Student AthletesPresented by: Caroline Falk, Matt Jarmon, Gwen Kenny, Denise Stewart

COLLEGIATE STUDENT ATHLETES

Definition:

A intercollegiate level student athlete is defined as a student who participates in organized sport on a collegiate level for the institution in which they are enrolled.

Youth Organized Sports

Interscholastic Sports

Intercollegiate Sports

Professional Sports

COLLEGIATE ATHLETICS HISTORY • 1843 – Yale University Boat Club

• 1844 – Harvard University Boat Club

• 1852 – 1st rowing competition

• 1859 – 1st intercollegiate baseball game

• 1872 – 1st intercollegiate football association

• 1875 – 1st intercollegiate track and field association

• 1883 – 1st intercollegiate tennis match

• 1895 – 1st intercollegiate ice hockey game

• 1899 – 1st intercollegiate gymnastics competition

• 1906 – NCAA formed

(Tew, 2011)

GOVERNING ASSOCIATION

NCAA: National Collegiate Athletic Association

• Non-profit association• 1,281 institutions represented• Provides rules and regulations that govern collegiate sports

• Three division setup (Division I, Division II, and Division III)• Governs financial setups and scholarship availability

Sports Represented:Baseball, Basketball, Bowling, Boxing, Cross Country, Fencing, Field Hockey, Football, Golf, Gymnastics, Ice Hockey, Lacrosse, Rifle, Rowing, Skiing, Soccer, Softball, Swimming and Diving, Tennis, Track and Field, Volleyball, Water Polo, Wrestling

NCAA ROLE:Monitor Academics:

• Earn at least a 2.3 grade-point average in core courses

• Sliding scale standards for freshmen• Meet an increased sliding-scale standard (for example,

an SAT score of 820 requires a 2.5 high school core course GPA)

• Remain full time degree seeking student• Student athletes must declare a major before the seventh

term or third year

Provide oversight & regulation (Smith, 2000):

• Safety regulations• Commercialization • Promote fair competition

STUDENT SOCIAL INVOLVEMENT

Astin’s Theory of Involvement:

Increased student academic and social involvement influences the amount of student learning and development (Pascarella & Terenzini, 2005)

• Funding

• Academics

• Historic athletic academic deficits / recent academic reform

• Pressure / Commitment

• Social Injustices

• Sexism, homophobia, racism

• Generated Income

• Billions generated for universities and private sponsorship companies

• Sonny Vaccaro

• Athletic bribery scandals

• Reggie Bush

• Cam Newton

• Jim Tressel

ATHLETICS CONTROVERSY:

COLLEGIATE SPORTS RELATED ISSUES

• Decreased social life (Hudson, 2000)

• Depression / increased pressure

• Abuse of illegal substances and alcohol, poor graduation rates

• Violence / Hazing / Substance Abuse (Hinkle et al, 2007)

• Eating disorders /hazing / peer pressure

• Focus beyond college

• A focus on winning and athletics in colleges often takes priority over academics.

• New sports facilities are often built instead of creating or growing existing academic programs. Huge amounts of money and time are invested in recruiting the best athletes in the country

COLLEGIATE SPORTS RELATED ISSUES

POSITIVE ASPECTS OF ATHLETICS

POSITIVE ASPECTS OF ATHLETICS

• Learning teamwork / discipline

• Maintaining good health

• Following rules

• Building character

• Creating confidence / self esteem (Anderson, 2004)

• Goal-setting and the ability to overcome failure

• Strong social networks

EFFECTS ON ACADEMICS

• Positive impact on GPA for females

• Slight drop in GPA points in the off season

• Major clustering / Career path selection (Milton et al, 2012)

• Complex area of research

• Divisions by gender

TOOLS FOR SUCCESS:• Coordinated programming in conjunction with academic and advising services

• TYPES OF PROGRAMMING

• Academic Support

• Tutoring (Thamel, 2006)

• Monitored study halls

• Educational planning

• Supplemental Instruction

• Career preparation

• Career development workshops

• Targeted recruitment programming

• Acclimation Programing

• Specialized orientations

• Individualized counseling

• Conducted by: Steve Chen, Moorehead State University; Shonna Snyder, Gardner Webb University; Monica Magner, Morehead State University (Chen, S. et al 2008)

• 163 student-athletes (59%)

• 112 non-athlete students (41%)

• From a National Collegiate Athletic Division-I institution

• Males = 172 (62.5%)

• Females = 103 (37.5%)

• Information collected in 2008 spring semester

RELATED STUDIES:

• Seven sub-factors:

• Personal Role

• Importance of Sport

• Personal Attributes

• Expectation of Others

• Core Benefits

• Social Relationship

• Specific Behaviors

• Conducted by: NCAA (GOALS and SCORES STUDY) (Pope, 2009)

•GOALS – Growth, Opportunities, Aspirations and Learning of Students in college

– 21,000 current student-athletes at 627 Division I, II and III schools

• SCORE – Study of College Outcomes and Recent Experiences

– 8,500 former student-athletes who graduated HS in 1994.

– Surveyed about their college experiences; current education, career, and well-being

RELATED STUDIES: NCAA

• Student athletes report being actively engaged in their academic experience –both in and out of the classroom

• Within the classroom, over 70% of student-athletes report that they participate in class Always or Often and 87% report coming to class prepared Always or Most of the Time

• Use of academic support services

• Perceived effect on GPA

• More athlete than student

• Great social benefit

• Effect on choosing college

RELATED STUDIES: NCAA CONT.

• Anderson, C.B. (2004). “Athletic identity and its relation to exercise behavior: Scale development and initial validation. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 26(1), 39-56.

• Ayers, K., Pazmino-Cevallos, M., & Dobose, C. (2012). The 20-Hour Rule: Student-Athletes Time Commitment to Athletics and Academics. Virginia Journal, 33(1), 22-26.

• Chen, S., Snyder, S., and Magner, M., (2010). Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics , “The Effects of Sports Participation on Student Athletes’ and Non-Athlete Student’s Social Life and Identity,” http://csri-jiia.org/documents/puclications/research_articles/2010/JIIA_2010_3_10_176_193_Athletic%20Identity.pdf

• Hinkle, S., Smith, S.L., & Stellino, M.B. (2007). “Cognitive dissonance in athletic hazing: The roles of commitment and athletic identity.” Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology (Suppl.), 29, S1169-S170.

• Hudson, A. (2000). “Effects of athletic involvement on the social life: A study of 68 track and field athletes.”

SOURCES:

• Milton, P. R., Freeman, D., & Williamson, L. M. (2012). Do Athletic Scholarships Impact Academic Success of Intercollegiate Student-Athletes: An Exploratory Investigation. Journal Of Issues In Intercollegiate Athletics, 5329-338.

• NCAA (2006). Student-Athlete Perspectives on Their College Experience: Preliminary Findings from the NCAA GOALS and SCORE Studies. Retrieved November 11, 2013, from https://www.ncaa.org/wps/wcm/connect/cbfa16004b43fac09453d5d0ae33e5ab/2007_Convention_Prelim_GOALS_SCORE_Findings.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=cbfa16004b43fac09453d5d0ae33e5ab.

• O’Shaughnessy, L. (2009). “Playing for a scholarship,” http://moneywatch.bnet.com/ saving-money/article/scoring-a-college-athletic-scholarship/307436/

• Parcarella, E.T. & Terenzini, P.T. (2005). How college affects students: A third decade of research. Volume 2. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA.

SOURCES:

• Smith, R. K. (2000). Brief History of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Role in Regulating Intercollegiate Athletics, A. Marq. Sports L. Rev., 11, 9.

• Snyder, E. M., Kras, J. M., Bressel, E., & Reeve, E. M. (2011). The Relationship of Residence to Academic Performance in NCAA Division I Freshman Athletes.Journal Of Issues In Intercollegiate Athletics, 105-119.

• Tew, T. (2011). The History of Collegiate Athletics. The History of Collegiate Athletics. Retrieved October 30, 2013, from http://tylertew.wordpress.com/2011/06/21/the-history-of-collegiate-athletics-1865-1900/

• Thamel, P. (2006). Athletes get new college pitch: Check out our tutoring center. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/04/sports/ncaafootball/04ncaa.html?pagewanted=all

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