studi turchi ottomani 4 2014. ca' foscari univerity press. venice. the venetian baylo's registers...

8/12/2019 Studi Turchi Ottomani 4 2014. Ca' Foscari Univerity Press. Venice. The Venetian Baylo's Registers (1589-1684)

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Hill. Studi turchi e ottomani 4

Venedik BaylosununDefterleriThe Venetian Baylos

Registers(1589-1684)Serap Mumcu

EdizioniCaFoscari


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EdizioniCaFoscari

Hill

Studi turchi e ottomani

Collana diretta daMaria Pia Pedani

Elisabetta Ragagnin

4

Venedik Baylosunun Defterleri

The Venetian Baylos Registers

(1589-1684)


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HillStudi turchi e ottomani

Direttori | General editorsMaria Pia Pedani (Universit Ca Foscari Venezia, Italia)Elisabetta Ragagnin(University of Cambridge, UK)

Comitato scientifico | Advisory boardBlent Ar (TBMM Milli Saraylar, Mzecilik ve Tantm Baskan, Istanbul, Trkiye)nder Bayr (TC Basbakanlk Devlet Arsivi Daire Baskanlg, Osmanl Arsivi Daire Baskanlg, Istanbul, Trkiye)Dejanirah Couto (cole Pratique des Hautes tudes EPHE, Paris, France)Mehmet Yavuz Erler(Ondokuz Mays niversitesi, Samsun, Trkiye)Fabio Grassi (Universit di Roma La Sapienza, Italia)Figen Gner Dilek (Gazi niversitesi, Ankara, Trkiye)Stefan Han (Freie Universitt, Berlin, Deutschland)Baiarma Khabtagaeva (Szegedi Tudomnyegyetem, Magyarorszg)Nicola Melis (Universit degli Studi di Cagliari, Italia)Melek zyetgin (Yildiz niversitesi, Istanbul, Trkiye)Cristina Tonghini(Universit Ca Foscari Venezia, Italia)

Direzione e redazione

Dipartimento di Studi sullAsia sullAfrica MediterraneaSezione Asia Orientale e AntropologiaUniversit Ca Foscari VeneziaPalazzo Vendramin dei Carmini

Dorsoduro 346230123 Venezia

http://edizionicafoscari.unive.it/col/exp/27/Hilal


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Venedik Baylosunun DefterleriThe Venetian Baylos Registers(1589-1684)

Serap Mumcu

Venezia

Edizioni Ca Foscari - Digital Publishing

2014


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Venedik Baylosunun Defterleri | The Venetian Baylos Registers (1589-1684)Serap Mumcu

2014 Serap Mumcu for the texts 2014 Edizioni Ca Foscari - Digital Publishing for the edition

Every part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmittedin any form or by any means without permission provided that the source is fully credited.Qualunque parte di questa pubblicazione pu essere riprodotta, memorizzata in un sistema di

recupero dati o trasmessa in qualsiasi forma o con qualsiasi mezzo, elettronico o meccanico,senza autorizzazione, a condizione che se ne citi la fonte.

Edizioni Ca Foscari - Digital PublishingUniversit Ca Foscari VeneziaDorsoduro 168630123 Venezia

http://edizionicafoscari.unive.it/[email protected]

I edition March 2014ISBN 978-88-97735-57-1 (pdf)ISBN 978-88-97735-58-8 (print)

Cover design: Studio Girardi, Venezia | Edizioni Ca Foscari


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Sevgili hocam Prof. Dr. Mahmut H. akirolu ansnaIn memory of my professor Mahmut H. akirolu


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7

Tesekkr

Bu alma Venedik Devlet ArivindeBailo a Costantinopoli250-252

numaral seride bulunan ve 1589dan 1682ye kadar uzanan yaklak yzyllk sreci kapsayan 943 belgeyi ele almaktadr.stanbuldaki Venedikli diplomatlar Osmanl sultanlarnn ve nemli

devlet grevlilerinin mektuplarnn kopyalarn, Venediklilerin ilerindereferans olmas iin, kendi arivlerinde bulundurmaya zen gsteri-

yorlard. te bu ekilde Carte Turche Registri (Trke kartlar) adverilen kayt serisi ortaya kt. Bu kaytlar Osmanl Trkesi ve VenedikCumhuriyetinin resmi tercmanlar tarafndan yaplan talyanca eviri-leri ierir. Belge asllar sklkla Venedike gnderilmekle birlikte bunla-rn birer kopyas Babakanlk Osmanl Arivinde Maliyeden Mdevver

Defterler iinde de bulunmaktadr.Burada allan belgeler Hkm, Mektup, Nin- erif, Berat, Hc-

cet ve Arzdr. Bugn iki devletin ilikileri sadece tarihiler iin deilbirok kesimce merak edilmektedir. Bunun da en temel nedeni bu ilikialarn kantlayan belgelerin Osmanl Devletinin bilinmeyenlerini gz-ler nne karaca dncesidir. Ancak imdiye kadar ortaya konulanalmalar, ilikilerin ortaya konulmasnda yeterli deildir. Bu almaolduka geni bir sreci btnlkl olarak ele almakta ve Osmanl Dev-leti ile Venedikin bu srete zellikle ticari faaliyetlerinin geliimini ve

bu faaliyetleri sekteye uratan gelimeleri gzler nne sermektedir.Belgeleri ele alma aamasnda genel olarak ksa zetlerle geitirilmibir alma yapmak yerine, btnlkl ve ayrntl bir alma aratr-maclar iin ok daha verimli olacakt. Bu nedenle alma, her bir belgetek tek ele alnarak hem Trke geni zet hem de ngilizce ksa zeteklinde hazrland. Trke zet aamasnda dnemin Osmanl Trke-sini ok fazla deitirmeden, bilhassa yabanc kelimelerin orijinalinesadk kalnarak yazlmasnn daha uygun olduuna karar verdik. Hemenhemen btn belgelerin hem Osmanlca hem de talyanca kopyalarnnbulunmas yabanc isimlerin yazmnda byk kolaylk salad. talyanca


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VENEDIK BAYLOSUNUN DEFTERLERI | THE VENETIAN BAYLOS REGISTERS (1589-1684)

8 MUMCU. TESEKKR | ACKNOWLEDG MENTS

metinlerin genel olarak daha ayrntl olmas da baz Osmanlca metin-lerde eksik kalan tarih, yer ad, kii ad gibi bilgilerin tamamlanmasndanemli bir katk salad.

ncelikle almann btn aamalarnda yanmda olan ve benden

desteini esirgemeyen ve bana gerek bir retmen olan kymetli ho-cam Ca Foscari niversitesinden Prof. Dr. Maria Pia Pedaniye, Gaziniversitesinden Yksek Lisans tez danmanm, kymetli hocam Prof.Dr. Ahmet Gnee, almaya nemli fikirleriyle katkda bulunan ve heraamasnda bizimle heyecanlanan Prof. Dr. Antonio Fabrise, bana g-

vendii ve sonuna kadar destekledii iin Prof. Dr. Nevin zkana, Anka-ra talyan Kltr Merkezinden Esra Orhana, cesaret verici tleriyle

yolumu aan Prof. Dr. Tufan Gndze, Venedik Devlet Arivi almaOdas Ba Sorumlusu Michela Dal Borgoya, Venedik Arivindeki al-

ma srem boyunca kymetli fikirlerini benimle paylaan tarihi arkada-larm Emrah Safa Grkana, Levent Kaya Ocakaana, zgr Orala veGner Doana talyanca belgeleri okuma ve anlama aamasnda ben-den yardmlarn esirgemeyen talyan aratrmaclar Mauro Bondioliye,Erasmo Castellanoya, Massimo Galtarossaya, Davide Geronazzoya veChristian Rossiye, hem Yunanca hem talyanca yer ve ahs isimlerindebenden yardmn esirgemeyen Christos Zampokalosa, Venedik Devlet

Arivinin tm alanlarna, Trkiyeden yardm eli uzatan EbubekirSddk ahine, Musa Gme, Fatih Tunkla, ngilizce eviriye kat-klarndan dolay Merve Bier, Yaar Tolga Cora ile Deanna Cachoian-

Sancheze ve sevgili aileme teekkr bir bor bilirim.

Serap MumcuEyll 2013

Venedik


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9

Acknowledgments

This book contains the summaries of 943 Ottoman documents dating

back to the period 1589-1682, written in eleven registers kept in the ar-chives ofBailo a Constantinopoli,boxes 250-252, in the Venetian StateArchives. Venetian diplomats in Istanbul considered it important to keepthe copies of letters of sultans and Ottoman officials that made referenceto Venetian affairs in their own archives. In this way the series of regis-ters called Carte turche.Registriwas created. It contains both Ottomantexts and their Italian translations made by the official interpreters ofthe Republic. Originals were usually sent to Venice, while the drafts arestill kept in the Ottoman archives (Babakanlk Osmanl Arivi), aboveall in the seriesMaliyeden mdevver.

The documents studied here are imperial orders (hkm), letters(mektup), imperial decrees (nin- erf), patents (berat), legaldocuments (hccet) and petitions (arz- hal). They are important togive new light to Venetian-Ottoman relations. Today several scholars,belonging to different research fields, are interested in the past relationsthat had taken place between these two states. There is the widespreadidea that the Venetian documents can reveal still unknown elementsof the history of the Ottoman Empire. This study aims at helping tounderstand the complex process of these relations and, since these

documents make reference particularly to commercial relations, to givenew light to Ottoman-Venetian economic history.Working on these registers, I soon realized that a long description of the

documents would be more useful for researchers than short summaries.Therefore the documents were carefully read one by one and detailed sum-maries in Turkish were prepared, together with some brief information inEnglish. Other copies in Ottoman, together with ancient translations intoItalian, helped me to understand better the documents and to complete themissing parts such as dates, names of places and persons.

First of all, I owe my deepest thanks to my valuable Professor Dr.


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10 MUMCU. TESEKKR | ACKNOWLEDG MENTS

Maria Pia Pedani, from Ca Foscari University of Venice, who supportedme during the research process being a real teacher for me. I wouldalso like to thank my supervisor, Professor Dr. Ahmet Gne from GaziUniversity of Ankara. Thanks also to Professor Dr. Antonio Fabris who

contributed to this work with his advices and enthusiasm, Professor Dr.Nevin zkan who trusted and deeply supported me, Esra Orhan fromthe Institute of Italian Culture in Ankara and Professor Dr. Tufan Gunduzwho enlightened my way with his encouraging advices. My gratitude isalso extended to Dr. Michela Dal Borgo, the head of the reading roomof the Venetian State Archive; my historian colleagues who shared their

valuable ideas during my research in the Archive of Venice: Emrah SafaGrkan, Levent Kaya Ocakaan, zgr Oral and Gner Doan; my Italianresearch colleagues who supported me in reading and understanding

documents in Italian: Mauro Bondioli, Erasmo Castellano, Massimo Gal-tarossa, Davide Geronazzo and Christian Rossi; Christos Zampakolaswho helped me to understand all the names of places and people inGreek and Italian; all the staff of the Venetian State Archives; EbubekirSddk ahin, Musa Gm and Fatih Tunkl, who supported me fromTurkey; Merve Bier, Yaar Tolga Cora and Deanna Cachoian-Schanz forthe translation into English; and finally my dearest family.

Serap MumcuSeptember 2013

Venice


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11

nsz

Maria Pia Pedani

Ca Foscari niversitesi Venedik

2000li yllarn banda dikkatimi eken Venedik Devlet Arivinden

Bailo a Costantinopoli, Carte Turcheserisi 1987 ylnda balayan uzuntasnif srecinin ardndan aratrmaclarn hizmetine sunulmutu. Ariv-deki bu belgelerin yllar nce grm olduum Osmanl kroniklerindenolduka farkl ve bu nedenle de ok nemli olduunu ilk grte anla-mtm. Osmanl Trkesinde hazrlanp birer talyanca kopyas ile mu-hafaza edilen bu belgelerle Venedikli diplomatlarn Osmanl sultanlarnakar ve iki devlet arasndaki ilikilerde nasl bir brokrasi izledikleriakla kavumaktadr. Bunlar; Akdenizde sregelen Venedik-Osmanlticareti, Balkan topraklarnda Venedikliler iin gerekleen askeri alm-lar, Osmanl Devleti tarafndan Venedik gemilerine saldran Arnavut kor-

san gemilerinin yaklmas ynnde verilen emirler, sadece karada deildenizlerde de ortak snrlarn kurulmas, Levante blgesinde olduu gibi

Avrupada da seyahat eden Hristiyan ve Mslman tccarlarn bandangeen ilgin olaylar, Osmanl sultan ve Venedik doju arasndaki dostlua

vurgu yapan Osmanl Devletinden Venedike gnderilen mektuplardr.Beraber almalar yrttm rencim Serap Mumcu bu seride

muhafaza edilen 11 defter zerinde iki yl akn bir alma srecindensonra bu zorlu grevi baaryla tamamlad.

Bu iin olduka zorlu taraflar oldu: Kii ve yer adlarnn yazmnn

birbirinden farkllk gstermesi, birbirinden olduka farkl belgelerin birarada bulunmas, Osmanl Trkesi ve Venedik lehesinden kaynaklananzorluklar, iki dilde hazrlanan belgenin birbirinden farkllk gsterdiidurumlar ki genellikle Osmanl Trkesi ksmnda daha ayrntl bilgilermevcuttur ve son olarak Venedik Devlet ArivindeBailo a Costantino-poliserisinin tam dzenli bir ekilde tasniflenememi olmas da aratr-maclara yardmc olmayan, yanl bilgilendirme sunan ve ciddi anlam-da almay zorlatran bir etken olmutur. (rnek verecek olursak;sra halinde birbirini takip eden belgelerden birka tanesi almanntamamlanmasna gnler kala tamamen tesadf eseri bambaka bir seri


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12 PEDANI. NSZ | PREFACE

ierisinden kmtr. Bu eksik belgelerin bulunduu seri ile ilgili olarakhibir mevcut bilgi bulunmamaktadr).

Bu kitap, Ca Foscari niversitesi editrlnde on-line olarak yaym-lanmaya balanan ve gen aratrmaclarn Tarih, Dil, Trkoloji, Trke

ve Osmanl Trkesi alanlarndaki almalarn ieren Hill Dergi-sinden yaymlanmaktadr.

Serap Mumcu, Venedik Arivinin alma salonunda geirdii sayszsaatlerin ardndan hazrlad bu almay imdi bu sahann aratrma-clarna sunuyor. imdi tarihiler sadece kaybedilen ya da kazanlan sa-

valardan ibaret olmayan, dostluklar ve ortak paylamlar da kapsayanbilimsel bir tarihsel yaklam, gemiteki Venedik-Osmanl ilikileriniortaya koyan yeni ve harika bir kaynaa sahipler.


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13

Preface

Maria Pia Pedani

Ca Foscari University, Venice

The series Carte turche. Registriattracted my attention many years

ago, between 1999 and 2000. At that time, the series became availableto scholars after a long lasting re-arrangement process that had start-ed in 1987.The first time I saw these documents, I could immediately see howdifferent they are from Ottoman chronicles and therefore what an im-portant historical source they are.These documents, written in Ottoman and provided with Italian trans-lations, are very important to understand the way Venetian diplomatsmanaged the sultans bureaucracy.These documents clearly deal with the following topics that would oth-

erwise be difficult for historians to fathom: Venetian-Ottoman tradein the Mediterranean; recruitments of soldiers in the Balkans for the

Venetians; imperial orders of burning Albanian pirates ships that hadattacked Venetian ships; establishment of common borders not only onland but also on sea waters; peculiar episodes that happened to Mus-lim and Christian merchants travelling both in the Levant and in Eu-rope; imperial letters that firmly state the friendship existing betweenthe sultan and the doge.One of my students, Serap Mumcu, undertook the difficult task of mak-

ing summaries of the documents kept in the first eleven registers ofthis series. It has taken about 2 years to successfully carry out thisdifficult task.The difficulties were manifold: names of persons and places writtenin different manners; occurrence of extremely different documents allmixed-up together, several ways of dating documents; difficulties aris-en from both the Ottoman and Venetian language; discrepancies be-tween the Ottoman documents and their Venetian translation to suchan extent that the sections written in Ottoman provide more detailedinformation.


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14 PEDANI. NSZ | PREFACE

Last but not least, the fact that the series Bailo a Costantinopoli hasnot yet been arranged in a proper order surely does not help scholarsin their research. Moreover, the inventory is often misleading. For in-stance some pages belonging to one of these registers were found by

chance in another box without giving any information about the dateand nature of these pages just a couple of days before handing in thiswork.This book is now available in the new on-line series Hill, publishedby Ca Foscari University Press, created to promote, above all, youngscholars works on Turkic, Turkish and Ottoman history, language andculture.

A fter spending countless hours in the reading room of the VenetianArchive, Serap Mumcu presents her work to the scholarly platform.

Now historians have a new and wonderful collection of sources forstudying past Ottoman-Venetian relations that do not merely consistof lost vs. won wars, as a certain historiography believes, but also offriendship and shared interests.


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15

Giris

1 Osmanl Devleti ve Venedik

Osmanl Devleti ile Venedik ilikileri xv. yzyln ilk yarsnda Osman-l Devletinin topraklarn geniletmeye balad dnemde kurulmuve SerenissimaCumhuriyetinin (En Huzurlu Cumhuriyet) 1797de sonbulmasna kadar srmt. Bu ilikiler iki devlet arasnda siyasi, sosyal,ekonomik ve ayn zamanda kltrel anlamda etkileime neden olmutu.

Adriyatikin incisi olarak tannan Venedik, Dou Akdenizde xv. yzyl-dan xv. yzyla kadar hkm srmt; ancak Venedikli tccarlar Le-vanteolarak adlandrdklar bu topraklardaki ticaretlerine Osmanl Dev-leti kurulmadan ok nce v. yzylda balamlard. ZamanlaLevanteblgesinin en nemli ticaret merkezine dnen Venedik, Adriyatik ze-

rindeki konumundan dolay Dou ve Batdan gelen ticaret metalarnntopland bamsz bir merkeze dnmt. Serenissimann gemileriher yl Venedik lagnnden Yunan topraklarna, stanbula, Karadenize,Suriye kylarna, Msra ve Kuzey Afrikaya doru hareket ediyordu.te yandan Venedik Cumhuriyetinin tccarlar Douda, rana ve BasraKrfezine doru yol alyorlard. Venedik bu nedenle xv. yzyl ile xv.yzyllar arasnda olduka zengin bir ehir devletine dnmt. Buyzyllar arasnda zellikle karabiber Rialto pazarnda altn ile llyor;dier baharatlar ise Bat ve Kuzey Avrupaya gnderilmek zere satl-

yordu. (Lane 1978; Nicol, Gven 2000; Dudan 2006; Braudel et al. 2007)Venedikliler Dou Akdenizde gl bir devlet kurmu olmalarnaramen btn Akdeniz havzasn kontrol edecek gl bir ekonomik veaskeri gten yoksundu. Bu nedenle de Bizans Devletinin dmesininardndan Osmanllarn topraklarn geniletmesiyle Dou Akdenizde

yeni ve gl bir devlet ile uramak zorunda kalmlard. xv. yzyllaVenedikliler g savanda geride kalrken Osmanllar ve spanya Kral-l ordular ve zenginlikleri sayesinde Akdenizde yaylmac politikalargelitiriyorlard. Osmanl Devleti ile yaptklar iki uzun savan ardndanxv. yzylda yaadklar ksa bir krizden kmay baaran Venedikliler


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16 MUMCU. GIRIS | INTRODUCTION

xv. yzyla kadar varlklarn srdrp Douda da ticarete devamedebildiler. Osmanl Devleti ile uzun yzyllar temas halinde olan Ve-nedikliler onlarn gcnn farkndalard. Zaman zaman dostluk zamanzaman da dmanlk arasnda gidip gelen ilikilere ramen iki devlet de

aralarndaki ticaretten byk karlar elde ediyorlard. (Theunissen 1998;Faroqhi 2004; nalck 2007; Brummet 2009; Pedani 2010a)

2 Istanbulda Venedikli Diplomatlar

Osmanl Devleti ve Venedik arasndaki diplomatik ilikiler 1453 y-lndan itibaren straordinario ambascitore(olaanst bykeliler) ve

Venedikin stanbuldaki temsilcileri kabul edilen bayloslar vastasyla

yrtlyordu. Bykeliler sadece olaanst bir grev iin giderlerve bu grevi tamamladklarnda tekrar Venedike dnerlerdi. BunlarOsmanllar tarafndan 1670 ylna kadar eli; bu tarihten sonra isebykeli olarak adlandrldlar. Hiyerarik adan bykeliler bay-loslardan daha st srada yer alyorlard. Orta a dneminde baylosla-rn, konsoloslarnkine benzer, sadece Venedikin lke dndaki koloni-lerini korumak gibi grevleri vard. Bu nedenle bayloslarn yerini zamaniinde konsoloslar devrald ve sadece stanbulda olmak zere bir tekbaylos kald. 1265 ylnda kurulan baylosluk ofisinin kkeni stanbulun1204 ylnda Latinler tarafndan fethine kadar gitmektedir. Bu fethin

ardndan stanbuldaki Venedik topluluunun bana podest(belediyebakan) olarak geen grevli, ite bu baylosluk ofisinin kuruluundan yl sonra 1268de Venedik doju tarafndan stanbula baylos olarakatanmt. Osmanllarn stanbulu fethi esnasnda Bizansllarn yanndamcadele eden Venedik baylosu Girolamo Minotto yakalandktan sonra. Mehmetin emriyle ldrlmt. Daha sonra Bartolemeo Marcellobykeli sfatyla stanbula gnderildi ve iki devlet arasnda yaplanbar antlamasnn ardndan burada baylos olarak kald. Baylos xv. yz-

yln sonuna kadarLevantede bulunan konsoloslardan daha fazla neme

sahip olsa da esasnda sadece bir konsolosun yetkilerine sahipti. 1575ylnda ilan edilen bir yasa ile bayloslar Venedikin stanbulda yaayanresmi temsilcisi unvann aldlar. (Bertel 2012, 31-46; Coco, Manzonetto1985, 13-20; Dursteler 2012, 23)

Baylos kelimesinin Osmanl Trkesinde yazmnda tam bir netlik yok-tur. Bailo, baylos balyos nadir olmakla birlikte balyoz yazmla-rna da denk gelinmitir. almaya dhil olan 943 belgenin genelinde bukelime baylos olarak belirtildii iin biz de baylos ifadesini semeyiuygun bulduk. (akirolu 1992, 43-47)

Venedik baylosu stanbuldaki Venedik topluluunun en st dzey y-


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MUMCU. GIRIS | INTRODUCTION 17

neticilii gibi nemli bir mevkide bulunuyordu. Venedik topluluundankast sadece Venedik ehrinden gelen Venedikliler (Veneziano) deil,Serenissimann snrlarnda yaayan btn halklar (Veneto) da kap-syordu. Baylosun Osmanl Devletinin yneticileriyle Venediklilerin i-

lerinde karlatklar problemleri zmek zere kurduklar st dzeyilikileri vard ve bu problemlerin zm iin bayloslar Osmanlnnmerkezine arz- hal sunuyorlard. Bayloslar, geni casusluk a ve Vene-dikli diplomatlarn Osmanlnn paalar ve beyleriyle kurduklar kiiselarkadalklar sayesinde Venedike gvenli bilgiler gnderebiliyorlard.(Grkan 2012a, 28-34) Venedikliler kurmu olduklar konsolosluk a ileLevanteblgesinde dzenli temas halinde oldular. (Pedani 2007) Vene-dikli diplomatlar yurt dnda geirdikleri srecin ardndan Senatoyaresmi raporlarn sunmak zorundalard. Bu raporlar gemi yzyllarda

yabanclar tarafndan da hevesle okunan ve nemli bir tarihsel kaynakkabul edilen nl relazionelerdi. (Albri 1840; Albri 1844; Albri 1855;Albri 1863; Barozzi, Berchet 1871; Firpo 1984; Pedani-Fabris 1996; Va-lensi 1987)

3 Baylosun Arsivi

Osmanl Devleti ve Venedik arasndaki ilikiler gnmze ok say-da belgenin kalmasna neden olmutur. Bugn, Venedik Devlet Arivi,

Marciana Ktphanesi, Trkiye arivleri ve ktphanelerinde ayrcadnyann sayl arivlerinde bu ilikilerin neticesinde gnmze kalanbelgeler bulunmaktadr. Osmanl tarihi ile ilgilenen tarihiler her daim

Venedik arivini kullanmlardr. ncelikle Joseph von Hammer-Pugstall,bir ksm Venedikte bir ksm da Viyanada tutulan belgeleri kulland.(Hammer-Purgstall 1827-1835) Bu belgelerin en nemlisi xx. yzyln ilkyarsnda, Avusturya mahkemelerine gnderildi ve 1866 ylnda talyanKrall ve Avusturya mparatorluu arasnda yaplan anlama uyarncageri alnd. (Cecchetti 1870, 7-10, 20-21) Venedik Devlet Arivinde al-

an erafettin Turan, Mahmut akirolu ve Tayyip Gkbilgin gibi Trktarihileri bu belgelerin Venedik-Osmanl tarihi ilikilerine yeni bir ktutabileceini ve hatta bu belgelerden yoksun bir ekilde bir Osmanltarihi yazlamayacan iddia etmilerdir. (Gkbilgin 1964; Turan 1968;akirolu 1987; Gkbilgin 1987; Gkbilgin 1979a; Gkbilgin 1979b; a-kirolu 1982; akirolu 1990; Turan 2000) Seksenli yllarda bu arivdealma yapan Cemal Kafadar, burada ticari faaliyetlere ilikin belgelerinieriinin 1560larda daha ayrntl olmaya baladndan bahsetmekte

ve 1570-1573 sava dneminden sonra ticaret faaliyetlerinin arttnbelirtmektedir. (Kafadar 2010) Kafadarn bu yorumunu destekler ekil-


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de bu almaya dhil olan belgelerin de balang tarihinin 1580leribulmas tesadf deildir.

almam iin setiim belgeler Carte Turche(Trke Belgeler) adaltnda Venedik Devlet Arivinden Bailo a Costantinopoli (stanbul

Baylosu) serisinden bulunanlardr. Bu ad stanbulda bulunan Venediklidiplomatlarn ve onlarn erknnn yaad baylosluk evinde muhafazaedilen Venedik Bykelilik Arivinden gelmekteydi. Venedikliler 1204

ylndan nceki dnemlerde stanbulda bugnk Eminnnde bir yer-de yayorlard. (Ar 2009) Fatih Sultan Mehmed, 1453te stanbulunfethinin ardndan Venedikli diplomatlara daha nce Anconallarn ana

yerlekesi olan blgeyi vermiti. 1499-1502 sava esnasnda Emin-nndeki yerlerini kaybeden Venedikliler, xv. yzyln banda Halitezm balaryla nl Pera ya da Galata olarak adlandrlan blgede b-

ykelilere tercmanlk yapan Salvago ailesine ait bir evi kiralamlard.Venedikliler bu evi xv. yzyln ikinci yarsnda satn aldlar. Burannhemen yaknnda, Tom Tom Soka olarak adlandrlan yerin karsndaFransz bykelilii bulunuyordu. Venedikin Osmanl Devleti ile savasrecinde olduu karanlk dnemlerinde Venedik bykeliliinden buFransz eliliine olduka nemli yazmalar gnderiliyordu.

1797de Venedik Cumhuriyeti son bulunca Serenissimann topraklar-na nce Franszlar sonra Avusturyallar, 1806 ylnda yeniden Franszlar

ve 1814te yine Avusturyallar el koymulard. stanbuldaki Venedikbykelilii de bu deiimler silsilesine uymak zorunda kalmt: Ve-

nedik saray 1798de iindeki tm mobilyalar ve ariviyle Habsburgla-ra, 1806da Fransz bykeliliine, 1816da Avusturyal diplomatlaratahsis edildi. Ariv, Venedike gnderildii tarih olan 1840 ylna kadarbu sarayda kald. Bu ariv iki yl sonra Venedik arivindeki dier nemlibelgelerle birlikte Viyanaya gnderildi. Bu belgeler, Venedik, talyanKrallna bal olduu srada, 1868 eyllnde tekrar Venedike gnde-rildi. te yandan stanbuldaki baylosluk evi, talyaya teslim edilmedennce, Birinci Dnya Savann sonu olan 1918 ylna kadar Avusturyabykeliliinin elinde kald. Gnmzde Venedik saray diye de adlan-

drlan bu bina imdi talyan bykeliliinin stanbuldaki konsoloslukbinas olarak hizmet vermektedir. (zkulu 2011)Bailo a Costantinopoliarivi, stanbuldaki diplomatlarn gnderdii

resmi mektuplar dizisi (ducali), ayn diplomatlarn Venedike gnderdik-leri mektuplar (dispacci), konsoloslar veLevantedeki dier yetkililerle

yaplan yazmalar (lettere), hesap defterleri (libri di cassa) ile Osmanlbakentindeki Venedik topluluunun hayat ve ticari faaliyetlerine ilikindier belgeleri ierir. (Pedani 2013, 384)

Bu seriden bir tanesi de Carte Turche(Trke Kartlar) olarak adlan-drlmaktadr. inde 36 defterin (registri) olduu 12 dosyadan (busta)


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oluur. En eski belgenin 1589 ylna ait olduu bu serinin son tarihlibelgesi 1785 ylna aittir. Osmanl Devletine ait Osmanl Trkesindebelgeler ve bunlarn talyan bykelileri iin alan tercmanlarnn(Venedik lehesinde dragoman) yaptklar talyanca evirileri kapsar.

Siyasi ve ekonomik adan nemli olarak kabul edilen bu belgeler, ge-lecekte de muhafaza edilebilsin diye tercmanlar tarafndan bir aradatutulup kopyalanmlardr.

Ele aldmz belgeler ok sayda nme-i hmyun, hkm, nin-erf, berat, hccet, arz- hal ile Osmanl paalar ve dier devlet grev-lileri tarafndan Venedikin, Venediklilerin ve Venedik Cumhuriyetinebal olanlarn ileri iin gnderilmi mektuplardan oluur. Bunlarnbazlar Fransz, Hollandal, ngiliz bykelileri ve Venedikin Halepkonsolosu; byk ounluu ise Venedik baylosu tarafndan der saadete

sunulmu olan protesto mektuplardr. Devamlarnda genellikle divan-dan verilmi olan cevaplar bulunmaktadr. Ayn zamanda birka tanede Osmanl snrlarnda yaayan katolik papazlar ile baz merkezi ya dablgesel resmi birimlerin mektuplar vardr.

te bu belgeler 250-252 numaral dosyalarn (busta) iinde yer alan ilk11 defterde (registri) bulunmaktadr. Bunlarn genellikle kopyalar ya dabazlarnn asllar Venedik Devlet ArivndeDocumenti turchiveLetteree scritture turchescheadyla yer alan serilerde de bulunmaktadr. Bubelgelerin birer rneini stanbulda Babakanlk Osmanl Arivinde

Maliyeden MdevverveMhimme Defterleride bulmak mmkndr.

Daha net anlalmas iin rnek verecek olursak; Suraiya FaroqhininOsmanl Devletinde Venedik ticaretini konu alan makalesi, Venedik ar-ivinde deil, stanbul arivinde yapt aratrmalara dayanr. (Faroqhi1986; Pedani-Fabris 1994; Pedani 2010b)

4 Baylos Belgelerinden Osmanl-Venedik Iliskileri (1589-1682)

Carte Turcheiinde Venedik topluluunun stanbuldaki yaamlar,

Osmanl Devletindeki ticaretleri ve ayn zamanda iki lkenin siyasi ili-kilerine ait belgeler bulunmaktadr. Baylos kendi topluluu iinde kar-latklar problemlerin zm iin Osmanl sultanna arz- hal sunarve Venediklilerin Osmanllar ile yaadklar mnakaalarda ise kadyagiderdi. Baylosa yardmc olan topluluun nde gelenlerinden oluanbir xler meclisi (Consiglio di x) vard. Baylos ayn zamanda Venedik-lilerin yaadklar olumsuzluun giderilmesinde de nemli bir noktadabulunmaktayd. almaya konu olan hccetlerden de anlald zere,

Venediklilerin Osmanl topraklarnda hem Osmanl tebaas hem de dieryabanc devletlerle yaadklar sorunlarn zmnde ahitliine dan-


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lacak kii oluyordu. Venediklilerin kendi aralarndaki anlamazlklardaise zm merci baylosun kendisi oluyordu. Hristiyan haclarn Kudse

yolculuklar ve Kudste yaayan Hristiyan tebaann haklarnn korun-masnn gerei ortadadr. Venedikliler iin bir itibar meselesi olan bu

iin en salkl ekilde yaplmasnn yolu Osmanl Devletinden alnanizin belgeleri ve yine Osmanlnn merkezinden, haclarn geecekleri

yollarda bulunan beylerine gnderdikleri hkmler ve mektuplar olu-yordu. Venedike saygnlk getiren bu grev bayloslarn Venedikin dieryneticileri nezdinde daha da nemli bir yer edinmesini salamt. Artkbaylos, konsoloslar ve rahiplerin zerinde bir yetkiye sahipti. Venediklitccarlarn esir edilmeleri ya da mallarna el konulmas durumunda bay-los yine konuyla ilgilenmesi gereken kiiydi. Esir edilen Venediklilerin

ve Venediklilere ait olup onlardan el koyma yntemi ile alnan mallarn

sahiplerine iadesinin yaplmas iin bunlarn baylosa ya da onun ataya-ca kiiye teslimi talep edilirdi. Baylos, Msr ve Suriyedeki konsoloslarile temas halindeydi veLevanteblgesindeki dier konsoloslardan dahastn bir konumdayd. Osmanl topraklarnda birok yerde Venedik kon-solosluu bulunmaktayd. Konsolosluklar zerine yaplan almalar veariv belgelerine gre; Ankara, Aynoz adas, Deirmenlik (Milos) adas,Gelibolu, Halep, Suriye, am, Kahire, zmir, Kbrs, Kili, Nikola, Kuds,skenderiye, Dimyat, Mora, Naka, Sakz adas, Silivride Venedike aitkonsolosluklar bulunmaktayd.

alma ierisinde yer alan belgelerin geneli 1573 ylnda gerekleen

Kbrs savandan 1645 Girit savann balangcna kadar geen uzunbar srecine aittir. Belgelerden de anlalaca zere Girit sava ileiki devlet arasndaki ilikiler kesintiye uramtr. 1669da Girit sava-nn sona ermesiyle yeniden balayan ilikiler uzun sava srecine giril-mesiyle bir kez daha kesintiye urar. Bu sava sreci de 1699 Karlofaantlamasna kadar srer.

5 Ortak Bir Tarih

1573 ile 1645 yllar arasnda Venedik-Osmanl ticari ilikileri doruknoktasna ulamt. Venedik gemileriLevantede seyir halindeyken Os-manl tccarlar Serenissima topraklarna varyorlard. Bu arada 1573

ylnda Venedikte Rialto pazarnn yaknlarnda ilk Trk han almt.Daha sonra 1621 ylnda iinde Bosnal, Arnavut, stanbul ve Ankaradantccarlar barndracak olan yeni bina hizmete girmiti. Her yl ilkbahar-da yaklak yetmi tccar Venedike geliyor ve sonbaharda ehirden ay-rlyor; onlar ayrlrken ayn sayda tccar sonbahardan ilkbahara kadarkalmak zere ehre varyordu. Bu tccarlar temelli yerlemek yerine


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Kfir ve hrmi spanyollara kar Venediklilere, Balkanlardan asker,zahire vs yardm yaplmas iin hkmler verilmitir.

Ayn yllarda Segna Kalesinden korsanla kan Uskoklarn, Venediktarafndan Habsburglara kar Adriyatikteki yamalar Grandisca Sa-

va (1615-1617) ile durdurulmutu. te yandan dier korsanlar Magripve Arnavutluk tarafndan Kuzeye doru ilerliyorlard. zellikle Drabu faaliyetlerin bir merkezi olmutu. Osmanl sultan bu blgeye kadmdost Venedike kar korsanla kan gemilerin yaklmas ynnde sksk hkmler gnderiyordu. (Pedani 2008b; Pedani 2009)

Osmanl Devletinin merkezi ile arasndaki ilikilerde her zaman dik-katli ve ll yaklaan Venedikliler, bu sayede ciddi oranda destekle-niyordu. Bunda bilhassa Venedik bayloslarnn Osmanlnn paalarylakurmu olduklar ikili ilikilerin pay bykt. Bu dostluu perinleyen

en nemli etkenlerden biri olan Venedikten Osmanl paalarna gnde-rilmi kymetli hediyelerle ilgili belgeler de alma ierisinde mevcuttur.Venediklilerin, Osmanl Devletinn merkezi ile kurduklar ve dier

devletlerin gpta ile baktklar dostlua ramen yerel yneticileriylesrtmeli ilikileri ciddi ikyet sebepleri olmutur. Ticaretin younolduu limanlarda, gmrk kontrollerinde, alm-satmlarda yerel yne-ticilerin srekli olarak Venediklilere kar bir tutum ierisinde olduklargzlemlenmektedir. Tccarlardan fazla vergi talebi, mallarna el konul-mas, sattklar mallarnn karlklarnn denmemesi, birden fazla gm-rk kontrolne maruz braklmalar ahidnme-i hmynlara aykr her

trl muamelenin yerel yneticiler tarafndan Venediklilere uygulandgrlmektedir. Ancak buna sadece Venediklilere ynelik yerel ynetici-lerin olumsuz tutumlar olarak bakmamak gerekir. Burada dikkat ekicilde merkez kararlarna aykr tutumlar sz konusudur. Devletin enkk birimlerinden en yksek kademelerine kadar tccarlardan rvettalepleri olmaktadr. Merkez, yerel yneticilere her seferinde hkmlergndermekte ve haksz uygulamalara son verilmesini emretmektedir.

Ancak buna ramen bunun n alnamamakta; bir nevi hkmler h-kmsz kalmaktadr.

Bu belgeler ile ilgili olarak zerinde durulmas gereken bir ka noktavardr. Belgeler, xv. ve xv. yzyl Osmanl Devleti ve Venedik ilikileri, ikidevletin siyasi durumlar ve dnya zerindeki konumlar hakknda nemlikarmlar yapmamza yardmc olmaktadr. ncelikle iki devlet arasnda-ki ilikiler ayn zamanda onlarn kaderlerine de yn izmitir. ki devletzaman zaman kar karya gelse de kurduklar gl balar sayesindekendilerini evrelerinde gelimekte olan tehlikelerden korumasn bilmitir.ki devletin ilikileri hem tarihsel hem ekonomik hem kltrel hem sosyalynden byk etkileime neden olmutur. Zaman ierisinde her iki devletde klme iine girmi, ilikiler bu klmenin etkisiyle azalm, kurulan


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kkl balarn kayna da zaman iinde unutulmutur.Osmanllarn olaanst bir ekilde karada ve denizlerde ilerlemesi-

ne tanklk eden Venedikliler Kbrs savann ardndan, adann kaybntelafi etmek iin Osmanllara kar Batl devletlerle ittifak yapmlard.

Ancak Venedikliler bu ittifak neticesinde kazandklar nebaht Denizsavana (1571) ramen Akdenizde gelien gler dengesine uyum sa-lamay semilerdi. Bu nedenle, bu iki nemli savan ardndan, Dou

Akdeniz zerinde ticaretlerine devam edebilmek iin Osmanllarn g-cn ve otoritesini kabul edip onlarla bar yapm; ancak Osmanllarada kendi varlklarn kabul ettirmeyi baarmlardr.

Osmanl bir deniz imparatorluu muydu deil miydi tartmalar Osmanltarihileri tarafndan sk sk gndeme gelen bir konudur. Ancak bu alma-nn bu tartmay baka bir boyuta tayacan ummaktayz. Osmanllarn

denizci bir devlet olarak domad ancak sonradan denizlerde mutlakhkim konumuna eritii malumdur. Bu mutlak hkimiyetin salanmasndaVenediklilerin ciddi katklar olmutu. Venedikliler Osmanllarn denizcibir devlete dnmesinde nemli bir rol oynamlard. Osmanl Devleti ve

Venedik arasnda bir kpr vazifesi grecek ilikilerin kurulmas her iki dev-let asndan da her zaman byk nem tamaktayd. zellikle xv ve xv.

yzyllarda Venedik iin Dou ticaretini gvenli bir ekilde gerekletir-menin n koulu Osmanl Devleti ile salam diplomatik ilikiler kurmaktangeiyordu. Osmanllar ise Venedikli tccarlarn faaliyetlerini ok nemsiyor

ve onlarn ticaretlerine zarar verecek her trl faaliyetin karsnda yer alr

bir tavr sergiliyordu. te iki devlet arasnda karlkl karlar korumakadna gelien bu ilikiler, bu nedenlerden dolay yzyllar boyunca srm

ve gelecek nesilleri de etkilemitir.Osmanl-Venedik ilikileri son yllarda aratrmaclarn olduka dik-

katini eker hale gelmitir. Bugn Venedik Devlet Arivinden yoksunbir Osmanl tarihi ve Osmanl Devletinden bamsz bir Avrupa tarihi

yazlamayaca gerei her iki alanda alan aratrmaclarca da ka-bul edilmektedir. Bu nedenle bu kitapta yer alan belgelerin OsmanlDevletinin Avrupa tarihindeki rolnn daha net anlalmasna katk

salayacan ummaktayz.

6 Belgeler

Belgelerde yer alan yabanc isimlerin, hem Osmanlcadan Trkeyetranskribe edilmi haline hem de talyanca ya da bazen Venedikede

yazld haline yer verilmitir. Osmanlca belgelerde karlatmzen byk glklerden biri olan yabanc isimlerin okunmas sorunutalyanca belgelerin yardmyla en aza indirgenmeye allmtr. Yerisimlerinin yazmnda da bu durum benzerdir. talyanca eviri ksmnda


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yer alan ou isim bugnk talyancada kullanld haliyle deil, dne-min Venedikesi ile karmza kmaktadr. rnein ska karlatmzZuan ismi, bugnk talyancada Giovannidir. Bu ismin Osmanlca yaz-mnda ise bazen Covan bazen de Cevan ya da Geovanni gibi yazmlara

rastlanlmtr.Her bir belgenin Venedik baylosunun dragomanlar tarafndan bir

Osmanlca ve bir de talyanca olmak zere kopyasnn hazrland tespitedilmektedir. Genel olarak bu evirilerin birbirini tuttuu dolaysyladragomanlarn gvenilir olduu; ancak bazen dragomanlarn talyancaeviride daha ayrntl bilgi verme yoluna gittii anlalmaktadr. talyan-ca evirisi olduu halde Osmanlca evirisi eksik ya da kayp olan bazbelgeler tespit edilmitir. Bu belgelerin byk ounluunun zetleride talyanca ksmlarndan faydalanlarak hazrlanmtr. Baz belgele-

rin sadece Osmanlca kopyalarnn olduu ve talyancalarnn olmadgrlmtr. erii ayn olan belgelerden bazen bir tanesinin evirisi-nin yapld; dierlerine ise nceki ile benzer ierikte olduu notunundnd tespit edilmitir.

Katalounu hazrlam olduumuz dosya, 11 defter ierisinde yeralan toplam 943 kaydn her biri iin bir numara vermeyi uygun bulduk.Numaralandrmada btnl bozmamak adna tarihsel sralama deildosya ve defter numaralar esas alnmtr. Dosyalarn ierisinde yeralan defterlerin (registri) zerinde iki ayr numaralandrma yaplmtr.1987 ylnda balanan ikinci numaralandrma ilemi bitirilememitir. O

nedenle defter numaralarnn kronolojik sray takip etmedii grlmek-tedir. Dosya ve defter esasl bu sralamada sadece 252 numaral dosyada

yer alan 343 numaral defter (1591-1593 yllarna aittir.) kronolojik sraybozmaktadr. Bu defter 4 sayfa numaras ile balamaktadr. Burada ol-mas gereken ilk kayd ise 268 numaral dosya (busta) ierisinde a-lmamn numaralandrma ilemi bittikten sonra tamamen tesadf eseribuldum. Bu nedenle de belgelere yeni numara vermek yerine bunlarayn belge numarasnda a/ b/ c/ diye belirttim.

Belgeler iin vermi olduumuz her numara [] iareti ierisinde her

belgenin en banda stte koyu renkli olarak yer almaktadr. Ardndanbelgenin ait olduu dosyann (250, 251 ya da 252) ve defterin numarasve son olarak da defterde belgenin yer ald sayfa ya da belge numaras,numarasz ise de numarasz 1, numarasz 2 vs olarak belirtilmitir.

Bu belgelerde tarihlendirme tpk orijinal kaytlarda olduu gibi belge-nin son ksmnda yer almaktadr. Ancak bu alma ierisinde belgenintarihi her belge iin ikinci satrda gsterilmitir.

Belgeler ierisinde yer alan hkmlerin genel olarak hem Osmanlcahem de talyanca kopyasnda tarihlendirmelerin yer ald grnmekte-dir. Buna gre her belge iin mevcut ise ncelikle Hicr tarih, ardndan


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MUMCU. TESEKKR | ACKNOWLEDG MENTS 25

Venedik takvimine gre ve tercmanlarn belgeyi kayda geirdiklerignn tarihi [] iareti ierisinde ve son olarak da Hicr tarihe gre he-saplayarak her belgeye eklediimiz Milad tarih {M.} iareti ile yeralmaktadr.

Ancak tarihlendirilmemi olan hkmler de mevcuttur. Dier tr bel-gelerde, bilhassa mektuplarda genel olarak tarihlendirmeye gidilmediitespit edilmektedir. Fakat belgeler dnem olarak belirli bir sray takipettii iin tarihsiz mektuplarn da {Tahmini M.} iareti ierisinde gn-derildii tahmini Milad yln eklemeyi uygun bulduk.

Belgelerin talyanca evirilerinde Venedik takvimine gre yaplmolan tarihlendirmeye dikkat etmek gerekmektedir. Zira Venedik Cumhu-riyeti, Venedik takvimini kullanmaktayd ve bu takvimde ylba 1 martolarak kabul edilmekteydi. Bu durumda hicri tarihten milad tarihe evir-

me yaparken net bir sorun ortaya kmaktadr. Buna gre ocak ve ubataylarnda, Miladi takvime gre yeni yla girilirken Venedik takviminegre yl deimemektedir. Bu aylarda eski yl sabit kalmakta, Mart ayn-dan itibaren ise yeni yl balamakta ve Miladi takvimle Venedik takvimi1 mart itibariyle eitlenmektedir. Bununla birlikte genellikle Venediktakvimi ile Hicr takvim arasnda bir iki gnden bir iki aya kadar deienfarkllklar bulunmas nedeniyle mmkn olabildii lde her belge iin takvime gre tarihlendirmeye gitmeyi uygun bulduk.

Baz belgelerin Osmanlca kopyasnda tarihlendirmenin yer almadhalde talyanca ksmnda tarihlendirme yapld tespit edilmi ve bu

tarihlendirmeler de zetlere tek tek eklenmitir.


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26

Introduction

1 The Ottoman Empire and Venice

The Ottoman Empire and Venice had been in contact for many cen-turies, namely from since the beginning of Ottoman expansion in the14thC. to the end of the Most Serene Republic in 1797: their relationshad political, social, economic and also cultural impacts which affectedboth states. The city of Venice, known as the pearl of the Adriatic Sea,dominated the Eastern Mediterranean between the 14thand 16thcentu-ries. However, its merchants had already started to trade in the Levantin the 8thc., long before the establishment of the Ottoman state. It soonbecame the leader of trade in the Levant. It was an independent city

that welcomed Eastern and Western goods and an important marketthanks to its position in the Adriatic Sea. Every year its ships left theLagoon to reach not only Greece, Constantinople and the Black Sea butalso the Syrian coast, Egypt and North Africa while its merchants wenteven further travelling on the Eastern land routes to Persian lands andthe Gulf. Between the 14thand 16thcenturies it became a very rich city-state. In those times spices, and pepper in particular, were consideredmore valuable than gold and in the Rialto market spices and othergoods were sold and bought to be sent to Western and Northern Eu-

rope. (Lane 1978; Nicol, Gven 2000; Dudan 2006; Braudel et al. 2007)Although the Venetians established a powerful state in the EasternMediterranean, they did not always have such steady economic andmilitary power to control the entire basin. With the shrinking of theByzantine Empire and the simultaneous Ottoman expansion, Venetianshad to deal with a new powerful state in the Levant. In the 16thcenturythe Ottoman Empire and the Spanish Kingdom had an expansionistpolicy in the Mediterranean zone backed by money and men, while

Venetians remained behind in this race. They got over a short-termcrisis in the 17thcentury, after fighting two long wars with the Ottoman


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Empire, and went on trading in the East until the 18thcentury. Havingbeen in contact with the Ottoman Empire for so many centuries, Vene-tians knew the Ottoman power very well. The relations between thetwo states wavered between friendship and hostility, nevertheless both

parties always enjoyed great profits from mutual trade. (Theunissen1998; Faroqhi 2004; nalck 2007; Brummet 2009; Pedani 2010a)

2 The Venetian diplomats in Constantinople

Since 1453 the Venetian diplomatic relations with the Ottoman Em-pire were held by extraordinary ambassadors as well as by bailos. Theformers were diplomats sent to fulfill a special task and then to come

back immediately. Until 1670 they were called eli by Ottomans and,after this date, byk eli. From a hierarchical point of view they weremore important than the bailos. In the Middle Ages the Venetian bailoswere similar to consuls, who had to take care of a Venetian communityabroad. Little by little all bailos either disappeared or were replacedby consuls. The last bailosremained only in Constantinople. This officehad been established with the Venetian-Byzantine peace treaty of 1265and ratified by the doge in 1268, to take the place of the podest, thehead of the Venetian community since the Latin conquest in 1204. Dur-ing the Ottoman conquest of the city the bailoGirolamo Minotto fought

against the Byzantines and then was killed by Mehmed IIs order. Then,the ambassador Bartolomeo Marcello was sent to make a peace agree-ment and remained in Constantinople as bailo. Till the end of the 15thcentury the bailowas above all a consul, even if more important thatthe other Venetian consuls who lived in the Levant. However, in 1575,a law recognized that the bailos tasks included those usually bestowedon residential ambassadors. (Bertel 2012, 31-46; Coco, Manzonetto1985, 13-20; Dursteler 2012, 23)

Ottoman sources are rather unclear concerning the writing of the

word bailo. It may occur in the form bailo, baylosor even balyoz. Sincethis word occurs in the form baylos in the 943 documents examinedhere, we decided to use this form in this work. (akirolu 1992, 43-47)

The bailoof Venice held a special position in Constantinople. He wasthe head and the patron of the Venetian community, or, more precisely,of the comunit veneta, since in Italian there is a certain difference be-tween the meaning of Veneziano(i.e. the inhabitant of Venice) and thatof Veneto(i.e. both the inhabitant and the subject of Venice). He wasin contact with the most important Ottoman officials and, in order toprotect Venetian interests, he presented arz- hal(petitions) to the Ot-


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toman chancellery. Thanks to an efficient espionage system combinedwith personal relations and friendship ties that many diplomats wereable to create with pashas and other Ottomans, the bailocould sendreliable information to Venice. (Grkan 2012a, 28-34) He was in reg-

ular contact with the whole Venetian consular network in the Levant.(Pedani 2007) At the end of the period spent abroad, Venetian diplo-mats were obliged to deliver an official report to the Senate. Theseare the famous Venetian relazioni, eagerly read even by foreigners inthe past centuries and then used by historians as an important histori-cal source. (Albri 1840; Albri 1844; Albri 1855; Albri 1863; Barozzi,Berchet 1871; Firpo 1984; Pedani-Fabris 1996; Valensi 1987)

3 The bailosarchives

The political and commercial relations between the Ottoman Em-pire and the Republic of Venice gave origin to an enormous quantityof documents kept in the Venetian State Archive, in the Marciana Na-tional Library, in the archives of Turkey and in many other importantinstitutesaround the world. From the very beginning, historians inter-ested in the Ottoman Empire made use of Venetian documents. Firstof all, Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall used them when they were keptpartly in Venice and partly in Vienna. (Hammer-Purgstall 1827-1835)

In fact in the first half of the 19thcentury the most important of them(such as the registers of the Senate or Sanudos Diaries) were sentto the Austrian Court Archives and they came back only by means ofthe agreements made in 1866 between the Kingdom of Italy and the

Austrian Empire. (Cecchetti 1870, 7-10, 20-21) Turkish historians, suchas erafettin Turan, Mahmut akirolu and Tayyip Gkbilgin, whoconducted research in the Venetian State Archives, wrote that thesedocuments can enlighten the history of Ottoman-Venice relations andthat it is quite impossible to write an Ottoman history without using

these sources. (Gkbilgin 1964; Turan1968; akirolu 1987; Gkbilgin1987; Gkbilgin 1979a; Gkbilgin 1979b; akirolu 1982; akirolu1990; Turan 2000) Cemal Kafadar, who spent some months there in the1980s, speaks of the rich bulk of commercial documents of the 1560sand says that they increased during the war period between 1570 and1573, and were to become more and more in the following years. (Kaf-adar 2010) Then, it is not by chance that the early documents includedin this research date back to the 1580s.

The registers I study here belong to the series Carte turchi. Registriof the archives of theBailo a Costantinopoli. This name belongs to the


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archives of the Venetian embassy in Constantinople which were keptin the casa bailaggia, where the diplomats and their court lived. In themost ancient times, after 1204, Venetians had a whole quarter in Con-stantinople, in the zone nowadays called Eminn. (Ar 2009) After

the Ottoman conquest in 1453 Mehmet II gave the former head resi-dence of the community of Ancona to these diplomats as their primarylocation. They lost it during the war of 1499-1502 and, at the beginningof the 16thcentury, they found a more suitable place in the zone calledPera or Galata, on the other side of the Golden Horn, renowned for itsvineyards. There they rented a house belonging to the Salvago family,whose members worked in the embassy as interpreters. In the secondhalf of the 17th century they bought it. Nearby, on the other side ofTomtom sokak, there was the embassy of France. Venetian diplomats

used to send the most important documents there, if there was a threatof war. In 1797, the Most Serene Republic was desolved and its landsbecame French, Austrian, again French in 1806 and again Austrian in1814. The Venetian embassy in Constantinople underwent the samefate: in 1798 the house with its furniture and also the archives werebestowed upon the Hapsburg internunzio; in 1806 they were given tothe French ambassador and in 1816 they were again bestowed to the

Austrian diplomat. The archives remained there until 1840, when theywere sent to Venice. Two years later they were sent to Vienna togetherwith other Venetian diplomatic documents. They came back to Venice

only in September 1868, when Venice had already become part of thekingdom of Italy. On the other hand, the casa bailaggiaremained theresidence of the Austrian ambassador till the end of the First WorldWar, in 1918, when it was given to Italy; presently it is calledPalazzo diVeneziaand is the residence of the Italian ambassador, when in the city,and the seat of the Italian general consulate in Istanbul. (zkulu 2011)

The archives of theBailo a Costantinopoliinclude a series of officialletters sent to the diplomats in Constantinople (ducali), letters writtenby the diplomats themselves and sent to Venice (dispacci), correspond-

ences exchanged with consuls and other authorities in the Levant (let-tere), account books (libri di cassa), and many other documents relatedto the life of the Venetian colony and to commercial activities in theOttoman capital. (Pedani 2013, 384)

One of theseseries is called Carte turche. Registriand consists oftwelve boxes (250-262) in which there are thirty-six registers. Themost ancient one dates back to 1589, the most recent one to 1785. Theykeep copies of Ottoman documents, together with their Italian transla-tions written by the interpreters who worked in the Venetian embassy,the so-called dragomans. These documents were considered important


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from a political or economic point of view and, for this reason, theydeserved to be kept all together and copied to keep their memory forthe future.

The documents studied for this research are imperial letters (name-i

hmayun), orders (hkm), imperial decrees (nian- erif), patents(berat), legal documents (hccet), petitions (arz- hal) and letters writ-ten by Ottoman pashas and high officials. All these documents makereference to affairs which involved Venice, Venetians and Venetiansubjects. Most of them are letters of complaint presented by the bailoto the Porte as well as by the ambassadors of France, Netherlands andEngland, and even by the Venetian consul in Aleppo. They are oftenfollowed by the answer given by the divan. There are also letters ofRoman Catholic priests who lived in the Empire, together with others

written by central and local officials.They are kept in the first eleven registers of the series, which are nowin boxes 250-252. They mostly are copies and the originals of some ofthem are still in other collections of the Venetian State Archives suchas theDocumenti turchiand theLettere e scritture turchesche. Chan-cellery drafts are located in the Ottoman Archives (Babakanlk Osman-l Arivi), above all in the series Maliyeden mdevver and Mhimmedefterleri. For instance, Suraiya Faroqhis paper on Venice trade inthe Ottoman Empire is based on research conducted in the Istanbul

Archives and not in the Venetian ones. (Faroqhi 1986; Pedani-Fabris

1994; Pedani 2010b)

4 Ottoman-Venetian relations (1589-1682) in thebailosdocuments

The documents kept in the series Carte turchedeal with the life ofthe Venetian colony in Constantinople, Venetian trade in the Ottoman

Empire and also the political relations between the two states. Thebailodelivered petitions to the sultan to solve the problems faced byhis community and was consulted by kads when Venetian and Ottomansubjects quarrelled. He was helped by the Council of Twelve, made upof the most important members of the colony. Even when Venetianshad problems among themselves, they had to make reference to thebailo. In addition, he also had to take care of the Christian pilgrims go-ing to Jerusalem and the Roman-Catholic community living in Ottomanlands. Venetian ships often reached the sultans ports and Venetianmerchants traded in his markets: if a person was enslaved or goods


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were seized, the bailohad to intervene. If a Venetian died there, thebailohad to take care of his properties. He was in contact with the

Venetian consuls in Egypt and Syria and was the direct superior of oth-er consuls in the Levant. Venice had consulates, for instance, in Ankara,

Cephalonia (Aynoz Adas), Milos, Gallipoli, Aleppo, Damascus, Cairo,Izmir, Cyprus, Kiliya, Nikola, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Damietta, Mora,Naxos, Chios and Silivri.

These documents make reference above all to the long period ofpeace between the end of the Cyprus war (1573) and the beginning ofthe war for Crete (1645). This last conflict ended in 1669. Then, therewere some years of peace before another long war that exploded in1684 and ended with the Karlowitz agreement in 1699.

5 A shared history

In the period between 1573 and 1645 Ottoman-Venetian trade wasat its best. Venetian ships went on sailing in the Levant while Ottomanmerchants reached the capital of the Most Serene Republic. The first

Fondaco dei Turchi(Turkish hostel) was created in 1575 near the Rial-to market, while in 1621 a new huge building on the Grand Canal wasgiven by the state to host Muslim merchants from Bosnia, Albania, Con-stantinople and Ankara. Every year about seventy Ottoman merchants

arrived in spring and left in autumn and the same number arrived inautumn and left in spring. The Muslim community in Venice was nev-er formed by permanent residents but it was well organized and hadagents to protect its interests and elders who were entrusted to directit. (Concina 1997, 219-246;Pedani 2008a; Pedani 2011, 146-149)

The 16thcentury is considered a period of change in the balance ofpower in the Eastern Mediterranean both for the Ottomans and forthe Venetians. For both of them the beginning of the Portuguese trav-els towards the Cape of Good Hope and India meant a change in the

Mediterranean trade: spices began to follow another route; Atlanticships began to make galleys out-of-date. Moreover, towards the end ofthe century and in the first half of the following one, the activities ofprivateers and pirates became more and more bold and even uncon-trollable. Along with the Ottoman levents, English, Spanish, Dutch andFrench seamen chose the Mediterranean as the nexus for their raids.

(Bono 1964; Ktkolu 1974, 9; Bono 1997; Grkan 2006; Bostan 2009;Greene 2010; Grkan 2010; Grkan 2012b)

In the same period rebellions and revolts caused currency devalua-tion in the Ottoman Empire and high inflation. Between 1596 and 1610


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the Celaliuprisings in the provinces pushed people to leave the coun-tryside for towns and especially the capital city. Administration becamemore and more decentralized. The army too was no longer faithful tothe ruler and two sultans, Osman II (1622) and Ibrahim I (1648), were

killed. Economic decline went on together with cultural stagnation, arefusal of novelties and a general conservative attitude.(Pamuk 1988,118; Pamuk 2004; Kunt 1992, 13)

A fter the Cyprus war, it was mainly the French merchants who tried,and often succeeded, in taking the place of Venetian merchants andthese documents are full of complaints made by the bailoto the sultanabout affairs of this kind and about French people who had taken Vene-tian properties. In the first half of the 17thcentury, Spain was an enemyfor both Venetians and Ottomans and the Carte Turchekeep many doc-

uments which make reference to the friendship between the sultan andthe doge and to the possibility of Venice to recruit Ottoman mercenar-ies in the Balkan to fight against the infidel and outlaw, the Spaniard.In the same years the Uskoks raids, which ravaged the Adriatic start-ing from the stronghold of Senj, were stopped by the war of Gradisca(1615-1617) fought by Venice against the Hapsburgs but other piratessailed north from the Ottoman lands of Maghreb and Albania. Above allDurres (Durazzo) was a center for this kind of activity and the sultanoften ordered the burning of ships of his own subjects who had daredto raid his faithful friends, the Venetians. (Pedani 2008b; Pedani 2009)

Venetians were often strongly supported by the imperial officialsthanks to their generous gifts. The Carte turchegive us lists of pre-sents and precious items given to pashas and members of the court bythe bailos.

The conflicts that occurred with local authorities were often record-ed in these papers. Venetians and Ottomans often quarrelled abouttrade, goods and duties to be paid. Sometimes local officials actedagainst the capitulations signed by the sultan, wanted extra money forduties and customs, confiscated properties, and they even did not pay

the right price for the items they bought. This attitude was not againstVenetians in particular but against central authority. Bribery was wide-spread and the sultan often ordered his officials to stop these illegalactivities. However, his orders were not always observed.

These documents give a deep insight into Ottoman and Venetianchancellery practices. To go on with trade was the top objective forboth administrations and it is clear that the Ottoman central govern-ment often supported Venetian merchants against its own local author-ities.

There are some crucial elements in the registers here studied that


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should be stressed. First of all, there are several documents in Otto-man Turkish very important for the knowledge of 16thand 17thcenturyOttoman history and Venetian-Ottoman relations in particular. Despitewars, the two states shared common interests and they behaved by mu-

tual consent against the threats that surrounded them. A historical, po-litical and social interaction between the two states existed. However,over the course of time with the decline of both states, their relationsweakened and the roots of their powerful ties were forgotten.

Venetians were trustful witnesses of the extraordinary expansion ofOttomans on land and sea. The battle of Lepanto (1571), far from beingan everlasting Christian victory on the infidels, had no effect on the Cy-prus war that was won by the Ottoman Empire and marked the superi-ority of its military strength. Venetians were able to adjust themselves

to the new balance of power, accepted Ottoman supremacy but, at thesame time, made Ottomans accept their own existence.Another question often discussed among historians is if the Ottoman

state was a maritime Empire or not. It is obvious that it was not born asa maritime state. but these documents show how important it was alsoon the seas in comparison with the maritime power of Venice. However,to have peaceful relations was very important for both states. Aboveall between the 16thand the 17thcenturies, Venetian trade improvedthanks to the Ottoman Empire. At the same time Ottomans understoodwell the nature of this trade that was much less intrusive than the

French, English and Dutch cooperations and tried to protect it in orderto share reciprocal benefits.

Nowadays, the topic of Venetian-Ottoman relations has resurfacedamong scholars. It is clear that to write Ottoman history anew is impos-sible without the help of the Venetian State Archives. This is true alsofor historians interested in European lands, since these documentsgive the possibility of better understanding the role the Ottoman Em-pire played in European history.

6 The documents

In the summaries of the documents, foreign names are transcribedin modern Turkish and they are followed by their Italian forms. One ofthe most difficult problems faced during this work was that of readingforeign names. In this task I was assisted by the Italian translations. Ican say the same for geographical names. The Italian version was add-ed inside brackets. Many names in the translations are in Venetian di-alect and not in modern Italian. For example, one of the most common


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names, Giovanni, is writtenZuanin the translations and Covan, Cevanor Geovanniin the Ottoman texts.

For each document the bailos dragoman wrote a copy in OttomanTurkish and a translation in Italian in the registers. Generally the two

texts are quite close to each other, and the dragomans can be consid-ered reliable even if some of them gave more information in the Italianparts. Some documents have been fully translated into Italian despitethe loss or missing parts in the Ottoman version. In the summaries Itook into consideration both Ottoman texts and their Italian versionsand gave all the relevant elements present in both. Moreover, somedocuments in Ottoman Turkish are left untranslated: if there are sev-eral documents concerning the same affaire, just one of them had beentranslated while a note had been added to explain the existence of the

others.The registers kept in the series Carte turcheare presently locatedin twelve boxes (250-262). However, they also have ancient numbers(330-369) referring to the ancient order of these archives, before thelast rearrangement made starting from 1987 and not yet finished. Ac-cording to the inventory of the Bailo a Costantinopoli(Venetian State

Archives,InventariNo. 546) the registers 333, 339, 341, 345 and 348do not exist any longer while there are two No. 346. The register No.343 contains documents from the years 1591-1593 (cfr. also the notesin the inventory), but it has been put in the box 252; in this case the

author of the inventory clearly considered more important the cov-er-script, that make reference to 1691-1693, than the exact dates of thedocuments. The eleven registers here studied are the No.s. 330-332,334-338, 340, 342-343.

I considered it important to give a progressive number to each oneof the 940 examined documents, which have been left as they are inthe registers that are organized bailoafter bailo, and not put in a strictchronological order. I did this in order to keep the existing archivallinks. In this catalogue only register 343, kept in box 252 and covering

the years 1591-1593, clearly breaks the bailos succession, but I pre-ferred to leave the summaries in their place, after No. 342 (1681-1684),instead of interfering with the order of the series. Register No. 343 be-gins with page 4, but its first pages (cc. 1-3v) are kept in box 268. WhenI discovered them most of the summaries had already been organizedand I preferred to leave the numbers as they were and to add the threenew documents signing them with the letters /a, /b and /c.

The number given for each document is written in bold, inside squarebrackets, at the beginning of the summary. Then the number of the boxand the number of the register is given and finally there are the page


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35

numbers or the word numerasz(without page number), if these do notexist in the registers.

The Hejira date is written at the end of each document, accordingto the rules of Ottoman diplomatics. It is written on the second line of

the summaries. In the Italian translations even the AD date, accordingto the Venetian method of calculating the calendar, is given, and I put itin square brackets. In Venice the year began on the first of March, twomonths later than in the Gregorian calendar now used. Lastly, withincurly brackets, I added the AD date calculated on the Hejira calendar,according to the standard Islamic calendar starting from the 15thof July,622 AD. However, we must remember that in some periods of their his-tory, Ottomans slightly modified the calculation starting from the 16thof

July, 622 AD and this fact is responsible for the slight difference which

sometimes exists if the day of the week is given both in the Ottomantext and in the translation. Some imperial orders have no date: if itexists in the translation, this is given in the summaries; if not, I gave apresumptive AD date within curly brackets since, within the same reg-ister, the documents are more or less in a chronological order.


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37

Belgeler | Documents

[1]d. 250/ def. 330, S. N. 1a (2b tl.)

Tahrren f-evhiri Ramazan sene 997 [M.V. 8 Austos 1589] {M. 3-12Austos 1589} [stanbul]Hkm / . Muraddan / am ve Haleb Beylerbeyileri ve am ve Ha-

leb Kadlarna.

[sitne-i sadetdeki] Venedik baylosunun [Giovanni Moro] Der-gh- muallya arz- hlidir. Daha nce Badad beylerbeyi iken bugrevinden azl edilen Sleyman, Venedik tcirlerinden hile ile uka

ve akmie alp tccarlara akesini vermemek iin trl bahne ve inatetmitir. Sleymann veftnn ardndan, tccarlarn haklar, Sley-

mann veresesine intikl etmitir. Sleymann hissesine kalan tere-kelerin ahidnme-i hmynun gereince Venedik tcirlerine ideedilmesi iin hkm verilmitir. [Venetian merchants in Ottoman land:seizure of goods by emins and/ or other Ottoman officers.]

[2]d. 250/ def. 330, S. N. 2a (2b tl.)Tahrren f-evhiri Ramazan sene 997 [M.V. 8 Austos 1589] {M. 3-12

Austos 1589} [stanbul]Hkm / . Muraddan / Haleb Beylerbeyisi ve Mevln Haleb Kad-

sna.

[sitne-i sadetdeki] Venedik baylosunun [Giovanni Moro] Der-gh- Muallya arz- hlidir. Trablusam Hazine Defterdr Ahmed,

Venedik bezirgnlarndan bin iki yz sikke altnlk akmie satn al-m; ama bedelini tccarlara dememekte inat edince bezirgnlarnhaklarnn, Ahmedden alnp tccarlara iadesi iin hkm-i hmyntalebi zerine hkm verilmitir. Buna ramen bezirgnlarn defterdr-da kalan haklarn tahsil etmek mmkn olmaynca dergh- muallavularndan (bo) avu Halebe gnderilmitir. Tccarlarn kalan


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38 MUMCU. BELGELER | DOCUMENTS

haklar iin, davlar meclis-i erde grlmtr. Verilen hkmde,tccarlarn haklarnn idesi, kimsenin rencde edilmemesi ve korku-tulmamas bildirilmektedir. [Venetian merchants in Ottoman land: sei-

zure of goods by emins and/ or other Ottoman officers.]

[3]d. 250/ def. 330, S. N. 3a (3b tl.)Tahrren f-evsiti Rebul-evvel sene 998 [M.V. 18 Ocak 1589] {M. 18

Ocak 1590} [stanbul]Hkm / . Muraddan / Bosna Beylerbeyisine ve Mahrse-i stan-

buldan Dubrovnike ve Kotora gelinceye yol zerinde olan Sancakbey-leri ve zikr olunan yerlerde olan Kadlara.

Mahrse-i stanbuldaki Venedik baylosunun [Giovanni Moro] grev

sresinin dolmas zerine, Venedik beylerinden, Girolamo LippomanoKavaliyer (Cavalier) baylos tayn edilmitir. sitne-i sadete yeniatanan baylosu, Venedikten stanbula getirmek iin Venedik beyleritercmnlarndan bir tercmn ile dergh- muall yenierilerinden

Yusuf, Mustafa ve Hasan adl yenieriler atanp Venedike gnderilmi-lerdir. Yeni atanan baylosun ve elikilerinin stanbula gelirken gee-cekleri yollarda ve konaklama yerlerinde gvenliklerinin salanmas

ve bir kimseye kt mumelede bulunulmamas iin hkm-i hmyntalebi zerine hkm verilmitir. [Ottoman passport for a Venetian bailoand/or ambassador.]

[4]d. 250/ def. 330, S. N. 4a (4b tl.)Tarihsiz {Tahmini M. 1590} [stanbul]Mektb / Yenieri Aas Mehmedden / Mahrse-i stanbuldan Dub-

rovnike ve Kotora varp gelinceye yol zerinde Kad Efendilere.

[sitne-i sadetdeki] Venedik baylosunun [Giovanni Moro] mdde-ti tamam olup yerine Venedik beyzdelerinden bir bey [Girolamo Lip-pomano] baylos olarak atanmtr. Yeni baylosu, Venedikten stanbula

varp getirmek iin Venedik beyleri tercmnlarndan bir tercmnile Dergh- li yenierilerinden Yusuf ve Mustafa ve Hasan adl yol-dalar tayn olup Venedike gnderilmitir. Baylos, yanndakiler ile ki-min taht- kazsna urarsa ya da hangi yoldan gelirse gelsin yolda veizde, menzillerde, mdhilde ve kprlerde, kendisine ve yannda olanadamlarna ve bindikleri atlarna ve esbablarna bir ferdi dahl ettirme-

yip lzm ve mhim olan yerlerde akeleriyle emin ve slim bir ekil-de Venedikten stanbula ulamasnn salanmasn bildirir hkmdr.[Ayrca bkz. 3] [Ottoman passport for a Venetian bailo and/or ambas-sador.]


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MUMCU. BELGELER | DOCUMENTS 39

[5]d. 250/ def. 330, S. N. 5a (5b tl.)Tahrren f-elyevm Rebul-hir sene 998 [M.V. 20 Ocak 1589] {M.

1590} [tl. 3 Rebul-evvel 997] [stanbul]Hkm / . Muraddan / Ankara Sancabeyi ve Mevln Ankara Ka-

dsna.

[sitne-i sadetdeki] Venedik baylosunun (hkmde baylozu) [Gi-ovanni Moro] Divn- Hmyna arz- hlidir. Ankarada ticaret zereolan Venedik tcirlerinin itir eyledikleri sof ve muhayyer iin ahi-dnme-i hmyn ile belirlenen resm miktarndan ayr msriyye n-mna resm talep edilmemesi ve bu nedenle kimsenin rencde edilme-mesi ve korkutulmamas iin emr-i erf talebi zerine verilen hkm-dr. [Venetian merchants in Ottoman land: higher duty and taxes than

those established in the capitulations required by emins and/or otherOttoman officers.]

[6]d. 250/ def. 330, S. N. 6a (6b tl.)Tahrren f-evsiti Muharrem sene 998 [M.V. 20 Kasm 1589] [stan-

bul]Hkm / . Muraddan / Memlik-i Mahrsede Venedik bezirgnla-

rnn skin olduklar yerlerin Sancakbeyleri ve zikr olunan yerlerin Ka-dlarna.

[sitne-i sadetdeki] Venedik baylosunun [Giovanni Moro] Dergh- muallya arz- hlidir. Venedik tcirlerinin getirdikleri metlardanresm gmrkleri iin ahidnme-i hmyn ile belirlenen oran hricin-de resm talep edilmesi ve tccarlarn zarar etmesi zerine, kimsedenkadmden olageldii zere alnan gmrkten bir nesne dahi fazlasnntalep edilmemesi, kimsenin rencde edilmemesi ve korkutulmamasiin hkm-i hmyn talebi zerine verilen hkmdr. [Venetian mer-chants in Ottoman land: higher duty and taxes than those establishedin the capitulations required by emins and/or other Ottoman officers.]

[7]d. 250/ def. 330, S. N. 7a (7b tl.)Tahrren f-elyevm Safer sene 998 [M.V. 10 Aralk 1589] [stanbul]Hkm / . Muraddan / Mevln zmir Kadsna.

[sitne-i sadetdeki Venedik Baylosu Giovanni Moro] Taybek Meh-med Halifenin Atabe-i ulyya arz- hlidir. hrac yasak olan mallarnOsmanl topraklar dna kartlmamas iin nlem gerei zmirde

Venedik gemilerinin gmrk kontrollerinin yaplmas ve ihrac yasakolan mal varsa gemilerden alnmas, geminin ise serbest braklma-


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snn ahidnme-i hmyn gerei olduu bildirilmektedir. Ancak z-mirde bulunan bir Venedik gemisi, iinde bir miktar pembe bulunduuiin zabt edilmitir. Bu nedenle memnu olan metlarn gemiden al-np geminin salverilmesi ve tccarlardan hi kimseye kt mumele

edilmemesi iin hkm verilmitir. [Venetian affaires in Egypt from theOttoman Empire.]

[8]d. 250/ def. 330, S. N. 8a (8b tl.)Tahrren f-evhiri Rebul-evvel sene 998 [M.V. ubatin balar

1589] {M. 28 Ocak-6 ubat 1590} [stanbul]Hkm / . Muraddan / Avlonya Sancabeyine.

[sitne-i sadetdeki] Venedik baylosunun [Giovanni Moro] Dergh-

muallya arz- hlidir. Avlonya (belgede Avlona) kapudannn yirmiiki oturak bir kalyata ile Cezire-i Giride varp orada yamaclk edipVenediklilere trl eziyetler ettii ve alt aya yakndr ki Temmuzunyirmi nde Venedike ait olan bir frkataya, uka Adasndan gerigelirken Cezire-i Giridde Espada Burnunda el koyup iinden RanoPencokoya (Pengiocoia) ve Yani (Iani) Estani veled-i Kosta (Costa) vePaolo Psalida ve Leo Isepolo ve Nicol Foro ve Mihal Kardarola (Car-dorola) ve Corci Momlo (Zorzi Camali) adl Venedik tcirlerini esr etti-i bildirilmitir. Yine kapudan, uka Adasndan gelen alt kt sandalalp iindekileri de esr etmitir. Ayrca kapudann karadan Ayamav-

raya varp on sekiz oturak bir kalyata bina eyleyip gelecek yl da ikikalyata ile on ikier oturak iki kalyata dahi toplayp denize kp kllizarar verme niyetinde olduu bildirilmitir. Bu nedenle verilen hkm,ncelikle Avlona kapudannn byle bir eylemde bulunup bulunmad-nn tespit edilmesini buyurmaktadr. Eer kapudan gerekten bylebir eylemde bulunduysa, esr edilen Venediklilerin her kimin elinde isealnp, Venedik beylerinin hkm-i erfle varan adamlarna teslim edil-meleri buyurulmaktadr. Hkmde, kapudann yamalad Venedikeait blgelerin, esrlerin, frkata ve sandallarn tespit edilip sahiplerine

idesi ve bir daha byle bir olaya mahal verilmemesi bildirilmektedir.[Problems caused by privateers, pirates and bandits: seizure of ships,goods and slaves.]

[9]d. 250/ def. 330, S. N. 9a (9b tl.)Tahrren f-evili Rebul-hir sene 998 [M.V. 9 Ocak 1589] {M. 7-16

ubat 1590} [stanbul]Hkm / . Muraddan / Mevln Mahmiyye-i Haleb Kadlarna.

[sitne-i sadetdeki Venedik Baylosu Giovanni Moro] Rumeli a-


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vularndan Mehmed nm avuun bana (Sultan . Murad) hitabengetirdii sret-i berttr. Reydan ve harmi kfirlerden ve Yahuditaifesinden hamr ve arak mukatas stanbul ve Galatada cari olduuzere, Haleb skelesine gemileriyle gelen Venediklilerden satn aldk-

lar her met iin ahidnme-i hmyn ile belirtilen oranda vergi aln-mas ve bunun hricinde bir vergi talebinde bulunulmamasn ve bunedenle kimsenin rencde edilmemesi ve korkutulmamasn bildirir h-kmdr. [Venetian merchants in Ottoman land: higher duty and taxesthan those established in the capitulations required by emins and/orother Ottoman officers.]

[10]d. 250/ def. 330, S. N. 10a (10b tl.)Tahrren Rebul-hir sene 998 [M.V. ubat 1589] {M. 7-16 ubat

1590} (tl. Rebul-evvel) [stanbul]Hkm / . Muraddan / Haleb Beylerbeyi ve Hezne-i miremin Ha-leb cnibi Defterdrna.

[sitne-i sadetdeki] Venedik baylosunun [Giovanni Moro] Der-gh- muallya arz- hlidir. Daha nce Mehmed avu nm mlte-zim der-sadetden emr-i erf ile Halebe varmtr. Buna gre, Halebskelesine gemileriyle ticaret maksatl gelen Venedikli tccarlardanahidnme-i hmyn gereince belirlenen orandan harici vergi aln-mamas ve kimsenin bu nedenle rencde edilmemesi ve korkutulmama-

s bildirilmektedir. (Her merziye pastovundan iki ake ve her eskarlatukann pastovundan onar ake ve gayri emtdan eer pembedir ve

yzde elliden satandan birer ake) Vech-i merh zere tarih-i mez-brede Mahmiyye-i am-Trablus kadsna ve defterdrna hitaben fer-mn- hmyn sadr olmutur. [Venetian merchants in Ottoman land:higher duty and taxes than those established in the capitulations re-quired by emins and/or other Ottoman officers.]

[11]d. 250/ def. 330, S. N. 11a (11b tl.)

Tahrren f-evili Rebul-evvel sene 998 [M.V. Ocak 1589] {M. 8-17Ocak 1590} [stanbul]Name-i hmyn / . Muraddan / Venedik Dojuna [Pasquale Cicog-

na]

[sitne-i sadetdeki Venedik Baylosu Giovanni Moro] MustafaReis Dergh- sadete gelmitir. Mustafa Reisin kendi mlk olanbuday ykl bir kt karamrsel gemisi Kotordan sitneye gelir-ken Maltann drt kt kadrgalar tarafndan saldrya uramtr. Ge-mide olanlar Maltal korsanlarca amlca Adasna braklm ve gemi


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Maltaya gtrlmek zere yola karlmtr. Gemi denizde giderkenVenedike ait uka Adasna varmtr. Bu srada adann beyi bu gemiye,Mslman gemisi olduu gerekesiyle, bizden talep ve sual olunurdiyerek el koymutur. Hkmde Venedik ile sre gelen dostluk ve ahi-

dnme-i hmyn gereince gemi ve gemiden alnan mallarn her ne-rede ise bulunup sahiplerine idesi buyrulmaktadr. [Problems causedby privateers, pirates and bandits: seizure of ships, goods and slaves.]

[12]d. 250/ def. 330, S. N. 12a (12b tl.)Tahrren f-evsiti Cemziyel-evvel sene 998 [M.V. 23 Mart 1590] {M.

18-27 Mart 1590} [stanbul]Nme-i hmyn / . Muraddan / Venedik Dojuna [Pasquale Cicog-

na].

[sitne-i sadetdeki Venedik Baylosu Giovanni Moro] MehmedAann bir karamrsel gemisi Selanik Krfezinden yz altm mddbuday ve drt yz am tahtas ykleyip stanbula gelirken, amlca

yaknlarndan iki adet Malta gemisine rast gelmitir. Malta korsanlar,karamrsel gemisinin reisi ile iinde olan Mslmanlar esr edip gemi-

ye de adam koyup Malta Ceziresine gitmek zere gndermilerdir. An-cak rzgr muhlefetiyle Venedike tbi olan Kefalonya nm cezireyekmak zorunda kalmlardr. Ol cezirenin hkimi olan kimse Cezire-iZaklisa hkimi ile zikr olunan gemi ve iinde olan zahireyi alp zapt

etmilerdir. Mslmanlar, ahdet eylediklerinden sonra Galata kadstarafndan sret-i sicil almlardr. Gemiden yamalanan mallarn bunin- hmyn ulatnda geriye ide edilmesi Venedik dojuna bil-dirilmektedir. [Problems caused by privateers, pirates and bandits: sei-zure of ships, goods and slaves.]

[13]d. 250/ def. 330, S. N. 13a (13b tl.)Tahrren f-evsiti Cemziyel-evvel sene 998 [M.V. 24 Mart 1590] {M.

18-27 Mart 1590} [stanbul]

Hkm / . Muraddan / Cezayir Beylerbeyisi ve Karleli Sancabeyine.

[sitne-i sadetdeki] Venedik baylosunun [Giovanni Moro] Der-gh- muallya arz- hlidir. Daha nce harmi ve levend ekynn,

Ayamavradan bir kayk donatp Venedike tbiyerlere gidip Venedikli-leri esr edip mallarn da yamalamak zere yola ktklar bildirilmi-tir. Yola kan bu levend kayklarna msaade edilmemesi ve harmilevendlerin haklarndan gelinmesi iin ift hkm-i hmyn verilmi-ken; bunlarn haklarndan gelinememi ve levendlerin yakalanmasnada imkn olmamtr. Bu nedenle levendlerin ekylklar gnden gne


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artmtr. Venedikin deniz muhfazasnda tayn ettikleri gemileriMarib keferesinin yirmi oturak bir korsan kalyatasn ele geirmilerve iinden kan otuz dokuz Mslman esri de ahidnme-i hmynartlar gereince serbest brakmlardr. Fakat bu esrlerden baz-

lar korsan levendlerle mttefik olup baz levend kalyatalar donatpdenizde korsanlk edip Venediklilerin mallarn yamalamlardr. Bu-nun zerine sulularn cezalandrlmas ve Venediklilerin yamalananmallarnn bulunup tespit edilmesi iin ahidnme-i hmyn uyarncahkm verilmitir. [Problems caused by privateers, pirates and bandits:seizure of ships, goods and slaves.]

[14]d. 250/ def. 330, S. N. 14a (14b tl.)Tahrren f-Cemziyel-evvel sene 998 [M.V. 10 Nisan 1590] [stanbul]

Hkm / . Muraddan / Bosna Beylerbeyisine (Uskok kfirlerini da-vet edip varp buluup ol vecihle ihtilat ettikleri).

[sitne-i sadetdeki] Venedik baylosunun [Girolamo Lippomano]Dergh- muallya arz- hlidir. Hrsz ve harmi ve kffar Hiksar ta-ifesinden Uskok Kapudan Giorgio ve Lika Sancabeyi brahim Beyarasnda Venediklilere ynelik faaliyetlerde bulunmak zere bir ittifak

yapld bildirilmitir. Bunun zerine, memleket hkimi olanlarn hr-mz, harmi ve kfirler ile alaka edecek olurlar ise halleri memlik za-btndan kalr diye beylere bildirilmek ricasna hkm-i hmyn talebi

zerine verilen hkmdr. [Problems caused by privateers, pirates andbandits: seizure of ships, goods and slaves.]

[15]d. 250/ def. 330, S. N. 15a (15b tl.)Tahrren f-elyevm Cemziyel-ahir sene 998 [M.V. 20 Nisan 1590]

[stanbul]Hkm / . Muraddan, Maliyeden / skenderiye Sancabeyi ve Mu-

kataat Mfettileri ve lgn ve Bar Kadlarna.

[sitne-i sadetdeki] Venedik baylosunun [Giovanni Moro] Der-gh- muallya arz- hlidir. Venedik beylerinin kadrgalarndan birkadrga rzgra tutulup Boyana Liman yaknnda karaya oturmutur.Gemi iinden kan adamlar btn aletleri, esbblar ve toplar Vene-dik beylerinin adamlarna teslim olunmak iin ahidnme-i hmynartlar gereince verilen hkmdr. [Wreck of Venetian ships]

[16]d. 250/ def. 330, S. N. 16a (16b tl.)Tahrren f-evsiti Cemziyel-ahir sene 998 [M.V. 14 Nisan 1590] {M.

17-26 Nisan 1590} [stanbul]


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Hkm / . Muraddan / skenderiye Sancabeyi ve lgn ve BarKadlarna.

[sitne-i sadetdeki] Venedik baylosunun [Giovanni Moro] Der-

gh- muallya arz- hlidir. Boyana Limannda karaya oturan ge-minin iinden kan mallarn sahiplerine idesini bildiren baka birhkmdr. [Ayrca bkz. 15] [Wreck of Venetian ships]

[17]d. 250/ def. 330, S. N. 17a (17b tl.)Tahrren f-evili Receb sene 998 [M.V. Maysin balar 1590] {M.

6-15 Mays 1590} [stanbul]Hkm / . Muraddan / Bosna Beylerbeyisi dme ikblh.

[sitne-i sadetdeki] Venedik baylosunun [Giovanni Moro] Der-gh- muallya arz- hlidir. Venedik beylerinin mektbla bildirdiizere, Gabela Nehri Kapudan Mmin, Venedik vilyetlerine ait Ga-bela skelesine varp orada ticaret yapan bezirgn taifesine ynelikhakaretlerde bulunmu, kimini darp kimini de katletmitir. Ayrca kat-lettii bir Venedikliyi de Gabela Nehrine atmtr. Tccarlarn getir-dikleri metlar sattktan sonra memn olmayan mety alp vilyet-lerine dnmek istediklerinde onlara mani olmutur. Hkm, ahidnme-ihmyn gereince, Venedikli tccarlarn gemilerine ve kadrgalarnazarar verilmemesi, renber taifesinin rencde edilmemesi, korkutulma-

mas ve ayrca muhfaza kadrgalarndan olan Venediklilerin akeleri-ne el konulmamas iin verilmitir. [Mistreatment of Venetians by Ot-toman officers.]

[18]d. 250/ def. 330, S. N. 18a (18b tl.)Tahrren f-evili abn sene 998 [M.V. 8 Haziran 1590] {M. 5-14

Haziran 1590} [stanbul]Hkm / . Muraddan / skenderiye Sancabeyine.

[sitne-i sadetdeki] Venedik baylosunun [Giovanni Moro] Der-gh- muallya arz- hlidir. Venedik beylerinin stanbulda bulunanVenedik baylosuna u