Students copy only the RED words or phrases

World History Standards Packet

Post-World War I

CHAPTER 15

Tradition

• WWI viewed as a family feud • “old ways” pushed world into war

Government Instability

• Most countries become democracies after World War I

• Many democratic governments were unsuccessful and failed to support their people

• Political parties fight for control– Rise of the communist party in Russia, fascist party

in Italy, and Nazi party in Germany

Women

• Roles change: – women worked during the war– cut their hair short, smoke, and drink, war make-

up, and promote birth control– 1920: women get the right to vote

Literature

• “All Quiet on the Western Front” – About the horrors of trench warfare and futility of

World War One

Lost Generation

• Writers were known as the lost generation because they wrote about themes including feelings of loss and fear, death destruction, and despair

• Famous authors:– Stein, Hemingway, Joyce, Kafka, Fitzgerald

Art

• Artists and writers portray this sense of loss and confusion in their paintings and writings

• Artists began to paint using obscure styles that were not created to look like items a person would see in real life (because artists felt real life at the time was hard to deal with)

• Dali:– Known for surrealism: dream-like painting)– Inspired by Sigmund Freud and his study of dreams

• Picasso:– known for dadaism (painting with no meaning or

purpose) and cubism (painting using obscure shapes and geometric figures)

– broke rules to create his art

Russian Revolution

CHAPTER 14

Causes of the Revolution

• Royal Family– out of touch with the needs of the people

• Involvement in World War I:– Czar Nicolas loses popularity due to WWI– Reveals Russia’s weakness- that they had not

industrialized (not enough guns for all soldiers)– costs Russia too much money– hardships experienced during Russia’s

participation in World War I will result in the result in the downfall of the czar

• Bloody Sunday – people protest against working conditions and low

wages– Soldiers shoot at protestors, kill hundreds of

unarmed Russian people• March Revolution – led by angry women protesting the price of bread– soldiers ordered to shoot, instead join the women– Czar abdicates the throne

Bolshevik Revolution

• Lenin and the Bolsheviks (communists) take control of the government of Russia

• Lenin hoped that the Russian Revolution would inspire others to start other socialist rebellions though out Europe

• Causes the Civil War (White vs. Red Army)

Lenin

• Led the Bolshevik Revolution• Established a communist government in

Russia• Renamed Russia, the USSR

Totalitarian Methods

• Executes royal family and others against communism

• Uses concentration camps (aka “Gulags”), secret police (Checka), terror and censorship to make people obey him

Stalin’s Rise to Power

• Trotsky, Stalin’s rival, assassinated in Mexico by Soviet agent

• Puts his supporters in government positions

Economic Policies

• Stalin attempts to industrialize Russia• 5 Year Plan: involves the use of collective

farms (large farms) and building factories• Command Economy: all economic decisions

made by government officials (Stalin)

Totalitarian Methods

• Gulag, secret police, censorship (newspapers, radio, art, music, books, etc.) persecution of religion, education, torture, starvation, execution

Ukraine & Human Rights Violations

• Kulaks – middle class farmers – refused to give up their land– 2 million were executed or starved to death in an

artificial famine created by Stalin

• Great Purge:– Stalin purged (killed or jailed) those who opposed

him especially those in the communist party– Brought deaths to millions of people

Totalitarianism

CHAPTER 15

Rise AggressionItalyfascist

Weak king puts Mussolini in power

Use terror tactics against political opponents

• Italy invades Ethiopia • Revenge for Ethiopia

maintaining its independence by defeating Italy earlier during late 1800s

• Seeks to prove itself to Germany

Germanyfascist

• Hitler rises using economic depression to his advantage

• Blames Germany’s problems on Jews and communists

• Use terror tactics against political opponents

• seek to build Third Reich (German empire)

• Lebensraum: living space; idea used as a reason to conquer other countries

• Occupies Rhineland, annex Austria, take Sudetenland, and seize Czechoslovakia

Japan Emperor supports military takeover Japan

• successfully invades Manchuria

• Japan invades and occupies China

• Rape of Nanjing – atrocities & extermination of Chinese population in Nanjing

• Sought to establish the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

World War II

CHAPTER 16

AppeasementWhat is it? giving into a potential enemy (Germany and Italy) in order to keep peace

Who practiced this? Britain & France

When was it used? At the Munich Conference, Neville Chamberlain, British Prime Minister, allows Germany to have the Sudetenland

Isolation

What is it? staying out of foreign wars

Who practiced this? U.S.

Why? U.S. did not want to get involved in European affairs after WWI

Economic Depression

• Worldwide economic depression. • German depression used by Nazi’s to gain

power • Countries not prepared to fight war – isolation U.S., appeasement France, Britain

Non-Aggression Pact

What is it? an agreement not to fight, also called Hitler-Stalin Pact

Who signed this? USSR & Germany

Why? Hitler & Stalin secretly agree to share Poland

Invasion of Poland

• Event that started World War II• Britain and France to declare war on Germany

Allied Powers

• Britain, United States of America, Soviet Union• BUSASU

Axis Powers

• Germany, Italy, Japan (G. I. Japan)

Dunkirk

• Hitler dominates France• French troops flee from Germans at Dunkirk

on British rescue boats, yachts, and fishing boats

Battle of Britain

• Hitler attempts to conquer Britain, but he fails• Why British are successful: radar, enigma, high

British morale• This battle proved Hitler’s attacks could be

blocked

Pearl Harbor

• Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii

• Pres. Roosevelt called it “A day which will live in infamy…”

• U.S. enters WWII because of this attack• U.S. main priority when they enter WWII is to

defeat Germany, then Japan

D-Day

• Allies invade beaches of Northern France• Liberated France and Belgium• break through German forces and head onto

Germany

Battle of the Bulge

• Last German offensive• Allies press in on Germany from the east and

west

Yalta Conference

Attendees: Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill

Main Purpose: restructuring/rebuilding Europe after World War II

Potsdam Conference

Attendees: Truman, Stalin, Churchill

Main Purpose: restructuring/rebuilding Japan after World War II

Winston Churchill

Prime Minister of Great Britain; gave inspiring speeches

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

President of the United States; died before the end of the war

Emperor Hirohito

Emperor of Japan

Isoroku Yamamoto

Japanese naval strategist; planned the attack of Pearl Harbor

Adolph Hitler Dictator of Germany; known as “der Fuhrer”

Benito Mussolini

Italian dictator; known as “Il Duce”

Joseph Stalin Communist dictator of the Soviet UnionDouglas MacArthur

Supreme Commander of Allied Troops in the Pacific; thought up the Island Hopping strategy; supervised the U.S. Army’s occupation of Japan; wrote Japanese Constitution

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Supreme Commander of Allied Troops in Europe; D-Day commander; later became President of U.S.

Nuremberg Laws

• started the Holocaust• laws that systematically stripped the Jews of

their rights

Concentration Camps

• Hitler sent the “undesirable” people to these camps and death camps– Included political and war prisoners, communists,

gypsies, Jews, handicapped, ill, and homosexuals

Final Solution

• The goal of killing of all European Jews (genocide)

Holocaust

• 6 million Jews killed by Hitler

• Used on Japan by United States to end WWII• Dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki• U.S. make the first one

Nuclear Weapons

Eastern Europe

• Soviet Union suffered from the most civilian and military causalities during WWII

• Soviet Union occupied Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary at the end of WWII – Known as satellite nations of Soviet Union– became communist – Also known as countries “behind the iron curtain”

Recovery of Japan & Germany

• U.S. occupied these countries• wrote constitutions for them• U.S. rebuilt their cities, industries, and

economies

Cold War

CHAPTER 17

Cold War

• Soviet Union & US emerge as superpowers after WWII

• Divide the world – – US promotes spread of democracy and capitalism– Soviet Union promotes spread of communism

• Closest came U.S. and Soviet Union came to nuclear war- Cuban Missile Crisis

Egypt

• U.S. trade embargo – Egypt buys military supplies from Soviets – Soviets gain influence in Middle East

Congo

• Control by Belgium – Struggle for Democracy – Communist uprising

• U.S. CIA leads a coup de etat to overthrow communist government

Korea

• Containment• U.S. invades to stop the spread of communism

Vietnam

• Containment• Domino Theory – If one southeast Asian

country falls to communism, they will all fall.

Truman Doctrine

• U.S. Financial support for countries that reject communism.

• Greece, Turkey, Africa

Marshall Plan

• Food, machines, materials to rebuild Europe.

Containment

• Contain the spread of communism. • Leads to U.S. wars in Korea & Vietnam.

Chinese Civil War

• Chiang Kai-sheck (Jiang Jieshi) – Kuomintang

• Mao Zedong (Tsu-Tung) – Communists• Mao takes over Mainland China• Chiang takes over Taiwan

Mao Zedong

• Power concentrated in Communist Party Mao – Premier (leader)

• Collective farming • used totalitarian methods to gain control of

China

Great Leap Forward

• 5 year plans • Builds infrastructure (roads, bridges, railroads,

etc.), industry • peoples communes

Cultural Revolution

• Red Guard – student militia • Little Red Book • radical communism

Tiananmen Square

• Democratic uprising in the 1980s – put down by red army

Post-Cold War

CHAPTER 18&19

Poland

• Workers strike by group Solidarity led by Lech Walsea

• Soviet military crushes uprisings

Hungary

• Imre Nagy, democratic leader • Soviet’s invade• Nagy executed

Czechoslovakia

• Prague Spring= example of writers protest • Communist leader replaced by Alexander

Dubcek who does anti-communist reform • Soviets crush uprising

Middle East (and Southwest Asia)

• Middle East known for oil reserves and ethnic and religious conflicts– Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979

• India known for fighting between Muslims and Hindus

Israel

• Holocaust influences the establishment of a Jewish State.

• Land is taken from Palestinians to form the new country.

• Arabs (Moslems) and Israeli’s (Jews) fight • U.S. and Western Europe support Israel – Arab’s embargo (refuse to sell) oil to US because

of them supporting Israel

Soviet Union Collapses

• Soviet States seek independence• War in Afghanistan hurts economy• Military withdraws from Eastern Europe to

help economy• Soviet Union falls 1991

United Nations

• Established after WWII• International peacekeeping organization• humanitarian organization

UNICEF – children’s fund successful

NATO

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization• Alliance between U.S. and Western Europe for

military defense

SEATO

• South East Asian Treaty Organization• Created to stop spread of communism in S.E.

Asia

Warsaw Pact

• Created in reaction to NATO• Communist Nations alliance