studies on habitat connectivity for tiger and other … o f forests working plan circle, gwalior...

Conservator o f Forests working plan circle, Gwalior M.P.

Studies on Habitat connectivity for Tiger and other Wild animals between Pench Tiger Reserve and

Bori Wildlife Sanctuary in Central India. .

M.KALIDURAI

Conservator o f Forests, working Plan Circle, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh.

Abstract

In the fast developing modern world there is a range of pro conservation and pro-development (exploitative) arguments of the biome. Evaluation of level of sustainability of the utilization of the vegetation of the biome needs to link Social, Economic and Environment (climatic) issues. Hence, conservation and development have always at cross roads and have been the eye of the storm for both “ conservationists (Individuals) and organisations” and “ development agencies and crusaders of development.” Presently, it is inevitable for both these sectors to adopt the concept of “ Conservation Oriented Development”. The living being enjoys an ecological niche, man does not have right to encroach upon the resources of other living forms for his welfare. Man should understand that conservation of natural resources is vital to the survival of human beings, development is essential for well-being of human beings, but not at all at the cost of natural resources. Thus the “conservation oriented development strategy” promotes both the development with least possible damage to the ecosystem. One of the most fundamental principles of conservation is that there should be a system of natural linkage across the landscapes, interspersed with large core natural areas to provide on interconnected web of natural habitats such linkages are called corridors. In India, as per the management functions, forest areas are basically under the protected areas namely, Tiger Reserves, National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries and Territorial managed forests. The managed forests, intervening the protected areas are basically termed as corridors which actually a misnomer. These habitat blocks are under tremendous biotic pressure. More over, corridors need not be always a forested tract but nocturnal long ranging carnivores may use non forested corridors like revenue lands and Agriculture field too as transit paths. Wild life mitigation is the practice of avoiding, minimizing or corspensating for (offsetting) impacts to wild life. The study area Pench Tiger Reserve the mining activity not exactly falling within the forested corridor but the South western coal fields on one side and NECO Industrial Ltd, Nagpur on other side are located in the non-forested corridor. The objective of this mitigation plan as corridor development is to assess the area of plantation, over burden dump, active mining area, water bodies, and distributon of waste land, Agricultural land and forest in the lease hold area of the projects. The study site and surrounding area falling within the radius of 6 km were studied between September and October 2012. During this period floral and faunal surveys were carried out using direct and indirect methods. Data of presence of animals was also collected by interviewing people of surrounding villages.Avian analysis of the entire was surveyed by foot.


Key words: Pench Tiger Reserve (M.P. and Maharastra)- South and North seoni forest divisions-

Mansingh deo wildlife Sanctuary-Umred-Kharayla wildlife Sanctuary- Bor wild life Sanctuary –Nagpur

forest Division-Mining- Corridors-High Imapct zone-Medium Impact zone-Low Impact zone-

Reclammation--Erosion-Labourers-Disposal of waste- Minor forest produce.

Introduction

Pench Tiger Reserve (292.85 km2) Madhya Pradesh is located in seoni and Chhindwara

Districts of Districts of

southern Madhya Pradesh in Central India and it is Contiguous on the South seoni forest Division

which spread over t 1257 km2. Pench Tiger Reserve of Maharastra is situated along the northern

boundary of Nagpur District adjoining M.P. Pench Tiger Reserve has a greater ecological significance

as it represents floral and faunal wealth pertaining to the biotic province 6E-Central High Lands and

its sub division as the Satpura- Maikal landscape. It acquired status of Tiger Reserve by Government

of India in 1999. The entire core area declared as Critical Tiger Habitat for keeping the entire area in

inviolate for tiger conservation. The core zone of M.P.Pench Tiger Reserve is 292.85 km2 and

Mowgli Pench WL Sanctuary is 118.3 km2in the area and buffer zone is 346.73 km2 which is RF, PF

and Reserve areas. On the other hand in Pench Maharastra 483.96 km2 of Nagpur forest division is

Districts of

















inviolate for tiger conservation. The core zone of M.P. Pench Tiger Reserve is 292.85 km2 and



buffer zone which holds 48 villages inside the forests.

Mining is a temporary land use because in any one place the mineral deposit is finite and

eventually exhausted. The social and Legislative context of mining in many parts of the world today

means that some form of land use goals will be set prior to the granting of planning permission for a

new mine. Reclammation considerations will be incorporated into the mine planning such that it

becomes a major governing factor in the mining operations, waste disposal and site closure (Johnson

etal 1994). The direct impacts of mining disturbance of land surfaces are usually server with the

destruction of natural habitat ecosystems, either through the removal of all previous soils, plants

and animals or their burial beneath waste disposal facilities. Widespread geographical impacts are

possible through the pollution of air (e.g, sulphur dioxide and metal including mercury Hutchinson

and Whitby 1974, Ripley etal. 1996 Dudka and Adriano, 1997), Surface waters (e.g. acid mine

drainage.) (Ferguson and Erickson, 1988), Mercury (Veiga and Meech, 1995), and Ground water

(Senupta, 1993). Other indirect or multiplier effects can occur through the fragmentation of the

original natural ecosystem and alteration of surface and ground water drainage patterns. This will

have direct and indirect impact on wild life present in that area. Hence, wildlife mitigation plan

should be a prerequi site for a mining project near forest areas but usually not done.

The wildlife mitigation is the practice of avoiding, minimizing or compensating for impacts

on Wild Life. The avoidance can be done by circumventing or by passing, an impact altogether by not

taking action (or) part of action. Minimizing impacts required through controlled surface use

stipulations or seasonal stipulation (e.g) Restriction on drilling activities near habitats of umbrella sp.

during reproduction season. Compensation can be done by on site-off site mitigatin measures like

replacing habitat value of the resources lost (e.g) preserving grass land, habitation lost-off site

through wood lands habitat is impacted on site. Out of kind compensation may include conservation

or mitigation banking, research or cash payments.


Movement is very essential for Wild Life survival whether it is day to day movements of

individuals seeking, food, shelter or mates, dispersal of offspring to find new homes or seasonal

immigration to find favourable conditions. It is very essential for gene flow, for re-colonizing in

occupied habitat after a local population goes extinct, and for population to shift from their

geographical range in response to climate change. The fragmentation and loss of habitat is one of

the most serious problems facing the conservation of biodiversity world wide ( Harris 1984, Meffe

and Carrol, 1997). Habitat fragmentation can increase mortality rates (Jales. 1998), reduce

abundance (Flather and Bervers, 2002), alter movement patterns (Brooker and Brooker, 2003),

distrupt the soical structure of the population (Ims and Andreassow, 1999 and Cale ,2003) and may

reduce population viability (Davies etal. 2001). It can create dispersal barriers which can deter gene

flow and lead to isolation of population ( Gerlach and Musolf, 2000) and reduction in population size

which cause decrease in genetic variation (Frankram, 1996).

The objective of the present study is to assess the area of environmental damage due to

mining a plantation, over burden dumps, water bodies, waste lands, agricultural land and forest near

to the lease area of the mining projects. This study also assess the impact of mining activities and its

effect on wildlife and mitigation plan required for wildlife protection.

Materials and Methods

Study area: Pench Tiger Reserve Madhya Pradesh is located in Seoni and chindwara Districts of










The proposed mining site is in close proximity to Pench Tiger Reserve Madhya Pradesh and

Maharastra. These two tiger reserve forming together the landscape of Tiger Reserve of Central


India. The floral and faunal survey were carried out using direct and indirect methods. Direct method

includes recording of presence through direct observation. This method was used to recording of

Floral and Avian components of the biodiversity. The phytodiversity was surveyed by a Botanist .For

Avian Analysis the entire area was surveyed by foot. All the tree branches were looked for base and

trunk are looked for nests, droppings and any other signs of presence of birds, Indirect method that

included are the observation of signs of presence was used in case of mammals. To ascertain

presence of wildlife, stream beds and other water bodies were surveyed forwild animals foot marks

and droppings. Data of presence of animals was also collected by interviewing people of

surrounding villages. Radius of 2 Km, 4 Km and 6 Km from the mining site were assessed for

impacts on vegetation, data collected include information about sighting of wild animals, human and

cattle attack and lifting of cattle from cattle shed ,crop destruction by wild animals .Compensation

paid in buffer zone i.e.,compensation paid by very nearest Khapa range for crop predation, domestic

animal mortality. Satellite image analysis were carried out .Under GIS LCP analysis were carried out

to determine optimal corridor path between all sanctuaries and national park.

Results and Discussion

It is observed from the results that the mining is a major habitat transforming activity which

has detrimental environmental consequences. The direct (or) Primary impacts seen due to road

construction, drilling exploration, overburden, stripping or tailing impoundment releases or direct

discharge into water bodies, dusty air. The Potential impacts of mine developments are typically

centred on increase human disturbance to wild life populations.(Harper etal. 2001).Indirect or

secondary impacts can results from social or environmental changes induced by mining

operationsand are often harder to identify immediately .For the last 10 years of project there is a

potential negative effect on wildlife and their habitat .Public access is one of the greatest concerns

associated with new mine developments .Roads required to access new mine sites often creates

access to remote areas and increased public may lead to increased mortality of wild life due to

hunting, trapping, poaching, and recreation. Road development may lead to increased predation of

some ungulate species.(James and Stuart-smith,2000). Mine developments and infrastructures may

resrict animal movements and have potential to fragment home ranges. The potential for significant

is greater when mining occurs in remote ,environmentally or socially sensitive areas.


Vegetation Analysis

There was a significant effect on wildlife and their habitat were studied , where the habitat

within 2km near to mining area found degraded, nearly 79 tree species 19 shrubs, enumerated in

Buffer zone area of Pench Tiger Reserve(Table.1). In our study we found that Bamboos grasses were

destroyed in compare to the data of 2005 working plan data that 20 species of grasses and 3 species

of Bamboo found and nearly 20 species of climber were observed inside forest areas. Presently upto

2 km of mining no climbers were found and 4 species of parasite like Cucutasp., Vandasp.,Casiatora

and Stylosanthes were found only after 6 km of distance of mining site and only22 plant species

were recorded (Table.2). Our observations are in line with the findings of (Saxena & Singh, 2000).

Who stated that pollution of water body affects vegetations survival . continuous Monitoring of

these land is therefore essential for their effective reclamation and management.

Avian Analysis: The study shown that the area is not rich in Avifauna In this area height of the tree

is not up to the mark this due to predation by predators on nesting or roosting birds . this may be

the reason for less number of birds in this area ., about 25 birds species were recorded compare to

198 bird species reported in entire Pench Tiger Reserve.(Table.3) . moreover, there is no permanent

water body in near vicinity of mining area .Area around the mining area limits avian population due

to high pollution of dust, noise and human disturbances.

Wildlife analysis: In the Pench Tiger Reseve and near by buffer acting forest Divisioins nearly 20

wild animal species were reported earlier (Table.4). but upto 6 km from the mining area direct

evidences like foot prints ,Pug marks ,Scats, droppings, and indirect evidences like wallowing

,srcapping, rubbing,catlle lifting were not found, This is because the animals are not using this area

for living as it is disturbed due to mining activity even though dried old droppings of Chital were

found in three places .During our people interview farmers reported the crop raid by Nilgais and

Chitals during cropping season. The Wild animals which come in the night from the south-west part

of Mansingh deo Sanctuary utilises field during night and moves in morning or use these fields for

moving towards Bor WLS. These herbivores do not live in the crop field because the villagers chase

or hunts the animal. The antipoaching Squad Range officer reported that there is evidences and

cases on villagers hunting Wild animals. Some of the wild life species observed in 6 km distance of

mining area is presented (Table.5). chital , Nilgai and Sambhar adult and fawns were killed due to

hunting ,road accident killed by stray dogs or due to unknown disease (Table.6). .


Evidences for the presence of Corridor: DPSIR- framework is used to assess the Tiger Corridor, a

distinction made in four important component of Tiger hsbitat,i.e.,mates, prey, cover and water.

,Human pressures influencing these componenets were structured using DPSIR Frame work.

However ,while using DPSIR –framework, only pressures, states and impacts are used because of a

limited time frame. A DPSIR-framework (Driving forces Pressures, States, Impact and Responses)

provides a structure in which operational objectives can be shown and consists of five aspects,

where the Driving Force consists of responsible factors for activities that cause mission or use

natural resources , Pressures that has been put in the environment by the driving forces, States of

the environment including abiotic and biotic aspects, which are influenced by the pressures

,Impacts are the changes in states caused by pressures. These impacts can be ecological,as well as

social and economic. Responses are the reactions of the policy makers /government

(Kristensen,2004, Onclincx,2000). A good tiger habitat consists of four aspects (Sunquist,1989,

Damania,2008 ) Firstly, all the tigers should have possibility to mate , so other Tigers should be

around in the area , Secondly , sufficient prey should be available in the area to make sure the tiger

can feed itself and to cubs. Thirdly, the area should provide enough cover for the Tiger to hide itself

for hunting ,protection against poachers and for cover and for cover and food for prey species

.Fourth, the Tiger should have access to water in the area. All the aspects are essential for the Tiger

to live and reproduce in the area. During survey period ,visit to buffer of Pench Tiger Reserve

approximately 7 km from the mining area evidences like direct sighting of a herd of chital, foot prints

of wild cat (Felis chaus), Leopard ,Gaurs ,Sambhars , etc. The data collected proves that all the

animal mortality lies across the kanhan river bank towards Bor WLS. This indicates that there is

movement of animals between Pench TR and Bor WLS. In light of the above given information ,it can

be concluded that a corridor existbetween Pench Tiger Reserve and Bor WildLife Sanctuary and the

proposed mine site lies within this corridor .Once the mines are operative,this corridor will be

negatively impacted. It is necessary to suggest mitigation methods that will negate the impact of

mines on this corridor as much as possible. The records maintained in the Pench Tiger Reserve that

the human attacking wild animals are recorded across kanhan river .this spot is far from buffer of

Pench Tiger Reserve, cattle kill by leopard spots were recorded one in the close vicinity of the

mining area and other across the kanhan river towards Bor WLS . Crop predation were also found in

both sides of the kanhan river, in the villages like Khapa, nagawadi Kelwad and Khubala

compensation were paid for the crop damage (Table.7). Thus analysis of the satellite Map and the

records strongly indicates that there is movement of animals between pench Tiger Reserve and Bor


WLS and . In the of above given information it is evident that the corridor exists between Pench Tiger

Reserve and Bor WL S. Mining site lies in between the corrodor of both PAs . The mining is creating

negative impact on the corridor. It is necessary to suggests mitigation methods that negate the

impact of mines on this corridor as much as possible. .

MITIGATION MEASURES SUGGESTED : 1) High Impact Zone: This zone is the immediate

surroundings of the mine and 2km radius of the nearby area. The wild animals avoids to enter this

area due to continuous presence of humans ,vehicular movements and their noise ,deafening noise

of dynamite blasting and glaring lights. ,Wildlife present in this zone as it lead to casualities and also

causes Man-Animal conflict . Mitigation methods suggested are presented here under.

a) Fencing : All the pits and the surround should be fenced using wire in grid of 3x3 cm so that

animals are prevented from meeting accidents.

b) Minimal Infrastructure Development: New roads and buildings should be constructed only

when extremely necessary .once the mining operation is over demolish all the infrastructure.

c) Protection of Natural water resources: No diversion natural spring drainage by any mining

activity .There should not be discharge of waste untreated into both domestic/industrial into the

nallah. The mining company should local plant species 50m both sides of the existing nallah and

mining activity should be prevented.

d) Reclammation of the pits: All the exhausted pits should be scientifically reclaimed as mandated

by the Ministry of Environment and Forests., and no pit should be used for rain water harvesting or

pisci-culture.

e) Restoration of pits : The top remove soil from the during excavation should be conserved and

should be used to reclaim the exhausted pits. Indigenous plant species should be planted in the

reclaimed pits. The soil will be supplemented with organic matter and other required supplement to

ensure restoration of soil fertility and establishment of plantation.

f) Ground Water recharge and Monitoring: All the water bodies in the high impact zone should be

cleaned, banks of the streams should be stabilised with using pitching boulders or vegetation to

increase water holding capacity of these water bodies and to prevent siltation. To avoid depletion of

water table the miners should practice contour bunding of slopes ,check dams and gully plugging


techniques. The miners should avoid water hole like water body to prevent attraction of wild

animals near to the mining site. .At the starting point of Gully, Small Brushwood check dams are

made with locally available materials, Coppicable species and small herbs may be planted in

between stone or rubble layers in two parallel rows which help in binding the structure with roots.

To harvest rain rain water in small pools and puddles the straw or brush wood are laid across the

gully between two rows of country wood posts spaced at .90 m a part. The stakes are 10 to 13 cm in

diameter and go at least 0,9 to 1.2 m into the hard bed of the gully. A brush wood apron held by

galvanished iron is required to prevent scour. The double post controls deep gully. All the existing

water bodies in this area should be monitored for pollution and contamination.

g) Control of Soil Erosion : Soil erosion can be controlled effectively by adopting staggered

contour trenches and planting of grass tufts A trench of about 10 feet long, one feet wide and one

feet deep is very effective to keep check on soil erosion .

h) Overburden dumps: Over burden and other excavated material should be scientifically stored

and stabilised. Protection of dumps against erosion should be carried with go textile matting or

other suitable material and a thick plantation of native trees and shrubs should be carried at dump

slopes . Dumps should be protected by retaining walls.

i) Camping facilities for the Labourers: All the camping facilities /residential facilities created inside

the mining areas should be removed as this is causing pollution to water bodies /natural water

bodies.

k) Disposal of solid waste: All the solid waste generated by the camping labourers should be

disposed off in very closed bins that should be cleaned daily. Presence of litter creates Man –

Animal conflict in the area.

l) Encroachment of forest land by miners: The miners occupied forest land for labour hut ,and

labourers utilising for night soil disposal in such case action should be taken and money should be

collected for loss of habitat from the mining company. .At the end of the mining period no residents

structures developed should be left behind in the mine site as such and all the camping labourers

should be vacated after mining lease completion if not so the labourers encroach the land. .

m) Development of grazing grounds: There exists a great grazing for the villagers for grazing their

cattles due to mining, a separate grazing ground should be developed for the villagers.


n) Fuel wood and small Timber: people who use to collect fuel wood and small timber from the

forest area are diverted to collect near

by forest area and degrade the forest area. To avoid this the mining company should provide

cooking gas in-lieu of firewood at 50% cost of small timber requirement ., the mining company

should talk with villagers and settle ,if not action should be taken by forest department on mining

comp-any and villagers.

o) providing Employment for villagers: A number of villagers who derived their sustenance by

collecting minor forest produce in that area are devoid of produce., Such people from surrounding

villages should be employed in the mines .

p) Awareness and capacity building Programmes : Awareness camps and wokshops should be

conducted in villagers to create aware about importance of forests and their conservation .Villagers

can be trained in various technical field that would enable them to find employment there by

reducing dependency on forests.

2) Mitigation Plan for Medium Impact Zone : This zone includes the next 2 km around the zone of

high impact. The wild animals displaced from the high impact zone will encroach ,causing crowding

and fights fo r home range resulting in the mortality of species adversely affecting the gene pool of

the species. The weaker animals may stray into the village areas , where may poached or cause

damage to the crop or encounter and harm human beings ,giving rise to Man-Animal conflict.

Certain mitigation methods like Awareness creation and capacity building of people , ground water

recharge and monitoring control of erosion ,prevention of encroachment on forest lands,

development of grazing grounds for villagers ,providing alternate fuel and small timber for the

villagers ,alternate livelihood activity for forest dependent people and finally construction of forest

guard quarter or van chowki for the forest guard /for field staff of forest department to keep proper

vigil on movement of wildlife e and people .so that crime against wildlife can be prevented.

3) Mitigation Plan for low Impact Zone : This Zone includes the next 2 km from the medium

Impact Zone .This zone being farthest from the mining site ,can be developed as corridor for wildlife

,since ,all the mitigation methods suggested are based on enhancing wild life and to encourage its

movement between Pench Tiger Reserve , Bor wildlife Sanctuary, Nagpur Forest Division ,Chindwara

Forest Divisions and Seoni Forest Divisions of Madhya Pradesh. Wild animals will face stiff

competition from domestic cattle for resource sharing as there a large number of villagers with


sizable population of cattle .Threat of diseases as well as poaching incidences will be more. There

will also be incidence of man-animal conflicts. The mitigation Plan recommended are;

a) Creation of Awareness and Capacity Building : Awareness camp and workshops should be

conducted in villages to create awareness about importance of forests and necessity of

conservation. Villagers can be trained in various technical fields so that their dependency on forests

would reduce.

b) soil and moisture conservation methods and development of water bodies: soil and moisture

conservation methods like check-dams, gully plugging etc., can be carried out to increase soil

moisture in forest catchments , this would help increase longevity of these water bodies, preserve

and increase the vegetal cover and to help enhance water regime of the forest tracts, develop

and optimise the natural biodiversity . Each water body / reservoir is a unique ecological site having

varied and rich biodiversity . Due to proximity of water there is a great diversity of flora and fauna

around these water bodies. These forests also support a substantial number of medicinal plants

and non wood forest produce species .These sites are ideally suitable for developing Eco- centres to

teach people about sustainable forestry, wildlife conservation .These Eco- centres can train people

to create employment opportunities for their livelihood. Replenish water hole existing in this area

with proper treatment .

c) Rehabilitation of degraded forests: Root of the naturally growing species in this degraded

forest patch should be rehabilitated by removal of weeds like Lantana ,Neel, Kharasani, Kharata,

Kuda, Jilbili,. This area is rich in root stock of Teak, Haldu, Shisham, Bija, Saja, Khair, Kasai,

Bhirra, Salai, Lendia, Garari can be protected to come up. This area function as a corridor between

Pench Tiger Reserve and Other sanctuaries and forest divisions. Protection and treating of existing

Riparian zone and Mesic sites from human interference enhance wildlife activity . Snag, den trees

and down logs should be sufficiently protected to meet habitat requirement of birds and small

mammals. Certain areas unsuitable for reforestation grasslands can be developed which act as

pasture land for herbivores .

d) Construction of Protection Camps and Van chowkhi: At vantage points watch towers are to

be erected to keep proper vigil on poachers and movement of wild animals .During summer period

fire is a great problem in this area ,so vigil on fire is very essential to protect this wildlife rich area

from damages of fire.


Conclusion

This study has attempted to identify suitable corridor routes mainly between two important

protected areas i.e., Pench Tiger Reserve and Bor Wild Life Sanctuary and also other nearby forest

areas. Most of the corridor studies view corridor as a structural connectivity between isolated

patches and do not pay appropriate attention. The study has given elaborate functional usefulness

of corridor for linkage of focal species. The modern world developments such as road development,

human settlement , railway density etc., hampered the survival of wildlife, who too have right in this

world to survive. The protection of the wild species by providing connectivity , management of

forest fires ,increasing water availability by installing water holes, involvement of local people in

developing an integrated ecotourism programme would help to build and achieve an appropriate

conservation goals for this important wildlife area.

Despite the significant potential for negative impacts on biodiversity for mining operations, there is a

great deal that companies can minimize or reduce drastic impacts on forests and wildlife in areas

identified for mining .There is also opportunities for companies to enhance biodiversity conservation

within their areas of operations. Setting aside the ethical or moral considerations of making profit,

which are increasingly the subject of corporate policies. So , it is very important that companies

should address biodiversity for a variety of sound business reasons.

Acknowledgements

This paper is the outcome of the study conducted of project on mitigation of mining in forest areas

near Pench Tiger Reserve.I am thankful to both M.P. and Maharastra forest Department for granting

us necessary permission to conduct a small study. I would like to thank Dr.Shivaji Chauhan

,Director,SATS-Integrated solution Pvt. Ltd. specially for providing all Technical support for GIS

mapping and Satellite imaginary of the study area.

Thanks are also due to Director I G N F A , Dehradun, Course Director MCT(IV) and Dr.J.V.Sharma

Senior Fellow T E R I for giving opportunity to publish this paper.

I finally thanks my friends o f MCT(IV ) specially for Dr.satyendra Singh for useful comments and

suggestions.


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.


Table .1. Important Plants found in pench tiger reserve Buffer zone Local Name Botanical Name Family

A.Trees Achar Buchanania latifolia (Spr.) Anacardiaceae Amaltas/Bahawa Cassia fistula, (L.) Caesalpiniaceae Apta / Kachnar Bauhunia racemosa, ( Lam.) Caesalpiniaceae Aonia Phyllanthus emblica, (L.) Euphorbiaceae Aran Cassine glauca, (Rottb.) Celastraceae Arjun / Kahu Terminalia arjuna, (DC.) Wight Combretaceae Ain Terminalia tomentosa Combretaceae Babul / Babhool Acacia arabica, (L.) Mimoseae Bad/Wad Ficus bengalensis(L.) Moraceae Behada Terminalia belerica (Gaertn.) Combretaceae Bel Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Rutaceae Bhirra Chloroxylon swietenia (Roxb.) Rutaceae Biba/Bhilawa Semecarpus anacardium Anacardiaceae Bija Pterocarpus marsupium, Fabaceae Bistendu Diospyros montana, Ebenaceae Bor/Ber Ziziphus mauritiana, (Lam.) Ramnaceae Chichwa Albizzia odoratissima, (Lf.) Mimoseae Chinch/Imli Tamarindus Indica,(L.) Caesalpinaceae Datrangi Ehretia laevis, (Roxb.) Ephretiaceae Dhaman Grewia tiliaefolia, (vahl.) Tiliaceae Dhaora/Dhawada Anogeissus latifolia, Sissoo Dalbergia sissoo (Roxb.) Fabaceae Tendu Diospyros malanoxylon (Roxb ) Ebenaceae B,Shrub Aal Moringa citrifolia, (Linn.) Celastraceae Bharati Maytenus emarginata, (Wild) Celastraceae Bhawarmal Hamlitonia suaveolens, (Roxb.) Rubiaceae Dikamali Gardenia resinfera, (Roxb.) Rubiaceae Dudhi/Kalakuda Wrightia tinctoria, (Roxb) Apocyanaceae Gautri Grewia hirsuta (Vahl, symb.) Tiliaceae Ghaneri/Ulta Lantena Camera, (Linn.) Verbenaceae


Jilbili Woodfordia fruticosa, (Kurz) Lythraceaaceael ia, ( Nirgudi Vitex negundo, (L.) Table 2. Mammals and Birds commonly found in the Pench TR Buffer Common Name Zoological Name Family

A. Animals

Tiger Panthera tigris Felidae Panther Panthera pardus Felidae Hyaena Hyaena hyaena Hyaenidae Wild dog Cuon alpines Canidae Jackal Canis aureus Canidae Fox Vulpes bengalensis Canidae Leopard cat Felis bengalensis Felidae Jungle cat Felis chaus Felidae Gaur Bos gaurus Bovidae Nilgai Boselaphus tragocamelus Bovidae Sambha Cervus unicolor Cervidae Cheetal Axis axis Cervidae Barking deer Muntiacus muntjak Cervidae Wild boar Sus cristatus Suidae Sloth bear Melursus ursinus Ursidae Four horned antelope Teraceros quadricornis Bovidae Langur Prebytis entellus Cercopithecidae Palm squirrel Funambulus palmarum Sciuridae Porcupine Hyhtrix indica Rodentia Hare Lepus ruficaudatus Leporidae


Table 2. .Birds found in PTR buffer.

Painted sand grouse Pterocles indicus Pteroclididae Common sand grouse Pterocles exustus Pteroclididae Pea fowl Pavo cristatus Phasianidae Grey jungle fowl Gallus sonneratii Phasianidae Page | 84 Grey partridge Francolinus pondicerianus Phasianidae Black breasted quail Coturnix coromandelica Phasianidae Indian bustard quail Turmix suscitator Turnicidae Pigeon Treron phoenicaptera Columbidae Crane Grus antigone Gruidae Dove Streptopelia spp. Columbidae Cotton teal Nettapus coromandelianus Anatidae Whistling teal Dendrocygna javanica Anatidae Vulture Otogypa calvus Accipitridae Pied kingfisher Ceryle rudis Cerylidae Jungle babbler Turdoides striatus Timaliidae Black drongo Dicrurus adsimilis Dicruridae Blue roller Coracias bengalensis Coraciidae


Table 4. Plants found 6km radius of the mining site. Local Name Botanical Name Family

B. Trees

Anajan Hardwickia binata Caesalpiniaceae Achar Buchanania latifolia (Spr.) Anacardiaceae Amaltas/Bahawa Cassia fistula, (L.) Caesalpiniaceae Aonla Phyllanthus emblica, (L.) Euphorbiaceae Arjun / Kahu Terminalia arjuna, (DC.) Wight Combretaceae Ain Terminalia tomentosa Combretaceae Bel Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr Rutaceae Bija Pterocarpus marsupium, (Roxb.) Fabaceae Bor/Ber Ziziphus mauritiana, (Lam.) Rhamnaceae Dhaora/ Dhawada Anogeissus latifolia, Combretaceae Haldu Adina cordifolia, (Roxb.) Rubiacae Khair Acacia catechu, (L.F.) Wild Minosaceae Kullu/Kulu Sterculia urens,(Roxb.) Sterculiaceae Lendia/Lenda Lagerstroemia parviflora, (Roxb.) Lythraceae Sag/ Sagwan/Teak Tectona grandis, (L.F.) Verbenaceae Salai Boswellia serrata, Burseraceae Shisham Dalbergia latifolia, Fabaceae


Table. 5. Animals and birds found 6 km radius of the mining site

Common Name Zoological Name Family Bibtya Panthera pardus Felidae Kolha Vulpes bengalensis Canidae Nilgai Boselaphus tragocamelus Bovidae Sambhar Cervus unicolor Cervidae Cheetal Axis axis Cervidae Bhedki Muntiacus muntjak Cervidae Ran dukkar Sus cristatus Suidae Langur Prebytis entellus Cercopithecidae Porcupine Hyhtrix indica Rodentia Hare Lepus ruficaudatus Leporidae

Birds Common name Zoological Name Family Green Bee eater Merops oreintalis Meropidae Indian Robin Saxicoloidesfulicatus Muscicapidae Pea fowl Pavo cristatus Phasianidae Grey jungle fowl Gallus sonneratil Phasianidae Grey partridge Francolinus pondicerianus Phasianidae Black breasted quail Cturnix coromandelicus Phasianida


Table 6.Details of Crop Predation in Khapa village ( PTR _Bori WLS corridor.

S.no Period Beat NearestVillage No. ofCases By which animal 1 05th- 22nd Feb 08 Kelwad Jaitagarh 3 Nilgai-Wild Boar 2 10th July- 19th Sep 08 Kelwad Jatamkhora 35 Nilgai-Wild Boa r 3 15th July- 21st October 08 Kelwad Khursapar 17 Nilgai-Wild Boar 4 11th Feb 08 Kelwad Pandhari 1 Nilgai-Wild Boar 5 11th July--06th Sep 08 Kelwad Raibasa 7 Nilgai-Wild Boar 6 28th July - 21st Oct 08 Kelwad Chhatrapur 23 Nilgai-Wild Boar 7 23rd July - 21st Oct 08 Kelwad Sawli 21 Nilgai-Wild Boar 8 31st July 08 Kelwad Birgaon 1 Nilgai-WildBoar 9 14thJuly 08 Kelwad Birgaon 1 Nilgai 10 6th Sep 08 Kelwad Rampuri 2 Nilgai 11 11th Feb 08 Kelwad Jalakhera 7 Nilgai 12 2nd Feb 09 Kelwad Jaitagarh 5 Nilgai-Wild Boar 13 18th Mar 09 Kelwad Raibasa 7 Nilgai-Wild Boar 14 31st Oct 09 Kelwad Umri 1 Nilgai-Wild Boar 15 6th Nov 09 Kelwad Kelwad 1 Nilgai-Wild Boar 16 2nd Jan 10 Kelwad Khairi 1 Wild Boar 17 15th Sep- 4th Oct 08 Ngalwadi Sironji 4 Wild Boar 18 18th Dec 08 Ngalwadi Bichhwa 2 Wild Boar 19 18th Dec 08 Ngalwadi Sonpur 1 Wild Boar 20 18th Dec 08 Ngalwadi Nagalwadi 1 Wild Boar 21 29th Oct 09 Ngalwadi Bhondetaal 2 Wild Boar


22 30th Oct 09 Ngalwadi Bichhwa 1 Wild Boar23 23rd Nov 09 Ngalwadi Tekadi 1 Wild Boar

Table. 7. Details of Animal Mortality in Khapa Range

S.No. Year Beat NearestVillage Animal Death Caused By 1 May-11 Khapa Khapa Gumgaon ChitalInjured by domestic dogs/Died 2 May-11 Khapa Savner Kodegaon Chital due to Road Accident 3 Dec-11 Khubada Kothulna Wagholi ChitalNatural 4 Jul-11 Kelwad jatamkhora Jatamkhora Nilgai Poaching 5 Mar-12 Khapa Khapa WakChital Injured by domesticdogs & Died 6 May-12 Khapa Khapa Gumgaon ChitalNatural 7 Apr-12 Khaubada Badegaon Chargaon Sambhar Natural 8 Jan-12 Khubada Khubada Kharduka chital fawn Injured by domestidogs

studies on habitat connectivity for tiger and other … o f forests working plan circle, gwalior...

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