studies of physico-chemical parameters of water of rangawali dam, navapur district nandurbar

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Article Citation:Jaiswal Dipak Shejule KB and Kiran Ahirrao.Studies of physico-chemical parameters of water of Rangawali dam, Navapur districtNandurbarJournal of Research in Biology (2015) 5(2): 1648-1658

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Studies of physico-chemical parameters of water of Rangawali dam,Navapur district Nandurbar

Keywords:

Physico-chemical parameters, freshwater Rangawali dam, Nandurbar.

ABSTRACT: Water is the primary need for all vital life processes. Water itself is an

environment, which support large number of organisms. However, it is highly affecteddue to increased population, industrialization and unplanned urbanization that makespure water scanty to human beings. Day by day, water bodies are being highlycontaminated and are becoming biological deserts. At the same time, the quality ofstanding water is becoming more and more unfit for humankind due to unwise use,negligence and mismanagement. The quality of life is linked with the quality ofenvironment, hence biological components of fresh water depend solely on betterphysico-chemical conditions, and therefore, analysis of physic-chemical parameters ofwater is essential. The present study was conducted at two different stations in theRangawali Dam, from tribal area. Samples were collected between June 2007 andMay 2009 on a monthly basis and evaluated quantitatively. The study carried out fortwo years included following physicochemical parameters of the water samples. Theregional climate at the site of study is distinctly marked in to three seasons, namelyMonsoon (June to September) winter (October to January) and summer (February toMay). The physico-chemical parameters like Rain Fall , Atmospheric temp, Watertemp, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Dissolved carbon dioxide, Calcium, Magnesium Chloridesand Sulphates were studied on seasonal basis, since the climatic changes seem toinfluence the ecological factors, and physicochemical parameters.

1648-1658 | JRB | 2015 | Vol 5 | No 2

This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution andreproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

www.jresearchbiology.comJournal of Research in Biology

An InternationalScientific Research Journal

Authors:

Jaiswal Dipak Shejule KB*and Kiran Ahirrao**.

Institution:

*Dept. of Zoology,Dr.Babasaheb AmbedkarMarathwada University,Aurangabad, (MaharashtraState) India

** Rani Laxmibai College,Parola, D-Jalgaon, 425111,India.

Corresponding author:Kiran Ahirrao.

Email Id:[email protected]

Web Address:http://jresearchbiology.com/documents/RA0352.pdf. Dates:

Received: 9 July 2014 Accepted: 17 Aug 2014 Published: 18 Mar 2015

Journal of Research in iologyAn International Scientific Research Journal

ORIGINAL RESEARCH

ISSN No: Print: 2231 – 6280; Online: 2231- 6299

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]



INTRODUCTION

Freshwater biodiversity is the over-riding

conservation priority during the International Decade for

Action – ‘Water for Life’ – 2005 to 2015. Fresh water

makes up only 0.01% of the World's water and

approximately 0.8% of the Earth's surface, yet this tiny

fraction of global water supports at least 100000 species

out of approximately 1.8 million – almost 6% of all

described species. Inland waters and freshwater

biodiversity constitute a valuable natural resource, in

economic, cultural, aesthetic, scientific and educational

terms. Their conservation and management are critical to

the interests of all humans, nations and governments. Yet

this precious heritage is in crisis. Fresh waters are

experiencing declines in biodiversity far greater than

those in the most affected terrestrial ecosystems, and if

trends in human demands for water remain unaltered and

species losses continue at current rates, the opportunity

to conserve much of the remaining biodiversity in fresh

water will vanish before the ‘Water for Life’ decade ends

in 2015.Water is the primary need for all vital life

processes. Ever since the prehistoric times, man has been

closely associated with water and the evidences of past

civilization that all historic human settlements were

around inland fresh water resources have proved it.

Water itself is an environment, which support large

number of organisms. However, is highly affected due to

increased population, industrialization and unplanned

urbanization that makes pure water scanty to human

beings. Day by day, water bodies are being highly

contaminated and are becoming biological deserts. At the

same time, the quality of standing water is becoming

more and unfit for humankind due to unwise use,

negligence and mismanagement. Therefore, quality

assessment of water is the most urgent need of the hour.

It can be done either by monitoring the physico-chemical

properties of water or by analyzing inhabiting biota.Since the problem of water pollution in India is very

critical extensive studies are required to protect the

natural and manmade water sources.

The problem of pollution of water resources, due

to the discharge of domestic and industrial wastes and is

a great threat on the international scale. And for this,

economical methods to assess water pollution are

needed. Any impairment caused by pollution has its

effect on the aquatic biota. Therefore, a continuous effect

on the aquatic biota reflects the conditions existing in the

aquatic environment and the data can be utilized for the

monitoring of water pollution.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sampling method analysis :

The present study was carried out to study

physico-chemical parameters of Rangawali dam,

Navapur, Dist-Nandurbar. In two years of study period

2007-08 and 2008-09 data of rainfall was collected from

the collector office District Nandurbar. Atmospheric

temperature was recorded with the help of mercury

thermometer. The water temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, pH, salinity, and dissolved carbon dioxide were recorded

by using portable water analysis kit.

These above-mentioned parameters were

analyzed on the spot at selected stations one and one,

soon after collecting the samples at fixed date and during

6 A.M. to 8 A.M. The estimation of total calcium,

magnesium, sulphates and chlorides were analyzed in the

laboratory after immediately colleting samples. These

parameters were measured in the laboratory by applying

respective methods (APHA, 1998). For the analysis of

physico-chemical factors, the surface water was collected

from the fix spots of Rangavali Dam, every month

between 6 A.M. to 8 A.M. on fixed date to avoid the

fluctuation in the observations. The work was carried out

for the period of two year 2007-08 and 2008-09.

RESULTSThe study carried out for two years included

Shejule and Ahirrao 2015

1649 Journal of Research in Biology (2015) 5(2): 1648-1658



following physicochemical parameters of the water

samples collected at two stations.

The regional climate at the site of study is

distinctly marked in to three seasons, namely Monsoon

(June to September) winter (October to January) and

summer (February to May). The physico-chemical

parameters were studied on seasonal basis, since the

climatic changes seem to influence the ecological

factors, population densities and physicochemical

parameters.

Rainfall:

During the present study, the total rainfall

recorded during 2007 - 2008 was 571 mm. The annual

range of rainfall was 00 mm to 132.9 mm during 2007 –

2008. The seasonal analysis showed that it was at highest

during monsoon and lowest during the summer. The

range was 00 mm to 571 mm during 2007 - 2008. The

details for rainfall during the study period are given in

table 1 and 2.

Atmospheric Temperature: (A.T.)

The atmospheric temperature was almost similarat both the sampling stations, although a slight variation

was seen since the stations were located at distance away

(about 2 Km) from each other. The atmospheric

temperature ranged between 17.20° to 45.7°C during

2007 - 2008. The seasonal analysis has shown that at the

station-A, the a tmospheric temperature during monsoon

ranged between 24.7°C to 31.05°C, during winter it

ranged between 17.2°C to 25.5°C and during summer, it

ranged between 22.3°C to 45.7°C. At Station-B, the

range was 24.7°C to 31.4°C during monsoon, 17.2 to

25.5°C during winter, and 22.2°C to 47.7°C during

summer.

The atmospheric temperature ranged between

18.1° to 45.0°C during 2008- 2009. The seasonal

analysis has shown that at the station-A, the a tmospheric

temperature during monsoon ranged between 27.0°C to

42.2°C, during winter it ranged between 18.2°C to32.5°C and during summer, it ranged between 25.5°C to

45.0°C. At Station-B, the range was 27.0°C to 42.2°C

during monsoon, 18.1 to 32.5°C during winter, and

25.7°C to 44.7°C during summer.

Water Temperature (W.T.):

The Water temperature was almost similar at

both the sampling stations. Although the water

temperature recorded was consistently lower than the

atmospheric temperature . The Water temperature ranged

between 19.2°C 31.1°C during 2007 - 2008. The

seasonal analysis has shown that at the station-A, the

water temperature during monsoon ranged between

22.8°C to 29.3°C, during winter it ranged between

19.3°C to 23.1°C and during summer, it ranged between

19.2°C to 31.0°C during year 2007 - 2008. At Station-B,

the range was 22.7°C to 29.3°C during monsoon, 19.4°C

to 23.2°C during winter and 19.3°C to 31.1°C during

summer of year 2007 - 2008.

The Water temperature ranged between 18.1°C

to 31.5°C during 2008- 2009. The seasonal analysis has

shown that at the station-A, the water temperature during

monsoon ranged between 25.3°C to 31.7°C, duringwinter it ranged between 18.2°C to 23.1°C and during

summer, it ranged between 23.7°C to 31.5°C during year

2008-09. At Station-B, the range was 25.3°C to 31.6°C

during monsoon, 18.3°C to 23.2°C during winter and

23.1°C to 31.2°C during summer of year 2008-09.

Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH) :

During the present study the annual range of pH

varied from 6.7 to 7.5 At station-A it was maximum

during monsoon (7.5) and minimum in summer (6.7)

during 2007 – 08. At station-B, similar results were

recorded. The seasonal analysis showed that at station A

and B, the pH varied from 7.2 to 7.5 during monsoon,

6.9 to 7.1 during winter, and 6.8 - 6.9 during summer

2007 – 2008. The range was equally narrow in summer

and winter (0.2) and wide in monsoon (0.3).

The annual range of pH varied from 6.8 to 7.6 At

both the stations. It was maximum during monsoon (7.6)and minimum in summer (6.8) during 2007 – 08. The

Journal of Research in Biology (2015) 5(2): 1648-1658 1650




seasonal analysis showed that at station A and B, the pH

varied from 7.5 to 7.6 during monsoon, 7 to 7.3 during

winter, and 6.8 - 6.9 during summer 2008-09

Dissolved Oxygen (D.O.)

The annual range of dissolved oxygen varied at

both the Stations varied from 6.7 mg/l to 13.7 mg/l

during the year 2007-08. At Station-A, The season wise

analysis showed that the Dissolved Oxygen was 11.1 to

13.7 mg/l in the monsoon, 6.8 to 10.4 mg/l in the winter,

6.7 to 6.9 mg/l in the summer. While at Station-B, The

season wise analysis showed that the Dissolved Oxygen

was 11.1 to 13.7 mg/l in the monsoon, 6.7 to 10.5 mg/l

in the winter, 6.7 to 6.9 mg/l in the summer.

The annual range of dissolved oxygen varied at

both the Stations varied from 7.1 mg/l to 13.8 mg/l

during the year 2008-09. At Station-A, the Dissolved

Oxygen was 11.8 to 13.8 mg/l in the monsoon, 8.9 to

10.6 mg/l in the winter and 7 to 8.2 mg/l in the summer.

While at Station-B, was 11.6 to 13.2 mg/l in the

monsoon, 9 to 10.6 mg/l in the winter, 7 to 8.6 mg/l in

the summer.Dissolved Carbon Dioxide:

The free Carbon Dioxide varied from 4.2 mg/l to

7.7 mg/l in the study period of the year 2007-08. At

Station A, the season wise analysis showed that free

Carbon Dioxide was recorded in monsoon from 4.2 to

5.7 mg/l, 4.7 to 5.2 in winter and 6 to 7.7 mg/l in

summer. While at Station B, in monsoon 4.2 to 5.6 mg/l ,

4.6 to 5.2 in winter and 6 to 7.7 mg/l in summer.

The free Carbon Dioxide varied from 4.2 mg/l to

8.7 mg/l in the study period of the year 2008-09. At

Station A, it is 4.2 to 6.1 mg/l in monsoon, 4.5 to 5.3 in

winter and 6.2 to 8.7 mg/l in summer. While at Station

B, in monsoon 4.2 to 6.1mg/l , 4.5 to 5.3 in winter and

6.1 to 8.2 mg/l in summer.

Calcium:

During the present study, the annual range of

calcium was 26.03 mg/l to 40.32 mg/l during 2007-08.The seasonal analysis showed that at Station-A the

calcium ranged were 32.09 to 35.15mg/l during

monsoon, 26.23 to 31.33 mg/l during winter and 34.21 to

40.04 mg/l during summer. At Station-B,32.18 to 36.15

mg/l during monsoon, 26.03 to 30.05 mg/l during winter

and 34 to 40.32 mg/l during summer.

In year 2008-09 at Station-A the calcium range

were 33 to 36.1mg/l during monsoon, 27.06 to 33.21 mg/

l during winter and 32.04 to 39.15 mg/l during summer.

And at Station-B, 33.04 to 36 mg/l during monsoon,

27.03 to 34.15 mg/l during winter and 31.05 to 40.33

mg/l during summer.

Magnesium:

During the present study, the annual range of

Magnesium was 1.4 to 2.3 and 1.3 to 2.8 mg/l during

2007-08 and 2008 09 respectively. The seasonal analysis

showed that at Station-A the Magnesium ranged during

2007-08 was, 1.5 to 1.7 mg/l during monsoon, 1.5 to 2.3

mg/l during winter, and 1.5 to 1.7 mg/l during summer.

At Station-B, 1.5 to 1.7 mg/l during monsoon, 1.5 to 2.3

mg/l during winter, and 1.4 to 1.6 mg/l during summer.

The Magnesium ranged during 2008-09 at station-A was 1.3 to 1.7 mg/l during monsoon, 1.9 to 2.8 mg/l

during winter, and 1.3 to 1.7 mg/l during summer and at

station-B, 1.3 to 1.7 mg/l during monsoon, 1.9 to 2.8 mg/

l during winter, and 1.3 to 1.7 mg/l during summer.

Sulphates:

During present study, the annual range of

Sulphates in the water samples collected at station-A and

station-B was 0.018 to 0.033 and 0.017 to 0.03 mg/l

during 2007-08 and 2008-09 respectively. The seasonal

studies in 2007-08 showed that for Station-A, Sulphate

ranged between 0.02 to 0.033 mg/l in monsoon, 0.018 to

0.02 mg/l in winter and 0.024 to 0.027 mg/l in summer.

For station-B, Sulphates ranged between 0.03 mg/l

during monsoon, 0.02 to 0.025 mg/l for winter and 0.027

to 0.029 mg/l in summer.

The seasonal studies in 2008-09 showed that for

Station-A, Sulphate ranged between 0.018 to 0.033 mg/lin monsoon, 0.017 to 0.027 mg/l in winter and 0.025 to





0.029 mg/l in summer. For station-B, 0.019 to 0.03 mg/l

during monsoon, 0.017 to 0.027 mg/l for winter and

0.025 to 0.028 mg/l in summer.

Chlorides:

The annual range of Chlorides in the water

samples collected at Station-A was 57.11 to 75.15 mg/l

and 57.11 to 75.44 mg/l during 2007-08 and 2008-09

respectively. Seasonal studies of 2007-08 showed that

for station-A, Chlorides ranged between 58.04 to 75.15

mg/l in monsoon, 58.07 to 67.43 mg/l in winter and

70.07 to 74.55 mg/l in summer. For Station-B, Chlorides

ranged between 65.4 to 75.06 mg/l during monsoon,

57.11 to 59.5 mg/l for winter and 63.33 to 71.17 mg/l in

summer.

In study period of 2008-09 studies showed that

for station-A, Chlorides ranged between 65.4 to 65.06

mg/l in monsoon, 57.11 to 59.5 mg/l in winter and 63.33

to 71.17 mg/l in summer. For Station-B, Chlorides

ranged between 65.04 to 75.44 mg/l during monsoon,

58.16 to 60.05 mg/l for winter and 63.22 to 71.09 mg/l in

summer.

DISCUSSION

The present study on Rangavali Dam from

Nandurbar District, Maharashtra State, India, was carried

out to find out their physico-chemical characteristics

monthly variations of physico-chemical characteristic

such as rainfall, temperature and the other factors such as

pH, dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide and some

salts play an important role in the biology of the

organisms and in aquatic environment. A sound

knowledge of the factors help in understanding the

complex processes of interaction between the climate

and biological processes in water bodies. It is important

to understand the water quality, fauna their dynamics and

functioning of these ecosystems as well as the impact of

increasing human activities on them for management of

fresh waters and keep them in healthy state to changingenvironment sustain the future region. The quality of life

is linked with the quality of environment, hence

biological components of fresh water depend solely on

better physico-chemical conditions, and therefore,

analysis of physico-chemical parameters of water is

essential. .

pH is an important factor, which controls the

chemical changes, species composition and the metabolic

activities of living organisms inhabiting the water body

The present result are similar and in agreement with

those obtained in the investigation of ( Hutchinson 1957,

Subba Rao and Govind 1964; and Avasti and Tiwari,

2004). The higher values of pH in summer may be due to

the utilization of bicarbonates and carbonates buffer

systems/ According to Saran and Adoni (1984) during

photosynthesis free carbon dioxide and bicarbonates are

utilized and there is release of carbonates which increase

the quantity of dissolved oxygen and pH. Pearsall

( 1930) and Zafar (1966) ; observed that pH of the water

appeared to be depended upon the relative quantity of

calcium, carbonates and bicarbonates. The water is

tended to be more alkaline when it possesses largerquantities of these ions (Zafar, 1966): “The pH level was

not uniform during the study period, of 2007-08. In the

summer months, pH value was low while it was inclined

from spring to pre-monsoon towards alkaline pH.

According to Das (1961), the decrease in pH during

summer is due to decrease in water level, which

increases the concentration of free carbon dioxide,

released through by respiration of aquatic organisms,

thus lower the pH.

Seasonal variations in Dissolved oxygen content

revealed maximum value during monsoon and minimum

during summer for both years. The above observations

were agreed with the finding of Singh and Raj (1999)

and Md. Ilyas (2002). The lower values of DO in

summer were probably due to high temperature

evaporation and increased rate of decomposition of

organic matter in water. The other reasons may beattributed to the biological processes such as oxygen is





moderately soluble in water and solubility decreases with

increase in temperature, increase in the various

pollutants. The solubility of oxygen in pure water at 0 0 C

is 14.6 mg/1. Whereas water usually contains about 8.0

mg/1 of DO at room temperature. Muragawel and

Pandian (2002 ) reported the existence of positive co-

relation between DO and water transparency, pH,

phosphates and nitrates.

The low value of the DCO 2 occurred mainly due

to higher rate of utilization of carbon dioxide in

photosynthesis while the higher carbon dioxide value

may be resulted due to higher decomposition of organic

matter (Mishra and Saksena 1991; Dwivedi and Sonar

2004). Another reason for the fluctuations in the DCO 2

level in the water may be, due to formation of carbonic

acid in water which dissociates into H + and HCO 3- ions

which brings a change in the pH of water as hydrogen

ions are set free and HCO 3- react with calcium to from

calcium carbonate insoluble in water. This phenomenon

explains that how concentration of carbon dioxide in

water limits pH and concentrations of HCO 3-, CO 3- , andCO 2 (Ruttnerr, 1953).

Calcium is essential for all organisms, being an

important cell wall constituent and regulates various

physiological functions in animal too. The calcium

content was found to increase during the summer and

decrease during the winter. Calcium is considered to be

more important because it is an integral part of

organismic tissues. It increases the availability of other

ions. High calcium content in the sediment of the water

bodies support the growth of mollusc. It is also required

as a nutrient for various metabolic processes, and assists

in proper translocation of carbohydrates and facilitates

other ions(Wetzel 1975). Calcium plays an important

role in various ways in the growth and population

dynamics of freshwater and its fauna. It is considered as

a basic inorganic element of algae and regarded as an

essential nutrient for various metabolic processes(Ruttner, 1953). The calcium observed during the present

study was in agreement with that of calcium in

freshwater bodies suggested by Kaul et.al .(1980).

Magnesium is required universally by chlorophylls

bearing plants as it is the Mg-porphyrin component of

the chlorophyll molecule and bearing a co-factor for

various intracellular enzymatic transformations (Wetzel,

1975), Magnesium, calcium and bicarbonates together

cause alkalinity and in association with carbonates,

sulphates chloride and magnesium cause hardness in

water (Jain and Jain 1988). In the present study

magnesium level was highest during winter and lowest

during summer while Saran and Adoni(1984) reported

maximum magnesium hardness during both the summer

and winter seasons.

Biological oxidation of reduced sulphur species

to sulphates also increases its concentration. Rainwater

has quite higher concentration of sulphate particularly in

the areas with high atmospheric pollution. Discharge of

agricultural runoff and domestic sewage in waters

increase its concentration. Most of the salts of the

sulphates are soluble in water as such, it is not precipitated. However, it may undergo transformation to

sulphur and hydrogen sulphide depending upon the redox

potential of the water, (Trivedy and Goel 1984). In the

present study, sulphate level varied between 0.02 mg/1.

The lowest level was noticed in winter where as in

monsoon it was highest. The sulphates range was not so

wide season Azwise as well month wise during the two

years of study. The low concentration of sulphate in

winter appears due to presence of higher phytoplankton

population and domestic sewage. The present findings

are, thus, in accordance with Sneha (1986) . High

concentration of sulphate during monsoon might be due

to surface runoff which brings more suspended soils

along with organic and soluble salts ( Sneha, 1986; and

Singh, 2000).

A quality parameter of significance is the chloride

concentrations. Chloride concentration in natural waterresults from the leaching of chloride from rocks and soils





with which water come in contact. Agricultural,

industrial and domestic waste waters discharged to

surface water are also source of chloride in the aquatic

system. Chlorine in Free State, which is used as

disinfectant, may be converted into chlorides or

combined with organic matter to form toxic compounds

(Adoni, 1985). Permissible limit of chloride level in

portable water is 200 mg/l (WHO 1972) however, level

up to 1000mg/l is safe for human consumption (IS

10500, 1983). Results of the present investigation

revealed that the chloride in water bodies is within the

permissible level and is suitable for portability. In the

present study lower values of chlorides were observed,

22.2 mg/l to 44.7 mg/l. The above finding are in

agreement with Ganpati (1960); Zafar(1964); Prakash

(1994); and Awasthi and Tiwari(2004).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Authors are grateful to Shri B. V. Patil, Principal, Rani

Laxmibai College, Parola, Dist-Jalgaon, for providing



Sr. No. Parameters Tests

1 Rainfall Data provided by collector office Dist. Nandurbar.

2 Atmospheric Temperature Recorded by using Mercury Thermometer

3 Water Temperature Recorded by using Mercury Thermometer dipping in surface water up to 10cm.

4 pH Measured on spot collecting water samples by using portable water analysis kit.

5 Dissolved Oxygen Measured on the filled itself with the help of portable water analysis kit

6 Dissolved Carbon Dioxide Measured on spot by using portable water analysis kit

7 Calcium Measured in the laboratory by titrometric method (APHA, 1998.)

8 Magnesium Measured in the laboratory by titrometric method (APHA, 1998.)

9 Sulphates Measured in the laboratory by titrometric method (APHA, 1998.)

10 Chlorides Measured in the laboratory by titrometric method (APHA, 1998.) with silver nitrate.

Table 1: Physico-chemical parameters and their Tests

Figure 1: Seasonal Changes in the physico-chemical parameters of Rangawali dam during the year 2007-08





S . N o .

M o n t h s

R a i n F a l l

m m

A t m o s . t e m p ° C

W a t e r t e m p ° C

p H

D i s s o l v e d

O 2 m g / l i t

D i s s o l v e d

C O

2 m g / l i t

C a l c i u m

m g / l i t

M a g n e s i u m

m g / l i t

S u l p h a t e s

m g / l i t

C h l o r i d e s

m g / l i t

S t a t i o n s

A & B

A

B

A

B

A

B

A

B

A

B

A

B

A

B

A

B

A

B

1

J u n e - 0 7

2 9 3

3 1 . 4

3 1 . 4

2 9 . 3

2 9 . 3

7 . 5

7 . 5 1 2 . 1

1 2 . 3

5 . 7

5 . 6

3 5 . 1 5

3 6 . 1 5

1 . 5

1 . 5

0 . 0 3 0

0 . 0 3 0 7 5 . 1 5

7 5 . 0 6

2

J u l y - 0 7

6 7 4

2 9 . 3

2 9 . 0

2 7 . 5

2 7 . 5

7 . 5

7 . 5 1 3 . 7

1 3 . 7

4 . 2

4 . 2

3 4 . 0 4

3 5 . 0 5

1 . 5

1 . 5

0 . 0 3 0

0 . 0 3 0 7 0 . 5 6

7 2 . 2 1

3

A u g - 0 7

3 3 7

2 9 . 0

2 9 . 1

2 7 . 1

2 7 . 6

7 . 2

7 . 2 1 2 . 4

1 2 . 4

4 . 2

4 . 2

3 2 . 0 9

3 2 . 4 6

1 . 7

1 . 7

0 . 0 3 0

0 . 0 3 0 6 5 . 1 6

7 1 . 4 1

4

S e p - 0 7

1 5 8

2 4 . 7

2 4 . 7

2 2 . 8

2 2 . 7

7 . 2

7 . 2 1 1 . 1

1 1 . 1

4 . 2

4 . 2

3 2 . 7 2

3 2 . 1 8

1 . 6

1 . 6

0 . 0 2 0

0 . 0 3 0 5 8 . 0 4

6 5 . 4 0

5

O c t - 0 7

6 0

2 5 . 5

2 5 . 5

2 3 . 1

2 3 . 2

7 . 1

7 . 1 1 0 . 2

1 0 . 3

4 . 7

4 . 7

2 6 . 2 3

2 7 . 1 5

1 . 5

1 . 5

0 . 0 1 9

0 . 0 2 0 5 8 . 0 7

5 8 . 0 9

6

N o v - 0 7

0 0

2 3 . 2

2 3 . 2

2 0 . 3

2 0 . 3

7 . 1

7 . 0 1 0 . 4

1 0 . 5

4 . 7

4 . 6

2 6 . 4 1

2 6 . 0 3

2 . 0

2 . 0

0 . 0 2 0

0 . 0 2 0 5 8 . 1 6

5 8 . 0 4

7

D e c - 0 7

0 0

2 3 . 1

2 3 . 2

2 0 . 5

2 1 . 5

6 . 9

7 . 0 1 0 . 2

1 0 . 2

4 . 9

4 . 8

2 8 . 0 6

2 8 . 1 1

2 . 3

2 . 3

0 . 0 1 8

0 . 0 2 0 6 2 . 2 9

5 7 . 1 1

8

J a n - 0 8

0 0

1 9 . 6

1 9 . 5

1 9 . 3

1 9 . 4

7 . 0

7 . 1 6

. 8 0

6 . 7

5 . 2

5 . 2

3 1 . 3 3

3 0 . 0 5

2 . 1

2 . 1

0 . 0 2 0

0 . 0 2 5 6 7 . 4 3

5 9 . 5 0

9

F e b - 0 8

0 0

2 2 . 3

2 2 . 2

1 9 . 2

1 9 . 3

6 . 8

6 . 8 6

. 9 0

6 . 7

6 . 1

6 . 0

3 4 . 2 1

3 4 . 0 0

1 . 7

1 . 6

0 . 0 2 5

0 . 0 2 9 7 0 . 0 7

6 3 . 3 3

1 0

M a r - 0 8

0 0

2 8 . 1

2 8 . 1

2 5 . 1

2 5 . 4

6 . 8

6 . 8 6

. 9 0

6 . 9

6 . 0

6 . 0

3 5 . 1 1

3 4 . 2 4

1 . 5

1 . 5

0 . 0 2 4

0 . 0 2 9 7 1 . 3 1

7 0 . 0 4

1 1

A p r - 0 8

0 0

2 9 . 6

2 9 . 6

2 8 . 1

2 8 . 2

6 . 8

6 . 9 6

. 9 0

6 . 9

7 . 7

7 . 7

3 7 . 1 7

3 7 . 0 4

1 . 5

1 . 4

0 . 0 2 4

0 . 0 2 7 7 4 . 5 5

7 0 . 0 9

1 2

M a y - 0 8

7 0

3 5 . 7

3 5 . 7

3 1 . 0

3 1 . 1

6 . 7

6 . 7 6

. 7 0

6 . 8

6 . 8

6 . 7

4 0 . 0 4

4 0 . 3 2

1 . 5

1 . 5

0 . 0 2 7

0 . 0 2 7 7 2 . 0 8

7 1 . 1 7

T a b l e : 1 : P h y s i c o - c h e m

i c a l P a r a m e t e r s o f R a n g a w a l i D a m , N

a v a p u r , 2 0 0 7 - 2 0 0 8





S . N o .

M o n t h s

R a i n F a l l

m m

A t m o s . t e m p ° C

W a t e r t e m p ° C

p H

D i s s o l v e d

O 2 m g / l i t

D i s s o l v e d

C O

2 m g / l i t

C a l c i u m

m g / l i t

M a g n e s i u m

m g / l i t

S u l p h a t e s

m g / l i t

C h l o r i d e s

m g / l i t

S t a t i o n s

A & B

A

B

A

B

A

B

A

B

A

B

A

B

A

B

A

B

A

B

1

J u n - 0 8

1 2 9

3 2 . 2

3 2 . 2

3 1 . 7

3 1 . 6

7 . 6

7 . 6

1 1 . 8

1 1 . 6

6 . 1

6 . 1

3 6 . 1 0

3 6 . 0 0

1 . 3

1 . 3

0 . 0 3 0

0 . 0 3 0

7 5 . 0 6

7 5 . 4 4

2

J u l - 0 8

2 2 4

3 0 . 3

3 0 . 4

2 9 . 1

2 9 . 2

7 . 6

7 . 5

1 2 . 0

1 2 . 0

4 . 3

4 . 3

3 5 . 4 2

3 5 . 0 5

1 . 4

1 . 4

0 . 0 2 8

0 . 0 3 0

7 2 . 2 1

7 2 . 1 5

3

A u g - 0 8

2 9 4

3 0 . 6

3 0 . 6

2 9 . 0

2 9 . 0

7 . 5

7 . 5

1 3 . 8

1 3 . 2

4 . 2

4 . 2

3 4 . 0 9

3 3 . 1 3

1 . 7

1 . 7

0 . 0 3 0

0 . 0 3 0

7 1 . 4 1

6 9 . 0 3

4

S e p - 0 8

6 0 0

2 7 . 0

2 7 . 0

2 5 . 3

2 5 . 3

7 . 6

7 . 6

1 2 . 2

1 2 . 2

4 . 3

4 . 2

3 3 . 0 0

3 3 . 0 4

1 . 7

1 . 7

0 . 0 1 8

0 . 0 1 9

6 5 . 4 0

6 5 . 0 4

5

O c t - 0 8

6 5

2 5 . 1

2 5 . 0

2 3 . 1

2 3 . 2

7 . 3

7 . 3

1 0 . 6

1 0 . 6

4 . 5

4 . 5

3 3 . 2 1

3 4 . 1 5

2 . 1

2 . 1

0 . 0 1 8

0 . 0 1 8

5 8 . 0 9

5 8 . 1 6

6

N o v - 0 8

0 0

2 3 . 0

2 3 . 2

2 1 . 0

2 1 . 5

7 . 1

7 . 1

1 0 . 4

1 0 . 3

5 . 1

5 . 2

2 8 . 0 4

2 9 . 4 0

2 . 8

2 . 7

0 . 0 1 7

0 . 0 1 7

5 8 . 0 4

5 8 . 4 0

7

D e c - 0 8

0 0

2 0 . 2

2 0 . 1

1 8 . 2

1 8 . 3

7 . 0

7 . 1

1 0 . 1

1 0 . 1

5 . 3

5 . 2

2 7 . 1 3

2 7 . 1 1

2 . 8

2 . 8

0 . 0 1 9

0 . 0 1 9

5 7 . 1 1

5 7 . 0 0

8

J a n - 0 9

0 0

2 0 . 3

2 0 . 5

1 8 . 3

1 8 . 9

7 . 1

7 . 1

8 . 9

9 . 0

5 . 3

5 . 3

2 7 . 0 6

2 7 . 0 3

1 . 9

1 . 9

0 . 0 2 7

0 . 0 2 7

5 9 . 5 0

6 0 . 0 5

9

F e b - 0 9

0 0

2 5 . 5

2 5 . 7

2 3 . 7

2 3 . 1

6 . 9

6 . 9

8 . 2

8 . 6

6 . 2

6 . 1

3 2 . 0 4

3 1 . 0 5

1 . 7

1 . 7

0 . 0 2 7

0 . 0 2 8

6 3 . 3 3

6 3 . 2 2

1 0

M a r - 0 9

0 0

2 7 . 8

2 7 . 8

2 5 . 2

2 5 . 7

6 . 9

6 . 9

7 . 6

7 . 6

7 . 5

7 . 5

3 7 . 0 7

3 7 . 1 6

1 . 5

1 . 6

0 . 0 2 5

0 . 0 2 5

7 0 . 0 4

7 0 . 4 3

1 1

A p r - 0 9

1 5

3 0 . 1

3 0 . 1

2 8 . 5

2 8 . 5

6 . 8

6 . 9

7 . 0

7 . 0

8 . 1

8 . 2

3 9 . 1 5

4 0 . 0 4

1 . 6

1 . 6

0 . 0 2 7

0 . 0 2 7

7 0 . 0 9

7 0 . 0 7

1 2

M a y - 0 9

3 7

3 5 . 0

3 4 . 0

3 1 . 5

3 1 . 2

6 . 8

6 . 8

7 . 1

7 . 3

8 . 7

8 . 2

3 9 . 0 3

4 0 . 3 3

1 . 3

1 . 3

0 . 0 2 9

0 . 0 2 8

7 1 . 1 7

7 1 . 0 9

T a b l e : 2

P h y s i c o - c h e m i c a l P a r a m e t e r s o f R a n g a w a l i D a m , N

a v a p u r , 2 0 0 8 - 2 0 0 9



facilities and to Vice-principal Shri V. N. Koli for

constant co-operation and encouragement.

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