studies on indian lichens during the last 50 years (1960-2010)

PHYTOTAXONOMY Vol. 11,2011. pp. 120-140

Jr[tudies on Indian lichens during the last 50 years (1960-2010) K.P. Singh

Botanical Survey of India, Allahabad -, 211002. Email: [email protected]

Studies on Indian lichens carried out by Indian as well as foreign lichenologists between 1960 and 2010 are presented in the present communication. Scientists from 4 organizations, viz., Agarkar Research Institute, Pune; Botanical Survey of India; Botany Department, Lucknow University, Lucknow; and National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow have played significant roles in the present progress of Indian lichenology, The M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, Chennai has carried ont research on applied aspects of lichens and an, 'All India Co-ordinated Project on Taxonomy' (AICOPTAX) boosted the lichen research in the country during the last one decade. It is suggested that explorations in unexplored and underexplored areas, mutual cooperation among the lichen specialists of different organizations and revisionary studies of families would provide a strong base for writing country's useful lichen flora and also help in evolving conservation strategies along with sustainable uses of lichens for humanity.

Key Words: Indian lichens, between 1960 and 2010, a review

Introduction Lichens, one of the important components of

biodiversity, are widely spread in all suitable environmental habitats, including the continent of Antarctica. These are of various colours and occur in the form of crustose, foliose and fruticose types on the ground, bark of trees, stones, boulders, rocks, poles, over mosses, etc., with greater predominance in tropical, subtropical and temperate areas. Their diversity varies according to the altitude and topography of the area.

It is well known that earlier studies on Indian lichens were carried out by European botanists. The sporadic collections made from different parts of India were sent to European countries for study and subsequently published. A detailed account of these studies has already been presented by D.D. Awasthi (1965) and may be consulted, if required. Before this important contribution, A. Singh (1964) brought out a publication, namely, 'Lichens of India' enumerating therein 947 species. But this publication was not much in use and attracted adverse remarks from D.D. Awasthi (1965). During the last 50 years, over 450 research articleslbooks have been published on various aspects of Indian lichens by Indian and

foreign lichenologists. Due to limitations of space, it is not possible to refer to all of them, but efforts have been made to cover most of the important publications appearing between 1960 and 2010 on Indian lichens in the present communication.

The institutions mainly responsible for the present development of Indian lichenology are Botany Department, Lucknow University, Lucknow; Botanical Survey of India; Agarkar Research Institute, Pune; and National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow. Recently, the M.S. Swarninathan Research Foundation, Chennai has carried out research on applied aspects of lichens and All India Co-ordinated Project on Taxonomy (AICOPTAX) boosted the lichen research in the country during the last one decade. Contributions from the Botany Department, Lucknow University, Lucknow (LWU)

At this centre, D.D. Awasthi initiated work on lichens for his doctoral dissertation under the guidance of Prof. S.N. Das Gupta during nineteen fifties and consolidated all the information on lichens from Indian subcontinent (India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Nepal). After receiving the advanced training in lichenology (1960-63) under the direction of

STUDIES ON INDIAN LICHENS DURING THE LAST 50 YEARS (1960-2010) 121

Dr. William A. Weber and with another doctoral degree from Colorado University, United States of America (U.S.A.), he returned to India and established a lichen centre in nineteen sixties in the Botany Department, Lucknow University, Lucknow. During his stay in U.S.A., he collected classical literature on lichens and visited many important herbaria in Europe and U.S.A. He published an account of. the known species of Physcia and Anaptychia based on collections made from Himalayas and south India (D.D. Awasthi 1960 a & b). Foliose and fruticose lichens collected from Arunachal Pradesh by Botanical Survey of India parties were als~ enumerated into 72 species by D.D. Awasthi (1961). During his stay in U.S.A., D.D. Awasthi (1963) published some noteworthy additions to the lichen flora of India and made some new combinations in the genus Dirinaria (D.D. Awasthi 1964). He also consolidated all the information on lichens from India, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Pakistan and published it in the form of a catalogue listing 1310 species under 150 genera (D.D. Awasthi 1965). This valuable publication provided the base for future lichen research in the country. Subsequently, through financial assistance provided by Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, University Grants Commission, New Delhi, Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata, taxonomic investigations on lichens were continued by D.D. Awasthi and his students (M.R. Agarwal, K.P. Singh, M. Joshi, S.R. Singh, K. Dange, P. Akhtar, L.R Sharma, D.K. Upreti, R. Tewari, R. Mathur, G. Awasthi and P. Srivastava) at Lucknow University, Lucknow till 1996.

Collections from Darjee1ing Hills, Meghalaya in Eastern Himalaya, Western Himalaya, especially from the present Uttarakhand, Kerala, Nilgiri and Palni Hills in Western Ghats, Pachmarhi Hills in Madhya Pradesh and Mount Abu in Rajasthan were made by D.D. Awasthi and his associates from this centre.

The results of these collections in the form of new records for India, new species, systematic account of the areas and nomenclature with enumerations were published in national and international journals. Along with these collections, D.D. Awasthi also separately maintained his own collections (Herb. Awasthi). These collections

together with collections available from other institutes paved the way for revision of many genera such as Alectoria, Bacidia, Ba dim ia, Bryoria, Brigantiaea, Buel/ia, Catil/aria, Col/ema, Cetraria, Coccocarpia, Dirinaria, Evernia, Fellhanera, Hypogymnia, Graph is, Heterodermia, Letrouitia, Lempholemma, Leptogium, Lobaria, Mycobilimbia, Menegazzia, Ochrolechia, Parmelia sensu lato, Peltigera, Physcia, Phaeographina, Phaeographis, Pseudocyphellaria, Pyxine, Ramalina, Rhizocarpon, Sticta, Sulcaria, Usnea, and others.

The several papers published by botanists from this centre are as follows: Akhtar (1981), Akhtar & D.D.Awasthi (1980), D.D.Awasthi (1970,1973, 1975a & b, 1976,1977, 1981a & b, 1982a & b, 1983a &b, 1984,1985,1986,1987, 1988a& b, 1998), D.D.Awasthi & Agarwal (1968a& b, 1969, 1970), D.D.Awasthi & Akhtar (1977,1979), D.D. Awasthi & G Awasthi (1985), D.D. ~wasthi & Dange (1978), D.D. Awasthi & Joshi (1977,1978,1982), D.D. Awasthi & Mathur (1987), D.D. Awasthi & K.P. Singh (1970,1971, 1972a & b, 1973a, b & c, 1975a & b, 1977 a &b, 1978), D.D. Awasthi & S.R. Singh(1977a & b, 1978, 1979), D.D. Awasthi & Srivastava (1989,1993), D.D. Awasthi & Tewari (1987), D.D. Awasthi & Upreti (1980, 1981, 1985), G. Awasthi (1982, 1986, 1988) G. Awasthi & D.D. Awasthi (1985), Jpshi & D.D. Awasthi (1982), K.P. Singh & S.R. Singh (1977), Pant (1990), Pant (nee Awasthi) & D.D. Awasthi (1989a & b, 2003), Sharma & G Awasthi (1981), S.R. Singh (1977,1999) S.R. Singh & D.D. Awasthi (1978,1981, 1990) and Srivastava & D.D. Awasthi (1988).

During the late eighties and early nineties, D.D. Awasthi (1988, 1991) made significant contributions and keyed out all macro and micro lichen species from Indian subcontinent. Even after retirement from the University service, he continued to contribute on lichens. D.D. Awasthi (2000a) wrote "A Handbook of Lichens" and later Lichenology in Indian Subcontinent - a supplement to "A Handbook of Lichens" (D.D. Awasthi 2000b) - where he listed over 2000 species. Furth~r, he published a "Compendium of Macrolichens from India, Nepal and Sri Lanka ", where he dealt with about 970 species (D.D. Awasthi 2007). Recently, he presented an elaborate review of foliicolous lichens of the

122 PHYTOTAXONOMY, VOL. 11,2011

world and listed 925 species of 89 genera with their geographic distribution according to the continents (D.D. Awasthi 2010). However, this centre was closed down in 1996 after the superannuation of Dr. D.D. Awasthi from the University service. The huge collections (ca. 40,000 specimens, including collections of D.D. Awasthi, Herb. Awasthi) of lichens made by his students from various places in the country have been transferred as permanent loan to National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow (LWG), with the condition that both will retain their identity as LWU and Herb Awasthi in future citations. Thus, this centre contributed sufficient and significant knowledge on lichens in Indian subcontinent and founded a strong base for future lichen research in the country. Contributions from the Botanical Survey of India (BSI)

A central government organization under the Ministry of Environment and Forests, BSI is concerned with the study of flora of India and its conservation. It carries out research on all groups of plants. To study and survey the cryptogamic flora of the country, a separate cryptogamic unit was established in the year 1961 at Kolkata, Headquarters of Botanical Survey of India. e.G Dharne & K.N. Roychowdhury initiated lichen studies at this unit and made some collections from DaIjee1ing Hills and 24 Parganas in West Bengal. The results of these collections have been published by Dharne & Roychowdhury (1967, 1968), and Roychowdhury (1971a, b & c, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1979, 1985) in the form of some new species and many new additions to the species from the country. Further, Vohra et al. (1982) also made observations on the cryptogamic flora of Silent Valley where 74 species of lichens were enumerated. The identifications made by Roychowdhury were not very authentic. However, his collections are valuable for future research. Later, K.P. Singh joined the organization during November 1975 and made collections from Northeastern states like Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland and collected over 18,000 specimens either alone or along with his associates (GP. Sinha, P. Bujarbarua, P.K. Dixit, A. Pinokiyo and T.A.M. Jagadeesh Ram) and established a lichen herbarium

at Botanical Survey of India, Shillong (ASSAM). Collections from Sikkim were made by GP. Sinha. Similarly, collections made from Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Orissa, Central India, West Bengal under various projects are preserved in different herbaria of BSI. At present, BSI has 4 established lichen herbaria. These are: Central National Herbarium, Howrah (CAL) with over 8,000 specimens (both old and new collections), Botanical Survey of India, Shillong (ASSAM) with over 18,000 specimens, Botanical Survey of India, Gangtok, Sikkim (BSHC) with about 1,800 specimens and Botanical Survey of India, Allahabad (BSA) with about 6,500 specimens. These collections have been worked out partly and results already published. The publications made by this organization are: Ahti et al. (2002), K.P. Singh ( 1973, 1977, 1978a & b, 1979a & b, 1980a, b, c & d, 1981a & b, 1984, 1999), K.P. Singh & Bujarbarua (2002), K.P. Singh & Chandra (2007), K.P. Singh & D.D. Awasthi (1978,1979), K.P. Singh &' Sinha (1993,1994, 1997a & b, 2010), K.P. Singh & Pinokiyo (2003, 2004, 2008), K.P. Singh & S.R. Singh (1982, 1984), K.P. Singh & Swarna1atha (2009), K.P. Singh et al. (1989,2002, 2004a & b, 2005, 2006, 2009), Sinha (1999, 2004a & b), Sinha & Chauhan (1996,1998,2002), Sinha & Elix (2003), Sinha & K.P.Singh (1986, 1987, 1989, 1990, 1993,2005), Sinha et al (1994), Jagadeesh & Sinha (2003a & b, 2005, 2009a, b & c, 2010 a & b), Jagadeesh et al. (2005a, b & c, 2006a & b, 2007a, & b, 2008, 2009), Pinokiyo & K.P. Singh (2004, 2006a & b) and Pinokiyo et al. (2004, 2008) in the form of new species, new records for India, systematic accounts, diversity of the areas, etc. Studies on collections from Assam, the family Graphidaceae in Northeast India, micro lichens of Arunachal Pradesh and micro lichens of Sikkim are being continued. The valuable contributions made from the BSI are the 'Lichen Flora of Nagaland' - the first state lichen flora from the country dealing with 346 species, 'Macrolichens of Sikkim' dealing with 320 species, and a recent one, 'Indian Lichens: An Annotated Checklist' (K.P. Singh & Sinha, 2010) with over 2300 species. Genus Awasthiella from Manipur was also discovered as new to science. The studies on "Foliicolous lichens of India" and "Lichen flora of


Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve, West Bengal" have also been sent for publication. Contributions from Agarkar Research Institute, Pune(ARI)

Lichen investigations in this institute were initiated by late P.G. Patwardhan in nineteen seventies with the help ofPL 480 project funded by United States of America under the guidance of late M.E. Hale of Smithsonian Institution, U.S.A. Collections were made from Western Ghats, and Andaman & Nicobar Islands. A few collections were also made from Northeast India under a D.S.T. project. P.G. Patwardhan and his associates (C.R. Kulkarni, M.B. Nagarkar, U. Makhija, P. Sethy, Bharati Adawadkar) mostly worked on the rnicrolichen genera belonging to tropical and subtropical groups like Pyrenocarpous, Graphidaceous and Thelotremataceous lichens. Genera like Arthothelium, Astrothelium, Cryptothecia, Laurera, Porina, Trypethelium, etc., were also revised. The publications made by this organization are: Adawadkar & Makhija (2004, 2005, 2006a & b, 2007), Chitale & Makhija (2008), Chitale et al. (2007,2009), Dube & Makhija (2008), Dube et al. (2005), Kulkarni (1977), Makhija &Adawadkar (1999,2001,2002,2003, 2005a & b, 2007), Makhija & Patwardhan (1985, 1987a & b, 1988a & b, 1990, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998), Makhija et al. (1992a & b, 1994, 1999,2004,2005, 2006,2009), Nagatkar (1990), Nagatkar & Patwardhan (1981, 1982), Nagarkar et al. (1986,1987, 1988), Patwardhan (1983), Patwardhan & Badhe (1971,1972, 1973 a, b & c), Patwardhan & Kulkarni (1976, 1977a & b), Patwardhan & Makhija (1980a & b, 1981a, b & c), Patwardhan & Nagarkar (1979, 1980, 1982), Patwardhan & Prabhu (1977), Patwardhan & Rairkar (1979), Patwardhan et at. (1977, 1985), Prabhu et al. (1983), Sethy & Patwardhan (1987), Sethy et al. (1987) and Sharma & Makhija (2009 a & b). The flora of Maharashtra has been worked out by Makhija and her associates (A. Dube and G. Chitale) under AICOPTAX Project. The publications made from the area are mentioned above.

In vitro culture of lichens: The Agarkar Research Institute has also established a tissue culture laboratory for lichens where B.C. Behera is engaged on such research. His group is trying to

standardize a lichen culture methodology for the desirable secondary metabolites. Different species have been screened for the scavenging of super oxide, anti-tyrosinase and anti-xanthine oxidase activities. Dr. Behera and his group has also standardized the in vitro culture methodologies for the lichen species Arthothelium awasthii, Graphis guimarana, G nakanishiana, G schizograpta, Heterodermia podocarpa, Parmotrema tinctorum and Usnea ghattensis. They have successfully cultured in vitro producing lichen substances as these occur in natural thalli. For the sarne species, the growth optimizing parameters were also standardized in vitro cultures. The publications made by B.C. Behera and his associates on above aspects are: Behera & Makhija (2001,2002), Behera et al. (2000,2004, 2005a & b, 2006a, b & c) and Verma et at. (2008). Contributions from the National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow (NBRI)

National Botanic Garden of yester years or National Botanical Research Institute of today is a well known organization for its researches on plants in the country. In this institute, lichenological investigations were initiated during nineteen sixties. The lichen herbarium, a part of general herbarium, comprises over 80,000 specimens collected from various parts of the country. Of these, about 50% belong to Lucknow University centre and were collected by students of D.D. Awasthi from various places in the country. A. Singh primarily worked on foliicolous and pyrenocarpous lichens Of Andaman & Nicobar Islands (A. Singh 1969, 1970a, b & c, 1971,1973,1978,1979: A. Singh & Upreti 1987) and from West Bengal (A. Singh & Roychowdhury 1982). A. Singh (1980) also compiled the lichenological progress made between the years 1966 and 1977. The detailed accounts of genus Anthracothecium and allied genera were also published by A. Singh (1982 a & b, 1983, 1984, 1985 a, b & c, 1986, 1987) and A. Singh & Upreti (1999). Species of Endocarpon and Pleurotheliopsis were worked out jointly with Upreti (A. Singh & Upreti 1984, 1986). A. Singh & Upreti (1991) and A. Singh et al (1999) also documented the lichens growing on historical Indian monuments. Dr. Upreti after joining the


organization also worked jointly with Ajay Singh on genera Opegrapha, Pannentaria and Porina (Upreti & A. Singh, 1987a, b, c, d, e & f, 1988 a & b), alone on genus Pyrenula (Upreti 1990, 1991 a & b, 1992, 1993 a, 1998), and on other genera and general systematics (Upreti, 1985 a & b, 1987, 1988, 1993b, 1994,1996,1997 a & b, 1999; Upreti et.aI2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 a & b, 2006, 2007 a & b, 2009). Further, the genera Diploschistes (Pant & Upreti, 1993), Stereocaulon (Pant & Upreti, 1999), Arthopyrenia (Upreti & Pant, 1993), Lecanora (Upreti & Chatterjee, 1997, 1998), Porpidia, Aspicilia and Tephromela (Upreti & Chatterjee 2002 a,b & c) and ecological studies (Upreti & Chatterjee 1999 a&b, 2000) were also worked out at the same institute. Some other publications like Ahti & Upreti (2004), Ahti et al. (2007), Upreti & Aptroot (1996), Upreti & Budel (1990), Upreti & Negi (1998), Upreti & Divakar (2003, 2008,2010) were also published. Under AlCOPTAX and other funded projects, D.K. Upreti and his associates (P.K. Divakar, S. Nayaka, V. Yadav, Y. Joshi and others), in the preceding one decade, have made extensive collections from Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakahand, Madhya Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and contributed jointly numerous publications (Bajpai et al. 2007; Divakar & Upreti 2002, 2003 a & b, 2005 b, 2006; Divakar et.al. 2001,2002,2003; Dubey et al. 2007,2010; Joshi & Upreti 2006, 2007 a & b, 2008; Josh et a12007, 2008 a & b, 2009; Kumar & Upreti 2008; Nayaka & Upreti 2002, 2004, 2005, 2007; Nayaka et al. 2001,2002 a & b, 2003, 2006 a & b ; Sheikh et al. 2006 a & b; Shukla & Upreti 2007; Shukla et al. 2005, Srivastava et al. 2004, 2006; Tiwari & Upreti 2007 a & b, 2008; Upreti & Nayaka 2006 a & b) on various aspects ofIndian lichens dealing with new species, new records for India, revisionary, ecological, pollution and systematic studies. Among these, Pannelioid Lichens in India (Divakar & Upreti 2005a) has been published in the book form. Dr. Divakar is now engaged on molecular studies, particularly on Parmelioid taxa in Spain. Contributions from M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF), Chennai

This organization initiated research on lichens in 1993, where GN. Hariharan and his group (p. Balaji, P. Bharath, R. Valarrnathi and others) are carrying

out investigations on bioprospecting of lichen secondary compounds, and on ecological, molecular and biotechnological aspects. The organization has a small lichen herbarium with specimens collected from parts of East Coast and Western Ghats. The important publications from this organization are: Balaji & Hariharan (2004, 2005, 2007), Balaji et al. (2006a & b, 2007), Hariharan & Balaji (2002a & b, 2005), Mohan & Hariharan (1999), Prashant et al. (2008), Suryanarayanan et al. (2005), Valarmathi & Hariharan (2007), Nanayakkara et al. (2005) and Valarmathi et al. (2008). This group has also developed lifkey-lichens - a software to identify one hundred Indian lichen species based on field characters. The important contributions made from this organization are the standardized molecular protocols and isolation and characterization of genes responsible (Valarmathai et al. 2009) for secondary compound production (DnPKS from Dirinaria applanata). All India Coordinated Project on Taxonomy (AICOPTAX)

An All India Coordinated Project on Taxonomy (AICOPTAX), formulated and funded by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), New Delhi at various centres since 1999, also boosted the lichen research in the country. Collections made from different parts of the country were investigated in coordinating and collaborating units, and published in different journals. These are reflected in studies made at different lichen centres; in addition, A. Dube, A. Pinokiyo, G Chitale, P.K. Dixit, R. Srivastava, S. Joshi, S. Nayaka, T.A.M. Jagadeesh Ram and Vandana Yadav were trained in lichen research under the project. Some Sporadic Publications

Some sporadic publications made by other Indian workers also deserve to be mentioned. The important ones are by: Badhe (1976a) on lichens from Pachmarhi region in Madhya Pradesh; Chatterjee et al. (1995, 1996a & b) on Indian monuments, Kumar (2000), Kumar & Sequiera (1997, 1999,2001,2003) on South Indian lichens; Rout et al. (2005) on lichens from Assam area; Muthu Kumar et al. (1998a & b, 1999a & b), Muthu Kumar & Tarar


(1999, 2000a, b, c & d) on lichens from Central India and Prasher et al (2008) on lichens from Gangotri and Gomukh in Western Himalaya. Muthu Kumar and Tarar (2006) again published an account of 160 species of lichens from Me1ghat (Vidarbha) and Pachmarhi Hills in Central India. However, this account and accompanying discussion are based mainly on old concept of genera and thus have little significance in the present day context. A contribution entitled 'Biology of Lichens' in the honour of D.D. Awasthi for his pioneering work on Indian lichens was also edited and published by Mukerji et al. (1999), where 16 articles, mostly on Indian lichens, were contributed by various workers. Prasad & Manoharachary (1992) also presented their research findings on the lichens from Andhra Pradesh. Interestingly, the lichens from Schirmacher Oasis in Antarctica have also been studied by Indian workers. Lichen specialists participating in different Indian Antarctic expeditions also made collections and published their results. Recently, Olech & Singh (2010) consolidated all the information and prepared an account of 57 species of lichens reported from Schirmacher Oasis area in Antarctica. It was published by National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCAOR), Vascodegama, Goa.

A little work on lichen ecology in India was also carried out by Negi & Gadgil (1996b). They studied the distribution pattern of macro lichens in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve and listed about 76 species. Negi (1996a, 2001, 2003) also wrote articles on significance of Indian lichens.

In addition to above publications made by several Indian workers, foreign lichenologists have also contributed many papers on Indian lichens, particularly from Himalayan region in the last fifty years. These contributions were based either on collections made through expeditions/systematic collections by individual workers, or on collected material worked out during revisionary studies of many genera. Some significant contributions made by foreign lichenologists are enumerated below. Asahina (1966) studied the species of Usnea and Cladonia from Himalaya and published his interesting findings. Some other contributions are: Hale (1965, 1972, 1976 a, b, c & d, 1980 a & b, 1987,

1990), Hale & Kurokawa (1964), Hale & Patwardhan (1974) on the species of Parmelia sensu lato; Kurokawa (1962, 1973, 1980) on the species of Anaptychia and Cetrariopsis; Lamb (1965, 1968, 1977) onSterocaulon; Degelius (1974) on Collema; Thor (1998) on Chiodecton; Essilinger (1977) on brown Parmelia; Aptroot (1991, 2009), Aptroot et al. (2008) on Pyrenulaceae and Stirtonia; Ahti (2007), Ahti et ai.(2007), Ahti & Upreti (2004) on Cladonia species; Arvidsson (1982) on Coccocarpia; Culberson & Culberson (1968) on Cetre/ia and Piatismatia; Eega & Torrente (1993) on Bactrospora; Ertz (2009) on Opegrapha; Filson (1981) on Cladia; Frey (1977) on Lasallia; Harris (1995) on Pyrenolichens; Hawksworth (1970,1971); on Alectoria TheIl et al. (1995) on Allocetraria; Henssen & Thor (1998) on genera Chiodecton, Erythrodecton. etc.; Hertel (1977) on Lecidea; J0rgelU\son (1973,1975, 2001, 2004) on genera Fuscopannaria. Pannaria and Leptogium (Mallotiwn group); Kalb (2004) and Kalb et al.(2004a, 2004b) on genera Diorygma and Ramboldia; Krog (1976) on Lethariella; Lucking (2008,2009), Lucking et al. (2009) on Graphis and Folliicolous lichens; Schubert & Klement (1960) on North and Central Indian lichens; Tehler (1993) on Schismatomma; Verseghy (1962) on Ochrolechia; Vezda (1968,1972), Vezda & Poelt (1974), Vezda & Wirth (1976) on Thelopsis. Dimerella. Gyaladiopsis and other genera; Yoshimura (1971) on Lobaria; Yoshimura et al.(1997) on Anzia species, etc. These publications have some information about Indian lichen species.

Presence or absence of acids/secondary metabolites within lichen thalli and sometimes in ascocarps plays an important role in lichen taxonomy. For identification of a species, it has now become essential to study chemistry of lichen species along with other morphological and anatomical characters. There was a school of chemistry at the Chemistry Department, Delhi University during nineteen fifties to eighties where Prof. T.R. Seshadri and his associates carried out valuable research on lichen compounds, particularly on material of Indian lichens. A few publications of this group that are available in literature are mentioned here. These are: Khanna & Seshadri


(1968), Agarwal et al.(1961), Aiyar et a1 (1972), Chandrasekar et a1 (1965), Murty Y.K. & Venkateswara1a, V (1969), Rao et al. (1965, 1966, 1967), Rao & Seshadri (1967,1968), Ramakrishna & Subramanian (1964,1965, 1966a & b), Subramanian & Ramakrishna (1964, 1967), Neelakantan (1965), Nee1akantan & Rao (1967), etc. Badhe (1976b), Badhe & Patwardhan (1972) also carried out studies on amino acids of various Indian lichen species. Apart from this, chemistry has also been studied ofIndian material in revisionary work made by several foreign lichenologists. A fair discussion of chemistry of lichens has already been made by A. Singh (1980).

The above publications indicate that an appreciable amount of information on Indian lichen flora has been added in the last fifty years. But at the same time, the way new species and new records for the country are being discovered, it is suggested that more explorations are needed in unexplored and under explored areas of the country. The coasta,l areas, parts in Northeastern states, Rajasthan areas, Alpine regions, many islands in the Andaman and Nicobar group of islands are still unexplored lichenologically. Further, a co-operation among the country's lichen specialists is also needed to exchange material on loan for revisionary work of genera and families taken up by different organizations. This will help in correct identification and determination of the status of taxa. This will finally create a base for writing a valuable lichen flora of India. This can be initiated at a later date as joint venture by the specialist scientists of different organizations in the country. It will also help in evolving the conservation strategies of the group as a whole and sustainable use of many species of Indian lichens for humanity. Acknowledgements

The facilities provided by Director, Botanical Survey ofIndia, Kolkata is gratefully acknowledged. The help rendered by Dr. G.P. Sinha in preparation of this manuscript is acknowledged. The author is also thankful to Dr. G.N. Hariharan, Dr. D.K. Upreti and Dr. U. Makhija for providing information about their laboratories and copies of reprints.

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Ahti, T. 2007. Further studies on the Cladonia verticil/ata group (Lecanorales) in East Asia andiWestern North AIllerica. In: Frisch, A., Lange, U.& Staiger, B. (eds.). Lichenologische Nebenstunden. Contributions to Lichen Taxonomy and Ecology in Honour of Klaus Kalb. Biblioth. Lichenol. 96: 5-19.

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Sethy, P. K. & Patwardhan, P. G. 1987. Some Foliicolous Lichens from the Nicobar and Andaman Islands, India. Biovigyanam 13(2): 52-59.


Sethy, P. K., Nagarkar, M. B. & Patwardhan, P. G. 1987. Materials for a Lichen Flora of the Andaman Islands -III. Mycotaxon 28: 191-198.

Sharma, B. B. & Awasthi, G. 1981. Lichen genus Ramalina subsect. Fistularia in India. Miscell. Bryol. Lichenol. 9(2): 33-36.

Sharma, B. & Makhija, U. 2009a. Four new species in the lichen genus Diorygma. Mycotaxon 107: 87-94.

Sharma, B. & Makhija, U. 2009b. New species and new records of Diorygma (lichenized Ascomycotina, Graphidaceae) from India. Mycotaxon 109: 209-217.

Sheikh, M. A., Upreti, D. K. & Raina, A. K. 2006a. An enumeration of lichens from three districts of Jammu & Kashmir, India. J. Appl. Biosci. 32(2): 189-191.

Sheikh, M. A., Upreti, D. K. & Raina, A. K. 2006b. Lichen diversity in Jammu & Kashmir, India. Geophytology 36(1-2): 69-85.

Shukla, V, Nayaka, S. & Upreti, D. K. 2005. Enumeration of lichens in Khirsu forest Park, Pauri Garhwal. Phytotaxonomy 5: 32-34.

Shukla, V & Upreti, D. K. 2007. Lichen diversity in and around Badrinath, Chamoli district, Uttarakhand (Uttarakhand). Phytotaxonomy 7: 78-92.

Singh, A. 1964. Lichens of India. Bull. Nat!. Bot. Gdns. Lucknow 93: 1-356.

Singh, A. 1969. On some foliicolous lichens from Andaman. Pl. Sci. 1: 97-100.

Singh, A. 1970 a. Strigula and Raciborskiella species from the Andaman Islands, India. Bryologist 73: 719-722.

Singh, A. 1970 b. On foliicolous species of Porina from Andaman Islands. Rev. Bryol. Lichenol. 37: 973-982.

Singh, A. 1970 c. Some foliicolous members of Graphidaceae and Thelotremataceae from Andaman Islands. PI. Sci. 2: 80-82.

Singh, A. 1971. Some unrecorded and Interesting Pyrenocarpous Lichens from Andaman Islands, India. Bryologist 74(2): 195-198.

Singh, A. 1973. Some foliicolous members of Lecideaceae new to Andaman Islands, India. Rev. Bryol. Lichenol. 39: 479-489.

Singh, A. 1978. Three foliicolous Lichen species from Andaman islands, New to Indian Flora. New Botanist 5: 11-14.

Singh, A. 1979.' The lichen flora of India with special reference to Andaman Islands: pp. 39-56. In: Khoshoo, T. N. & Nair, P. K. K. (eds.). Progress of Plant Research; Lucknow.

Singh, A. 1980. Lichenology in Indian Subcontinent 1966-1977. Nat. Bot. Res. Inst. Lucknow.

Singh, A. 1982a. Observations on some Pyrenocarpous Lichens -1. Nova Hedwigia 36: 237-239.

Singh, A. 1982b. Three new species of the lichen genus Anthracothecium from the Eastern Himalayas (India). Feddes Repert. 93(1-2): 67-69.

Singh, A. 1983. Two new species of the Lichen genus Parmentaria from South India. Candollea 38:459-463.

Singh, A. 1984. The lichen genus Anthracothecium from Manipur, India. Geophytology 14: 69-73.

Singh, A. 1985a. Two new species of the lichen genus Parmentaria from Andaman Islands, India. Feddes Repert. 96(4): 265-268.

Singh, A. 1985b. Observations on some taxa of the lichen genus Anthracothecium. Geophytology 15: 98-109.

Singh, A. 1985c. Two new species of the lichen genus Anthracothecium from India. Indian J. Bio Res. 1 (1): 82-85.

Singh, A. 1986. On the occurrence of a rare Lichen from India. Curro Sci. 55(4): 198-200.

Singh, A. 1987. Observations on some Pyrenocarpous lichens - 3. Nova Hedwigia 44(3-4): 373-375.

Singh, A., Chatterjee, S. & Sinha, G. P. 1999. Lichens of Indian Monuments. pp. 115-151. In: Mukerji et al. (eds.). Biology of Lichens. Aravali Books International, New Delhi.

Singh, A. & Roychowdhury, K. N. 1982. Some Pyrenocarpous lichens from 24-Parganas district of West Bengal, India-I. Anthracothecium -2. New Botanist 9: 33-37.

Singh, A. & Upreti, D. K. 1984. The lichen genus Endocarpon from India. Candollea 39: 539-548.

Singh, A. & Upreti, D. K. 1986. Lichen genus Pleurotheliopsis from the Indian Subcontinent. Geophytology 16(1): 261-263.

Singh, A. & Upreti, D. K. 1987. The Lichen genus Pyrenula from Andaman Islands, India. Geophytology 17(1): 75-87.

Singh, A. & Upreti, D. K. 1991. Lichen flora of Lucknow with special reference to its historical monuments. pp. 219-231. In: Agarwal, O. P. & Dhawan, S. (eds.). Biodeterioration of Cultural Property. MacMillan India Ltd., New Delhi.

Singh, A. & Upreti, D. K. 1999. Lichen genus Anthracothecium from Indian Subcontinent. pp. 343-386. In: Mukerji et al. (eds.). Biology of Lichens. Aravali Books International, New Delhi.

Singh, K. P. 1973. Additions to the lichen flora of India II. Kavaka 1 : 43-46.

Singh, K. P. 1977. Three new records of foliicolous lichens from India. Curro Sci. 46(13): 457-458.

Singh, K. P. 1978a. Two new Parme1iae (Lichens) new to India. Bull. Bot. Surv. Ind. 20(1-4): 173.

Singh, K. P. 1978b. Lichen genus Echinoplaca Fee from India. Geophytology 8 (1): 129-130.


Singh, K. P. 1979a. Lichen genus Asterothyrium Miill. Arg. in India. Curr. Sci. 48(6): 267-268.

Singh, K. P. 1979b. Some new records of Lichens from India. Bull. Bot. Surv. Ind. 21(1-4): 221-223.

Singh, K. P. 1980a. Awasthiella a new lichen genus from Manipur, India. Norweg. J. Bot. 27: 33-35.

Singh, K. P. I 980b. Lichen genus Maronea Massa!. in India. Geophytology. 10(1}: 34-36.

Singh, K. P. 1980c. A New species of Parmelina from India. Bryologist 83(4): 82-83.

Singh, K. P. 1980d. Lichens new to Indian Flora -I. Geophytology 10(2): 272-274.

Singh, K. P. 1981a. Macrolichens from Manipur. Bioi. Mem. 6: 145-168.

Singh, K. P. 1981 b. Microlichens from Manipur, India. Geophytology 11(2): 242-256.

Singh, K. P. 1984. Synopsis of lichens from Palni Hills. Bioi. Mem. 9: 105-150.

Singh, K. P. 1999. Lichens of Eastern Himalayan region. pp. 153-204. In: Mukerji et al. (eds.). Biology of Lichens. Aravali Books International, New Delhi.

Singh, K. P. & Awasthi, D. D. 1978. Two new species and two new combinations in Graphidaceae. Bull. Bot. Surv. Ind. 20(1-4): 136-139. (1979).

Singh, K. P. & Awasthi, D. D. 1979. Lichen genus Phaeographis from India and Sri Lanka. Bull. Bot. Surv. Ind. 21(1-4): 97-120.

Singh, K. P. & Bujarbarua, P. 2002. A note on the lichen diversity of Assam, India. pp. 253-257. In: Bhattacharya, M. K., Dutta Choudhury, M.& Majumdar, P. B. (eds.). Biodiversity of Assam and its Conservation. Proceedings of the U. G. C. Sponsored state level Seminar, Department of Botany, Karimganj College, Karimganj, Assam.

Singh, K. P., Bujarbarua, P., Pinokiyo, A. & Dixit, P. K. 2004a. A preliminary account of the lichens from Mehao Wildlife Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Indian J. Forest. 27(3): 273-278.

Singh, K. P. & Chandra, S. 2007. Three new records of lichen family Physciaceae from India. Indian J Forest. 30(2): 245-246.

Singh, K. P. & Pinokiyo, A. 2003. Foliicolous lichens and their diversity in north-east India. Proc. NaIl. Acad. Sci. Ind. B 73(11): 177-185.

Singh, K. P. & Pinokiyo, A. 2004. Four foliicolous lichens new to Indian flora. Geophytology 33(1&2): 119-121.

Singh, K. P. & Pinokiyo, A. 2008. New taxa of foliicolous lichens from eastern India. Lichenologist 40(1): 23-29.

Singh, K. P., Pinokiyo, A & Upreti, D. K. 2005. Pyrenocarpus lichens from Arunachal Pradesh, India. Phytotaxonomy 5: 134-139.

Singh, K. P. & Singh, S. R. 1977. Enumeration of macrolichens from Nilgiri hills, India. Geophytology 6: 27-34.

Singh, K. P. & Singh, S. R. 1982. Two new species of Lichen genus Buellia from India. Geophytology 12(1): 128-129.

Singh, K. P. & Singh, S. R. 1984. On the species of Buellia and Diplotomma from Manipur, India. Bull. Bot. Surv. India 26(1-2): 62-64. (1985).

Singh, K. P. & Sinha, G P. 1993. Two New Species of Parmelina (Lichenized Ascomycotina) from Naga1and, India. Nordic J. Bot. 13(4): 463-466.

Singh, K. P. & Sinha, G P. 1994. Lichen Flora of Nagaland. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun.

Singh, K. P. & Sinha, G P. I 997a. Lichens. pp. 195-234 In: Mudgal, v.& Hajra, P.K. (eds.). Floristic Diversity & Conservation Strategies in India, Vo!' I. . Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata.

Singh; K. P. & Sinla,G P. 1997b. Lichen Diversity of the Eastern Himalaya and its Conservation. pp. 349-359. In: Sati, S. C., Saxena, 1.& Dubey, R. C. (eds.). Recent Researches in Ecology, Environment & Pollution, Vo!. II. Today & Tomorrow's Printers & Publishers, New Delhi.

Singh, K. P. & Sinha, G. P. 2010. Indian Lichens: An Annotated Chec/cJist; p 507. Botanical Survey of India, Salt Lake City, Kolkata.

Singh, K. P. & Swarnalatha, G 2009.Some new combinations in lichen family Graphidaceae. Indian J. Forest. 32(1): 179-180.

Singh, K. P., Jagadeesh Ram, T. A. M. & Sinha, G P. 2009. Erythrodecton G Thor (Lichenized Ascomycetes), a new generic record for India. Indian J. Forest. 32(2): 335-336.

Singh, K. P., Sinha, G P. & Bujarbarua, P. 2004b. Endemic Lichens of India. Geophytology 33(1 & 2): 1-16.

Singh, K. P. & Upreti, D. K. 1986. On the species of Cladonia from Arunachal and Manipur, India. Geophytology 16(1): 113-118.

Singh, K. P., Upreti, D. K. & Pinokiyo, A. 2006. Species of Pyrenula from Arunachal Pradesh, India. Phytotaxonomy 6: 84-92.

Singh, K. P., Wadhwa, B.M. & Sinha, G P. 1989. Species of Hypotrachyna '(Lichenized Ascomycotina) from North East India. pp. 107-113. In: Trivedi, M. L., Gill, B. S.& Saini S. S. (eds.). Plant Science Research in India. Today & Tomorrow's Printers & Publishers, New Delhi.

Singh, S. R. 1977. A note on some Macro1ichen taxa from


Pachmarhi, Madhya Pradesh, India. Geophytology 7: 123-125.

Singh, S. R. 1999. Ecology and distribution of lichen genera Buellia and Diplotomma in India, Nepal and Sri Lanka. pp. 222-247. In: Mukerji et al (eds.). Biology of Lichens. Aravali Books International, New Delhi.

Singh, S. R. & Awasthi, D. D. 1978. A note on some Microlichens from Pachmarhi, Madhya Pradesh, India. Geophytology 8: 127-128.

Singh, S. R. & Awasthi, D. D. 1981. The lichen genus Buellia in India. Bioi. Mem. 6 (2): 169-196.

Singh, S. R. & Awasthi, D. D. 1990. Lichen genus Diplotomma from India and Nepal. Geophytology 19(2): 173-181.

Sinha, G. P. 1999. Lichens of Sikkim. PI' 205-224 In: Mukerji et al. (eds.). Biology of Lichens. Aravali Books International, New Delhi.

Sinha, G. P. 2004a. Macrolichens of Kanchendzonga Biosphere Reserve, Sikkim. Geophytology 35(1-2): 35-38.

Sinha, 0 P. 2004b. Additions to the Lichen Flora of India from Sikkim. Bull. Bot. Surv. Ind. 45(1-4): 221-224.

Sinha, 0 P. & Chauhan, A. S. 1996. Lichen Flora of Sikkim: Some New Generic Records: Himalayan Paryavaran 4(1): 75-78.

Sinha, 0 P. & Chauhan, A. S. 1998. Lichen Diversity in Sikkim. pp. 233-240. In: Rai, S.C., Sundriyal, R.C. & Sharma, Eklabya (eds.). Sikkim: Perspective for Planning & Development. Sikkim. Science Society, Gangtok & Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun.

Sinha, G. P. & Chauhan, A. S. 2002. The Lichen Genus Cladonia P. Browne in Sikkim. pp.185~212. In: Das, A.P. (ed.). Perspectives of Plant Biodiversity. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun.

Sinha, G. P. & Elix, J. A. 2003. A New Species of Hypogymnia and a New Record in the Lichen Family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) from Sikkim. Mycotaxon 87: 81-84.

Sinha, 0 P. & Singh, K. P. 1986. Three New Records of Foliose Lichens from Nagaland, India. Curro Sci. 55(14) : 661 - 662.

Sinha, 0 P. & Singh, K. P. 1987. Foliicolous Lichens from Nagaland, India. Geophytology 17(2):174-185.

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