studia i materiaŁy – studies and materials felix...

Introduction they used their military potential to make profits In the Northeast German plain, in the Late by raids on merchants, towns and peasants. Castles

Middle Ages the petty nobility lived predominantly were their bases. The late-medieval blossoming at small castles whose building material consisted of the petty-nobility castle building was promoted of earth, loam and wood. Among these fortifications, furthermore by the fact that princely restrictions for three types are especially common: First the motte- fortifications lost their validity (cf. Schwarz 1987; and-bailey-castle whose central element is an Szczesiak 2005; Biermann 2007; 2015; Schütz artificially piled up mound with a tower or 2010; Ruchhöft 2013). The accordance of political tower-like building; secondly the “castle mound”, developments and the erection of castles, as well as similar to the motte-and-bailey-castle, whose base contemporary reports on feuds, marauding knights, consisted of a natural, dressed hillock; thirdly attacks on castles and sieges, suggest an important the so-called “Kemlade” – a wooden building on role of the castles as military instruments and

2posts in a lake or pond. Most of these castles can protected places. th st thbe dated to the 14 and the 1 half of the 15 c. However, archaeological evidence was rare

because at that time a general crisis of the territorial for a long time. As a consequence of only small sovereigns led to an impairment of central powers. numbers of excavations there were rather few Thereby, for the petty nobility the possession concrete indications for combat operations around of castles became more necessary than before, castles, and weapon finds were seldom (cf. because its conflicts were now fought without Krauskopf 2013, 107). Thus, castles were often princely restriction. Moreover, feudal lords got interpreted rather as demonstrations of military under pressure in the course of the great agrarian strength than as functional military elements, as

thand economic crises of the 14 c. As a reaction “symbols of power” or “of defense preparedness”

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STUDIA I MATERIAŁY – STUDIES AND MATERIALS

Acta Militaria Mediaevalia XIIKraków – Sanok – Wrocław 2016, s. 51-71

Felix BiermannNormen Posselt

Abstract:

F. Biermann, N. Posselt 2016, The embattled castle – archaeological examples from the Late Middle Ages in Northeast Germany, AMM XII: 51-71

th thThe paper deals with evidences of military actions at castles of the petty nobility in Northeast Germany in the 13 -15 c., often interpreted rather as demonstrations of military strength than as functional military elements. Focused on two sites – the “castle hill” of Sternhagen (Uckermark) and the wooden lake dwelling of the “Kemlade” type of Wodarg (Cispomerania) – the military value of small fortifications is discussed in behalf of the large number of archaeological weapon findings. Further examples underline the practical use of the castles, as modest as they seem to be, as defended places and military instruments in a belligerent and violent time.

Key words: Motte-and-bailey-castles, Pile dwellings, Sieges, Crossbow bolts, Petty nobility

THE EMBATTLED CASTLE – ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXAMPLES FROM THE LATE MIDDLE AGES IN NORTHEAST GERMANY

1 Mecklenburg, Western Pomerania, the north of Saxony-Anhalt and the northern part of Brandenburg.2 For Uckermark cf. e.g. Enders (1992, 117-120), for Brandenburg – Assing (1995, 149-168), for the region of Plau in Mecklenburg – Ruchhöft (1994); for Pomerania – Branig (1997, 41-53); for Mecklenburg – Karge, Münch and Schmied (2000, 31, 51-56), “feud of Ihlenfeld” – Szczesiak (1997, 100-101); generally – Biermann (2015, 320, 328).

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(Zeune 1996, 42, 48). According to M. Bischoff Recent archaeological fieldworks at castles as (1999, 52), castles served above all for the determent well as excavations and metal-detector-prospection of potential enemies. According to A. Schütz provide new information on the question of their (2010, 55), they suggested military superiority use – there is increasing evidence for military without redeeming this practically. Th. Biller (1998, conflicts. Such results from two northeast German 125) pointed out the symbolic value of the motte- castles – the castle mound of Sternhagen and-bailey-castles as “reinforced superelevation” (Uckermark) and the “Kemlade” of Wodarg by the nobility, St. Hesse (2003, 42-43) assigns (Cispomerania) – provide an opportunity to compile the symbolic function to the small fortifications and interpret the suitable proof on northeast German in general. Apparently the north German timber castles. In this context it is less a matter of castles were of limited defensive value. However, discussing general traces of fire and destruction one should consider that a fortification did not or single weapon findings from castles as they

3need to reflect more than the strength of the are often known; those could be associated with potential offender; above all a nobleman in a castle combat operations, but also with fire catastrophes, could expect conflicts with his peers, so that he intended demolition of the buildings or armories laid out his moderate fortification according to of general purpose. Naturally, weapons were kept the limited means of his neighbour. in all castles, for fighting and hunting (cf. Krauskopf

Felix Biermann, Normen Posselt

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Fig. 1. Map of Northeast Germany with the sites discussed in the text: 1 – Cambs; 2 – Demmin; 3 – Fincken; 4 – Galenbeck; 5 Grammertin; 6 – Klocksdorf; 7 – Ruchow; 8 – Stappenbeck; 9 – Sternhagen; 10 – Stolpe; 11 – Weitin; 12 – Wodarg. Elaborated by F. Biermann, N. Posselt.

Ryc. 1. Mapa północno-wschodnich Niemiec z zaznaczonymi stanowiskami omawianymi w tekście: 1 – Cambs; 2 – Demmin; 3 – Fincken; 4 – Galenbeck; 5 Grammertin; 6 – Klocksdorf; 7 – Ruchow; 8 – Stappenbeck; 9 – Sternhagen; 10 – Stolpe; 11 – Weitin; 12 – Wodarg. Oprac. F. Biermann, N. Posselt.

3 Cf. e.g. the weapon and armours finds of the late medieval noble seat of Ihlenfeld (Mecklenburgische Seenplatte distr.) whose less amount and finding circumstance in cellar areas implies them more as parts of inventory than relics of an attack (Szczesiak 1997, 94

thf.), or six crossbow bolts of the 13 c. from Usedom (Vorpommern-Greifswald distr.), which could indicate an attack on the local motte-and-bailey-castle, but could also have another background (Biermann 2011, 103-105, Abb. 20). The same can be considered for several crossbow bolts of the motte-and-bailey-castle of Schmoldow (Vorpommern-Greifswald distr.; cf. Möller 1991) or some swords, spearheads and daggers from the river Tollense near the castle Osten (Schmarsow, Vorpommern-Greifswald, distr.; Hartmann 2000, 166), whose context is quite unclear. Another problem pose several weapons uncovered in the Klostersee lake in Dargun (Mecklenburgische Seenplatte distr.): U. Schoknecht (1990) supposes that there was a castle in the lake but this is not to ensure.

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2005, 114). But if there are weapons in fire and probably a segment ditch of 220 m in length debris, crossbow bolts in large quantities in the oriented from the north to the south, protecting moats or even in the gateway areas, projectiles the peninsula on the side exposed to attacks in the with traces of impact, corpses or skeletal remains east (Fig. 3). The castle hill was worked out from under charred constructions, then the interpretation a nephritic-shaped glacial drift. Numerous brick as relics of combat operations is obvious. Such fragments indicate a partly massive construction. archeological features from northeast Germany According to surface finds, the castle was established

st th thwill be presented and interpreted regarding the in the 1 half of the 13 and used until the 15 c. question of the military functions of castles Some finds indicate a reuse of the site for other

th th(Fig. 1). purposes in the 16 /17 c. Only for the end of the castle the written sources are significant. In

Evidence for an attack on the castle mound 1284 the village is mentioned for the first time, of Sternhagen (Uckermark) afterwards frequently, but not the castle. In 1373

750 m northwest of the village of Sternhagen, and 1375 the location is the residence of a Lord south-southwest of Prenzlau (Uckermark distr.), of Blankenburg who also called himself “on a medieval fortification is located on a peninsula Sternhagen”; he might have lived in the castle. between two lakes, known as the “Wallberg”. Today When in 1410 the noble family von Holzendorf the castle mound is represented as a completely on Jagow and Kammin in the country of Stargard ploughed oval hillock of about 80 m in diameter sold the village of Sternhagen with all the rights and 3 m in height (Fig. 2). Since the 1970s to the St. Sabinen Monastery and to the city sherds and animal bones have repeatedly been council of Prenzlau, the castle site is mentioned uncovered there; as also some early ceramic as Wall (“rampart”), in 1416 again “Burgwall” fragments appeared, a Slavic stronghold was (CDB A XXXI, 250 f. No. 206; Beck, Enders supposed. However, the finds from that period 1984; Enders 1986, 949-952; 1992, 130). This might rather prove an open settlement. The castle was a common term to describe a castle ruin belongs to the Late Middle Ages (Behla 1888, 127; (Gebuhr 2009). Later, the city of Prenzlau managed Blume 1908, 67, No. 579; Marschalleck 1940, 129; an estate at the lake of Sternhagen; probably the Corpus... 1979, 54/117; Schmidt 1989, 57; Kirsch younger archeological finds can be connected to 2004, 492 f.; Schulz 2010, 25 f., 395 f.). Aerial that farmstead. photographs reveal a perfectly circular ring ditch Metal detector prospections in the spring of of about 70 m in diameter around the main castle 2015 (Fig. 4) delivered a large amount of medieval

The embattled castle...

Fig. 2. The castle mound of Sternhagen – view from the east. Photo by F. Biermann.

Ryc. 2. Gródek stożkowaty w Sternhagen – widok od wschodu. Fot. F. Biermann.

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material: Coins, tools, everyday items, jewelry Based on different preliminary works 4and dress components. Equestrian equipment – (Harmuth 1986; Jessop 1997; Zimmermann 2000),

spurs, a stirrup fragment, snaffle bits, a currycomb, C. Krauskopf (2012, 182, 190-193, Fig. 9) worked horse harness pendants – and nearly 30 crossbow out six types of bolts, based on the finds from bolt heads (Figs. 5-6) are remarkable; among them Stolpe not far away from Sternhagen; the types are some uncertain pieces (e.g. Fig. 5:3,24) and 1 – slender, leaf-shaped bolt heads, diamond-several projectiles which cannot be distinguished shaped in the cross section with socket (Fig. from arrowheads (e. g. fig. 5:19,27). The bolt 5:2,7,13-14) – and 2 – comparable, but stronger heads were found mainly on the eastern side of and mostly shorter (Fig. 5:9,11,21-22) – represent the mound which was exposed to attacks; some in each case about five of the Sternhagen are damaged by impact (Fig. 5:23,26). Almost projectiles. Type 3 – bolt heads with socket all are characterized by sockets and correspond and rectangular cross section (Fig. 5:6,17) – was to bolt head’s type 8 according to T. Kempke found four times. Here we would like to call (1991, 35); 10 bolt heads have a diamond- five comparable projectiles with a long socket shaped, the remaining a rectangular cross section. and a square bolt head type 3a (Fig. 5:18,21,23). Three bolt heads might have had a tang Type 4, also rare at Stolpe, represented at (Fig. 5:3,8,19; type 7 according to T. Kempke – Sternhagen by a single example (Fig. 5:1). It is ibid., 34-35). characterized by a strong square cross section


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Fig. 3. Aerial view of the castle mound of Sternhagen with crop marks of ditches (after Geobasis-DE/LGB, BLDAM).

Ryc. 3. Widok z lotu ptaka gródka stożkowatego w Sternhagen z widocznymi śladami fosy (wg Geobasis-DE/LGB, BLDAM).

4 The surveys were organized and led by F. Biermann with the following participants: O. Beyer, M. Fenner, F. Georgi, M. Guthke (Berlin), A. Kassube (Prenzlau), D. Meyer (Templin), C. Puppa (Oranienburg) and L. Heiden (Fergitz).

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and a cylindrical socket. Of the similar type 5, ponds and lakes, the so-called “Kemlade” – a Low frequently found at Stolpe, one piece is known German derivation of the Latin term “caminata” at Sternhagen. (heatable room). Usually it appears as a square

Under chronologically or functionally aspects or rectangular construction of 5-15 m side length. the meaning of this typological order is limited. It is mostly connected by footbridges to the lake’s The slender forms of type 1 could be a little older, shore in a distance of 10-40 m – a kind of artificial the short and massive square bolts younger; the island (Ericsson 1999, 112). Mostly only the post slender bolts were made for penetration of chain foundations are preserved in the lakes. Thus, the armor, and the massive ones on striking force, construction of the upper parts is often unknown. but, in the end, similar types are found everywhere Apparently they were tower-like, wood-loam houses and during the whole Late Middle Ages (ibid., with open porches or galleries. This fortification 190-193). Our projectiles cannot be dated exactly type is well-known from the lake districts of

th thbetween the 13 and 15 c. Because of the Mecklenburg, Cispomerania, northern Brandenburg 5concentration of projectiles in the eastern area of and Holstein. Most of them can be dated to the

th ththe main castle and due to the impact traces it is 14 /early 15 c. However, a building of this type obvious that these bolts were shot at the castle. in Lake Stolpe (Schleswig-Holstein) was dated as

th st thThey indicate an attack by crossbowmen who early as to the late 12 and 1 half of the 13 c. were positioned to the east of the segment ditch (cf. Harck 1985; Müller 1985; Lüth 2012, 159-and shot from there at the castle. Without further 161). Reasons to build such houses were the use of research and historical sources the event cannot the naturally protected position and of the be dated exactly. However, the concentration of spectacular situation in the lake. Moreover, such projectiles, that was not disturbed by later settlement pile dwellings were perhaps not a subject of the and building activities, suggests that the attack already mentioned princely rights concerning the

thhappened sometime in the late 14 c., perhaps restriction of fortifications (Bastian 1958, 103; resulting from a feud of noblemen. Ericsson 1999, 112). The value of such constructions

for protection and military purposes could be Relics of an attack on the “Kemlade” of questioned. Therefore the “Kemlade” of Wodarg is

Wodarg (Cispomerania) very interesting: it has not only been archaeologically An interesting type of late-medieval researched to a significant degree, but it was also the

fortification is a wooden building on posts in target of an attack in the Middle Ages.


Fig. 4. Metal detector prospection at the Sternhagen site in the spring of 2015. Photo by F. Biermann.

Ryc. 4. Poszukiwania z wykorzystaniem wykrywaczy metali na stanowisku w Sternhagen wiosną 2015 r. Fot. F. Biermann.

5 On this topic see works of Bastian (1958; 1960; 1961a; 1961b), Kapitän (1961), Kapitän and Grimm (1958), Stange (1961; 1962), Struve (1965), Ericsson (1993, 261 ff.), Mayr (1998; 1999), Donat (2002, 190) and Kühl (2008).

56 Felix Biermann, Normen Posselt

Fig. 5. Sternhagen castle mound. Findings. 1-27 – selected iron bolt heads; 28-29 – iron spur fragments; 30 – bronze pendant. Drawing by O. Blum.

Ryc. 5. Kopiec zamkowy w Sternhagen. Znaleziska: 1-27 – wybrane żelazne groty bełtów; 28-29 – fragmenty żelaznej ostrogi; 30 – brązowa zawieszka. Rys. O. Blum.

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In the context of highway construction in 2003, a well-preserved “Kemlade” site could be completely excavated at Wodarg (Mecklenburgische

6Seenplatte distr., Cispomerania). According to dendrochronological data and archaeological finds, it was built about 1300 AD and used during the first

thdecades of the 14 c. The building was erected in a glacial dead ice hole at a settlement inhabited from

th ththe 9 -14 c. (Fig. 7). The pond had a water surface of about 30 x 50 m in the Middle Ages. The natural pond had been extended artificially, been partially provided with embankment protections and inlets to adjust the water level. In the center, at least 14 m away from the shore, a rectangular post platform of 13.25 x 5.25 m was founded. Woods for stabilization and the planks of the platform were fastened to the posts. The building burned down. On this occasion, the wall on the eaves side in the southwest fell nearly completely into the water and was preserved there. Thus, the excavation delivered outstanding conditions for characterizing the building on the platform (Figs. 8-9). It can be reconstructed as a two-storied half-timbered house with loam fillings. In the southeast front the main access to the building was located. It had a drawbridge, proofed by a wooden spindle fragment. On the northeast side a rectangular, open porch or gallery of about 3.25 x 2.5 m was connected with a footbridge. Altogether, five footbridges led to the platform, although not all at the same time. It must be emphasized that the bridges could be easily destroyed in case of danger. There is evidence for representative features by six wooden gable posts with octahedral pommels. The roof was probably made of bricks, the walls had windows in the upper parts (De Rijk 2005a, 12-14).

The traces of fire are the result of a final destruction during a military event, testified also by numerous finds of crossbow bolt heads in the pond. Most of the 31 projectiles (Fig. 10) were found next to the building, most of all on its southeast side. The attack apparently concentrated on the main entrance. The slender projectiles of 7-10 cm length with sockets and a diamond-shaped cross section can be mainly assigned to type 8 according to T. Kempke (1991, 35) or type 1


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Fig. 6. Compilation of crossbow bolt heads from Sternhagen. Photo by M. Fenner.

Ryc. 6. Zestawienie grotów bełtów odkrytych w Sternhagen. Fot. M. Fenner.

according to C. Krauskopf (2012, 182, Fig. 9). Not all of them can be distinguished from arrowheads. Moreover, the spanning hook of a crossbow (Fig.

711:4) as well as a bow fragment can be emphasized. It is uncertain whether further militaria from the bog are results of the violent event, too: several single-edged ballock-daggers (Fig. 11:2), very common

thequipment since the late 13 c., very popular in the th th14 and 15 c. in the northern parts of Europe. The

examples of Wodarg, characterized by a wooden grip made of burl wood, could have been used as weapons of war (see Schoknecht 1980; 1983; 1992). Moreover there are two axes (Fig. 11:3,5), whose use as weapon or tool is just as unclear as

8their early or late medieval dating. Two rowel

6 Cf. preliminary reports (De Rijk 2004; 2005b; De Rijk, Segschneider 2004, 42; Brandt 2005; Frey 2012). Some authors described the fortification of Wodarg in an inappropriate manner as “fortified storehouse”. Currently the site of Wodarg, what was excavated by P. de Rijk (Landesamt für Kultur und Denkmalpflege Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Schwerin), is analysed in the frame of the graduate thesis by N. Posselt. 7 Spanning hooks of crossbows are known from the “Kemlade”-sites of Klocksdorf (Bastian 1961, 184, Abb. 105:e; Stange 1962, 239, Abb. 160:i) and from the “Grützpott” of Stolpe (see below); generally on this find category see Gross (2005); a distant analogy to the bow could be uncovered in the ditch of the city fortification of Friedland (District of Mecklenburgische Seenplatte) (KFB 2003, 468, Abb. 79). 8 Especially the beard axe (Fig. 11:3) could belong to the early medieval period of the settlement. It is close to A. Nadolski’s

th(1954, 45) type Vd, dated to the 11 c. A slender axe form (Fig. 11:5) cannot be classified because of heavy corrosion. For th thtypology and dating of axes in western Slavic territories from the 8 -14 c. see Heindel (1992).

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spurs with short and long wheel holders of type AII and BII according to N. Goßler (2011, 88-90),

thusual in the 14 c. (Fig. 11:6-7), could have been lost in fight or everyday life. Horse skeletons in the pond, in particular a horse humerus with shot hole (De Rijk 2005a, 45-47), are perhaps relics of violence, but by no means coercively. However, the military use of the “Kemlade” is archaeologically well documented.

This must be seen in the context of a worried st thtime – in the 1 half of the 14 c. the area around

Wodarg belonged to the Duchy of Pomerania which had been divided in 1295 into the lines of Pomerania-Wolgast and Pomerania-Stettin. There were constant conflicts with the Margraves of Brandenburg and the Dukes of Mecklenburg. Also the petty nobility struggled among each other


Fig. 7. Excavation plan of Wodarg. The pond with the reconstructed outlines of the building, footbridges and dropped wall (right) and building th thstructures in the settlement like post-built houses, stone-cellars (grey) and pits dating from the 9 to the 14 c. (white). Concept by P. de Rijk,

elaborted by C. Hartl-Reiter, modified by N. Posselt.

Ryc. 7. Rozmieszczenie obiektów odkrytych w trakcie badań archeologicznych w Wodarg. Staw i rekonstrukcja zarysów budynku, kładek i powalonych konstrukcji obronnych (po prawej) oraz reliktów zabudowań osady z budynkami w konstrukcji słupowej, piwniczkami (kolor szary) i jamami datowanymi od IX po XIV w. (kolor biały). Koncepcja P. de Rijk, oprac. C. Hartl-Reiter, ze zmianami N. Posselta.

Fig. 8. View on the posts and the dropped wooden wall (in the foreground) of the Wodarg “Kemlade”. Photo by P. de Rijk.

Ryc. 8. Widok na słupy i zwaloną konstrukcję obronną (na pierwszym planie) na terenie gródka typu „Kemlade” w Wodarg. Fot. P. de Rijk.

Fig. 9. Reconstruction of the Wodarg “Kemlade” with drawbridge, gable posts and redrawing of the preserved eaves side according to the archaeological features. Concept by P. de Rijk, M. Segschneider, drawing by A. Behrendt, modified by N. Posselt.

Ryc. 9. Rekonstrukcja zabudowy gródka typu „Kemlade” w Wodarg z mostem zwodzonym, zwieńczeniami ścian szczytowych i przerys zachowanych reliktów ścian. Koncepcja P. de Rijk, M. Segschneider, rys. A. Behrendt, ze zmianami N. Posselta.

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in feuds and private wars. Because written sources do not exist, the exact context of the Wodarg “Kemlade” and its destruction has to remain open.

59The embattled castle...

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Fig. 10. Compilation of crossbow bolt heads from Wodarg. Drawing by N. Posselt.

Ryc. 10. Zestawienie grotów bełtów odkrytych w Wodarg. Rys. N. Posselt.

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More archaeological indications for conflicts imposing hilltop castles of Northeast Germany. at late-medieval castles in Northeast Germany In the alternately Pomeranian and Brandenburg

The finds of Sternhagen and Wodarg are castle a large, round brick tower was erected not isolated. An impressive example of combat soon after 1200, the so-called “Grützpott” (“groats

thoperations around a castle is known from Stolpe pot”). In the 15 c. it was in possession of the upon Oder (Uckermark distr.), one of the most feudal family von Buch. In 1445 the hillfort castle


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Fig. 11. Collection of military and equestrian equipment from Wodarg. 1 – long knife; 2 – wooden grip of a ballock dagger; 3, 5 – iron axe heads; 4 – spanning hook of a crossbow; 6-7 – iron spurs with small rowels. Drawing by N. Posselt.

Ryc. 11. Zbiór militariów i elementów oporządzenia jeździeckiego odkrytego w Wodarg. 1 – nóż bojowy; 2 – drewniana rękojeść puginału nerkowego; 3, 5 – żeleźca toporów; 4 – hak do naciągania kuszy; 6-7 – żelazne ostrogi z niewielkimi kółkami gwiaździstymi. Rys. N. Posselt.

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was besieged and conquered by Friedrich II “Grützpott” lots of weapons and armament parts Eisenzahn, Prince of Brandenburg (Krauskopf were found, indicating this siege, among them 2012, 181-182). In the debris inside the an arquebus, a crossbow windlass, a sword blade,


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Fig. 12. Selection of bolt heads and arrowheads found next to the castle of Demmin (after Schoknecht 1988, 172, Abb. 10).

Ryc. 12. Wybór grotów bełtów i strzał odkrytych w sąsiedztwie zamku w Demmin (wg Schoknecht 1988, 172, Abb. 10).

a suit of armor and helmet parts as well as 117 crossbow bolt heads of different types (Krauskopf 2012, 190-193; 2013, 108, Fig. 77). Also the shattered bones of a man were uncovered in the debris layers (Jungklaus, Krauskopf 2012).

The archaeological findings of Stolpe can be connected with a historical event. In most cases this is possible only hypothetically. The castle of Galenbeck (Mecklenburgische Seenplatte distr.),

thprobably built in the late 13 c. and later in the hands of the noble family von Rieben, was destroyed in 1453 by a Pomeranian army as a robber-knights seat; 55 defenders are said to have been killed (Schwarz 1979, 37; 1987, 42; bei der Wieden, Schmidt 1996, 32). In the light of the excavations carried out by U. Schwarz in the 1980s the first fortification was a motte-and-bailey-castle which was later developed into a massive

thmoated castle with two brick towers (late 13 – th15 c.). In the ditch next to the entrance the

excavators uncovered the skeletal remains of two human individuals under charred planks, in the ruins of the bridge, destroyed by fire, several crossbow bolts and an iron spearhead (Schwarz 1980, 68). These are the relics of an attack – whether it was that of 1453 is uncertain.

A similar example is the castle of Schulenburg in the Old March (Salzwedel distr.), probably

thfounded in the late 12 c. by the Margraves of Brandenburg as a motte-and-bailey-castle with stone buildings. It was abandoned probably in

ththe late 14 c. According to old yet uncertain traditions, the fortification was destroyed by the citizens of Salzwedel in 1214 (Mittag 2002, 412). The numerous medieval metal finds found already


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Fig. 13. Fragment of gautlent from the castle in Weitin (after Schoknecht 2000, Abb. 2a).

Ryc. 13. Fragment rękawicy płytowej z zamku w Weitin (wg Schoknecht 2000, Abb. 2a).

in the 1830s, today in the Danneil museum of Salzwedel, include 13 crossbow bolt heads, a spearhead, a hatchet, a sword as well as eight stone balls of a catapult (idem 1996, 34-36; 2012, 414). But because of the lack of documentation it remains uncertain whether these bolts can be connected with the attack of 1214, with another unknown siege or with the arsenal of the castle guards.

In the case of 23 crossbow bolt heads and other arrowheads (Fig. 12) which were found in the so-called “Kuhtränke” (Schoknecht 1988, 172-174, Fig. 10) on the banks of the river Peene at the Castle of Demmin (Mecklenburgische Seenplatte distr.) a connection with combat operations around the stronghold is likely; but it is uncertain with which of the numerous attacks on the castle mentioned in written sources (bei der Wieden, Schmidt 1996, 175-176). The arrow and bolt heads represent a large variety of variants – Kempke’s types 1-3 and 8 (Kempke 1991, 23-35), besides the more or less complete typological classification of C. Krauskopf (2012, 182 Fig. 9). Nevertheless they could originate all from the same time or even the same event, as we learn by the Stolpe find (ibid., 190-193).

We face similar difficulties at the numerous small castles where written sources are generally rare, but archaeological evidence of conflicts is frequent. At Weitin (Mecklenburgische Seenplatte distr.) we know a well-fortified castle mound of 75 x 65 m width and 4.5 m height, with several ramparts, ditches and a strong wood and loam

thtower. It belongs to the 14 c. and protected the lands of the Premonstratensian monastery of Broda. There U. Schoknecht (2000, 72-74, 84, 86, 122-124, Pl. 2, 7-9) uncovered a fragment of a gauntlet – a part of a “hentzen” hand protector with a convex-curved back of the hand, characteristic for the

th 914 c. (Fig. 13) – and also two lance- or spearheads. Remarkable are 52 crossbow bolt heads – mainly Krauskopf’s type 2 (Krauskopf 2012, 182, Fig. 9) – and three arrowheads (Fig. 14). Moreover, eight more bolt heads were documented already in 1842/43. Four of the projectiles were found outside the ditch, the remaining bolts in the debris layers of the main tower. Among them are examples deformed by impact (Schoknecht 2000, Pl. 7:l, 9:g,i,k). We may connect them with a massive attack on the castle.

At the recently excavated motte-and-bailey-castle of Fincken (Mecklenburgische Seenplatte distr.), a small mound with ditch and outer bailey

th threnewed several times from 15 -17 c., three

9 See Schoknecht (1979, 151, 153, Fig. 2; 2000, 84, Pl. 2); on gauntlets lastly in detail Grönwald (2012).

63

thcrossbow bolts (Fig. 15:25-26) – Krauskopf’s from the early 15 c. At that time, the robber-type 3 (Krauskopf 2012, 182, Fig. 9) – as well knights von Prignitz sat on Fincken and used the as a wooden arrow shaft were found in fire debris castle – according to written sources – as a base


3 cm0

1

2

3 4

5

6 7

89 10 11

12

13

1415

1617

18

19

20

21 22 23

24

25

26

2728

29 3031

32

33

34 35

36

Fig. 14. Compilation of crossbow bolt heads from the castle in Weitin, partly with traces of impact (after Schoknecht 2000, Abb. 7-9).

Ryc. 14. Zestawienie grotów bełtów z zamku w Weitin, częściowo ze śladami uderzenia (wg Schoknecht 2000, Abb. 7-9).


1

2

3 45

6

7

8

9

10

11 1213 14 15 16 17

18 1920

21 22

23

24

25 26

Fig. 15. Selection of crossbow boltheads and arrowheads from castles in Northeast Germany: 1-10 – Klocksdorf; 11-24 – Cambs; 25-26 – Fincken (1-8 – after Stange 1962, 239, Abb. 160:a-f; 9-10 – after Bastian 1961, 184, Abb. 105:a; 11-24 – after Mayr 1998, 78, appendix 4: ill. 14.562-14.576; 25-26 – after Schmidt 2015, 86 fig. 10h-j).

Ryc. 15. Wybór grotów bełtów i strzał z zamków w północno-wschodnich Niemczech: 1-10 – Klocksdorf; 11-24 – Cambs; 25-26 – Fincken (1-8 – wg Stange 1962, 239, Abb. 160:a-f; 9-10 – wg Bastian 1961, 184, Abb. 105:a; 11-24 – wg Mayr 1998, 78, dodatek 4: ill. 14.562-14.576; 25-26 – wg Schmidt 2015, 86 fig. 10h-j).

0 3 cm

65

thfor pillaging in the neighboring Brandenburg Hoffmeyer 1954, 188-189) of the 14 c. (Fig. 16:2), March. Hence, the excavator B. Schmidt (2015, 93) beneath them examples with ballock-shaped guard; supposes an assault on the castle. these well-known late medieval ballock daggers

Underwater research at “Kemlade”-buildings were, as already mentioned, suitable as combat 10produced an astonishingly large number of traces weapons (Fig. 16:3). The fortification was

of fights. In Lake Röggelin near Klocksdorf destroyed before 1320 (Ulrich 2010, 73-75, Fig. 5; (Nordwestmecklenburg distr.) three “Kemlade”- 2013). Noteworthy finds were also uncovered at

thsites are known, dated to the 14 c. Two of the “Kemlade” of Ruchow (Ludwigslust-Parchim them showed traces of fire and supplied several distr.) which was investigated as early as between weapons, amongst others 10 crossbow bolt heads 1855 and 1872 (von Bülow 1867, 235-236; 1872, – Krauskopf’s type 1 and 2 (Krauskopf 2012, 182, 186-188; Bastian 1958, 101, Fig. 1; Donat 2002,

thFig. 9) (Fig. 15:1-10) – partly sticking with their 233). This 14 c. building on posts showed some points in the sea ground, a crossbow spanning indications of a drawbridge (von Bülow 1872, hook and two axes. The finds were interpreted by 187-189; Bastian 1958, 102). Weapon finds were the researcher, G. Stange, as results of military frequent in the external entrance area, including events (Bastian 1958; 1960; 1961, 170-172; Stange broken dagger or sword blades, partly damaged 1962, 235-237; Struve 1965; Mayr 1998, 12-14). crossbow bolts and an axe (von Bülow 1872, The “Kemlade” in Lake Lutowsee near Grammertin 187). Because of that it was assumed that the (Mecklenburgische Seenplatte distr.) was built, “Kemlade” found its end by fire combined with according to dendrochronological data, about 1273. heavy fighting on the bridge (ibid., 190). Similar In the course of the research more than 20 crossbow observations were made at the “Kemlade” near bolt heads (Fig. 16:1), three spearheads (KFB Cambs (Ludwigslust-Parchim distr.) in the 1960s. 2011, 436, Fig. 189), fragments of a sword In the course of the investigation a field of posts with an iron spheric pommel of Group III (Bruhn- of approximately 9 x 9.5 m appeared in a distance


0 3 cm

Fig. 16. Selection of military elements from Grammertin “Kemlade”: 1 – arrowheads; 2 – spheric sword pommel; 3 – ballock dagger (after Ulrich 2013, Abb. 1:a-e).

Ryc. 16. Wybór zabytków uzbrojenia z gródka typu „Kemlade” w Grammertin 1 – groty strzał; 2 – głowica miecza; 3 – puginał nerkowy (wg Ulrich 2013, Abb. 1:a-e).

:

1

2

3

10 To these daggers see Schoknecht (1980; 1983; 1992).

66

of about 40 m to the shore of the lake. This concentrated on the immense brick tower which relatively long distance seems favorable because does not only form the central building but also already then crossbows lost their vigor and covered the side of the castle which was exposed

thaccuracy. The building was used in the 14 c. to an attack. The skeletal remains from Galenbeck and was destroyed by a fire. Beside numerous and Stolpe, located under debris layers, illustrate other finds, 15 iron projectiles (Fig. 15:11-24) that the destruction of the buildings occurred can be mentioned (Kapitän 1961; Bastian 1961b; during or immediately after the attacks, in any Mayr 1998). Again they belong to Krauskopf’s case before the battlefield could be cleared and frequent types 1 and 2 (Krauskopf 2012, 182, the dead bodies could be recovered for regular Fig. 9). burial; so they remained undiscovered amongst

the ruins. The situation at Sternhagen allows Conclusion for understanding the heavy barrage by the While for a long time weapons were rather crossbowmen across the ditches towards the

underrepresented among the archaeological material main castle. The weakest point of all timber from castles, in recent years the number of such castles – their combustibility – becomes visible objects has risen substantially, due to increased at many researched sites, surprisingly also at the fieldworks and the scientific use of metal detectors; stilt houses in the waters. Most of the attacks in particular concerning the main late medieval ended in smoking ruins.distance weapon, the crossbow and its bolts. With Of course the elements of the castles served the increasing number of excavations at castles as a demonstration of strength, power and the there is also increasing evidence of military action will to defend, too – the height of the artificial or – fire and debris layers with weapons, sometimes natural mound, of the walls or plank fences, the even skeletal remains of human victims. It must width of the ditches, the technical skill and size be emphasized that such finds are known also of the tower, the house buildings and bridge from fortifications whose defensive value seems constructions. Nevertheless, the practical usability to be comparatively weak, like the small motte- of the castles was more important, which were and-bailey-castles, castle mounds or lake dwellings not coincidentally built mainly in the troubled (“Kemladen”). However, the findings of crossbow times between 1300 and 1450. This is confirmed bolts and other weapons in combination with these archaeologically by the research results from fortifications suggest that they were indeed objects Sternhagen, Wodarg and the other discussed of attacks and defense. sites. Particularly remarkable is the multitude

Concerning this matter, it must be considered of “Kemlade”-buildings with traces of military that in most cases also the potential of an attacker action and destruction. One will rather trust the was limited, in view of his personnel contingent, archaeological indications of heavy fighting at his weapons and tools as well as concerning his castles from the Late Middle Ages and their role limited possibilities to organize a siege. When as “foci” of military conflicts, bases for feuds, a hostile neighboring knight with a few mercenaries robber-barons and private wars because this image threatened with an attack on a feudal seat, even is in accordance with the information delivered a “Kemlade” with its firm walls and doors, the by contemporary written sources. The northeast

th thnaturally protected water location and the possibility German fortifications of the 13 -15 c., as modest of shooting back from high positions could offer as they seem to be, were primarily instruments of huge advantages; without doubt, this was the defense and military enforcement of interests in case also at the often well-fortified motte-and- a belligerent and violent time. The archaeological

11bailey-castles and castle mounds. The archaeological finds tell of that in a very direct manner.observations do not only illustrate these affairs, moreover they also deliver details of the tactics PD Felix Biermann PhD.of the combat operations. Thus, there was heavy Georg-August-Universität Göttingenfighting at the bridges and entrances – crossbow fire Göttingen(Wodarg) or close combat (Galenbeck, Ruchow), as it is well known by battlefield-archaeological Normen Posselt M.A.research of other epochs (cf. Meyer 2013, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen49-51). Obviously the combat operations at Stolpe Göttingen


11 Proof reading: Mirko Wittwar PhD.

67

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Jednym z powszechniejszych na siedziby drobnego rycerstwa były niezwykle efek-wschodniej Równinie Niemieckiej późnośrednio- tywne szczególnie w czasach wojen prywatnych i lo-wiecznych typów fortyfikacji są gródki typu motte, kalnych konfliktów, kiedy władza centralna terytorial-nazywane również gródkami stożkowatymi bądź za- nych suwerenów malała. łożeniami typu „Kemlade” – a często po prostu Należy podkreślić, że znaleziska militariów po-zamkami, dziś często uważanymi bardziej za formę chodzą również z warowni, których wartości defen-demon-stracji potęgi militarniej niż element funkcjo- sywne są porównywalnie mniejsze. W tym kontekście nalny systemu fortyfikacji. Wzrastająca liczba badań należy rozważyć także fakt, że w wielu przypadkach wykopaliskowych, jak i prospekcji z użyciem wy- potencjał atakujących również był ograniczony i po-krywacza metali dostarcza niezwykle często dużych tęga militarna zamków była do niego dostosowana. zespołów zabytków uzbrojenia, w tym w szczegól- Archeologiczne dowody z zamków nie tylko stano-ności pocisków i elementów broni miotającej, ale wią ilustrację tych konfliktów, ale dostarczają rów-również śladów ataków, warstw pożarowych i nawet nież szczegółów dotyczących taktyki obieranej pod-kości ofiar. czas wojennych kampanii.

Bazując na przykładach dwóch stanowisk – Omwione zamki służyły także jako demonstra-wzgórza zamkowego Sternhagen (Uckermark) i gród- cja siły i potęgi. Niemniej jednak dużo większe zna-ka typu “Kemlade” z Wodarg (Cispomerania) – czenie miała ich rola praktyczna; nieprzypadkowe w kontekście znalezionych na ich terenie militariów wydaje się, że budowano je głównie w niespokoj-omówiono wartości wojenne tych niewielkich forty- nych czasach między 1300, a 1500 r. Fortyfikacje fikacji. Dalsze archeologiczne dowody na oblężenia w północno-wschodnich Niemczech z XIII-XV w. i najazdy, znane z zamków w Fincken, Galenbeck, miały na celu obronę oraz umacnianie interesów Klocksdorf, Schulenburg, Stolpe i Weitin, podkreślają w wojowniczych i gwałtownych czasach.praktyczne użytkowanie warowni, jako umocnionych miejsc obrony i działań wojennych. Obwałowane Tłumaczył Arkadiusz Michalak

północno-

Streszczenie

Felix BiermannNormen Posselt

OBLĘŻONE WAROWNIE – ARCHEOLOGICZNE PRZYKŁADY PÓŹNOŚREDNIOWIECZNE Z PÓŁNOCNO-WSCHODNICH NIEMIEC

studia i materiaŁy – studies and materials felix...

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