q
for 15 iritmtes, Tha 3tiT»ernatant thus oistained w i l l
be bloassayed on l o c a l l e s i o n hos t for v i rus
115 f a c t i v i t y .
C l a r i f i e d i n f e c t i o u s sap obtained by piro-stardarr'iaed
procedtsres as d e t a i l e d above w i l l be used for conrer^tr^tlom
of v i r u s by e i t h e r of the fo l lowing methods -
(a) r i f f « r M i t i a l ceptr i fuoat iop i Ul tracer tr l fugat lon w i l l
be done i f Kiodal LS-' O BecTrmaR preperat ive u l t racan-
t r i f u g e c l a s s H us ing rotor type 5^, KomssJIy, Mc^
speed c « i t r i f u ^ t i o r » w i l l be done a t 97,'X)C g (35, ^ C
rpBi) u n l e s s s ta ted otherwise for 30, 60 and Pr r i r u t e s .
The p e l l e t thus obtained w i l l be d i s so lved in s u i t a b l e
buf f er and c«rjtrifuged at 10,or*0 g. The ruHber of
c y c l e s and the tlB»e of centri fuc^tiQ« a t d i f f e r e n t xrm
w i l l be standardised Ireerting i r view the s t a b i l i t y of
th-s v i rus as we l l aa its aedinmitatlnn. A c t i v i t y of
d i f f e r e n t saiRples i n supernatant and the p e l l e t w i l l
be assayed on l o c a l les icm assay plamt;r^^^j^
78
1) Po3vethvl«i« g l y c o l <rSG)j Polystbylene g lycol
6,f^cm KK (M/s- Sif^pa Ch«iBlcals, USA) wl3 3 be us«e
for the preclpltatlcMi of the v i r u s . Pr©clpltatl<»3
of v irus %rill be trier* with 7, 4, 6, 8 , IC anr* 12
per cent of PEG s e p a r a t e l y . In every case , t h e
v a r l a t i w ) in s a l t conc€>ntratJ<wi ar<! i t s bearing
on e f f e c t i v e p r e c i c i t a t i o n of v irus w i l l be
8t«n<;an*i7ed. Af ter t h e atf^'itlon of the r e q u i s i t e
quant i ty of PSG an<? sodiiOB c h l o r i d e t o staiK'are'
inocult»9« t h e mixture w i l l be s t i r r e d t i l l both
d i s so lved utd kept in a r e f r i g e r a t o r a t 4 t o «®C
for 6 hr t o a l l ow con^plete p r e c i p i t a t i o n ,
i i ) Asw!Oniu» sttlnhates Dif^^r^^it q u a r t i t i e s (10-«P^)
of amnonitan sulplmte (K/V) w i l l be added t o t h e
standard inoeulwn ( l A ) . 7he n ix ture w i l l be
s t i r r e d a t 8 + 2^C i n an i c e bucket t i l l the
ainpicmiwr sulphate c r y s t a l s f*iS8o3ve. Thereaftc^r,
t h e Biixture w i l l be incubated a t 4 + 1**C fear 2 hr
end CQAtrifugedf a t 5,f»00 g for 15 minutes -o
c o l l e c t the p r e c i p i t a t e .
The p e l l e t s obtained by PEO p r e c i p i t a t i o n and
airroniun? sulphate treatn«Rt w i l l be d i sso lved
separate ly in a s u i t a b l e buf fer and r^^e t t r i^aed
79
a t 5,' rf* g for 5 r d r u t e s . Surerisatart , thus
cft>taJr3«c» wi l l b© assayed rm local leslcm host
for v i ru s I r f e c t l v l t y .
feJ Qql chromatogradiv
l ) AcHiy03»-qel colowBTit Th« coliann w i l l be prepared
by the wstho^ of 3tttere (1964), After ac ju l l lb r la t -
inq t h e coltwr. with t he appropr ia te buffer an**
etbyl«ne <?l«»ltJe t e t r a a c e t l c acid (EDTA), i t wi l l
be loa^od with cotJcentrate^ sap cortalnlntf v i r u s .
The fractlc«js of 5 »1 wi l l be collecte<* using ITB-.
2112 Ra^ireic frectic») c o l l e c t o r . These fractior^s
w i l l be scarmed for t he pre.'^erce of micleoprotelns
u s l r g BecVflMtn I>B Spectrochotoeteter.
Fractlcms ccmtalnlng v i rus (or the ba s i s of
IN spectrophotontetry) wi l l be poolec* together and
rerun art an another agarose«^el colotann for fur ther
separa t l^3 of the non-vi ra l iseterlalfi franr the
v i r u s . After recycling^ the v i ru s containing
f rac t ions td. l l be concentrated by any of t he l nown
cRethods e .g . u l t racent r l fuga t lon« freea» drying
and djry gel absorp t ion .
11) Calcluiw Phosphate oe l colouagu Calcium phosphate
gel for colouii»n w i l l b«» prepared as m&ntinfcusH under
c l a r i f i c a t i o n . Fr«ctlon«tl«»! and conc«flntrati<w of
v i r u s wi l l be done as «^escr1bed for agarose oel
colo»trn.
80
Tria l of p u r i f i c a t i o n throu<5h g«l chromato
graphy w i l l fmpmi^ <m j ^ v | , tro locgav l ty o€ the
v i r u s .
Further nurlficatlCTB bv a^ca i tv Qgadiwt certtrl fuoetlor?
C<»K;entrat«* samples obtained by standan'laed proce*
fxiTtefB w i l l be further pur i f i ed using c'ersi ty gradl«rt: c e r t r i -
fugatlon (Bra)<lcc» 1953, 1967) •
A gradieffit of 40, 30, 20 and 10 per c e r t aucrose w i l l
be preperaid with the he lp of a dev ice given by Srivastava
9t al, (1983) i^ ieh works with t h e a id of IXB-Varioperpax
rMisp. The tubes w i l l be Icept overnight In re fr igerator a t
4 C t o obtain a l inear grad ient . Virus preparation w i l l l ^
loaded (Ml t h e gradient with the heir* of the same dev ice
prev ious ly used for preparetl<MJ of g r a d l ^ i t , at^^ centrif«g*=d
a t 23 ,ore rpm in swing out rotor (sw 25 .1 rotor) for 1*- - ?
hr i r a BecJtinan L5-50 u l t r a c e n t r i f u g e , 1t»e f rac t ions of the
v i r u s w i l l be c o l l e c t e d with t h e he lp of IK3-2112 Radirsr
f rac t ion co l l^?tor«
tlV SPSCTROP?K3?fg'ETir?
UV Spectrophotoneter w i l l be us*»d t o evaluate the
c i f f e r e n t wethoda of purl f icat lcm and t o asc^rteiv the
p u r i t y of pur i f ied v i r u s .
U l t r a v i o l e t radiaticms avB absorbed in a c h a r a c t e r i s
t i c manner bv v i rus conta in ing s o l u t i o n s . Absozbance of
81
r^ar^plms will be stuc'lad in UV range (230 WP - 320 wn) and
graphs will be plotted. Values of A- maxA^in, A- 280/260
anr* A- 260/280 will be calculated to know the aporoxliaate
tuercentage of nucleic aci^,
ELECTRON HICR09C0PY
Morphology (shape anr* slse) of the virus particles
will be stuf'la In Philips 420 Blectror microscope.
* Lea^ dip gethod
T^e wethod of Brandes (1<564) w i l l be followed for
l e a f d i p prepar?»tlon8. Ore drop each . f 2 t^er cent potass iu»
phosphotungstlc acid (PTA) and uranyl a c e t a t e %dll be placed
separa te ly <wi severa l copper gr ids coated with f o n ^ a r having
carbcM" bacMng. The f re sh ly cut ends of Infected leaves w i l l
be dipped In t h e drop for 2-4 seconds. Svch gr ids w i l l be
allowed t o dry for sanetisKS end t h e r e a f t e r aotaipln^ under
eJectror fnleroscoyie a t var ious fnagnif icat ions .
TX, P3rtx;edore with pur i f i ed v i r u s preteiratictf)
A s n a i l drople t of T«iK"ified v i m s preparations w i l l be
placed fwj forwvar coated g r i d s , then a nnall drop of s u i t a b l e
s t a i n ( e i t h e r PTA or uranyl ace ta te ) w i l l b e added t o the
v i rus mispris ion. The exces s f l u i d w i l l be absorbed with a
82
sioell r>4ece of f i l t e r paper Isaving a very thir fllw of
fl«l<a an the grlc*. Th« prsparatlon thus <3bt«ln«<? wi l l be
ex8mlne<^ ui^«r «l«tctron mieroecopmm
ssnawBT
Specific «ntiq«fi and anitbody reaction Is one of the
useful iBetho<?s either for assigning the viztis to a partJcular
group or to dlf farentiata i t at the strain l eve l . Antisera to
the v irus /es tsndar s t i^y w i l l be prepared for the ic'eanti fIca-
t lon of the v i m s as well as for tes t ing the latent infection
in certain hos ts . Besides, i t would a l so be useful for
ascerfcelring the 3<sed trarse^leslble nature of the virus
throuc^ routine serological nethoc^s or by ensyiPa-linlted
i»«?!unosorbent assay (ELISA) •
Healthy pure l ine of male albino rabbits« apnroxlfliitely
3 lbs , Ir weight and one wcasth old, w i l l be used for productlMfi
of antisera. The puri f ied/part ia l ly purified virus preparation
wi l l be used as antigen.
In view of the e f fec t of route of injection on the
fomatlon of antibodies as wall as t i t r e of ttm antisert»n#
I t i s T^roposed t o assess the ef fect of intravenous or intra-
iw'flculer or a combinatl<» of both types of irjectl<»*s on the
entisense t i t r e .
83
Antigon wi l l be a<9ininl8terck^ lntr«v«fiously throu0)
the marginal «sar ( le f t ) vein of the i?abbJt at 5 <"ay» Inter
val by 5-7 InjectlOTia, Tntrawuacular Injectlotia wi l l
ccwnslst of the antigen mmilaifi^S with an equal volunie of
FrewwSs* IncoRplete ac»j\ivant. The virus-adjuvant eRiulsi<m«
dlviae<!» Into two eqxial parta, w i l l be Injected In both
thlgjis of the rabbit Intm-wuscularly. Test bleeding wi l l
be inade several t ines froiti the ear of the rabbit. The
ral^l t wi l l be bled by giving sharp inclss lon on the narqinal
right ear vein. About 10-15 wl of the blood wi l l be collected
and allowed to c lo t at room ternperature (20 C) for 2 hr mr^
Icept ovemiglit In a refrigerator. Serum would be th*»reafter
separated and centrifuged at 1,000 rpen for 5 inlnutes to
reiaove f ibrin, blood c e l l s e tc . The straw, yellow coloured
senam wll3 be col lected end stored for serological studies.
^^- Seroloaieal t e s t s
(a) Precipit in t e s t in tubes* Equal proportions of
antlsera and antigen af ter BHiJcing 2 fold di lut ions in
0«85?< sal ine w i l l be mixed together in serological
tubes ( 6 x 1 en) and incubated at 37^C in a %rater bath.
The fozKiation of precipitate and i t s intens i ty wi l l be
observed using a magnifying lens .
84
(b) Chlorowlast aqQlatinaliioo t « i t t The nsetboes qlven
by var Slogter«f> (l'>55, 1969) aw» Bal l (1961) w i l l
be fol lowed.
In t h i s t«?st, 5 drof)9 of d i l u t e d antiserwm v d l l
be iBlx«d with 2 djrops of crude Infected plant sat? on
a fplcr-'scope s l i d e . The clttrnolrg of small p a r t i c l e s
W3M16 be ohs«rvad uzK^er wicroscope,
(c) Ouehtarlonv dot ible-dl f fus ion t e s t in aoari With a
view t o i f 'erty the v i r u s uiV'er i n v e s t i g a t i o n t o
groui- or s t r a i r l eve l* the method of fXjchterlaTjy
(19M, 1967) w i l l be follo%«d.
The e s s « > t i a l feature of double d i f f u s i o n t e s t
i s tha t both reactants i , e , » ant loen and art iseruw
d i f f u s e towards each other in t o g e l B»edluin, A p r e c i -
rtltlr? 3ir<» i s fonned a t the s i t e **^ere •-hev ireet under
ontietal c t w d i t i o n s .
Method
1 i?er c?»nt agar w i l l be prepared in 0,85?^ s a l i n e
ccmtaining 0.02% soditm a s i d e . S u i t a b l e amount v i l l be
poured i n t o st6»rlliaed p e t r i d i s h e s . Wells with dianspter of
5 PIP w i l l be B«ade i n t o the agar and the cut port ions w i l l be
removed by n e ^ l e s . Th© d i s t a r c e between the w e l l s w i l l be
I'&Tft 5 mr. The centra l wel l w i l l be f i l l e d with art iseruw.
The upper well a t le^'t hand s i d e and lower wel l a t r ight hand
85
si^« w i l l b« f i l l e d with antigvR (I t l )* while the remiicing
we31s trill be f i l l ed %dlth healthy c lar i f i ed sap. Theae
plants wi l l be incubated at roam twtq^erature and wi l l be
observed regularly for the formBtion of precipit in l ine .
STODIES nK mmiETC ACID OP THE VIRimiS
Purified -virus pr«^>aratio9i8 w i l l be processed t o
i s o l a t e the nucleic acid froin the virl<M»s and further studies
wi l l be nade to id^mtify the type of nucleic acid diirlng
steiv^ard PMthoda.
Z. Xaolatiop of nncleic acid
Various priocedures a« detailed by ear l i er workers wi l l
be tr ied for iaolaticwi of nucleic acid trtm v ir ions . The most
suitable mithod would be used for i so la t ion of nucleic acid.
71* 'Pvpa of nucleic aeid«
To deterndre the presence of RN? or DRR as the infectious
c^^pementa of the virlfMis, various physical and chemical
methods wi l l be us«^. These methods are based on chemical
reactions t o r'etect the Tt>r«Mience of th• ?mane or uracil as base
cowronent in the nucleic acid or identifying the deoxy-ribose
an9 rlbose sugars.
The t e s t %«il] be loerforiPed to s+'wdy the type of suoar.
r>iT*»eny3 amine t^t9t for deoxy-ribose or orcino3 t e s t for rlbose
sugar wi l l hm ns9& for ascertalrlng the typ« of nucleic
acliS ip v i m s to^ar In^aetlgaticw,
I I I , Parcatrtaoe of nuclalc acl^
An arvnroxlffeta of ntKilelc acl^ Ir the v lr lor wi l l
be basef^ <m the OV ab8ozt>anee data of the pkiri^i^id vlrlor».
The value of the rat io betwe«B A- 260/!?60 will be iisef* for
ffaklng an anproxlratlon of per ccant of nucleic aclc» Ir the
virus par t i c l e s .
If possible* an attempt would be iRade using stanr'ard
methods to detejcnlne the apttroxlmate iRolecular weight of
proteins associated with the v ir ions .
8V
R E F E R
sttjf' les on rotchmd l e a f r' iseeso '>f glaw'lolus caused by tol-iacco r a t t l « virua (TRV). Art^lg . Agrjl. S c i . , Ft«ihtohor. 2.« 143-149.
A U e r , T . r , f l o 7 2 ) . U l y s^^ritoirlesf? v i r u s . f^'1/a.PB t^eacrH^tiors of P lart V i n i s e s t^o, Q6.
A] 1^:5, T . c , (1975)• Vlrus<^ of IJll^-s art* t h e i r c o r t r o l .
/v-*--a T^art. i2« 60 -75 ,
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A s j e s , '".J. (1964), Cootrol of ^'lald sr»r«ar» tn31r» br€3a>lrg v i rus in IdliUBi c v , Erhar^«i«iit by dlff«?r«nt brands of ^t^aral o i l . Crop Protaet lop 3 ( l ) i 111»124.
Asbby, J ,w. ft ThoiP|^sor, A,D, (1%<?), Kew plant dl3aas@ rpc^^rd Ir ^mi Z^larids Tumlr* fRoaalc vSrus Ir iJumpij a armja l»*
Sgwsaa. iaaoa*. &asl. 1^» 21 < >» 533-584.
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Attathfr>, s,y Weat^^ors, T,G, & Gianpf, P . J , (1978). Ir ' tr . t l f lea-t l c » aix' characterlsat iofs of a poteoevlcus fror Cal i foroea barre l c » : t u s . Pbvtopath. 68 (lfi)i 1401-1406,
88
srofe v i m s infection oc Sareioaaa In I ta ly , Ipfogp. gjtofaat^. 1 1 ^ 5» 4 ^ 5 3 ,
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Bkwiigro, n»A,, Favali-Hedayat* H,A, & Ratuarna* F.L. (1975). SaiBpa(]Vita yellow ring spot eosa ie . CT>illii>iRe Hi /top^ath* 11, Of) J 91-92 •
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Bet t l . 1, & Canova« A. {1961), Yellow sr^ot of Pelarooiiliire fhi9 t o a l f a l f e nosaic v irus . Phvtopath^ WecFiterr.. 25 (2/3) J 176-178.
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Brierlv, P. fc ^eith, 8,P. (196f?). Trensnisslon of tobacco ring virus on too l s during harvesting fl^^ers and cortsw ^^ Gladiolus. PI. P i s . Regtr. i±(7)t 463-664,
89
Srurt , A.A, (l'^6€), Ttm ocx?«rrenc« o? cncnjjr -Mar mosaic v irus ajnd four nemtod!« tranafRltts^ v i r u s e s In B r i t i s h M lpc tjUi ? crop8. PJ.. %i!?.> 15 < >« 157-160.
Bnjoit, A.A, ( l « t l ) , t ^ M l a e»oaalc v i r u s . f^HlASB r e » c r l r -
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Brtatt* A,A. {1973). Hlppoastrup moamtc v i r u s . CHIAB3 Deaerlpfelong of Plant Vlnisea »>. 117.
Bruitt, A.A. (1976) , Narcleanis l«t«»nt v i r u s . CfAl/kWB Doacr lpt iors of Plant Viruses Wo. 170.
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Brunt, A.A, (1977) . Saam h o s t s an** T>rofv»rt:i**s of p?«rrls9t5S lat'^sit v i r u s , a c a r l a v l r u s coiemonly I n f e c t i n g narclsst is an** bn'lbous J r l s . Anrla. html. BJ.0I.. S7C3)t 355-354.
Car«?ln, L . , Dev>rqre, J .C . (l<>75), 'tecurence on rose of a v i rus belonging t o prunus n e c r o t i c r ing srot v i rus gr-nip (wmv). Phvtopath. Meei tarr , . l l C ? / 3 ) i 106-112.
Cas ta l lano , M,A, & Rana, Q*!*. <l*Jei). Tranmdsslnr sr«» v l t r a -
s t n j c t u r e of Ivy vain d u r i n g v i r u s I n f e c t i o n s .
PfeXtaESill. Madlterr- . 20 (2 /3 ) i 19«J-202.
Chrlsfcensan, O.V. £ Baluf»an, S . (1978). Growth ar<« flcw?'rlng of Pelaraonlt3B» lnf9ct«»a with tomato r l r g snot v i r u s . Jour. Hort. S c l . . ^ (2)« 209-213.
Cbauyan, A. & Krylov, A.V. (1«575). Potato v i rus X or chrysar-thenifflB. Bvul le t^i Glavnooo Bolanlchaskooe Sa^a ?v>. 2S» 64-67 .
99
Chu-ywti, A., Hartaic^a, K., Krylov, A.V, & Hiiltha, V. {1PT7), Tb^ patbog«R of leosftlc lof«ct lor of PrigMla obcoricf Hacc« lo th« Pxiierotflc rw^ion. T£, Biol , Poaiv. Inst* ral*Revogt. Baucli. Ta^Btr.. AJSSSR, Ko, j[£j e4-«»f,
Cnl^er, J.D, (1979), Vicvui ^Isaas** AMgtr. f:hreM^ £gX-# 4£(2)i 75-78,
Crewor, F.C. R Schanic, P.K. (1967). RotcheC leaf In Qla<*iQlua i«n« causal by viruses of tha ??**acco rat t la vlrua qroap. Wath. Joyur» PI, Path,* JB.(2)t 33-48,
rele««w, G,"',K, (1972), Tdbaeco inoaale virus In HirynaastruiB H>brias«e. Math. Jtoor. PI. Path.^ 3£<?^» 69-71,
TMllcm, J . I . J , , .^r^^ahar* C,L, & Garg* I.D, (1976), Phx'slo-logical 8tu<?ia8 with Cy^l^a^ula o f f i c ina l ia L, laavaa is fecta^ v i th potato yallow ewstrt v i m s , lad. Jour, Bare. B io l , . i i ( 6 ) i 726-729.
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Plclay, J.R, (1975), Oxnaribar vsosaic virus in Gatbara. A: S1 . PI. P[|£h. 32£. Hy^^<yt1;?r> i.(2>* l^*
Fuw^l-Allah, A,S,3,A,, Wf athars* t.O. & Graer, F,c. (1-^38). CharactariaatiOR of a pot«Kvlr«« Isolatai^ frow r lght-blooning cactus. Pi* P i a . . §^(4)* 438-440,
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yi
Glbbs, A,J. fr Karrison, B.D, (1976), Pl«Rt Vlroloorv th« Pri«;lpl««^ »{•«•«* Arr?ol«;» (Pabllshsra) Lti*., Ua^etm,
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Ouf>ta« H,P, & Ra^bau<n'url# 3.P. (1977). Purification, olaetror isicrose<^iy 6»6 aerology of Cantm mottle virus, Act€| Bot. JEOS*-* 1<25* 189-192.
CupUi# R.P. fl^'T?). Stu<l*l«0 OB virus ^l8«a8«s of omaa»«stal plants and tbalr control . Ph.P. T^asis i c BotaRv. iftiivarslty of Kanpur« Kanfsor.
Oupta, R.P. & Singh, B.P. (1<^1). Stt3<»l<Mi or Chrysar^bawMR asporay Vitus on chr^«»nthaB!t». Ina. Jour. Wvco. Pi. Path.. 11 (^)« 158-160,
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Ha>^art, ?.A. (1979). Virus in botnmr^ias car. h& rortro11«^ by tast ing and? selection* Val bTtfrt* voor < e Bloofrlsterll. 34 (32)I 40-41.
92
Hearois, S,S, (1962), A carlavlnis fron? Kalapchoe fels^afalfl-
Hein* A., Koenig, K., Loswsiami, D.S, & Querfurth, G. (3 576), Turnip »o3aic virus ii»9 ciicw«b«r iwwMiic virus in cultivate** static© iu South Genaary. Zaita, fur Pglfr«an> ifflg P^l»Bifl|yffp^qt.f* §a^<)< 230-333.
Folllc^rs, M. (1*»65>. AiwBWfHi R«crosis, 8 aiMMMT causcif' by a s tr s in of tobacco ring spot v irus . Amils* Appt. Biol.., !55(3)f 447-457,
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Hoi lings* W. £ Stona, o.M, (l*3i72), ChrysantbgpwB virus B,
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93
Sorae pftsf?«»ittl*'« of fteli^ v«ir cla^rlnq virus lsol;=ta«*
51-58.
fhmnq* B, , Mil ls , G,J. fc St»i^«rlaRd« M, <1«J83). Vinis-iBf@ct«d T^ll«} grains in l^aorie j ^ f i * J g r* ^T» .
I«ffsab, Y»A* fit PuiaPiBmr^lm, A, CI^77), Tb# patYiog^^s of v i m s ^iB0f,mem of Pliiqsi oaBicolafeft L, in tatvi«n sss»
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ZnayE^« M, 6 Mitaruhata* If* (1978), f^rmip SKMiaic v i m s isolated frost J[£4£« ^ S ^ 3 I SffiiSS* 12^^H l^ie*
lli^^m, K* <19($9). Cocts^bsr wssaie v i fus i s o l s t s i tram
Ua^jBmm' 5acl£^ Sssfesu £|Ci.3}i 4<»-€a.
Xwe)ti, H, €r KosKEre, Y. (1971). Viruses imol^tmP from nereissitf ii» J^p8fi«ll« 7^ii8to riiK? sisofe v iros a©^ i t s trenssMlssiciii
22f2)i 106-1111.
virws chiircket«ixl«atioef of a t^ps of tolMieeo s^mic virus i s o l s t s a firep c iHtt l s^ plarit «fitli iiifsetiQci blosson iH»?F9sis« g^yfeopath, J . , ^C3)t a7?-28t.
94
Kamiiislca, H, (1975) • '^aenmtlon on the at?fNierar«e of v iras eim^s^mes of gladiolus in 1N>l8ii . Zeyat. ProbK Pogtg« »a, itolp. Ro. 3156» 1«7,
Kenier^is, R, ft J9Ba<?f»aDch« K, ( l ^ l ) , Isol«tl<Mi ©n l^eaDtlfl-eatic«R of baac yellow momlc aoa tdb«)ceo rirg sr&t
17(^)« 1-16.
t&mpt w,G, (1969)• D«t«ct4€» of topato ring srot v i m s lis PalagcRMilotB i e <^tario. Cats. jP|. Dig, Surv* i9Cl)f 1-4,
R«Bap# w«0« & H4q(h, P.A« (1979), 3a«ntlficat^iai) of csrr^tlou latmit; vlrua from lasturally 4fifeet«rf barSy ^r^^a Diap.thtia s p e c i e in ^srth MMHrie«« PJ.. Pi« . RggfcS* ^ ( l ) f 51-54.
Wian, H.A, & Maxvoll, D.P. (1975)» I^ef»tlflcatlor. 0*= fib^rco
rin? st^ot v i m s l e C^MS§mSjSSB& tlm^^Wi^^ BmS!^^* (§5.(10) t 1150-1153.
Klw» i7.S., Klffi, H.B, ic Le«, S.H, ( 1 ^ 1 ) . Xaolatioti t'r<» properties of cnsecntMir nosale idLrus In^ttcicg nos^ic sysptoB^ i e MPPg?ff^g^ mss^m llffit* £S£* '7<mr. Prot. 20(2)» 76^02.
Foeislg, R, (1973). iiyfreeg^a rlcg ajKJt v irus . CWI/AB^ Pescnpt lons of PlaiH: ^mam^ m^ ^ 4 .
K^ositslcil, Yo, » . (1975). Prellsslcarf resul ts of iii've8tige> tiOB tm virus diseases of flowering plants on ti.^ Blaek Sea Coast of the Caiicamis. Refer. 2hur. £(55)« 1253,
95
Kur«t«1t, S. a ^ i ) . Haagboolf of plant: v inig iBfoct lora
lti!saba» T. & Kabata* K. Cl^*^). D i s t r ibu t ion of pathogeric v i ruses of t u l i p p l a n t s lis Toyae« prefoetnre* Proc. Aaaoe. P I . P ro t , Boimrllrtt Ho. i l * «7-70.
Ku3ch)cl, O.H,, Ro«9iilg« R,, I>uv«l, D, & Kuhne, H, (1«>78), Hel«nlu» v i rus S eia!» Y- t%iO BOW v l rusas froia cowr^r-d a l l y grown B«l<MiHm hybr ids . Phvtopath. 68fl0)i 1407-1411,
X<av3on« R.H, (19«6). .^)cl«Bf c h l o r o s i s - sv»9ptc«»«tlc of cucuirb«r mom^ie v i rus In f sc t ioe l o PaMla.. Phvtopath., Sit<3)« 343-344.
LawsoT!, R.H., l^arsop, 3 .S, & Clv«rolo« S.E, (1977). Carnation «tehsd r l n ^ v i r u s . cyg/ABB Paac r l c t l o r s of
teSf T.C., Freiwkl, R . I .B . & Hat te , T. (1<»7Q). A serious t'is^.taa of QlaflioVtXi* !« Anstrali^!* c«t»9ofl by toesato swjt te^ wi l t v i r u s . PX* SiS* BSS&JH** fiif5)f 34S-34e.
lassBisRrj, D.E, (1977). liong* fil^wentous vlnAS-ll>!» p e r t l -c l « s assQClats^ v l t ^ vein nacros l s of Peparoblu«
i;? l«w<?OT4ff,» S^asa^^ £•* Si^^'* 330.339.
X<i9s«Bianr« D.E. , lt<^s^lg« R. & H«lti« A, (19T5>). S t e t l c e v i rus T-a v i ru s re la ted t o bttsn ye l lov isos^lc aiad olov«ar yellow vein v l r u s s s . Ptiytopcth. ^ , 5&?2)» 126-139.
96
ULoB, V, (f D«llavsll0« O, (1977). Viola mottle virus , a nmi iBcniMr of the potcecvirus ^^oap* VfxvtGfo&th* ^.^ g 2 ( l ) t 82-89.
I*i«e, V. & D«llevalle« O. <1<>79), Isolat ion of two viruses fron Celqpdula o f f i c i n a l i s in Liguria. IKfom, P^$or®^»* 2 i C l l A 2 ) i 7-9.
Lisa, V, & Lovlsolo« O, (191W). A mosaic <»la«as# of Prirml® dbcQBlce cmiBmB hf & potyvirus. Acta Hort;.. Ro. 59, 167-173.
Loclrhart, B.E, & tetsoli9« J.A. (1979). BiS^»}ia yallow spot* a d l sesso ceuso^ by tobacco ring spot virus infecticm. £1- St4S£« J OZy:*' fia(12)i 1(J4«-1047,
Loc!chart« B.S.L. & Bat2ol^« J*A. (1962). Broad boan v i l t virus in ?fg^i |a in Nijin^tota. £ 1 . &i£«* §§,(t)t 7?>73.
IiOClehartf B.E., Bstsold* J.A, Ce Pfl4K^r* F.L. (1981). ChersctarlaatiGon of potyvlnis eausiii? a l«sf ^ i s tor -ticm ^is^-'so of TradaiwaBtia SBA 8abrii» apoclos ^Tt9Pmi«> Il.C«>t 602-604.
LocJfhart, B.E, & Pfle<^r, P.L* (1979). Idsntif ication of « strain of tobacco ring S|>ot wtipam oausieg a a i s e s se o^ Jbwaatiga a in cosffBercial qg—n houses. PI. Dif-
[•# 1S2<*>« 258-261.
Macovei, A. & Docea, E. (1979). HarciastM velloitf s tr ipe , a rf*w virus disease i r ItoiMinle. R«jvue Kouailne < Q
MaVlrook, K.M. & Sh^l^b, s , (1960), I&mitifics Jb-mt^ properties and inci«^efic« of camat loe SKSttle virus on oamatioK in Uk>an<m, 2j^^. Fur >flaa« i ^ yflapu. g2(9)t 5«= 7-561,
97
Mall, V.R, (1980), A ring spot «is«es« of pottoiia causea by a l fa l fa msa&ic v irus , lug. Phvtopotb.. I0te) t 212-216.
Meli^ V.R. & Vyerjen*, H.T, (1960). f)ccur«rce of a tobacco mcMsaic virus on passion-flower fPaas^flora «yaa«ilaa). g3<g. Jouy. MSS2- * £1* Path.. l£fl>« 112-114.
Kali« V.R,, Vj^mjanSf K.T. 6 Sldboto* A.tJ. (1977). Pcftunla r ieg spot virus <^is«as«- a nmt rac«E€ f^r I i^ ia . Curr. a c i . . M<l<>s 5«7-5€e,
Marsni* 7. & F»ccioll« O. (1974). Charseteristies of a strain of art^is SHasaic vixus i solated froiR Lil i t i i
lilfflLlujai ^ej^-^'*!* ytmqpatho lia^ii^c^' U<'5>« 101-107.
Karani, F, «« P i s i , A. (1976). Rss^arch OB a virus cownlaat of aquilegia (AcRiilaaia sp.)« Ptrvtopatb. Waditerr.. 1^(2/3) f 137-140,
l^?raiii« P. 6 Glu»ch«7i# U (1976). Alfalfa iposaic virus isolatodi fro» l^^spus freiKrola i c I t a l y . Acta Hort., Ko. S9t 97-104.
Matsucami, H«« Ksetsotsu* H«« Oi)ra««« X« Mishio, T. 6 Klsura# S. (1976), TctMNcco str^aak virus dstsctad frflB» iwportsa <?ahlias. Rss. Bull , P | . Prot. 3sr . Japan. So, i l t 49-54.
KatthsMi, R.s .P, (1970). Plant Viroloov, Aeada^ic Prsss« R«M York aaa LoMSoet 701 i^p.
Mettb«ws« P^E.P. (1962). Pourtli fUtport of th« Xntamational Camsittas OR TBx&ti<mf of Virusas. iBtarvirolQav. ,|2« 1-189,
98
Ha^ani9l» C(*L,« Btxe^, G»J. & Pore, R«E, (1<^71}, Isolation of tfsbaeeo r l sg spot vlras from KOMI. CTnrtopgth.^
H»«r« F.w. Van Dar (1<984)* Virus aisaas^s in orchids. South
AS£L* J£3ll£ [S!l£** l&(X)t 9.13.
Hor^ies* ?•«?• & Zett ler , F.W. (19T?). Charactarlsatiat) «»* elactroB wicroacopy of • potyvizus iiif«ctiog CsSJOlfi* fi l .^^^* ^nOpga\«* £l<'7>« 639^43 .
Horaad* J*C. Cr Pcmtisr* J«C» {1978). D«tectlati of viruses cm two ori)a«MMt}t«!ls« ! • R&ttls on p«ony« 2 . T8RV on mrliwula. itenly. do ffetetopatK. i £ ' i ' » l*' *
Korrls-Krslclch, B.A,K. & >«ilii«, K.S, fl*»77). l^turel i c f e c -t ion of Psphfse by eerB«tlOR e o t t l e v i m s (Car, KV). £i» Pi3» R@Ptr. jH(8)f 675-678.
Norrln-Frlrjich, B,/*.H., Mllno, K.S. 6 »eil8<an« H.F, (l*?'^). A s t r Ifj of eu<nB!tHir posalc virus fro« Datjlma. Pl«
K<Mi»at, w.P. (1<»71), Kaxcissus iROsaic v irus . cm/:^BB Deacriotiops of Plept Vinises Mo. 4S«
Hov*t# W.P. (1^72). A necrotic <9isttes« of tu l ip e«us«af by tcmato bushy stvast v irus . £1.. Path.* 21 f '* 171-174.
.Mowat, w.P, (1982). Pathology aw? properties of t u l i p virus y# a isafw potacvirus. ^^ja^a. Apcl. B io l . . 1£11^1)» S l -e3 .
Mow«t# W#P., Asjes, C,J, & Brunt« A,A. (1<»76), K^rclssus tir^ r.«crosl8 v irus . C^l/hm Psscr ic t locs of Plat^t Viruses Ko. 166.
i)9
Howat, ^•Pm0 Harrison, B«D*, Roblnsor« t>,J, , Dure^r* G,H, £ Alphey, T .J . l . , ( 1 ^ 3 ) . V l n i s e s of ^Icwwr bti lbs, £SE» Scot^^. Crop» Saya. I n s t . * 1*^21 i e € * i e 8 .
f aqvi , C.A,, Hadi, S, & Mshwooa, lf» (1<»81), Marlgol«« roottl* v i r u s iR Al lgarh, Irj^la. £ 1 , D l a . , e^^^^' 271-275.
Karlanl* T.K,, Rayebaudhurl« 3»P, , Rao, D.R., Vlswarath, S.M. £r Pralca^, R. {1^78), Purl f l e e t s or- aw* 8«r<^loc5y
of a v irus causing raosalc Ir. Vlrce rosea 1 . Curr. 3c l> .
42(7) t 232-233.
liocr(f»anr, D. (1<»73), If^artlflcatlCTi of Plant Vlruaa*. M«thoa» ag^ gxT3erltP«Pt8. '^fopt* ant? XBH Publ ish!rg coi^pany,
nm> D e l h i , 175 t»p,
Ncwa}', J . 8 , £ Larsova, J . (1^77), Purl fIcatl<ws and pror<»rtl@s of arable SH^salc v i r u s an^ ttsnisto bushy s tunt vlrtiaes I so la tea fro« l i l a c (Svrlnaa v u l o a r l s L.) B i o i . P1»i:t»* i 9 ( 4 ) f 264-271 .
miruifaiae, 3 . S, SuglsaM, K. (3973)* Virus ^Isa^ses of gfrfean tr@s8. I I . A mosaic «*lseas« of e&f^nm ft>^trfiaaa odora thunb.) causa£ by tobacco leosalc v i r u s . 3 c i . Ra>r>. Pac.
Pi^r*aaf»bhan, C. £ Path»a^aabhan# O, <19785. A l»af curl ais^eestt
o^ MBSS^ al*<»r.s Jacg . Qaj[£. Sgy,., So . §t m o - l O l .
Palx^an, K. (1971) . A l fa l fa inosalc v i r u s In Vlburtmw s n . Phvtoeath. 5 . , Jg.* 219 .
P s r l s l c , M, Babovlc, M. & Bacilrovlc* V. (19TO). Ths «i3f>«arare« of spot and tbr«ad-l l^tt v i r u s ^ I s a a s * <m drui!> In g l a s s . houss of Belgrade. Ac<^ B i o l . l u o o a . . H ( 2 > i 167-174.
100
F i s i , A. fc Mar.^rl, P. (1*^76), A virus r^lseea© of pecw -*'.
Plavslc-ganjac, 8 , , Ki l ic lc* O. & BrJc, Z. (l***?*). WwiMovlrua Ir Pittoatior<«(P tdbjga plartta miffaring from vein yellowing ai8«as«. PhvtQpat:^. Z.« g£(3)i 225-? 33.
riav«ic-«s»i««, B,, Hl l ie ie* D . , Srle , 2, (1976) • '>ccur«nc9 of RittosTyortgi* vela cle»arie9 virus In Llbva, Phvtopath. Z,, 2^t%)t 67-75.
Pl«8«<»« K. (1979) • Rhabi*ovint8 in hsSanrmm aaaqvroid^ 8uff«rlng from v«in yellow aiseftse. />cte Bot« Croa.» jat 19-22.
lHM«a«v« S. Sc Siitabutrtt* T. (1974). Morphological ew5 f*yaical l»rop«rtiftfi of tdsaoeo aosaie virus orchid strain in Thailana. ICaaet, Jiaay.. fi,Cl)t 28-32.
t>r«lc«s^» or. Ct Joal)i, R.D, (1979). Mosaic- a viral nalaay of patunia. IStt. ^ a d . Sc i . Lft?^.. 2.<3)» 91.
Futiia«»ngle« A,A, (19*^). Somm propartlas of tobacco nacrosis v i rus - tha ftat^og^s of Augusta tfisaasa of t u l i p . Tru^v Latv. S . - JlJi. Alca , BO, lOOt 32-38.
Rogo«2iro« A. (191NI)« Mosaic of Aeantlms i«>llis U, induca^ by a stz^io of eueiaribiur nosaic virus <pm), M.vista aa a i g | a g l & V « m l ^ l t # XV. ja.<13/4)« 119.123.
nagossino, A. fr 3t««aei8, D. (1975). aspscio 1ca«stf«ri DC. (7atR. canposita«) natural host of euetnft>«r nosaic
v irus . Pbvtopath. j^« £2. ^)> 281-286.
fiBtm, G.L. & CestollanOf M.A. (1963). A virus disaeso of
^Kfftp*lltl»fff &«« t:o Italy. M^^Oh JEI! 2S&«# ai<6)< 57-58.
lui
i^zu^skine, G«H«« Pol relcova* 6«P. & P«lEht«rov« V.V. (1966}. Tobacco curly s t r i p * or r a t t l e virus of Aatar. VOP«
Virgg. ^ ( ? ) » 243-S46.
Bmyt^ldm, B. & Taakla* D,s, (1976) • Viruaoa infecting co(6e»rcial gl«dloXti« cultii»«r£ in QnMoctslaDd. Auatr* FMr ffPS ??* §9S,- (APPS) Byyffi fft t . ^(2}t 22-23.
Ko^e* J« & Dias, K, (1%2)« Shoea digcolor» res«rvoir of tobacco mosaic v irus . Ci|W>. ^ ^ iOEl* l^* 12.* 109-110.
J^ibio-Huertos# M. (1978) • A rhabdovirua in yria aanafcrtice. I^vtopath. 1 . , Sa(«)« 294-297.
Kudso« M., Castellaco« M.A. & Herta l l i , O.I>. (1979). I^tabdovirua-lika part ic les in English ivy (tfex-era lSbU£> «Rd ivy^loafed garsrium (£aiS£aSElJil palt&tu^). ^», 2&<7}t 122-123.
R^en & Kotrstin (1965)* PblOR ring spot« a grave vixus disease caused by toMtto black ring v irus . Veattsk\t3d.
3ang« A. & &tmBi, h, (1975), KsrJgold mosaic v irus .
WrjjfeSBfifefe. 2 . . fil€l>« 10-17.
Sastry, K.s,*?, (1964). A new strain of Chr:p?entheeue aaperssy virus froR5 India. Xna. Jour. Micro.^ i .(2)i 37-4C.
scl^s«ts« A. & Keg}er« K« (1979). Investigations on the secl^nicsil traninsissi<(»i of viruses froe PelartrociuB to herbaceous host plants . Arcfhiv Fur Gertanbau, 21(B) t 377-385.
102
Secor* G.A. & Hylaod* G« (1976}. i^ose ring pattaro- a coirpooasst of th« SOMI SMMMIC ccxsplflx, Phvtopath,^ ^ < 7 ) t 1IK)5-.1010.
Slsikla^ 0*D, & Gk>U9h« fc.H. (1963) • Tobacco str<Mlf« Brosd boac wilt* C acixBiE>er nosalc and AlJ^lfa focMsalc viruses assoeiatoe with riag spot o£ Aluoa rartatig in AiatraUa. PI. P i s , , 52^2)1 221-224,
Shvadchikova* K.G* & PFOtSflTiHo* A.£, (1977). Intracellular IccXuaiona in the virus dissaaa o£ tb« orchid
NO. iOli 10S«»108»
Singh* 8,P«f saxaea, P*K«f Chasdrai* S.; Abidi« S.H.H,, Srivastiava* K«K. & (^ipta« R«P* (1974). Virus diseasoes o£ omasR^ital plants m^ the i r control . lod. Jour. Om. I^it> Vol. V, So. J^« 25-35.
Singh* B.P. & 3ri<ii«8tavia* K.H. (1979). Virusas o£ otKS^BXst-a l s . Oliansaa i n Plant Raaaarch IV. Vikan i^uiblications House* Lt<fi»* Raw Delhi i 140-175,
iJingh* a. 7 Canachaajran* P« fc Vataa* V.5;. (:.91^). Guctju^er mosaic virvw* tha causa o£ a noaaic Clam&ue of Loctoara
SiBith« K.H. {1972). A taxt boo^ ot Plant Virus Msaasas I l ird aclition* iKti gaian Group Lto.« Iooc'<»ts 684 pp.
Spookier* K. & lioaiwnstain* G. (X974). Viruaas of oamatioc id«3tif iaa i» I srae l . P^^vtocath. M-yJ.itary.. Jdl(l)» 1-5.
5riv«sta¥>a, K.M.; Chandra* S. & 3ingh* B.P. (1961). 3«vara Bosaic-* a virus dis«as« of YSf ^yj a pyraiaidata, Pr<^. Jtet. Acad, s c i . India. 53,(8)* i v .
1ij3
ariva8ta<«e« K.K.i Ralsada, A*K. 6 Siingh, B,P. (1983). A i:>evlce for Gradi^st Lftyarlog and Practioi^tioc* I ^ - ^5gu£. PI. l2S£il*' ^<2)t 199-202.
Srlvastava, K.M.; Daisada* R.K. & Siii^« B.P. (1963).
a«ai> Y«llav F^oaaic Vixua on Qlmiioium gffj^tt^lpa iR India. 15^. Jcmy. £ 1 . Patho,. i ( l5> 83-88,
Srivastava, K.H.f Sin0i» B.P.; Dwadaah ^ r ^ : l , V.C. & 3rlvastava# 3.N. <1977). Slonla yellow net diseesa-treHBaadaaicm, host range and a9<ant~v<ector ra lat ioo-ahlr. Pi. ^^. Repty.. Si<7)i 550-554.
Steln# A. , / ho^/b^inatein, G» fc Koanig, S, (1979). Dete6i:l«» of ctKn^vbar issosaic 'virus aod baaii 3p«llow i^sosaic vlzus i c gladiolus by oiaB5in»~link*sd ltnmjiio«bao3:b«nt assay (ELXSA). PI. Ola, ^aptr.. i | . (3)s 185-166.
Su^netsu, T.? Sato, Y.y Senboyu, T, €. 3hilcat«# E. (1976). Virus disaaa^tf of dahlia i o Hokkaido. Maeoirs of tha gaeultv of Acricultura. Hokkaido gpivarsitv, lli2)t 138-147.
&2tic« D. (1977) • Harbacaous host^ of plun CK virtis amxng
Papavar^caaa. C ptn.ffTff BS^B2 ^Ift S^^f^fg ilS i* ^^c^gfflf ^' ^y;^<?\^^tayp8 J IS ^^t^^^scm. uo. ^t 440-443.
3v«et« J.B, (1975). Strat*MBrry latent ring spot virus i c QlasaJhouaa rosaa. ^ . Path.. 2i.(2>> 93-98.
Swaet, J.'3,, Ccmatartlse* D.R, C> 3p«rkS/ T.R. (197<>), The aliseinatioc of thraa virusas from oapluui ap<9K:ie8 by therroatherepy and ser i s t e^ ascclssicn. Jour, I^Q^* §SL*» Mf^>« 323-326.
1U4
TaKura* H. & Koiairo, T» (1967)• The enoaaic ai3«ase of Hiwi!ranQaft caused by cuouflA>er i^osalc virus* Mm.
S^mSSS^* §S&* aifiSfi' ia<l>« 2'^-31-
Taaltle, D.S.r 0111, C.C* Taylor, R,H, & Raab«, R.D, (1963). Oaeis!t>er (Rovalc virus in Possiflora ic Japan. P^. ^La« »2dfc£- i2<''J« «T7-67e.
Thdnas, 3 ,J . tlS€2)« The ef fect of Prumis necrotic riiig virus Oft flald«growii rcMies. ADPIS* Ami. B io l . , 1^(1)« 129-134.
Thonsec, A.D, ( 3 ^ 1 ) . Hoif p l^i t disease r«8Cord in KewZealandt Cfcuid3i«r m»saie virus in Wyosotidiiao hortansia. SSSOSft* iiS^£* iSSi* Rfg.* 21<V4)s 401^02.
Tien-Po, Rao, Bac, A,L.I<. & Hatta, T. (1982). Cucumber mosaic virus frosn corr.ficn^r i» C%iina, PI. Dj^.. ^ ( 4 ) t 337-339.
var> S3ogtftr«n (1971). Tulip breeMng vixn»» cm/ABB
V^xiaa, <%.! Gibbs, A. 4 Xlcin, tu (1$79}. Vixxis«iS i c l i l i e s ; l i l y symptamXms* virus and a possible riK»virus d«tacted by eiectxoii adcroscopy. Miatr. Pi. Path.* S(3)t 38-39.
Vovlas, w. L Grigoxiu, A.C. (1977). Pres«>i^a of PalarcKMiiiaii l««if curl virus (nc^") in Gr©«cQ. Rtvtopath-^!giJiSS£** M<1)« 34*3«-
watarworth* H.S. (1975). Purification of arabis Bc»aic virus isolated fron a jasmine plant introructi<a». Phytooath.. ^ ( 6 ) I 927-928.
m
'«^etter«orth* H«E« 6 Povlah, w.R. <1975). A vixus related to cixBveBtomr R^^saic virus isolatuat? from iiRfortad Ixor^ plents . Mrvtopat^s.* §S(6)« 726«-729.
'M«mterworth# H.£. & Povlsh, fef.JSU (1977). A yellow leaf syot (disease of Il€K cx€«ata eeused by tc^aacoo ring spot vizus. Pi . a ia . RQr.tr.. i i<l>» i 0 4 - l ( » ,
wattar, C. (1971). Camatior Itttect v irus . OKI/Aas
Yai&aisoto* T« £r Obata« K. (1977). Sotm properties circ-electron nleroscc^y of tociato spottae wi l t virus isolated €vom blacM>«rry»lily (Selawoaads chinecais
nc.). a m . m ^ ^ dsxk* m> s a. so, ?o« 39-^7.
YcmarAf T. ( 1 9 ^ ) . A BMMiaic eiammam of zhisosAtous Zris (l£4fi t^tPTSm ««xi«!w) in OMnia-a. ^g^. BaU CaU.. Aari. . I%tiv«rsity of RyulcyiM^ No. 2J s 115-121.
Iterganci, U. & Karw»« Z. (1974). 7abaoeo nosslc virus oc
1(3) s 116.123.
za id i , A.A. (1979). stiKfies on a virus disoass of aatura ^ U i ^ « M. mil Thwis i a aotenv. AHL* Aligarti.
P A R T - ^
snssxgs m A vim© nxssAss car csarsssmi^ ctimjs Ltm^,
I K T R O D f ' C T I O K
G^Dtaurea evatttis L1DC.« a nsmber o£ the family
^teraceae i s an old tisaa gazdsc favourite. I t i s a pretty
aiuaual for flotrratr beds, borders atsd cut floners. I t provides
beautiful fo i la for col<^rful flowers of a l l Kinds anci at d an
app€»arance of coolness and a nuch appx^Kriater" torie of quality.
Plants raised in pots sake u s e ^ l winter CCK>1 greenhouse
fo l iage plants . Besides i t s omaB€»tal value* the flowexii
are ccHssidered t o be t<N)ie« eimenagogue ami6 stisnilant. The
f lorets are mild astringact . A preparation obtairisc! from the
flowers was in raf^ite for weair eyes arag «<as Icnown in FraiMce
under the name Eau de Cas8e-> lunett«B.
B r i d e s C. cvanus* other speciea of Centauraa viz.«
C. oal ic i trana and C. Sjul^tt ^^BO have naricinal importance.
The poiiidered root of C. eailcltraT>a has long been considered
t o cure f i s^j la and gravel while the powdered seeds are
adsdnistered along with wine as a reeiedy for stone. The roots
^^ £• b^*«P ^z^ largely ii^sorted for use in Uie indigenous
systsn of nef ic ine . They are credited with fattening and
ai^irodisiacal properties* and are a l so used in calculus
affsctiona and jmoxSice. The medicinal pxx>pertias are prcAsably
107
due t o the rreseiice of e b l t t « r c r y s t a l 3 Ice ui»s*itureted
l ac toce , l e l r l R , ^54^48*^3'
During l'^3<^4# © im>3ulc r i se r s© of C, cvoima (Fig, I )
was fourid preval«r«t I c t h e gart::«r^s of tetlor^al Boiiaric«il
!i«s«ait^ Ina t l tu t a* UMxVnomm In t h e pr&smst inveatigaticm«
ai$ a t t o r p t has baer^ »id« t o stix y t h e biological« se ro logica l
&t:6 c»:}rr))ological p roper t i e s of t he ca^aal v i rus associated
with t h e r i s e o s e .
Fig. 1 t NcMttle •yniytawi on l««vtt8 of
FIG I
108
R i. V I a to O F I. 1 T- ;. 1 A T U R
A natura l ly occurrlcg v i r u s e l se* s«t of Cca.teurca
s p e c i e s %*es f i r s t ranortod by Gc»;ners & S e v i l l e (1945).
Th^ causual agent aasociater with tb^^ c i s e a s e «^s foucc t o
be t h e saine as astisr ye l lows v i r u s , ^star yollo%as dise^^se
has r e c e n t l y be«n rsportad t o be c&us«6 by a spiroplasnia
(MarcJinorosch t l ^ i l l i p s , 1.961 ) • Cuctart^r irt^aic v i rus has
been rQCort?e^ OB Centauree froB CaachosloveHa CKovachevsJi,
1967) , India (Sastry 1976) «icd China (Tl«»- Po gj^ a i . , 1%2).
The Bytfj't.oma causer by cucuirber mosaic v i rus cm c^ytaurea
range fror* iRild t o severe foosalc on l€»aves anc g^^eral
s t u n t i n g o f in fac tec p l a n t s ,
C&r.p^r&B. has a l s o been reportec as a s u s c e p t i b l e
host c'urlng t h e experie^ental host range stwc i e s of several
v i r u s e s . Tobacco streak v i rus (Ghandker fc Bchumik, 1974),
l e a f hofip^z* transsaittet? c u r l y t c ^ v i r u s (Freitag & ^everin,
1933) , anl iic: tranaiBittec bai^ana i»o«aic v irus (Joshl & Joshi«
1976)onci t h r i p s traneie i t ted tocaato spot ted w i l t v i r u s (Inouye
& Ir><»iye, 1972) aro a l s o hixma t o in^xre Bymp^oas i n Centauroa
s p e c i e s . Although a few vizusfHi n u l t i p l y i n CeRtaures t^en
irioculatacl sKparic^ntal ly but they resnain l a t e n t without
shcwirg ar.y v i sua l syugptoe*. h&JLl (1961) incluctet) C. cv&rsaa
109
as a symptomless c&rrl^r ii^ thd hcmt racge l i s t of tobacco
aoi^ic v irus . Chxysanthmmm stunt virus* not VtiovD t o be
of viroia et io logy (Heseloff 4 Symors, 1 ^ 1 ) , i s a lso
cap«9ble of infecting C. cvaptts without causing any visual
syipiptoirs (Brierley« 1950),
I t laay be <MMR) fron the review of l i terature that
Ceptimrea i s susceptible to virus«» transiiitted by varied
groups of vectors. lloweyer» naturel records of viruses are
rare cm t h i s ht^it* OseuBber mosaic virus appears to be the
only vir%is reported freqoeetly cm t h i s host . The review
a l so reveals that Canftteirae i s susciqptible to leycc^lasina
nice organimsM (Gocners & Sevi l le* 1945) and viroids
(Briarley, 1950).
no
K A T E R I A L J A H D K f c T h O D S
naturally iii£«ct«d C« cvmxsas sarvod as tho I n i t i a l
sourctt of virus inoculuis. The virus culture was further
naintaiiMd t b r o u ^ sap ieoculatioo on Celoaia cr iatata L.
s a o a i i n ^ , Xnfectad C« criatata plMtts sarvacS as a sourca
for ^ r t h a r inoculations* as a l so for virus puri f i^ i t loc .
Xsocula vmtm prmp^rmS hy tr i turat ing laavas froe systanidti-
c a l l y isfoctad C. cr i s ta ta in 0*1 R phospltata buffer* pH 7.0
Leaf t i s s u e %ia8 grouxKS up in 0*1 H ptx^phate bu£fer#
pli 7«0, Cazl>oruix ifis dusted t e s t plants for the i n i t i a l
itraqulatlcsG <as well aa for tiost rai^e studies* *mr& inocula*
ted v i th infectious sap« All t e s t plar.ts inhere Kept in a
greerhcmse for observatiosi t i l l a t le»3t cam month aft^r
inoculation, for host range te s t s* S*to 10 plants of each
g«3U8 belcmging t o the fasi i l ies Solanaceae* Acaarantbacaae*
Cheix>podlaceae« Fabaceae* Cucurbitaceae, Apiaceae* Apoc^
naceae* Asteraceae* Csrloaceae* i^ioaceae* Brassicaceae*
Malvaceae and Poaceae ^^rm nach«wioally inoculated* t ros r^ce
111
of virus 1» li«xnilated plants was chocl(ed by boclt lnocula~
t ion em ChaKcsPOdlta; agarBntleolor (a local l ^ i o n host)
anr? C, cr ietata (s s;^tanlc host)*
For at^ jlc* trananissloCf Wvaaat porslcoe St^ls. acd
JtehAs 908svr^ll Olov. raised 1© an Insectary vers us«c for
traKi^KLssioQ t e s t s , Tha eosetbods asiploysd for r a r i n g the
vixusofroe a|:^id8 and other eacperira«stal de ta i l s were
essmit ia l ly s i sd lar t o as described i c PAKT-* Z.
Biofihysical properties of the virus v«re studied
with infectious sap obtained fro* C. cr l s ta t s aitd oRiployicig
C. aaaranfelcolor as an assay host . Method followed was
similar t o as detai led by BocMCdaa (1973}.
n:osen leaves froB systemically infected C. cr i s te ta
plants were hoiBog«nizer' in Suneet sOxie %fith ch i l l ed «Kt^tc«
ti<m l»2ffer (0.1 H phosptiate buffer* p« T.O; plus 0.1%
sodiim s u l f i t e ) . The hoRogenate was eacpressed through doidsle
folds of sus l in c ioth and the sap M> obtained was c^Jtrifugoa
at 6,0^0 0 for IS eiin. aupematant was nixed with 9.3 ad of
n-butai^l per 1^0 ml of extract «Dd st irred for 0.5 hr at 4^C.
112
Pol^^hylcm gl^^c^l 6«000 ficcl 1 p«r ctact sodiuin} chloride.
The mixture was centrifugec^ at 10«000 g for IS leic ar^
p«ll«ft ctitAlnmd was su8p«»3«(3 in aoctxacticm buffer dilutee
iO tiSMBA. Supen^tant wes saparated by low apmaC c a c t r i -
£uci^tic3c (lC«rco g for 15 sdn) «M5 mA>ject.a(3 t o a l tercate
high {'n,non y for 1.5 hr) aisd low speed (10,000 g for
15 mic) ci»tri£ugatioii . Tim e i l k y superoatast dbtained
af ter f i ra l low speed centri^maticm %MS col lected acd stored
at 4** C.
Leaf dip preparetioc« as well as purified virus
preperatiOGS were stained with 2% pho^f^Kytumgstie acid
(pli 7.0} acd ceeaiBiiiea i o a f t a i i p s 420 Slectron microscope.
The methods on^loyer' wwre iMsei^tially similar to as
described i c PART- X.
Serological sttxSies were 6otm by Ouchterlor.y do%;u3l*>
^iffuBicm t e s t i s agar as detailed in PARr~ I . The pres^^t
virus i ao la t s iias cross rtmctmd with available antisera to
several rod shaped v iruses .
Fig, 2 t Gonc«ffitJnc necsrotlc X1B9S OR
Fig. 3 t Chlorotlc rings on SaiSM^ c r i t a t A .
FIG 2
FIG 3
Pig. 4 t Chlorotic rings and I I IM pAtt«xns oe
Fig. 5 I Curling and emtowt»tJL<xn of Canttic^ro
amanaB l«ov«8.
FIG 4
FIG 5
Fig. 6 1 Syst«Bic woMic on J t l Uft <4?Off\ff>
var. soRMm mi,
Fl9. 7 s Syst«eiic momlc on B. tabae^a imr«
FIG 6
FIG 7
113
K B S U L T
Hoat range acc svrDtowotoloav
Th@ v i m s was jraadlly tran«»dtt«d by sap inoculation
ana producar^ v i s i b l a s^mptoias in tha fol loving plantst
C^anoporims aaarentieolor.. Concantric nacroUc rings
around a nacrotic spot within 5-< days of virus
inoculation (7ig« 2 ) .
C^ lQsia fidJiSJa- <^lorotic rings and l ina pattern
folloiMd by systaenic eiosaio in nawly e»ergli^
laavae within 6-7 days o€ virtts inoculation
(Fig. 3 ) .
OoBrtiiifMia aloboaa- ChlorotiqAMBcrotic local leaicms aftar
5-6 days of virus inoculation.
Pafcimia h^brida-. Vain chlorosis* chlorc^ic rings
fbllowad by l i ^ pattam within 8-10 days of virus
inoculation (Fig. 4 ) .
Caaalcua SSStaSt' ^ oimward curling and <Sa&>raation of
la&vas within 7-6 da f* of virus inoculation <Fig. 5).
Wicotiana tabaeup var. Saiastai S»^ S^pstaadc sosaic within
12-14 days of virus inoculation (Fig. 6 ) .
Pig. e t Chlorotic spots oc tto&lmoB€^»xB
QSCUl^PtUfl.
Fig, 9 t Local l ^ l o o a cm aadpacoa olarac&a.
Fig. 10» Mosaic sympttms oo Phvaal^s
FIG 8 FIG 9
fo
FIG 10
114
mosaic withis iO- l l aa^ys of vinai icocmletico
(Pig. 7 ) .
jftmlgoac^aa ^aeul^ttaa- ^ i lo»yt ie spots oo cotylaocmary
lemv^a within i&*7 days of ipizus iiKxmlatlc^
(Wg. e)*
Siainacaa olexme&tt-' PinJeish i&mcitQtic local Isslosis af ter
5«-6 days of virus inoculatiofi (Fig. 9 ) .
I%vgeli8 aaAniwa- Syst^raic raosaie ftftar 6-7 days of v i m s
isfflculatlcn (Pig, iO).
sy>l lowing plants dia not davtslop any symptcm^ nor
th« pres^^e of vixus osttld be f'S^mettmS in than by back inocu
lation o» C. Sj^^fBafStJrffg Ca local lasiou host) and Ccr ia ta ta
(a s y s t s ^ c host)*
faiailys AZZQyCEi
^siarantfhus v i r l d l s L.
PBBiilyi J ^ l M ^ ^ l
115
Dahlia 8p«
B. napua !>•
a. o lorecea var . o&tdtata U
B* rapB L*
raiBilys CARICAC£AS
118
<^%m^\^ SjOaSMSL scbard.
C« sat:ivu« L,
laaaasiis. ffi^gn^y^^ standi.
OiagjMi CO Ian <L.) Qruce
Cff91rf tfJTl, tUffffl *
P>«g*ol«« vuloeyla U war. I«cMiow local
Pimai i^tivuB U
j t - ; . '^ ' ^^ - . . s .^ ' . t •>•
117
V, Mia^ai^ (L,) sav l , ver. Chllta
V. g^im^ns (X-) s w i . var. Safeda
fteoilyf PO/CEAE
SorctoMB blc»lQar (£•«) Mo^ch
9ami ly« 301 AN/uaiAE
S ?at; apa q; utf4fiff«a U
£• «vatica L.
118
W»»ug pax^ltmm ^ l s « ana Ag^f mfSYlfU ^^ov <»>» <3
ROt transmit th« viztts «lth«r lis ijoo-f»r»ist«st or I B p«rsl«-
t«Dt wmmmx.
The virus rsnaii^d iefoct ious i s czttd« sxtract £xKm
ei«tflBiicftlly in£*9Ct^ l«ava« of C. crlgttats for 8 v^ at rooee
tSMfMorstur* 29 jt 2° C (Fig. 11) . C^ude sKtract r«naii»ed
ic fect lous aft«*r diltatloo to 10 1»it not boyorid i t (Fig, 12).
XBCactivlty was r«tsiii«d after hsatlcg at 90^C for 10 e in but
not at 100** C (Fig. 13) .
I?V gpactrophotoiaatrv aad Elactron sAcroscopv
Part ia l ly purifiad praparatioo obtainod fiollowii^} t ^
procadura daseribad ID Matarials m»d Mathods (Part> 12) was
highly ia fsct ious and gava a uv~3pactru« s is i i lar to tliose of
suclaoi^rotaics (Fig. 14) • Kaxisiusi and a^icimsB absorbaocas
wars rac^rdad at; 259 axtS 246 rm, raspsctivaly. A> 260/A^260
rat io was 1*3 without corrostioc for l ight seat terjsg .
llagativaly s t a i n s l«af dip praparatic«3S eoid part ia l ly
purl £i ad prsfiarotions ocmtainad r ig id rod-shap«d parti c las
(Fig« IS ) . Basad on main IBUKIIHB^ tba langth of the virus
part ie la i s ca . 300 im. Vkm aixa aotiiBation i s basad on
1 10 r
F IG . 11
3 4 5 6 S T O R A G E (, W K )
E F F E C T OF S T O R A G E OF V I R U S !N C P U D E
S A P ON I N F E C T I V I T Y AT 2 9 + 2 ^ 0
t 4 0
D I L U T I O N S
FIG 1 2 . E F F E C T OF D I L U T I O N OF S A P ON T H E I N F E C T I V I T V OF V I R U S
1 2 0 f-
t/1
7. t 1 0 K O
4 O o
o
CD
z
o
to 0
9 0 -
• 0 -
TO
LJ 6 0 h
5 0
3 0
2 0
1 C -
0 i -1 L.^, J 1- - i i i-R T . * 0 9 0 6 0 70 « 0 3 0 TOO
T E M P E R A T U R E ( C )
F I G 13 E F F E C T O F T E M P E R A T U R E ON
T H E S T A B I I I T Y O F V I R U S
2 O r
0 0^ 240 260 2 6 0 300 370
WAVE LENGTH ( n m )
FIG 1 4 . UV SPECTRUM OF PURfFJEO PRIE PAR ATiON
yi9* IS t a> Sl«etrof) Bdfftoqwfh pturifl«d I>r«pactttiOR •howliig fod rtMip«d
200 MB
zod ahap«d partlelos in laaf
dip |»r«|i«z«tioD«
Bttr* 200 wm
•«eo2ogloftl sisdlArity of px«s«et isoIat«
•fitb fcob^eeo aesaie vija»*
Wttllft 1 ft 2 • Crud« a ^ fion n ^ ifif«ct«d Mifflflfelaaa tahai^a var. Nbite aurl«y leftvoA*
yktllm 3 & 4 - C«id« sai? tnm <rm%mEm SSBSBm l«avtta icf^ct«d with vixus ucdor iiiv«8tigati<m.
Wall 5 « Ccud« sap fx«Mi healtliy | i . tabacuM :• Mblta Barlmf l»av«a«
Mall 6 • Cjcuda sap fison haaltiir £• cvaima 1«
Cantsal «^11 « Mm^mmam to tobaeoe aoaaie iricua.
J
mJflKMJWM ^.w Ol^.^^^^^^^H
FIG 16
119
90 rixvm pftjrtlel«t ofeaiKiiiB in l«ftf dip pr«|«sBtloe«.
Peurtiel«s whommS aaonaottfi amAlimg i s PTA Mq» IS) .
TtHi vizitt z«aet«idl pc»itlv«Xy iiltli mtlsani to
toi>«oco nosaic ¥lxas. Aa ••en i s Wlg» 16 « elautout liiM
of ia«iititr i« irlsibl* indiofttlii9 tiM stvesg aMOlogleftl
rslAfcionrtiip of tlio pKoaont iaolato with tebooeo aosoic
v ims itt oeo way taemm raoctioti toot*
129
O Z S C 9 S S Z 0 1 t
AMtoeiatioc of 306 tm pmttijelm, nagatlv* aphid
tMMMiission t««t* s tAbiUty of v i x w i a CZIKSO oop for
long t i n * * hl^ thmaml JLiMicitiiM^ioB point oad ooielogieal
r«Mnbl«ac« w i ^ tobacco iwsaie vixao indiooto that tho
CAOMI Bgmtt of tlio laooaic dioonoo i n Capfcaag— "^^tTT ^
B mmtomr of tot»M«nrixiis gxoap*
Doublo diffooiofk toot iB pl^tos uaiog •atXt
t o «MV inaioBtod t^iot tbo iKiii» i s i^^»tieol to »(V. Tho
pxoeipitiB l ioo foxBwdi laif 3tf9 «i»l pswMHtt iooloto oooloaeod
witb oaeh ottMur 9iiriog « cIoazeMt l i t io of idoot l ty . Howovor*
a narlcod <tmrmxm m^m notod ift Uio lioat xongo aod type of
syoptona inauoodl by Uie ioolato ffOM £• SSBSBIi. ^"^ ^^*^* ^^^*^
fonm eimciMtm MMnrotie IiHiiono on JltWIllllHt l l l t f l t ta 'v*'*
flawMO Ml and £• HlMyfffif* CKusotak* i 99 i } * Rowovor* tho
praaoi^ isolato a id $ot ioduce any loe»l a jw^to— oo thoao
hoata* Z&staed* | | . tiffJTfTnilf ^'*^* tnwiaun M dawoiopad ayotaade
iKioeic whie^ i a tmcioiiawn « i i ^ insv-loolatoa* VMV« iMwawac* i a
Immm to iodueo ayatanie aoaaie i s aanaon M tabaooo a t
taa^oiaturo h i ^ w r than 9S^ c. Praiont iaolato nbaa iaaoolaitad
121
t l «m (wistiif« •unamr And s«iiiy «—agtin) iMfv«r ptcoduc d
looBl l«siOBS« Vltis «»lua«s tlMi po«sJJttilJL«y tbmt thm
aif£«r«fiewi «ir« <!'«« to tmupmsmitvam ^ i«et« Another plaet
iii^mamt^om —eulagfeiM tAiich l a l—llli« t o iBfoe t ion by 7MV
dovalopod ehloxotie spots on cotylo^oesry loa^pos sftor
Siaeo Tffir «Rd p»Mwpt ioolsto **m •scologSmlly
laoetioftl^ gl^ng a aiifcMeaet na»« to tbo pcosaet isoloto
wi l l not bo Jitatiflod la vimi o€ aifi^raneaa ia tha boat
rMHva* Ix»i»ta«d« aom pbyaloRl muS c^ioaioel data ara numdmi
to i»iaqp>ivoea3ily pzw« tba ai£€aenaeaa batvaaa TlfV and tba
^xvm oauaiag aoaaio diaaaaa of C^afBraa. Haaavar* doa
to dlasliiilazlty «dtli fit? i « tba iadleator baata* tba
variability i» tbe boat zaiig» and dlffaraafeaa in typa of
laai^^a iadacad on GbaB<M3od.faMi lUUEHttififtiKffi tba praaant
iaolato froia Cantimcaa fe^ baan tantativaiy niwad aa imr-
Cantauraa atrais t i l l aora ^ita aoouaulata to gliFa a
diffaraat nania to tba iaolata*
122
i l E F B R S B C K S
Brlarltty* P. (1950) • aooMi host plants of elucTMBth«R»
(kmomnt Z«U & Savl l la , D.B«0« a 9 4 S ) . TwMotTiourth AnmAl S«port e£ tlt« Gttsadian Plant 0 1 « « B S « anrvwy. £fx* I^PPI. it¥OQ» 2&t 60-61*
Fr«itag« J.H. & 5«varlii« H.H.P* (1913) • X4Lst of oxfffwoetal flowering plants « q ^ r i — n f l l y infoetod iiitli curly
Ghan^ar* A«K. & 3etw«nlc« F«w« (1974). B«w —cp«rln«Mtal hc»t8 of tdbaeeo stxaalc visua* £] « d a . JSCZiC* S»f4)t 354*35S»
dlbbs, A«J, {19T7}« Tal>iUM»vlzua gsoi^* CHI/A» DMcrlptloas
Grant« 7.J« (1934) • 'Site hoot ranga and bsiMviotir of tba oi6inary t a b a o ^ mosaic Tirus* JPto^OBath, 24i 311o336.
Bnaaloff, J . & S;ipt«aMi* iUH« (1^1>« CS arsraanthsBRSR st^sat viroidt prim&gf aaqiM»%c« and ssooneSary st it icturs.
Holiaas, F.O, U932}. Synptoea of tobaooo noaaic disoaaa* ^^SaJk. l2S&A.223S! ffifi !&!&• 1* 323-357.
HolMW« F.O. (1946)« A oonqperisoo of the expsrlsMCtal host xangfMi of t0b6coo~«tch and taft>eoco mosaic v irusss . Wygfcoqa^. 36t 643"659.
123
XgwttglM, E«C.K. (1963) • Sdnm properties of a Tobacco Biosalc virus strmi» iMilated fron poppor (Canaictm axmmm L.) in Hlgacla. £ 1 . Big. $1(^)* 317-320.
Ziumyo, T. 6 Inouif«* N. (1973)• atvidioa on tlio v imsoa of plaatB in coRpositao i s 0!»|»«ii. ZZZ. Hooaloi kwilnnL. ^ ( 2 ) « 79-90,
Joahi* D.H. & Jioi^ii, n»V, <1976). Qaenrrmnom of banana noaaie in South Oajrat aiwa ana i t s boat-raa^* Oui. Aari. Ofaiv, J|s£. ^gss* J^&)s 105-110.
Kovaeh«nrslci« Z. (1967) • Procaadlwga of tha t t h Oonfaranea t f Vm <^feh^f ;<yy?c Plaff^ 1^^^^
Rurstak. B. U f B l ) . Haptffr^^ t f ffilfj^
MuttmsSmmt 943 pp.
Marumoro«Sh« K. 6 Phil l ips* ^M. (1961) • Scanning alaetron microscopy dt ast«r yallcw and eaetns spiroplasaus. »»yt«^path. 2.# 1^(3 /4 ) : 195-200,
Sas-try, K.S.M. (1976) . S t u d i e s on v i r u s d i s e a s - ^ a of SOStt
ornamental p l a n t s . Ind ian JavjX, JiQ£t" jii.* 29S-306,
Tha l^alth eg laaia <1950>^ ¥ ^ . zZt 11$.
Tian- Po, Rao, A.Z.*li. & Batta« 7 . (1962). rmrmtwr aosaic iFir^ fron eomflowar in GhiiMU £!• SL&* ift<^)> 337-339,
1fail« B, (19€1). nMoniMBtal plants as s:ysqptoaa«ss oarri«r of tobacco laosaie v irys . Phvtopafeh> ^, ^ ( 2 ) t 1 4 i - l i 0 ,
Zaitlin« M. & Zaraal« a«ir. (1975). Tobacco B»sais (typo s tra in ) . Oa/AgB aascr i i^ans of P3