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STUDIES ON THE PROPAGATION OF GRAPE ROOTSTOCKS THROUGH HARDWOOD AND SOFT WOOD CUTTINGS

BY

K. KISHAN RAO B.Sc. (Horticulture)

THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN HORTICULTURE

DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD – 500 030

OCTOBER, 2004

CERTIFICATE Mr. K. KISHAN RAO, has satisfactorily prosecuted the course of

research and that the thesis entitled “STUDIES ON THE PROPAGATION OF

GRAPE ROOTSTOCKS THROUGH HARDWOOD AND SOFT WOOD

CUTTINGS” submitted is the result of original research work and is of sufficiently

high standard to warrant its presentation to the examination. I also certify that the

thesis or part thereof has not been previously submitted by him for a degree of any

university.

Date: (Dr. K. MALLA REDDY) Place: Hyderabad Major Advisor

DECLARATION

I, K. KISHAN RAO, hereby declare that the thesis entitled “STUDIES

ON THE PROPAGATION OF GRAPE ROOTSTOCKS THROUGH

HARDWOOD AND SOFT WOOD CUTTINGS” submitted to the Acharya N.G.

Ranga Agricultural University for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN

HORTICULTURE is a result of original research work done by me. It is further

declared that the thesis or part thereof has not been published earlier in any manner.

Date: (K. KISHAN RAO) Place: Hyderabad

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “STUDIES ON THE PROPAGATION OF GRAPE ROOTSTOCKS THROUGH HARDWOOD AND SOFT WOOD CUTTINGS” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN HORTICULTURE of the Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Hyderabad is a record of the bonafide research work carried out by Mr. K. KISHAN RAO under our guidance and supervision. The subject of the thesis has been approved by the Students Advisory Committee.

No part of the thesis has been submitted for any other degree or diploma. The published part has been fully acknowledged. All assistance and help received during the course of investigation have been duly acknowledged by the author of the thesis.

(Dr. K. MALLA REDDY) Chairman of the Advisory Committee

Thesis approved by the Student Advisory Committee Chairman : Dr. K. MALLA REDDY

Professor Department of Horticulture College of Agriculture, ANGRAU Rajendranagar, Hyderabad – 500 030

___________________

Member : Dr. B. SRINIVASA RAO Scientist (Horti.) Grape Research Station, ANGRAU Rajendranagar, Hyderabad – 500030

___________________

Member : Dr. P. VENKATESWARA RAO Associate Professor Department of Plant Physiology College of Agriculture, ANGRAU Rajendranagar, Hyderabad – 500030

___________________

C O N T E N T S

CHAPTER NUMBER

TITLE PAGE NUMBER

I

INTRODUCTION

II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

III

MATERIAL AND METHODS

IV

RESULTS

V

DISCUSSION

VI

SUMMARY

LITERATURE CITED

APPENDIX

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NUMBER

TITLE PAGE NUMBER

1 Effect of different concentrations of IBA and rootstocks on percentage of rooting in hardwood cuttings of grape

2 Effect of different concentrations of IBA and rootstocks on number of roots per cutting in hardwood cuttings of grape

3 Effect of different concentrations of IBA and rootstocks on root length (cm) in hardwood cuttings of grape

4 Effect of different concentrations of IBA and rootstocks on percentage of rooting in soft wood cuttings of grape

5 Effect of different concentrations of IBA and rootstocks on number of roots per cutting in soft wood cuttings of grape

6 Effect of different concentrations of IBA and rootstocks on root length (cm) in soft wood cuttings of grape

7 Effect of different proportions of sand and cocopeat on percentage of rooting in hardwood cuttings of grape

8 Effect of different proportions of sand and cocopeat on number of roots per cutting in hardwood cuttings of grape

9 Effect of different proportions of sand and cocopeat on root length (cm) in hardwood cuttings of grape

10 Effect of different proportions of sand and cocopeat on percentage of rooting in soft wood cuttings of grape

11 Effect of different proportions of sand and cocopeat on number of roots per cutting in soft wood cuttings of grape

12 Effect of different proportions of sand and cocopeat on root length (cm) in soft wood cuttings of grape

TABLE NUMBER

TITLE PAGE NUMBER

13 Effect of month (season) and rootstock on percentage of rooting in hardwood cuttings of grape

14 Effect of month (season) and rootstock on number of roots per cutting in hardwood cuttings of grape

15 Effect of month (season) and rootstock on length (cm) of roots in hardwood cuttings of grape

16 Effect of month (season) and rootstock on percentage of rooting in soft wood cuttings of grape

17 Effect of month (season) and rootstock on number of roots per cutting in soft wood cuttings of grape

18 Effect of month (season) and rootstock on root length in soft wood cuttings of grape

19 Effect of month (season) and rootstock on survival percentage in hardwood cuttings of grape

20 Effect of month (season) and rootstock on survival percentage in soft wood cuttings of grape

APPENDIX APPENDIX NUMBER

TITLE PAGE NUMBER

1. Weekly meteorological data recorded at Rajendranagar during 2003-04

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE NUMBER

TITLE PAGE NUMBER

1. Line diagram of humid poly tunnel

2. Effect of different IBA concentrations on percentage of rooting in hardwood and soft wood cuttings of grape rootstocks of Dogridge and 1613C

3. Effect of rooting media on the number of roots in hardwood and soft wood cuttings of grape rootstocks of Dogridge and 1613C.

4. Effect of rooting media on the length of longest root in hardwood and soft wood cuttings of grape rootstocks of Dogridge and 1613C.

5. Effect of month (season) of taking cuttings on the survival percentage of hardwood and soft wood cuttings of grape rootstocks of Dogridge and 1613C.

6. Maximum and minimum temperatures during vine growth period.

7. Mean temperature during vine growth period.

8. Maximum and minimum relative humidity during vine growth period

LIST OF PLATES

PLATE NUMBER

TITLE PAGE NUMBER

1. Top view of the poly tunnel after planting of grape rootstock cuttings.

2. Preparation of different concentrations of IBA.

3. Experimental site – series of poly tunnels under shadenet used for rooting of grape cuttings.

4. Rooting in hardwood cuttings of Dogridge treated with different concentrations of IBA.

5. Rooting in hardwood cuttings of 1613C treated with different concentrations of IBA.

6. Rooting in soft wood cuttings of Dogridge treated with different concentrations of IBA.

7. Rooting in soft wood cuttings of 1613C treated with different concentrations of IBA.

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS A.P : Andhra Pradesh

ABT : Amino benzo triazole

CD : Critical Difference

cm : centimeter

cv. : cultivar

cvs. : cultivars

g : gram

IAA : Indole Acetic Acid

IBA : Indole Butyric Acid

m2 : Square meter

Max : Maximum

Min : Minimum

ml : milliliter

mm : millimeter

NAA : Naphthalene Acetic Acid

ppm : Parts per million

RH-I : Relative Humidity at 7.16 hrs

RH-II : Relative Humidity at 14.16 hrs

S.Em : Standard error mean

viz., : namely

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I remain highly obliged to the OMNIPOTENT GOD for the gracious

blessings he has showered on me which accompanied me in all endeavours.

I deem it a great pleasure and proud privilege to work under the

esteemed guidance of my major advisor and chairman of my advisory committee,

Dr. K. MALLA REDDY, Professor, Department of Horticulture, College of

Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad for his inspiring and meticulous guidance,

constant encouragement and wholehearted co-operation throughout the progress of

my research work.

I am pleased to place my profound etiquette to Dr. B. SRINIVASA

RAO, Scientist (Horticulture), Grape Research Station, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad,

member of my advisory committee for his timely support, able guidance and for

providing me with all the plant material needed for this investigation.

It gives me immense pleasure to humbly place on record my profound

sense of gratitude, indebtedness and heartfelt thanks to Dr. P. VENKATESWARA

RAO, Associate Professor, Department of Plant Physiology, College of Agriculture,

Rajendranagar, Hyderabad for his learned counsel, keen interest and valuable

suggestions during the course of my investigation.

I am extremely thankful to Dr. Y.N. Reddy, Professor and University

Head, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar,

Hyderabad for his affectionate encouragement, meticulous reasoning and valuable

guidance during the course of my study and research work.

I wish to express my heartiest thanks to Sri P. Veera Reddy,

Managing Director, AG Bioteck (India) Limited for providing me the facility of

humid poly tunnel for conducting the experiment as well as valuable suggestions

and wholehearted cooperation extended during the course of this study. I am also

thankful to the staff of the AG Bioteck for their friendliness and cooperation.

I convey my sincere thanks to all the teaching staff members of

Department of Horticulture for their suggestions and cooperation rendered during

the course of my study and investigation.

From the inner core of my heart, I express my deep sense of

unboundful love and affectionate gratitude to my beloved father Sri K. Manik Rao

and mother (Late) Smt. K. Chandrakala, whose blessings, instilling aspirations and

dedicated efforts moulded me into the present position. Their everlasting love,

affection, moral support and encouragement in my life bring out the best of my

endeavours.

There are dearth of words to express my abundant love and heartfelt

regards to my loving wife Smt. Sunitha for her intense adoration, affection and

persistent support in my life. It is my pleasure to mention the names of my sons

Saideep and Srikiran whose cheerfulness and cooperation gave me constant

encouragement and relief from exhaustive study undertaken.

I express my thanks to my father-in-law Sri R. Venkat Rao, mother-

in-law Smt. Indu Tai, brother, sister, brothers-in-law, sisters-in-law for their

affectionate encouragement and cooperation during the course of this study.

I am extremely thankful to Sri J.S.V. Prasad, IAS, former

Commissioner & Director of Horticulture and Sri Anil Punetha, IAS, present

Commissioner of Horticulture, Department of Horticulture, Government of Andhra

Pradesh for providing me this opportunity.

I affectionately acknowledge the magnanimous help, constant

encouragement, lovely company received from my friends Naveen, Andal, Shailaja,

Veena, Bindiya and Venkatasubbaiah. I am also thankful to all my friends Lohit,

Senthil, Rajeswar Reddy, Radhakrishna, Venu Madhav and others for their

delightful and stimulating companionship during my college life.

Finally, I am also highly thankful to Sri K. Venkateswara Rao,

Sri Sai Baba Computers for neat and timely typing of this thesis.

(K. KISHAN RAO)

Name : K. KISHAN RAO

Title of the Thesis : STUDIES ON THE PROPAGATION OF GRAPE ROOTSTOCKS THROUGH HARDWOOD AND SOFT WOOD CUTTINGS

Degree : MASTER OF SCIENCE

Faculty : AGRICULTURE

Department : HORTICULTURE

Major Advisor : Dr. K. MALLA REDDY

University : ACHARYA N. G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

Year of Submission : 2004

ABSTRACT

Experiments were conducted in humid poly tunnels under 50 per cent

shade at AG Bioteck India Limited, Bachupalli, Hyderabad to standardize the

propagation techniques in Dogridge and 1613C grape rootstocks using hardwood

and soft wood cuttings.

The treatments in the first experiment with hardwood cuttings

consisted of five concentrations of IBA at 0, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 ppm, and

two varieties of rootstocks, Dogridge and 1613C. While the treatments in second

experiment using soft wood cuttings consisted of IBA at 0, 500, 1000, 1500 and

2000 ppm and two varieties of rootstocks, Dogridge and 1613C.

The treatments in third and fourth experiments consisted of four types

of rooting media viz., sand, sand + 10% cocopeat, sand + 20% cocopeat and sand +

30% cocopeat; two types of cuttings, hardwood and soft wood; two varieties of

rootstocks of Dogridge and 1613C. In the fifth and sixth experiments, the treatments

consisted of three months viz., February, March and April, and two types of

cuttings, hardwood and soft wood, and two varieties of rootstocks, Dogridge and

1613C. All experiments were conducted following factorial randomized block

design with three replications.

Among the different concentrations of IBA, 2000 ppm for hardwood

cuttings and 500 ppm for soft wood cuttings were found to be the optimum

concentrations for obtaining the highest percentage of rooting and number of roots

and longest root length per cutting in Dogridge and 1613C rootstocks.

Among the rooting media, sand + 10% cocopeat found to be the

optimum for both hardwood and soft wood cuttings of Dogridge and 1613C

rootstocks as it gave higher percentage of rooting and number of roots per cutting.

Considering the rooting performance and survival percentage,

February and March months for hardwood cuttings and March for soft wood

cuttings are best months for taking cuttings for the propagation of Dogridge and

1613C.

CHAPTER – I

INTRODUCTION

Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the important commercial sub-

tropical vine crop grown all over the world except at a few places with high altitude

and extreme temperatures. In India, among fruit crops, it ranks fourth in area and

production. It is cultivated in an area of 45,200 ha with an annual production of

10.57 lakh M.T. (NHB, 2002).

In India, Andhra Pradesh (A.P.) is the fourth leading state growing

grape in an area of 1675 ha with an annual production of about 33,500 M.T.

(Anonymous, 2004). In A.P., it is grown in the districts of Ranga Reddy,

Mahaboobnagar, Medak, Chittoor and Ananthapur. Grape cultivation has become

one of the most remunerative farming enterprise of the present time and the area

under grapes is fast increasing in North as well as in South India. The popular

commercial varieties that are grown in South are Anab-e-Shahi, Thompson Seedless,

Tas-A-Ganesh, Kishmish Rozoviz, etc.

In India, grape is normally propagated through self rooted stem

cuttings. However, the increasing problems like soil salinity, drought, nematodes

and poor fruitfulness of varieties have necessiated the use of rootstocks during the

past few years. Rootstocks have not only potential for combating the soil problems

but can also be a potential tool for manipulating the vine growth and productivity.

As the use of rootstocks in grape cultivation is fast becoming a necessity in

problematic soils and unexpected drought conditions, it is important to standardize

their propagation techniques.

Moreover, several workers have reported that there are many

advantages with the use of rootstocks. Deol and Bindra (1975) reported that top

working of grape cvs. Perlette and Thompson Seedless on Kandhari and Hussaini

rootstocks increased yield, vine vigour, bunch and berry size and advanced the

cropping. In three different rootstock trials with Anab-e-Shahi, Thompson Seedless

and Gulabi scions, Prakash and Reddy (1982) found that yield was highest in Anab-

e-Shahi on nematode resistant rootstock 1613C and Gulabi on its own roots

followed by Gulabi on Dogridge. Further, Dogridge and 1616 imparted more vigour

to Anab-e-Shahi scion compared with its own rooted vines, whereas rootstock

1613C and St. George had more or less similar vigour attributes on own-rooted

vines but increased the yield attributes favourably (Reddy, 1987).

Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) infestation was present

in St. George, Anab-e-Shahi, Gulabi and Thompson Seedless, when grown on their

own roots but it was absent when Dogridge, 1613C, 1616 and Taleki-5A were used

as rootstocks (Parvatha Reddy and Singh, 1984).

Accumulation of sodium and chloride in leaves and petioles of grape

rootstocks, Dogridge, Salt Creek and 1613C was lower than in cultivars Anab-e-

Shahi, Thompson Seedless, Tas-A-Ganesh and Arkavati (Palaniappan, 1986). Jindal

and Sreenivasa Rao (1988) recommended the use of salt tolerant species, Vitis

berlandieri, V. riparia and V. champini as rootstocks to circumvent the problem of

soil salinity.

The per cent bud break in Anab-e-Shahi can be increased to 3.25

buds out of 5 per cane with the use of Gulabi rootstock compared to 1.83 buds when

grown on its own roots (Prakash and Reddy, 1990).

In view of the above benefits, Dogridge and 1613C rootstocks are

recommended for the commercial production of Thompson Seedless and Tas-A-

Ganesh. The use of rootstock, however, on commercial scale can be possible only

when the propagation techniques for rootstocks are standardized. Rootstocks, in

general are difficult to root. The plant growth regulators especially auxins are used

to increase the percentage of rooting in stem cuttings to hasten root initiation and to

increase number of roots per cutting (Sunitha, 1991, Reddy et al., 1996 and Garande

et al., 2002). However, very little information is available on the propagation of

grape rootstocks.

Keeping the above facts in view, studies on the propagation of grape

rootstocks were undertaken with the following objectives:

1. To standardize the optimum concentration of IBA in rooting of both

hardwood and soft wood cuttings of grape rootstocks, Dogridge and 1613C.

2. To standardize the best rooting medium for rooting of both hardwood and

soft wood cuttings of Dogridge and 1613C.

3. To study the effect of month (season) on rooting and establishment of both

hardwood and soft wood cuttings of Dogridge and 1613C.

CHAPTER – II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The review of literature on the effect of various rooting factors

pertinent to grape and other species are furnished hereunder various headings.

The propagation of plants through stem cuttings is an important

means of vegetative reproduction. Regeneration of roots in cuttings is basically a

process of growth and differentiation at the cellular level. The process of

regeneration is largely controlled by internal factors including hormonal and

nutritional status of the tissues of cuttings and the external factors like humidity,

light, temperature, rooting media, etc., (Bisaria and Rao, 1987). The wide spread

use of growth regulators by nurserymen, florists and other horticulturists indicates

that these are the valuable aids for rooting. There is usually a considerable saving of

time, often amounting to well over one third of the usual rooting period by using

growth regulators. Further, the rooting is more rapid as such there is less

opportunity for the cuttings to deteriorate and as a rule, the root system produced is

much heavier (Tukey, 1954). Synthetic growth substances have been shown to

stimulate rooting of cuttings of many plant species (Thimmann and Behnke Rogers,

1950). One of the best and most commonly used rooting stimulator is the auxin,

indole butyric acid (IBA). It has weak auxin activity and is destroyed relatively

slowly by auxin-destroying enzyme systems. Further, IBA translocates poorly and

persists longer duration near the site of application. Because of these properties, it is

more effective in stimulating rooting than any other root promoters. Growth

regulators that readily translocate may cause undesirable growth effects in the

propagated plant.

2.1 EFFECT OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ON

ROOTING

Plant growth regulators have showed wide applicability in the

improvement of rooting of stem cuttings of grapevine. Treating the cuttings with

plant growth regulators (hormones) increased the percentage of cuttings that formed

roots, hastened root initiation, increased the number of roots and root length, and

increased uniformity in the plants whose cuttings will root but only with difficulty.

In a number of plant species whose cuttings are difficult to root were induced to root

with the aid of growth regulators under favourable conditions. The effect of plant

growth regulators on various parameters is reviewed below.

2.1.1 Percentage of rooting

Cooper (1935) was the first worker to investigate the practical use of

plant growth regulators for rooting of cuttings. He obtained better rooting in lemon

cuttings by applying indole acetic acid (IAA) in lanolin paste to the base of the

cuttings. Since then several workers tried many chemicals on different species of

plants and reported faster root development. Among them, IAA, IBA and NAA

were found to be particularly effective in rooting of cuttings (Zimmerman and

Wilcoxon, 1935; Hitchcock and Zimmerman, 1936; Stoutmeyeor, 1937). The use of

plant growth regulators in general increased the percentage of rooting, number of

roots and length of the roots in several fruit crops. However, a close relationship

between rooting response and concentration of chemical and duration of treatment

was suggested by Pearse (1948).

Bhattacharya (1959) reported that 75 ppm IAA in leaf mould proved

the best followed by 100 ppm IAA in soil for rooting of Anab-e-Shahi hardwood

cuttings. While Navneethan (1964) obtained higher percentage of rooting in

grapevine cuttings of Gulabi, Bhokri, Thompson Seedless and Anab-e-Shahi

cultivars with the application of IBA 200 ppm or NAA 100 ppm. Shisode (1964),

however, found 25 ppm IBA to be adequate for Phakdi and Bangalore Purple

cultivars.

Sariskova (1964) reported that soaking the cuttings for 8-12 hours in

IBA 100 ppm or IAA 200 ppm or NAA 50 ppm improved the rooting significantly

in grapevine cuttings. IBA at 25 ppm was found to be better in improving the

percentage of rooting in Khandhari variety of grapevine.

Gangwar and Singh (1968) obtained best rooting (83.3 per cent) and

greater number of roots and leaves with 50 ppm IBA. While, Singh et al. (1971) got

79.5 per cent rooting in grape cv. Perlette with 500 ppm IBA. It was observed that

further increase in the concentration of IBA decreased the rooting percentage at a

faster rate. It was only 3.75 per cent at 4000 ppm concentration of IBA.

Mokashi (1977) reported that soaking of Thompson Seedless cuttings

in 250 ppm IBA solution for 12 hours was adequate to induce highest percentage of

rooting. On the other hand, Singh and Singh (1973) obtained better rooting at 500

ppm IBA but higher concentrations at 2000 and 4000 ppm were detrimental in

cuttings of Thompson Seedless, Perlette and Himrod varieties of grape. Contrary to

that, Singh et al. (1986), failed to obtain favourable response by treating either thick

or thin cuttings with 500 ppm IBA.

Moretti and Ridome (1983) emphasized that the use of growth

regulators at higher concentration resulted adversely on the production of

(marketable) rooted cuttings in grapevine rootstocks. On the other hand, Chadha

(1984) observed that treatment with IBA 2500 ppm by quick dip method for 15

seconds resulted in 100 per cent rooting in difficult to root stocks, Dogridge and

Salt Creek.

In an experiment, Reddy (1984) obtained better rooting in Anab-e-

Shahi cuttings from current seasons growth treated with IBA + NAA at 2500 ppm.

According to him, basal or subterminal cuttings gave higher percentage of rooting.

Patil et al. (2001) however, reported that combination of growth regulators (IBA +

NAA) was injurious and recorded less percentage of survival.

Coppala and Forlani (1985) also obtained good rooting in cuttings of

grape rootstocks, 420 A (45%), KBB (75%) and 41 B (50%) with IBA 2000 ppm.

Similarly, Fabbri and Lambardi (1988) reported higher percentage of rooting (81%)

in 140 Ruggeri grape rootstock (Vitis berlandieri and Vitis rupestris) with 2000 ppm

IBA.

Sunitha (1991) studied the effect of different plant growth regulators

(IAA, IBA and NAA) at four concentrations (1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 ppm) on

rooting of four grape varieties, Gulabi, Kishmish Rozoviz, Tas-A-Ganesh and

Thompson Seedless and reported that IBA 2000 ppm gave best results with respect

to percentage of rooting, number of roots, longest root, diameter of the root, fresh

root weight, mean root volume, dry root weight, number of leaves and percentage of

establishment in all four varieties.

Reddy et al. (1996) studied the response of cuttings of 13 grape

hybrids and varieties to seven concentrations of IBA and NAA at Bangalore and

found that rooting percentage and mean root length were greatest with 1250 ppm

IBA, while root number per cutting was highest with 2500 ppm IBA and rooting

percentage was highest in cv. Bangalore Blue.

Kawai (1996) observed that application of 100 ppm IBA or NAA as

overnight dips to the disbudded hardwood cuttings of grape cv. Muscat Bailey A

increased rooting percentage after 40 days from 5 per cent in control to 100 per cent.

Zhang et al. (1997) reported that the percentage of rooting in grape

cv. Fenghuang 51 was 83-93 per cent with six number of roots (on average) per

cutting when treated with 50 or 100 ppm IBA or 150 ppm NAA. Aminobenzo-

triazole (ABT) rooting powder-2 also gave good results, but they were no better than

those for IBA and NAA.

Song et al. (2001) obtained best rooting when the base of the cuttings

were soaked in a solution of 150 ppm IBA or NAA for 24 hours in four grape

varieties derived from crosses involving Vitis amurensis.

2.1.2 Number of roots, root length and other rooting characters

In Hibiscus, treating the hardwood stem cuttings with NAA at 1000

ppm gave 85 to 95 per cent rooting with a maximum root length ranging from 47.7

to 98.4 cm against 10 per cent rooting and 9.2 cm of root length in control

(Shanmugavelu, 1961).

Gangwar and Singh (1968) obtained maximum number of roots, root

length and root diameter in grape stem cuttings with 400 ppm IBA.

Singh et al. (1971) observed significant increase in number of roots

per cutting with IBA treatment at lower concentrations (less than 500 ppm) over

control. With increase in IBA concentration beyond 500 ppm, the number of roots,

root diameter and root length decreased significantly over control. The higher

concentration of IBA also proved harmful in respect of the length of the longest root

and diameter of the thickest root in Perlette variety of grape.

Chauhan and Reddy (1974) reported that IBA 1000 ppm increased

the number of primary roots, root length and diameter of the longest root in plum

stem cuttings of cv. Santa Rosa. The beneficial effect of growth regulators were

found to be decreasing with further increase in concentration.

Mokashi (1977) reported that soaking the Thompson Seedless

cuttings in IBA 250 ppm solution for 12 hours improved the percentage of rooting

and number of roots over control. Ehrlinger and Howelt (1982) while working on

rooting of hardwood stem cuttings of different grape cultivars reported that IBA

treatment had little or no effect on nine cultivars but significantly enhanced rooting

in cvs. Land, Chelosis, Verdelet, Geyral and Rosette and resulted in 11 or more

number of roots per cutting and untreated recorded less number of roots. In

‘Vignoles’ IBA increased number of roots (4-5 roots) per cutting compared with 0-2

in control.

Reddy (1984) reported that grape cuttings from the current season’s

growth either basal or terminal gave more number of roots (25.55 and 19.40,

respectively) compared to cuttings from the previous seasons growth. IBA + NAA

2500 ppm was found to be superior in induction of rooting. Root length was more

with IBA treatments and with current season’s growth. While, Singh et al. (1986)

observed greater number of roots (15.8 to 19.2), maximum length of root (21.2 to

22.6 cm) and diameter of the thickest root (5.2 to 6.4 mm) with IBA at 500 ppm in

grape.

Patil et al. (2000) reported longest root, maximum diameter of the

thickest root and maximum number of sprouts per rooted cutting with 300 ppm IBA

or NAA, while IBA 100 ppm gave highest number of roots, length of longest sprout

and maximum diameter of thickest sprout per rooted cutting in grape varieties Tas-

A-Ganesh and Kismish Chorny. While, Garande et al. (2002) observed that dipping

the cuttings in IBA 2500 ppm for 30 seconds resulted in maximum root length and

number of roots in grape rootstocks, Dogridge (42.5 cm and 24, respectively) and

Salt Creek (24.5 cm and 28, respectively).

2.1.3 Establishment of rooted cuttings

Singh and Singh (1973) observed that IBA 500 ppm was beneficial in

producing nursery plants with better root and shoot growth which would help them

to establish better after field transplanting. IBA at 100 ppm also found to be equally

beneficial but higher concentration at 2000 and 4000 ppm proved to be injurious in

cuttings of Thompson Seedless and Himrod varieties of grapevine.

Sariskova (1964) and Bhomi (1966) reported that IAA at 100 ppm

improved root and shoot growth and establishment of grapevine cuttings. Similarly,

Zhang Peiyu et al. (1997) reported that the treatment of cuttings with IBA 50, 100 or

150 ppm increased the survival per cent which reached 83 to 90 per cent.

In an experiment, Patil et al. (2001) observed that soaking the

cuttings for 6 hours either in IBA (100 ppm) or NAA (100 ppm) recorded maximum

survival percentage (86.33 and 76.00, respectively) in the cutltivars Tas-A-Ganesh

and Kismish Chorny. Higher concentrations (300 or 200 ppm), however, proved

detrimental and the survival percentage was significantly reduced. They also

reported that combination of growth regulators (IBA + NAA) was injurious and

recorded minimum survival percentage than other treatments.

Garande et al. (2002) reported better sprouting percentage (86.6 and

80.0) by dipping the cuttings in IBA 1500 ppm for 30 seconds in rootstocks

Dogridge and Salt Creek.

2.2 EFFECT OF ROOTING MEDIA

The rooting medium exerts profound influence on the rooting and

growth of cuttings subsequently. The main functions of the rooting medium are as

follows:

1. To provide footage to the cutting and to hold it in place during the rooting

period.

2. To provide moisture, and

3. To permit easy penetration of air to the base of the cutting and also to enable

easy penetration of newly formed roots (Hartmann and Kester, 1968).

Rooting of grape cuttings and the subsequent root growth was found

to be influenced by the rooting medium. Among the several rooting media, sand is

extensively used, as it is easily available and the least expensive. Sand consists of

virtually no mineral nutrients and has no buffering capacity. It is mostly used as a

single medium or in combination with organic materials (Sadhu, 1986).

Singh et al. (1971) observed that the soil to be a superior rooting

medium in comparison to sand and leaf mould. Similarly, Singh and Singh (1973)

also reported soil to be a better medium than sand for rooting of cuttings of Perlette

grape.

While, Ferrer et al. (1991) reported that percentage rooting was

highest in sand (84.9), followed by soil (37.7) and the soil + sand mix (27.8). But

the root development in sand was poor and the plants were not commercially

acceptable. While the cuttings rooted in soil + sand mix produced better root and

shoot development.

Kawecki and Kozlowski (1995) studied the effect of nine different

organic substrates viz., municipal waste compost, conifer bark, peat, sand, fresh or

old conifer sawdust, and hardwood sawdust in different combinations on rooting of

one-bud hardwood cuttings of grape cv. Skarb Panoii. They found best rooting after

five weeks on a substrate containing 8-year-old sawdust + sand or sand mixed with

lowland peat.

Kawai (1996) reported that disbudding of hardwood cuttings of grape

cv. Muscat Bailey A completely inhibited rooting in a vermiculite and perlite

medium than in the cuttings having a single bud.

Cyrillo et al. (1999) observed no difference between two rooting

media viz., vermiculite and washed river sand when used for rooting of semi-

hardwood cuttings of the grape rootstocks, ‘IAC 313 Tropical’ and ‘IAC 766

Campinas’ in a mist chamber.

Lobato et al. (2001) reported that there is possibility of using

rockwool as an alternative substrate for propagation of grape cvs. Moscatel Rosada

and Carmenere and observed that chitosan when combined with rockwool has got

plant growth stimulating effect on roots.

Song et al. (2001) observed sand + vermiculite as best basic substrate

for rooting of cuttings in four grape varieties derived from crosses involving Vitis

amuriensis.

Zhuang et al. (2001) reported that the seedlings of grape

cv. Wanhong obtained through in vitro methods when grown in vermiculite were

normal, leaf color was green and the root : shoot ratio was optimum. The

combination of growing media with vermiculite + perlite (2:1) was also found to be

best, while growth at higher levels of perlite was poor with pale leaf colour and poor

root growth.

In an experiment, Hong et al. (2002) used different media mixtures

viz., 100 per cent vermiculite, 100 per cent granulated cotton, 70 per cent

vermiculite + 30 per cent perlite, 70 per cent vermiculite + 30 per cent peatmoss and

50 per cent vermiculite + 50 per cent perlite for the acclimatization of in vitro

cultured grape cv. Rizamat plantlets and found that 100 per cent granulated cotton

followed by 70 per cent vermiculite + 30 per cent peat moss were best. The number

of leaves, plant height and root length were highest in 100 per cent granulated

cotton. While, the root weight and number of roots were best in 70 per cent

vermiculite + 30 per cent peatmoss.

2.3 SEASONAL EFFECT ON ROOTING OF CUTTINGS

The seasonal variation in temperature, light and relative humidity

play a very important role in rooting of cuttings. High air temperature tends to

promote bud development in advance of root development and increases water loss

from the leaves. In all types of plant growth, light has got prime importance since it

is the source of energy for photosynthesis. There are evidences that photoperiod has

an influence on the rooting of cuttings. Similarly high relative humidity around the

cuttings has an active role in controlling water loss from the leaves.

Bhattacharya (1959) reported that hardwood cuttings of Anab-e-

Shahi planted in sand on 6 January gave the best rooting. Similar results were

obtained by Bhomi (1966) and Saraswat (1973) in Bhokri and Selection-7 when

planted in first week of January.

Bhomi (1966) observed that 100 ppm IAA improved percentage

sprouting, rooting and survival in January planted cuttings and 200 ppm IBA in

December planted cuttings. While, Saraswat (1973) reported that the time of

planting beginning from December 30 through January, February to March 2, had no

effect on the rooting of Bhokri cuttings. But in Selection-7, the cuttings planted on

or after January 30, gave less percentage of rooting than those planted early.

Shisode (1964) observed better rooting from cuttings made from

canes of October than April prunings in Phakdi, Bangalore Purple, Thompson

Seedless and Selection-7 cultivars. Choudhari and Kokate (1986) however, opined

that cuttings from April pruning should be preferred since at that time high yielding

vines can be located and mixture can be avoided.

Under North Indian conditions conventionally cuttings taken from

dormant vines are planted in February – March for transplanting in the following

spring. In an experiment, Jindal et al. (1989) took cuttings from August pruned

vines of cvs. Beauty Seedless and Pusa Seedless and got good rooting percentage.

They stated that this method reduced the propagation phase by half as cuttings taken

in August were ready for transplanting in February.

Rema and Pandey (1990) studied the effect of seasonal fluctuations in

the root density of 18 year old Beauty Seedless grape grown in sandy loam soil of

pH 8.3 under Delhi conditions and reported that feeder root density increased from

July and recorded two peaks of increased root activity, one in August – October and

another in March – April. They observed decline in root growth with decrease in

temperature and started increasing again with a rise in temperature.

Ferrer et al. (1991) in Uruguay, observed no difference in rooting of

cuttings of grape rootstock SO4 in mid-June or at the end of August. While, Lin and

Wu (1995) reported that the cuttings taken from the secondary shoots of 7-8 year old

vines of cv. Ryubo during May-July rooted best when dipped in IBA 1000 ppm for 5

seconds.

Song et al. (2001) found that the best period for taking cuttings in

grape was late March to early April in China. Contrary to this, Zhang et al. (2002)

in China studied the effect of date of planting on the rooting of hardwood cuttings of

grape varieties Jingxiu and Jingyu and found that planting on 25 February was best

which resulted in dark green leaves, many rootlets and normal growth of cuttings

than planting on 30 November, 25 December or 25 January.

CHAPTER – III

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The present investigation “Studies on the propagation of grape

rootstocks through hardwood and soft wood cuttings” was carried out in the poly

tunnels of AG Bioteck Laboratories (India) Limited, Bachupalli, Qutbullapur

Mandal, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad during 2003-04. In all six experiments

were conducted using two rootstock varieties of grape and two types of cuttings.

3.1 ROOTSTOCKS

Hardwood and soft wood cuttings of grape rootstocks, Dogridge and

1613C which are difficult to root were used as experimental material.

3.1.2 Dogridge

It is a variety of Vitis champini. Vines are very vigorous, spreading

and are with prostrate habit. Shoots are vigorous with long internodes; shoot tips

white to grey with heavy tomentum, older shoots grey green; tendrils long, forked

with purple red tinge. Mature shoots (canes) are medium in diameter with few

laterals with brown but appear grey with tufted tomentum. Leaves are medium in

size, medium green, moderately five-lobed but distinctly three-lobed; upper surface

lightly tufted with long hairs; lower surface with moderately heavy tomentum,

particularly with heavy tufts along veins and petioles; serrations very shallow, even

and quite rounded; petiolar sinus deep, open V-shaped.

This stock imparts very high vigour to its scions. Because of this, it

should not be used for vigorous varieties and environments such as mild tropics and

subtropics where excessive vigour is detrimental to productivity. Because of high

vigour, scions frequently show the symptoms of zinc deficiency. Dogridge is

recommended for use only in the lighter and less fertile sandy soils. This stock has

given best results with heavy-bearing varieties and in situations where the cultural

practices are followed to make best use of the vine vigour for productivity. Rooting

is poor in the cuttings of this stock. But the bud/graft take is high on the rooted

vines. It has a profuse suckering habit. Resistant to root-knot nematode

Meloidogyne incognita and tolerant to soil salinity (Chadha, 1999).

3.1.3 1613C

It is a hybrid between Vitis solonis and Othello. Vines are

moderately vigorous, spreading and prostrate. Shoots are vigorous with long

internodes, greyish green with tomentum covering all young growth, mature shoots

and canes brown and tufted with tomentum. Leaves large, entire to slightly lobed,

broad with nearly straight sides, serrations distinct and fairly uniform but enlarged at

tips of lobes; dull grey-green above and greyish with heavy tomentum below;

petioles and upper surface tufted with tomentum; petiolar sinus open and broad

U-shaped.

This stock is compatible with all vines, raisin and table grape

varieties of California. Suited for all except very light soils. Bud/graft take is very

high with this stock. It has poor suckering habit. Resistant to root-knot nematode

Meloidogyne incognita and moderately tolerant to soil salinity (Chadha, 1999).

3.1.4 Preparation of cuttings

Hardwood and soft wood cuttings of Dogridge and 1613C rootstocks

were obtained from Grape Research Station, Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural

University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The average length and diameter of the

cuttings used for rooting was 23-24 and 0.87 cm, respectively in case of hardwood

cuttings and, 23-24 and 0.65 cm in case of soft wood cuttings, respectively. All

cuttings were treated with fungicidal solution containing Bavistin (a.i.

carbendazim) 2 g per litre and Streptocycline (a.i. streptomycin sulphate – 90% +

tetraccycline hydrochloride – 10%) 200 ppm by dipping them for 10 minutes and

then dried. The basal end of all the cuttings was given a slanting cut to expose

maximum absorbing surface for effective rooting.

3.2 HUMID POLY TUNNELS

Humid poly tunnels measuring 3.00 m x 1.20 m x 0.75 m (Length x

Width x Central height) were used for conducting the experiments (Plate 1). It was

constructed on a framework of steel pipes, over which UV stabilized polyethylene

sheet of 250 m was covered (Fig.1). Series of such tunnels were covered with 50

per cent shade net at a clear height of 3.30 m without restricting air passage. The

floor of the poly tunnel was made with 2.5 cm gravel stones covered with 15 cm

coarse gravel which was again covered with 22.5 cm coarse sand. Sand is wetted

every day for raising the relative humidity. A temperature of 28o + 2oC during day

and 14o + 3oC during night along with a humidity of 80 + 10% were maintained

throughout the experimental period.

3.3 EXPERIMENT-I: Effect of different concentrations of IBA on

rooting of hardwood cuttings of Dogridge and 1613C grape

rootstocks

3.3.1 Treatments

The details of various treatments are furnished below. Varieties : 2 V1 : Dogridge V2 : 1613C

IBA concentrations : 5 T1 : Control (Dipping in water) T2 : IBA 1000 ppm T3 : IBA 2000 ppm T4 : IBA 3000 ppm T5 : IBA 4000 ppm Treatment combinations

(1) V1T1 (6) V2T1 (2) V1T2 (7) V2T2 (3) V1T3 (8) V2T3 (4) V1T4 (9) V2T4 (5) V1T5 (10) V2T5

Design : Factorial RBD Replications : 3 Date of planting : 17-10-2003 Date of lifting : 01-12-2003

3.3.2 Preparation of IBA

Indole Butyric Acid (IBA) solutions at different concentrations viz.,

1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 ppm were prepared by dissolving 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2 g

IBA in small quantity of absolute alcohol and the volume in each concentration was

made upto 500 ml by adding double distilled water (Plate 2).

The basal 3-4 cm portion of hardwood cuttings was treated with IBA

at different concentrations as per the treatment by quick dip method for 20 seconds

and were allowed to dry for 15 minutes and then planted in rooting trays filled with

vermiculite (Plate 3). Ten cuttings were used per treatment per replication.

3.4 EXPERIMENT-II: Effect of different concentrations of IBA on

rooting of soft wood cuttings of Dogridge and 1613C grape

rootstocks

3.4.1 Treatments

The details of the various treatments are furnished below:

Varieties : 2 V1 : Dogridge V2 : 1613C IBA concentrations : 5 T1 : Control (Dipping in water) T2 : IBA 500 ppm T3 : IBA 1000 ppm T4 : IBA 1500 ppm T5 : IBA 2000 ppm Treatment combinations

(1) V1T1 (6) V2T1 (2) V1T2 (7) V2T2 (3) V1T3 (8) V2T3 (4) V1T4 (9) V2T4 (5) V1T5 (10) V2T5

Design : Factorial RBD Replications : 3

Date of planting : 17-10-2003

Date of lifting : 01-12-2003

3.4.2 Preparation of solutions

Indole butyric acid (IBA) solutions at 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm

concentrations were prepared by dissolving 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 g of IBA in

small quantity of absolute alcohol and the volume (in each concentration) was made

upto 500 ml by adding double distilled water.

The basal 3-4 cm portion of soft wood cuttings was treated with

above solutions by quick dip method for 15 seconds and were allowed to dry for 15

minutes and then planted in rooting trays filled with vermiculite. Ten cuttings were

used per treatment per replication.

3.5 EXPERIMENT-III: Effect of different proportions of sand and

cocopeat on rooting of hardwood cuttings of Dogridge and 1613C

grape rootstocks

3.5.1 Treatments

The details of the treatments and their combinations are furnished

below:

Varieties : 2 V1 : Dogridge V2 : 1613C Rooting media : 4 T1 : Sand T2 : Sand + 10% cocopeat T3 : Sand + 20% cocopeat T4 : Sand + 30% cocopeat Treatment combinations

(1) V1T1 (5) V2T1 (2) V1T2 (6) V2T2 (3) V1T3 (7) V2T3 (4) V1T4 (8) V2T4

Design : Factorial RBD Replications : 3 Date of planting : 15-12-2003


Ten hardwood cuttings per treatment per replication after treatment

with IBA 2000 ppm through quick dip method were planted in polyethylene bags of

15 x 23 cm size (300 gauge) filled with rooting media as per the treatment.

3.6 EXPERIMENT-IV: Effect of different proportions of sand and

cocopeat on rooting of soft wood cuttings of Dogridge and 1613C

grape rootstocks

3.6.1 Treatments The details of the treatments and their combinations are furnished

below:

Varieties : 2 V1 : Dogridge V2 : 1613C Rooting media : 4 T1 : Sand T2 : Sand + 10% cocopeat T3 : Sand + 20% cocopeat T4 : Sand + 30% cocopeat Treatment combinations

(1) V1T1 (5) V2T1 (2) V1T2 (6) V2T2 (3) V1T3 (7) V2T3 (4) V1T4 (8) V2T4

Design : Factorial RBD

Replications : 3 Date of planting : 15-12-2003


Ten soft wood cuttings per treatment per replication after treatment

with IBA 1000 ppm through quick dip method were planted in polyethylene bags of

15 x 23 cm size (300 gauge) filled with rooting media as per the treatment.

3.7 EXPERIMENT-V: Effect of month (season) of planting of

hardwood cuttings on rooting and establishment in Dogridge and

1613C grape rootstocks

3.7.1 Treatments

The treatment details are furnished below:

Varieties : 2 V1 : Dogridge

V2 : 1613C

Months : 3 T1 : February T2 : March T3 : April Treatment combinations

(1) V1T1 (4) V2T1 (2) V1T2 (5) V2T2 (3) V1T3 (6) V2T3

Design : Factorial RBD Replications : 4 Date of planting : 5-3-2004, 5-4-2004 & 5-5-2004

Date of lifting : 21-3-2004, 21-4-2004 & 21-5-2004

Ten hardwood cuttings per treatment per replication after treatment

with IBA 2000 ppm through quick dip method were planted in the rooting trays

filled with vermiculite.

3.8 EXPERIMENT-VI: Effect of month (season) of planting of soft

wood cuttings on rooting in Dogridge and 1613C grape

rootstocks

3.8.1 Treatments

The details of the treatments are furnished hereunder.

Varieties : 2 V1 : Dogridge V2 : 1613C Months : 3 T1 : February T2 : March T3 : April Treatment combinations

(1) V1T1 (4) V2T1 (2) V1T2 (5) V2T2 (3) V1T3 (6) V2T3

Design : Factorial RBD Replications : 4 Date of planting : 5-2-2004, 5-3-2004 & 5-4-2004

Date of lifting : 21-3-2004, 21-4-2004 & 21-5-2004

Ten soft wood cuttings per treatment per replication after treatment

with IBA 500 ppm through quick dip method were planted in the rooting trays filled

with vermiculite.

3.9 CARE OF THE CUTTINGS

The cuttings after planting in the rooting trays (Experiment I, II, V

and VI) and in polyethylene bags (Experiment III and IV) were placed in the high

humid poly tunnels. These cuttings were watered regularly based upon the wetness.

After sprouting, the cuttings were sprayed with poly feed @ 2 g per litre

(Manufactured by Haifa Chemicals, Haifa, Israel and marketed by Nagarjuna

Fertilizers and Chemicals, Hyderabad) at weekly intervals. It consists N:P:K in the

ratio of 19:19:19 plus essential micronutrients. To protect the cuttings from possible

attack of insect pests and diseases, monocrotophos (1.6 ml in one litre of water) and

dithane M-45 (2.5 g in one litre of water) were sprayed twice at 15 and 30 days after

planting. Complete sanitation was maintained inside the zero energy cool-humid

poly tunnels throughout the experimental period.

The cuttings were taken out 45 days after planting in all the

experiments for recording the observations on rooting. In experiments V and VI

after recording the observations on rooting, they were again planted to study the

survival percentage after 30 days.

3.10 OBSERVATIONS RECORDED

The cuttings were carefully lifted without damaging the root system

after profuse watering. The cuttings with the ball of rooting media were placed in

water to loosen the rooting media and then further washed thoroughly to clean the

roots.

The following observations were recorded from the rooted cuttings.


The number of rooted cuttings were counted in each replication and

treatment and their percentages were worked out.

3.10.2 Number of roots per cutting

To determine the average number of roots per rooted cutting, the total

number of roots were divided by the total number of rooted cuttings.

3.10.3 Length of root per cutting

The length of the longest root in the rooted cutting was measured

with the help of a scale in centimeters.

3.10.4 Survival percentage

This was calculated based on the number of rooted cuttings survived

one month after transplanting.

3.11 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

The data in all the experiments were subjected to statistical analysis

by the method of analysis of variance given by Panse and Sukhatme (1967).

Significance was tested by the ‘F’ value at 5 per cent level of probability. Critical

differences were calculated for the effects which were significant.

1.20 m

0.75m

3.0 m

Fig. 1: Line diagram of humid polytunnel

CHAPTER – IV

RESULTS

The results obtained on the present investigation, “Studies on the

propagation of grape rootstocks through hardwood and soft wood cuttings” are

presented hereunder:

4.1 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF IBA ON

ROOTING OF HARDWOOD CUTTINGS OF DOGRIDGE

AND 1613C ROOTSTOCKS OF GRAPE


The percentage of rooting was significantly improved in hardwood

cuttings of Dogridge and 1613C with the application of IBA at different

concentrations over control except 4000 ppm (Table 1). Among the different

concentrations of IBA, 2000 ppm recorded higher percentage of rooting than rest of

the concentrations but was on a par with 1000 ppm. Further, 1000 ppm IBA was on

a par with 3000 and 4000 ppm IBA. The lowest percentage of rooting was observed

with control which was on a par with 4000 ppm IBA. Between the two varieties of

rootstocks, 1613C recorded significantly higher percentage of rooting than

Dogridge.

The interaction between Varieties x IBA was found significant. In

Dogridge, a significant improvement in percentage sprouting with the increase in

concentration of IBA upto 2000 ppm was observed and further increase to 3000 and

4000 ppm significantly decreased the percentage of rooting. On the other hand, a

significant increase in the percentage of rooting was observed in 1613C with the

application of IBA at different concentrations over control but increase in the

concentration of IBA beyond 1000 ppm did not improve the percentage of rooting

significantly. Among the different combinations of rootstocks and IBA, Dogridge +

2000 ppm IBA recorded highest percentage of rooting but was on a par with 1613C

+ 3000 ppm IBA, 1613C + 1000 ppm IBA, 1613C + 2000 ppm IBA, 1613C + 4000

ppm IBA and Dogridge + 1000 ppm IBA. The lowest percentage of rooting was

recorded with Dogridge + Control which was on a par with 1613C + Control.

4.1.2 Number of roots

Application of IBA at different concentrations significantly improved

the number of roots in both the rootstocks, Dogridge (Plate 4) and 1613C (Plate 5)

but the interaction between Varieties x IBA was found not significant (Table 2).

Treating the cuttings at different concentrations of IBA significantly improved the

number of roots over control but they were on a par. Between the two varieties,

Dogridge produced greater number of roots over 1613C.

4.1.3 Root length

Treating the cuttings with IBA significantly improved the root length

over control but no significant difference was observed between varieties (Table 3).

Also the between Varieties x IBA was found not significant. Among the different

concentrations of IBA, 2000 ppm produced higher root length over 1000 ppm but

was on a par with 3000 and 4000 ppm IBA.

4.2 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF IBA ON

ROOTING OF SOFT WOOD CUTTINGS OF DOGRIDGE

AND 1613C ROOTSTOCKS OF GRAPE


Treating the soft wood cuttings with IBA at different concentrations

did not improve the percentage of rooting over control (Table 4). On the other hand,

a significant decrease in the percentage of rooting was observed with the application

of 2000 ppm IBA compared with control.

Between the two varieties, 1613C recorded higher percentage of

rooting over Dogridge. The interaction between Varieties x IBA was found not

significant.


Indole butyric acid (IBA) at different concentrations significantly

improved the number of roots in soft wood cuttings of both the rootstocks over

control but IBA at 2000 ppm significantly decreased the number of roots per cutting

and was on a par with control (Table 5). Among different concentrations of IBA,

1000 ppm recorded greater number of roots but was on a par with remaining IBA

treatments. The lowest number of roots was observed with control.

Between the two varieties, the soft wood cuttings of 1613C recorded

greater number of roots over Dogridge.

The interaction between Varieties x IBA was found significant

(Table 5). The rootstock, 1613C recorded greater number of roots over Dogridge at

any given concentration of IBA. But no significant difference was observed

between Dogridge and 1613C in respect of control. In Dogridge no significant

improvement in number of roots was observed with increase in the concentration of

IBA from 500 to 1500 ppm over control (Plate 6). On the other hand, a significant

decrease in number of roots was observed at 2000 ppm IBA. While in case of

1613C similar trend was observed with increase in the concentration of IBA from

500 to 1500 ppm but further increase to 2000 ppm significantly improved the

number of roots over 500 ppm IBA but was on a par with 1000 and 1500 ppm IBA

(Plate 7). Among the different combinations, 1613C + 2000 ppm IBA recorded

greater number of roots than the rest of the treatment combinations but was on a par

with 1613C + 1500 ppm IBA and 1613C + 1000 ppm IBA.

4.2.3 Root length

The root length also significantly improved with the IBA treatment in

both the rootstocks but the interaction Varieties x IBA was found not significant

(Table 6). Though application of IBA at 1000 ppm markedly improved the root

length over the rest of the concentrations but was on a par with 500 and 1500 ppm

IBA and control (no IBA). Root length decreased significantly with further increase

in concentration of IBA to 2000 ppm.

Between the two varieties, 1613C recorded higher root length than

Dogridge.

4.3 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PROPORTIONS OF SAND AND

COCOPEAT ON ROOTING OF HARDWOOD CUTTINGS OF

DOGRIDGE AND 1613C ROOTSTOCKS OF GRAPE


Rooting media with sand and cocopeat at different proportions

significantly affected the percentage of rooting but no significant difference was

observed between the varieties (Table 7). Also the interaction between varieties x

rooting media was found not significant. Sand + 10% cocopeat and sand + 20%

cocopeat significantly improved the percentage of rooting over sand alone and sand

+ 30% cocopeat but they were on a par. Similarly the percentage of rooting was on

a par in respect of sand alone and sand + 30% cocopeat.


Among the different combinations of rooting media, sand + 30%

cocopeat recorded greater number of roots over sand alone but was on a par with

sand + 10% cocopeat and sand + 20% cocopeat (Table 8). Further, sand + 10%

cocopeat and sand + 20% cocopeat were on a par with sand.

No significant difference in number of roots was observed between

Dogridge and 1613C. Also the interaction between varieties x rooting media was

found not significant.

4.3.3 Root length

The root length was significantly affected by different rooting media

used (Table 9). Among the different rooting media, sand + 30% cocopeat produced

highest root length than rest of the rooting media. Further no significant difference

in root length was observed among the remaining rooting media viz., sand + 20%

cocopeat, sand + 10% cocopeat and sand alone.

The root length did not differ significantly between the rootstocks

Dogridge and 1613C. The interaction between varieties and rooting media was also

found not significant (Table 9).

4.4 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PROPORTIONS OF SAND AND

COCOPEAT ON ROOTING OF SOFT WOOD CUTTINGS OF



The rooting media used significantly affected the percentage of

rooting in soft wood cuttings of both Dogridge and 1613C rootstocks (Table 10).

While no significant difference was observed between Dogridge and 1613C

rootstocks with soft wood cuttings because of different rooting media used. Among

the different rooting media, sand + 10% cocopeat recorded highest percentage of

rooting and was significantly superior over sand + 30% cocopeat but was on a par

with sand alone and sand + 20% cocopeat.

The interaction between varieties and rooting media was found not

significant.


Rooting media and the varieties used significantly affected the

number of roots in soft wood cuttings of grape rootstocks (Table 11). While the

interaction between varieties and rooting media was found not significant.

Among the rooting media, sand + 10% cocopeat produced greater

number of roots over rest of the media but was on a par with sand + 20% cocopeat

produced. Sand + 30% cocopeat the lowest number of roots per cutting but was on

a par with sand alone.

Between the two varieties of grape rootstocks, the soft wood cuttings

of 1613C produced significantly greater number of roots over Dogridge.

4.4.3 Root length

The root length in soft wood cuttings of grape rootstocks was

significantly affected due to the rooting media used (Table 12). While no significant

difference in root length was observed between the varieties because of rooting

media. The interaction between varieties and rooting media was also found not

significant.

Among the different rooting media, sand + 30% cocopeat produced

highest root length than the rest of the rooting media but was on a par with sand +

20% cocopeat. Further no significant difference in root length was observed among

sand, sand + 10% cocopeat and sand + 20% cocopeat.

4.5 EFFECT OF MONTH (SEASON) OF TAKING HARDWOOD

CUTTINGS ON ROOTING AND ESTABLISHMENT IN


4.5.1 Percentage of rooting and survival

The month of planting of hardwood cuttings had a significant effect

on the percentage of rooting and survival (Table 13). While no significant effect

was noticed because of the varieties of rootstocks and their interaction with month of

planting was also found to be non significant. The percentage of rooting and

survival was found not significant between February and March but both were

significantly superior over April.


The number of roots were significantly affected due to the influence

of rootstock varieties and the months (Table 14). While the interaction between

varieties of rootstocks x months was found not significant.

Among the months, the cuttings planted for rooting in the month of

March produced greater number of roots compared with the cuttings planted in

February but was on a par with those planted in April. Between the two varieties of

rootstocks, Dogridge produced greater number of roots per cutting compared with

1613C.

4.5.3 Root length

The length of longest root was significantly affected in hardwood

cuttings of grape rootstocks planted in different months (Table 15). There was a

significant improvement in the length of root in the cuttings planted for rooting in

the months of March and April compared with February. Further there was no

significant improvement in the length of root in the cuttings rooted in the month of

March compared with those planted in the month of April. Between the two

varieties of rootstocks, 1613C produced highest length of root compared with

Dogridge.

The interaction between varieties of rootstocks x months was found

not significant in the length of longest root.

4.6 EFFECT OF MONTH (SEASON) OF TAKING SOFT WOOD

CUTTINGS ON ROOTING AND ESTABLISHMENT OF


4.6.1 Percentage of rooting and survival

The percentage of rooting and survival was significantly affected in

soft wood cuttings of grape because of months (Table 16). While no significant

difference was observed between the varieties of rootstocks. However, the

interaction between varieties x months was found significant.

The cuttings planted for rooting in the month of March produced

highest percentage of rooting and survival compared with those planted for rooting

in February and April. The lowest percentage of rooting and survival was recorded

in the cuttings which were planted in the month of February and this was on a par

with April planting. The interaction between varieties of rootstocks x months

revealed that the soft wood cuttings of 1613C planted in February recorded

significantly higher percentage of rooting and survival compared with Dogridge,

while no significant difference in percentage of rooting and survival was observed

between two varieties of rootstocks planted for rooting in the months of March and

April. In both the rootstocks planting the cuttings in the month of March recorded

highest rooting and survival. Further there was a marked decline in the percentage

of rooting and survival in the cuttings planted in February and April.


The number of roots produced per cutting was significantly affected

due to the months and varieties of rootstocks in the soft wood cuttings of grape

(Table 17). Among the months, the cuttings planted for rooting in March produced

significantly greater number of roots than February and April. Further the number

of roots did not differ significantly between February and April plantings.

Between the two varieties of rootstocks, 1613C produced greater

number of roots per cutting compared with Dogridge.

The interaction between varieties of rootstocks x month of planting

was found not significant in soft wood cuttings.

4.6.3 Root length

Both rootstocks and months have significantly influenced the length

of root in soft wood cuttings of grape (Table 18). Among the months, cuttings

planted for rooting in the month of April produced highest root length but did not

differ significantly with the cuttings planted in March. Lowest root length was

recorded in the cuttings planted for rooting in the month of February, which was

significantly inferior compared with March and April.

The interaction between varieties x months was found not significant.

4.6.4 Survival percentage

Planting hardwood cuttings in different months has significant effect

on the survival percentage of rootstocks. While no significant difference was

observed between two varieties and the interaction between varieties x months was

not significant. Among the different months, highest survival percentage was

recorded in cuttings planted in March but was on a par with February (Table 19).

Planting soft wood cuttings in different months also showed similar

trend as reported in hardwood cuttings. No significant difference was observed

between Dogridge and 1613C rootstocks. Also the interaction between varieties x

months was found not significant. However, planting the cuttings in March resulted

in highest survival but was on a par with April (Table 20). Further no significant

difference in survival was observed between February and April plantings.

Table 1: Effect of different concentrations of IBA and rootstocks on percentage of

rooting in hardwood cuttings of grape

IBA concentration

Control 1000 ppm

2000 ppm

3000 ppm

4000 ppm

Mean

Varieties

Dogridge 63.33 (52.75)

80.00 (63.52)

86.66 (68.83)

63.33 (52.75)

63.33 (52.72)

71.33 (58.12)

1613C 68.33 (55.96)

83.33 (66.12)

83.33 (66.12)

86.66 (68.83)

83.33 (66.12)

81.00 (64.63)

Mean 65.83 (54.36)

81.67 (64.82)

85.00 (67.48)

75.00 (60.79)

73.33 (59.42)

Source of variation CD (0.05) Varieties 3.52 IBA concentrations 5.57 Varieties x IBA 7.82

* Figures in parentheses are angular transformed values.

Table 2: Effect of different concentrations of IBA and rootstocks on number of roots

per cutting in hardwood cuttings of grape

IBA concentration

Control 1000 ppm

2000 ppm

3000 ppm

4000 ppm

Mean

Varieties

Dogridge 7.70 (2.85)

18.97 (4.40)

21.83 (4.72)

20.63 (4.59)

19.23 (4.43)

17.67 (4.20)

1613C 9.80 (3.20)

13.83 (3.78)

16.30 (4.10)

15.10 (3.94)

13.13 (3.68)

13.64 (3.74)

Mean 8.78 (3.03)

16.40 (4.09)

19.10 (4.40)

17.87 (4.26)

16.18 (4.06)

Source of variation CD (0.05) Varieties 0.23 IBA concentrations 0.36 Varieties x IBA NS

* Figures in parentheses are square root transformed values. NS – Not significant

Table 3: Effect of different concentrations of IBA and rootstocks on root length (cm)

in hardwood cuttings of grape

IBA concentration

Control 1000 ppm

2000 ppm

3000 ppm

4000 ppm

Mean

Varieties

Dogridge 5.27 7.70 9.23 8.63 8.90 7.95

1613C 6.00 7.33 10.57 9.97 9.73 8.72

Mean 5.63 7.52 9.90 9.30 9.32

Source of variation CD (0.05) Varieties NS IBA concentrations 1.68 Varieties x IBA NS

NS – Not significant

Table 4: Effect of different concentrations of IBA and rootstocks on percentage of

rooting in soft wood cuttings of grape

IBA concentration

Control 500 ppm 1000 ppm

1500 ppm

2000 ppm

Mean

Varieties

Dogridge 23.33 (28.77)

26.67 (30.98)

20.00 (26.54)

16.67 (23.85)

10.00 (18.43)

19.33 (25.71)

1613C 26.67 (30.98)

30.00 (33.15)

36.67 (37.21)

36.67 (37.21)

26.67 (30.77)

31.33 (33.86)

Mean 25.00 (29.88)

28.33 (32.06)

28.33 (31.87)

26.67 (30.53)

18.33 (24.60)


* Figures in parentheses are angular transformed values. NS – Not significant

Table 5: Effect of different concentrations of IBA and rootstocks on number of

roots per cutting in soft wood cuttings of grape

IBA concentration


1500 ppm

2000 ppm

Mean

Varieties


7.00 (2.73)

6.50 (2.64)

5.50 (2.44)

2.17 (1.57)

5.40 (2.38)

1613C 7.03 (2.73)

10.80 (3.35)

12.90 (3.65)

13.10 (3.68)

14.60 (3.88)

11.69 (3.46)

Mean 6.43 (2.62)

8.90 (3.04)

9.70 (3.15)

9.30 (3.06)

8.38 (2.73)

Source of variation CD (0.05) Varieties 0.21 IBA concentrations 0.34 Varieties x IBA 0.47

* Figures in parentheses are square root transformed values.

Table 6: Effect of different concentrations of IBA and rootstocks on root length (cm)

in soft wood cuttings of grape

IBA concentration


1500 ppm

2000 ppm

Mean

Varieties

Dogridge 4.90 5.50 6.00 4.33 1.17 4.38

1613C 6.03 6.23 6.90 6.43 5.50 6.22

Mean 5.47 5.87 6.45 5.38 3.33


NS – Not significant

Table 7: Effect of different proportions of sand and cocopeat on percentage of

rooting in hardwood cuttings of grape

Rooting media Sand

Sand + 10%

cocopeat

Sand + 20%

cocopeat

Sand + 30%

cocopeat Mean

Varieties

Dogridge 73.33 (58.98)

86.67 (68.83)

90.00 (71.54)

70.00 (56.77)

80.00 (64.02)

1613C 70.00 (56.97)

80.00 (63.90)

76.67 (61.19)

73.33 (59.19)

75.00 (60.31)

Mean 71.67 (57.98)

83.33 (66.37)

83.33 (66.37)

71.67 (57.98)

Source of variation CD (0.05) Varieties NS Rooting media 6.17 Varieties x Rooting media NS

* Figures in parentheses are angular transformed values. NS – Not significant

Table 8: Effect of different proportions of sand and cocopeat on number of roots per

cutting in hardwood cuttings of grape

Rooting media Sand

Sand + 10%

cocopeat

Sand + 20%

cocopeat

Sand + 30%

cocopeat Mean

Varieties

Dogridge 12.20 (3.49)

13.50 (3.67)

15.50 (3.93)

15.43 (3.92)

14.16 (3.76)

1613C 12.03 (3.45)

12.33 (3.51)

13.63 (3.69)

14.27 (3.77)

13.07 (3.61)

Mean 12.18 (3.48)

12.92 (3.59)

14.57 (3.81)

14.85 (3.85)


* Figures in parentheses are square root transformed values. NS – Not significant

Table 9: Effect of different proportions of sand and cocopeat on root length (cm) in

hardwood cuttings of grape

Rooting media Sand

Sand + 10%

cocopeat

Sand + 20%

cocopeat

Sand + 30%

cocopeat Mean

Varieties

Dogridge 7.07 7.13 7.70 8.67 7.64

1613C 7.27 7.73 8.07 10.50 8.39

Mean 7.17 7.43 7.88 9.58


NS – Not significant.

Table 10: Effect of different proportions of sand and cocopeat on percentage of

rooting in soft wood cuttings of grape

Rooting media Sand

Sand + 10%

cocopeat

Sand + 20%

cocopeat

Sand + 30%

cocopeat Mean

Varieties

Dogridge 23.33 (28.78)

33.33 (35.29)

30.00 (33.00)

16.67 (23.85)

25.83 (30.21)

1613C 30.00 (33.00)

40.00 (39.15)

33.33 (35.29)

20.00 (26.07)

30.83 (33.36)

Mean 26.67 (30.89)

36.67 (37.18)

31.67 (34.11)

18.33 (24.96)


* Figures in parentheses are angular transformed values. NS – Not significant.

Table 11: Effect of different proportions of sand and cocopeat on number of roots per

cutting in soft wood cuttings of grape

Rooting media Sand

Sand + 10%

cocopeat

Sand + 20%

cocopeat

Sand + 30%

cocopeat Mean

Varieties


8.50 (2.91)

7.57 (2.75)

6.67 (2.580

7.35 (2.70)

1613C 11.80 (3.43)

14.00 (3.73)

12.00 (3.46)

10.30 (3.20)

12.02 (3.46)

Mean 9.23 (3.00)

11.25 (3.32)

9.78 (3.10)

8.48 (2.88)

Source of variation CD (0.05) Varieties 0.21 Rooting media 0.30 Varieties x Rooting media NS

* Figures in parentheses are square root transformed values. NS – Not significant.

Table 12: Effect of different proportions of sand and cocopeat on root length (cm) in

soft wood cuttings of grape

Rooting media Sand

Sand + 10%

cocopeat

Sand + 20%

cocopeat

Sand + 30%

cocopeat Mean

Varieties

Dogridge 7.93 9.00 10.20 11.77 9.72

1613C 8.37 8.20 9.67 9.50 8.93

Mean 8.15 8.60 9.33 10.63



Table 13: Effect of month (season) and rootstock on percentage of rooting

in hardwood cuttings of grape

Months February March April Mean

Varieties

Dogridge 80.00 (64.15)

80.00 (63.78)

60.00 (50.81)

73.33 (59.58)

1613C 85.00 (67.47)

75.00 (60.08)

55.00 (47.86)

71.67 (58.47)

Mean 82.50 (65.81)

77.50 (61.93)

57.50 (49.39)

Source of variation CD (0.05) Varieties NS Months 6.16 Varieties x Months NS


Table 14: Effect of month (season) and rootstock on number of roots per cutting in

hardwood cuttings of grape


Varieties

Dogridge 12.60 (3.54)

16.50 (4.06)

14.20 (3.77)

14.43 (3.79)

1613C 11.70 (3.41)

13.70 (3.70)

13.10 (3.62)

12.83 (3.57)

Mean 12.15 (3.48)

15.10 (3.88)

13.65 (3.70)

Source of variation CD (0.05) Varieties 0.18 Months 0.22 Varieties x Months NS


Table 15: Effect of month (season) and rootstock on length (cm) of roots in hardwood

cuttings of grape


Varieties

Dogridge 6.80 8.50 9.10 8.13

1613C 8.40 9.40 9.90 9.23

Mean 7.60 8.95 9.50



Table 16: Effect of month (season) and rootstock on percentage of rooting in



Varieties

Dogridge 30.00 (33.04)

60.00 (50.78)

35.00 (36.21)

41.67 (40.00)

1613C 40.00 (39.15)

50.00 (44.98)

40.00 (39.15)

43.33 (41.09)

Mean 35.00 (36.09)

55.00 (47.88)

37.50 (37.68)

Source of variation CD (0.05) Varieties NS Months 4.276 Varieties x Months 6.048


Table 17: Effect of month (season) and rootstock on number of roots per cutting in



Varieties


8.82 (2.97)

7.70 (2.78)

7.79 (2.78)

1613C 9.57 (3.09)

12.57 (3.54)

10.12 (3.18)

10.76 (3.27)

Mean 8.21 (2.85)

10.70 (3.25)

8.91 (2.97)



Table 18: Effect of month (season) and rootstock on root length in soft wood cuttings

of grape


Varieties

Dogridge 8.90 9.70 10.10 9.57

1613C 8.10 9.00 9.50 8.87

Mean 8.50 9.35 9.80



Table 19: Effect of month (season) and rootstock on survival percentage in hardwood

cuttings of grape


Varieties

Dogridge 70 (56.922)

80 (63.780)

50 (44.982)

66.667 (55.228)

1613C 70 (56.922)

70 (56.922)

55 (47.865)

65.000 (53.903)

Mean 70 (56.922)

75 (60.351)

52.5 (46.423)



Table 20: Effect of month (season) and rootstock on survival percentage in soft wood

cuttings of grape


Varieties

Dogridge 30.00 (33.041)

50.00 (44.982)

35.00 (36.207)

38.333 (38.077)

1613C 40.00 (39.153)

50.00 (44.982)

40.00 (39.153)

43.333 (41.096)

Mean 35.00 (36.097)

50.00 (41.982)

37.50 (37.680)



CHAPTER – V

DISCUSSION

Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) is commercially propagated by stem cuttings

which grow on their own roots. In the recent past, rootstocks are being used for the

propagation of grape to overcome the increasing problems of soil salinity,

nematodes, drought and poor fruitfulness of varieties. This necessiates the need for

standardizing the propagation techniques for grape rootstocks through cuttings. In

the present investigation studies were made to determine the optimum concentration

of IBA, best rooting media and suitable time for rooting and establishment of

hardwood and soft wood cuttings in two grape rootstocks, Dogridge and 1613C.

5.1 EFFECT OF IBA ON ROOTING OF CUTTINGS

In the present study, the effect of indole butyric acid (IBA) treatment

on the rooting of hardwood and soft wood cuttings was investigated. In case of

hardwood cuttings, highest rooting percentage in Dogridge was observed with IBA

2000 ppm whereas in 1613C this was achieved with IBA 2000 or 3000 ppm. IBA

treatment at all concentrations, however, recorded significantly high percentage of

rooting in 1613C over control. While with Dogridge, there was a significant

decrease in percentage of rooting with increase in IBA concentration beyond 2000

ppm. The results obtained are in conformity with that of Chadha (1984) with IBA

2500 ppm in Dogridge and Salt Creek, Sunitha (1991) with IBA 2000 ppm in four

grape varieties viz., Gulabi, Kishmish Rojaviz, Tas-A-Ganesh and Thompson

Seedless. Garande et al. (2002) also reported that IBA 2500 ppm produced highest

number of primary roots and maximum root length in grape rootstocks, Dogridge

and Salt Creek. Contrary to these findings, Singh and Singh (1973) and Moretti and

Ridome (1983) reported that higher concentrations of IBA at 2000 or 4000 ppm

were injurious.

In case of soft wood cuttings, IBA at 500, 1000 and 1500 ppm did not

improve the rooting percentage in Dogridge and 1613C over control. Further,

higher concentration of IBA at 2000 ppm was found to be injurious and recorded

lower rooting percentage than 500, 1000 and 1500 ppm and control.

This study indicated that soft wood cuttings can be made to root

without the application of IBA. However, the number of roots can be improved with

IBA at 500 ppm. Leaves present on the cuttings could have supplied the required

quantities of endogenous hormones particularly auxins for promoting the rooting in

the cuttings. Variation in varietal response, however, was observed.

In the present study the percentage of rooting was significantly low in

soft wood cuttings in both the rootstocks compared with hardwood cuttings (Fig.2).

This could be due to availability of adequate amounts of reserve food in hardwood

cuttings. In comparative studies of the biochemical constituents of Gulabi (easy to

root) and Thompson Seedless (difficult to root) grapevines, Mokashi (1977a)

reported that latter had lower contents of sugars, phenolic compounds but higher N

and starch content. Habib et al. (1980) also reported that a higher content of total

carbohydrates as well as greater C/N ratio were of greater importance in improving

the rooting ability of grapevine cuttings. Similar observations were made by Pandey

et al. (1982) in walnut and Purohit and Shankarappa (1985) in pomegranate.

Indole butyric acid is one of the most widely used auxin for rooting

of cuttings. The formation and growth of roots are mainly dependent on the ratio

between auxins and gibberellins. The possible biochemical reasons for the response

in rooting with IBA may be that the auxin mediated cell processes like permeability,

metabolism, increased enzymatic activity and cell extension might have lead to

intensified uptake of Cl, P32, CO2, stimulation of RNA synthesis and higher cell wall

elasticity (Evans, 1971). The direction of the movement of metabolites in the plant

system is also controlled by auxins (Krishnamurthy, 1981). More metabolites might

have been transported to the site of application of IBA i.e., base of the cuttings

resulting in higher percentage of rooting.

The root primordia originate by the division of cells of phloem,

parenchyma of the pericycle by auxin treatment. Uptake of water and expansion of

the cell wall are the two stages involved in increasing the size of the cell which

require auxins and oxygen. Auxin activated messenger RNA might have induced

the synthesis of specific enzymes which in turn might have helped in cell wall

extension by way of insertion of new material into the cell wall.

Further, auxins are involved in the regulation of protein synthesis and

metabolism at the rooting zone where it is essential for regeneration of roots (Ghosh

and Basu, 1974). Gregory and Samantha Rai (1950) reported that auxins promoted

the hydrolysis and mobilization of nutritional reserves like carbohydrates and

nitrogen to the region of root formation. Sen and Basu (1960) reported hydrolysis

and translocation of carbohydrates and nitrogenous substances in the cuttings to the

base of the cuttings with the application of auxin and thus might have helped in

better rooting in cuttings.

Low rooting in the soft wood cuttings compared to hardwood cuttings

in the present study could be due to low level of reserve carbohydrates in the former.

Between the two varieties of rootstocks studied, 1613C rooted better

compared to Dogridge in both hardwood and soft wood cuttings. Varietal variation

in response to IBA treatment as found in this experiment with respect to percentage

of rooting, number of roots and length of the longest root were also reported by

several workers. Sunitha (1991) also reported differences in four grape varieties,

Gulabi, Kishmish Rojaviz, Tas-A-Ganesh and Thompson Seedless in respect of

rooting percentage, average number of roots, length of the longest root, cumulative

length of roots, diameter of the thickest root, fresh weight and dry weight of roots

and mean volume of the roots. Gulabi performed better with IBA 2000 ppm in

respect of most of the characters studied than other three varieties. Reddy et al.

(1996) in their study using 13 grape hybrids and varieties and 7 concentrations of

IBA and NAA at Bangalore revealed similar variation among different varieties and

concluded that the cv. Bangalore Blue gave better rooting performance. Differences

in response to IBA among varieties were also reported by Patil et al. (2000) and

Garande et al. (2002). Further, Garande et al. (2002) reported variation in the

response of rootstocks (viz., Dogridge, Salt Creek and 1613C) to IBA treatment.

Indole butyric acid (IBA) at 2000 ppm was found to be injurious by

recording less number of roots than the control in the soft wood cuttings of Dogridge

and 1613C. Injurious effects of IBA at higher concentrations were also reported by

Singh et al. (1971) in Perlette variety and Singh and Singh (1973) in Thompson

Seedless, Perlette and Himrod varieties.

5.2 EFFECT OF MEDIA ON ROOTING OF CUTTINGS

Sand is extensively used as a rooting medium, as it is cheaply

available, provides adequate aeration to the base of the cutting and easily available.

But addition of organic materials to sand makes it much better as a rooting medium

(Sadhu, 1986).

Sand and cocopeat combination had a marked improvement over

sand alone in respect of number of roots and length of the longest root in both

hardwood and soft wood cuttings of grape rootstocks studied (Fig. 3 & 4). The

percentage of rooting increased with the addition of cocopeat to an extent of 10 per

cent to the sand compared to sand alone in hardwood and soft wood cuttings of both

the varieties of grape rootstocks. Further in the soft wood cuttings, sand combined

with higher proportion of cocopeat i.e., 30 per cent was found to be injurious

recording lower rooting percentage than the sand alone. This could be due to higher

water retention in the media with high proportion of cocopeat.

Some of the disadvantages with sand as rooting medium are poor

water holding capacity due to less micropore space, and absence of organic matter

which results in unavailability of nutrients from the medium. These can be

overcome by the incorporation of cocopeat. Further, cocopeat increases water

availability and creates high humidity around the cuttings besides supplying

nutrients which were congenial for better rooting. These may be the reasons for

increase in rooting percentage with the addition of cocopeat. But when added in

higher proportion, advantages of using sand as rooting medium cannot be realized.

Similar results were reported by several workers (Ferrer et al., 1991; Kawecki and

Kozlowski, 1995; Song et al., 2001). Ferrer et al. (1991) also obtained better results

by combining sand with soil and Kawecki and Kozlowski (1995) by combining sand

with low land peat or 8-year old saw dust in grape cv. Skarb Panoii. Similarly Song

et al. (2001) found that the best basic substrate for rooting of cuttings was sand +

vermiculite in four grape varieties derived from crosses involving Vitis amuriensis.

5.3 EFFECT OF MONTH (SEASON) ON ROOTING OF

CUTTINGS

In this experiment, hardwood cuttings taken in the month of February

and March produced highest percentage of rooting in Dogridge and 1613C while

cuttings taken during March gave highest percentage of rooting in soft wood

cuttings in both the rootstocks.

The ability to root depends on many internal and external factors. It

is associated with the endogenous levels of carbohydrates, nitrogenous fractions,

auxins, rooting co-factors, etc., which tend to accumulate near the base of the

cutting. The energy for such activities is derived from the degradation of

carbohydrates and nitrogenous substances (Pandey and Pathak, 1978) which needs

congenial external temperature. It was further suggested that IBA treatment must be

responsible for mobilization of carbohydrates and nitrogenous substances to the site

of root initiation. Thus it was believed that adequate levels of endogenous

carbohydrates and nitrogenous substances and their optimum utilization and

incorporation under proper environmental conditions are the essential pre-requisites

for the root initiation. Among them temperature and relative humidity are the most

important factors.

Under South Indian conditions, grapevines are pruned twice during

winter (October) and summer (May). After winter pruning it takes 4-5 months for

the accumulation of adequate carbohydrate reserves in the grape stems, thus the

hardwood cuttings taken in the months of February and March might have

accumulated more carbohydrate reserves resulting in higher percentage of rooting.

Further, they were in a state of low metabolic rate due to the low temperatures

prevailed in the preceding winter (Appendix-I). This probably is the reason for the

better performance of cuttings taken in the months of February and March. With the

rise in temperatures during February and March, the rate of respiration increases and

there will be initiation of flowering and fruiting due to which the carbohydrate levels

might have come down in the cuttings taken in the month of April. Thus they could

not fare well in the promotion of rooting in the month of April.

Maximum length of the longest root was observed in April cuttings

but it was no different from that recorded in March cuttings. Cumulative length of

roots might be a good indicator to know the effect of month (season) of taking

cuttings.

The percentage of survival and establishment were highest in the

February and March hardwood cuttings. This might be due to the production of

greater number of roots and the length of the longest roots in these months.

Rema and Pandey (1990) while studying feeder root density of 18 year old

cv. Beauty Seedless observed two peaks of increased root activity, once in August –

October and another in March – April. Hardwood cuttings recorded greater survival

percentage than soft wood cuttings in both the varieties (Fig.5). This could be due to

availability of ample quantities of photosynthates in hardwood cuttings compared

with soft wood cuttings. In case of soft wood cuttings, the rooting and establishment

were higher in the month of March compared with February and April. This could

be due to prevalence of favourable temperature in March compared to low and high

temperatures during February and April, respectively.

CHAPTER – VI

SUMMARY

In all six experiments were conducted in humid poly tunnels under 50

per cent shade using hardwood and soft wood cuttings of grape rootstocks, Dogridge

and 1613C to find out the optimum concentration of IBA, best rooting media

(combination of sand and cocopeat), and suitable month (season) for rooting and

establishment. The results of the experiments are briefly presented hereunder:

1. Highest percentage of rooting and number of roots and longest length of

roots per cutting were observed in the hardwood cuttings with IBA at 2000

ppm both in Dogridge and 1613C rootstocks of grape.

2. The hardwood cuttings of 1613C recorded highest percentage of rooting and

less number of roots per cutting compared with Dogridge. But the root

length did not differ significantly between two varieties of rootstocks.

3. In case of soft wood cuttings, the rooting percentage and root length did not

differ significantly with the IBA at different concentrations compared with

control. But number of roots per cutting were improved significantly over

control with the application of IBA and the optimum being 500 ppm.

4. Between the two varieties of grape rootstocks, soft wood cuttings of 1613C

performed better over Dogridge in respect of percentage of rooting, number

of roots and length of longest root per cutting.

5. The percentage of rooting was significantly better with sand + 10 or 20%

cocopeat over sand alone or sand + 30% cocopeat in hardwood cuttings of

both Dogridge and 1613C. While in case of soft wood cuttings, sand + 10%

cocopeat recorded significantly higher percentage of rooting over sand, sand

+ 20% cocopeat and sand + 30% cocopeat in both the rootstocks, Dogridge

and 1613C.

6. The number of roots per cutting recorded were greater in sand + 20%

cocopeat but was on a par with sand + 10% cocopeat and sand + 30%

cocopeat in hardwood cuttings. While sand + 10% cocopeat recorded greater

number of roots in soft wood cuttings and was on a par with sand + 20%

cocopeat.

7. Maximum length of longest root was recorded in sand + 30% cocopeat in

hardwood cuttings, while no significant difference was observed among

sand, sand + 10% cocopeat and sand + 20% cocopeat. In case of soft wood

cuttings, though sand + 30% cocopeat recorded higher root length but was on

a par with sand + 20% cocopeat.

8. Hardwood cuttings taken in the month of February and March recorded

highest percentage of rooting over April. While soft wood cuttings taken in

March gave better rooting percentage over February and April.

9. No significant difference was observed between the rootstocks Dogridge and

1613C in respect of percentage of rooting irrespective of taking cuttings from

February – April.

10. Between two rootstocks, Dogridge recorded greater number of roots over

1613C in hardwood cuttings, while in soft wood cuttings, 1613C recorded

greater number of roots over Dogridge irrespective of months.

11. Between two rootstocks, 1613C recorded higher root length over Dogridge.

While in soft wood cuttings, Dogridge recorded higher root length than

1613C irrespective of month of taking cuttings.

12. No significant difference in number of roots and length of roots per cutting

was observed in hardwood cuttings taken in March and April but they were

significantly superior over February. While in case of soft wood cuttings,

March gave greater number of roots over February and April. But March

and April recorded higher root length over February but they were on a par.

13. Between two varieties or rootstock, Dogridge recorded greater number of

roots over 1613C in hardwood cuttings irrespective of month of taking

cuttings. While it is the reverse with soft wood cuttings. On the other hand,

1613C rootstock recorded highest length of roots over Dogridge in hardwood

cuttings. While it is reverse in case of soft wood cuttings.

CONCLUSION

Hardwood cuttings with 2000 ppm IBA, sand + 10% cocopeat and February

and March months were found ideal for obtaining higher percentage of

rooting and establishment in both the varieties of grape rootstocks, Dogridge

and 1613C.

Soft wood cuttings with 500 ppm IBA, sand + 10% cocopeat and March

were found to be ideal for obtaining higher percentage of rooting and

establishment in both the varieties of grape rootstocks, Dogridge and 1613C.

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WEEKLY METEOROLOGICAL DATA RECORDED AT RAJENDRANAGAR DURING 2003 - 2004

WEEK NO.

PERIOD TEMPERATURE (oC) RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%)

RAIN FALL (mm)

RAINY DAYS

SUN SHINE (hrs.)

WIND SPEED

(km/hr)

EVAPO- RATION

(mm)

MEAN TEMP.

Max Min Max Min

48 26-02 Dec 29.2 12.7 89 41 0.0 0 9.0 2.3 2.4 21.0 49 03-09 29.3 9.5 80 26 0.0 0 9.3 2.1 2.4 19.4 50 10-16 29.0 11.7 84 36 0.0 0 8.3 2.7 2.6 20.4 51 17-23 28.5 10.0 86 30 0.0 0 9.2 2.1 2.9 19.2 52 24-31 26.8 15.8 83 51 0.0 0 4.7 3.5 2.7 21.3 1 01-07 Jan 28.1 12.5 90 39 0.0 0 8.3 2.9 2.3 20.3 2 08-14 27.7 9.2 87 28 0.0 0 9.2 2.3 2.6 18.4 3 15-21 31.1 11.9 87 27 0.0 0 9.8 2.5 3.4 21.5 4 22-28 29.5 18.9 91 52 2.8 1 7.2 4.1 2.9 24.2 5 29-04 Feb 28.8 18.1 93 55 4.5 1 5.5 3.3 2.6 23.5 6 05-11 29.6 12.7 78 36 0.0 0 9.2 2.8 3.6 21.1 7 12-18 30.5 13.7 80 33 0.0 0 9.9 3.6 4.2 22.1 8 19-25 33.7 14.7 83 26 0.0 0 9.7 2.4 4.6 24.2 9 26-04 Mar 36.0 15.9 72 22 0.0 0 9.8 2.7 5.4 25.9

10 05-11 35.9 16.4 76 31 0.0 0 9.9 3.6 6.0 26.2 11 12-18 36.4 17.4 74 30 0.0 0 9.7 3.1 6.3 26.9 12 19-25 39.7 18.9 63 19 0.0 0 9.6 2.3 7.6 29.3 13 26-01 Apr 37.5 22.3 75 34 9.4 1 8.4 3.9 6.7 29.9 14 02-08 36.5 24.0 75 32 10.0 2 7.6 3.8 5.5 30.2 15 09-15 38.9 23.9 61 24 0.0 0 9.9 2.7 8.2 31.4 16 16-22 40.5 24.8 49 27 13.8 1 10.3 3.3 9.3 32.7 17 23-29 37.2 24.1 78 35 11.8 2 8.1 3.8 6.0 30.7 18 30-06 May 36.4 25.0 74 46 0.0 0 8.6 5.1 7.0 30.7 19 07-13 35.3 24.9 77 44 3.4 1 7.8 6.1 6.4 30.1 20 14-20 35.0 23.4 88 50 111.4 3 5.5 6.2 5.5 29.2 21 21-27 36.6 25.2 68 30 0.0 0 10.4 6.8 7.6 30.9

Fig. 6: Maximum and minimum temperatures during vine growth period

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Tem

pera

ture

(0C

)

Standard weeks

Max. Min.

Fig. 7: Mean temperature during vine growth period

Fig.8: Maximum and minimum relative humidity during vine growth period

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

48 49 50 51 52 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Tem

pera

ture

(0C

)

Standard weeks

Mean Temp.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Rel

ativ

e H

umad

ity (%

)

Standard weeks

Max. Min.

studies on the propagation of grape rootstocks … · 2018-12-04 · cuttings, hardwood and soft...

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