struggle between patricians and plebeians
TRANSCRIPT
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DISCUSS THE POLITICAL STRUGGLE
THAT TOOK PLACE BETWEEN
PATRICIAN AND PLEBEIANS
The domestic history of Rome during the first two centuries of the Republic is dominated by
the conflict between the patricians and plebeians. The patricians constituted small close-knit
elite while the plebeians were the common people. Both the orders were included in the
category of Roman citizens.
The distinction between patricians and plebeians in Ancient Rome was based purely on birth.
This division had a permanency which resembles the permanency of being born into a
particular caste. A citizen was born either a patrician or a plebeian. One could not become apatrician merely by acquiring wealth or political power. Kinship and marriage too were
closely linked with the division of Roman society into two orders. Till 445 B.C. marriages
between patricians and plebeians were prohibited by law and for a long time after that such
marriage were rare.
PATRICIANS
In the early republic, the patrician class dominated Roman society. The patricians were a
privileged class of Roman citizens who exercised great political and religious power, held
military authority, especially during the monarchy and the Roman Republic. Patrician status
was obtained only by birth.
Patrician social organization was based on kinship groups called gentes. Each gens traced its
origin to a common ancestor. Patrician gentes were patrilineal and rigidly patriarchal. Kinship
ties played an important role at the level of patrician social organization. Their closed kinship
structure was so strictly regulated that during the course of the republic the number of gentes
were steadily decreasing.
The patricians were the economically, politically and socially dominant group. Being born apatrician meant automatic access to wealth, political power, and a high social and ritual
status. Patricians were able to exercise a high degree of control over Roman religion. When
the republic came into existence the patricians converted the senate into an exclusive
oligarchical institution for governing Rome. Membership in the patrician class was inherited.
The patricians were able to influence the proceedings of the comitia curiata by choosing
appropriate presiding officers.
The upper class plebeians were barred from magistracies. Middle and lower classes felt the
economic burden. Rural farmers were feeling the effects of war because they had to do much
of the fighting. Poor plebeians were subject to harsh debtor laws.
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The fact that the patrician class was an aristocracy based on birth ultimately led to a decline
in the number of patrician clans, from about 50 in 400 B.C. to only 14 in 31 B.C. Julius
Caesar and the emperor Augustus were granted the power to create new patricians, and later
emperors used their power as censor to elevate other citizens to patrician status. New
patricians created in this manner could pass this status on to their descendants. Even so, the
hereditary class of patricians seems to have disappeared by the A.D. 200. The emperorConstantine revived the title of patricius in the early A.D. 300, but it were given to
individuals as an honor in recognition of service to the empire and did not carry the privileges
or the hereditary status that the original term implied.
PLEBEIANS
Plebeian referred to the mass of the Roman populationall those belonging to the lower
classes of Roman society. At the beginning of the Roman Republic, plebeians were excluded
from all important positions in the government. After the Conflict of the Orders struggle,
plebeians largely attained political equality with patricians.
In 494 B.C. scores of plebeians withdrew from Rome and assembled outside the boundaries
of the city. This was the first of five secessions by the plebeians that occurred during the early
years of the republic. They formed their own popular assembly and elected their own
officials, called Tribunes, to protect their interests against the actions of the patricians. Since
the withdrawal of large numbers of citizens weakened the army, the patricians relented.
Eventually, they accepted the plebeian assembly as able to make laws binding on the
plebeians and their tribunes as legitimate officials, thus creating a plebeian state within
Rome.
The plebeians developed their own institutions that were completely separate from those of
the patricians. They formed an assembly called the concilium plebis, which excluded all
patricians. Decisions (called plebiscite) made by the concilium plebis were binding only on
plebeians, although they could be applied to all Romans if they were also approved by the
patricians. When this condition was removed at the end of the Conflict of the Orders,
plebiscita became law for all the Roman people.
The concilium plebis elected the tribunes and the two plebeian aediles. Each year, the
assembly elected ten tribunes to represent the interests of the plebeians. Although they were
not magistrates of the Roman government, tribunes had considerable power. They helped anyplebeian, who was mistreated by the patricians, and they could block all legislation of the
magistrates and decrees of the Roman Senate that they believed were not in the best interest
of the plebeians. The most powerful weapon in the hands of the plebeians was the refusal to
render military service (secession).
Around 450 B.C., the plebeians demanded that the Roman rulers codify Roman laws so that
they would apply to all citizens equally. Although the result (Twelve Tables) was harsh and
restrictive, it made the laws known to all and not subject to the arbitrary decisions of
magistrates.
Theplebeians greatest success was the passage of the Licinian-Sextian laws of 367-366 B.C.For the first time, plebeians were allowed to hold the office of consul. By the end of the 300s
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B.C., plebeians could hold important governmental offices and state priesthoods, and
imprisonment for debt had been abolished.
After the plebeians' final secession in 287 B.C., the Romans passed the Hortensian law,
which validated legislation passed by the plebeian assembly and applied it to all Roman
citizens, not just plebeians. After this time, plebeians and patricians had equal political andlegal rights. Although this marked the end of the Conflict of the Orders, most political power
remained in the hands of the wealthier noble families.
STRUGGLE BETWEEN PATRICIANS AND
PLEBEIANS
There was lot of internal politics in Ancient Rome. Patrician families would seize all the
public land for their own use, driving many small landowners into debt. The plebeians wereconstantly fighting for a greater say in the government, and finally, the first plebeian consuls
were elected in 366 B.C. However, the patricians continued to control the Senate, sometimes
taking ambitious plebeians into their ranks to achieve their aims.
During the time of the Roman Republic, there was constant struggle between the rich
patrician aristocracy and the plebeians who ranged from jobless laborers to wealthy
landowners who did not belong to the noble class. While on the one hand the patricians tried
to concentrate all political power in their hands, on the other hand the plebeians began to
assert themselves and demanded that they should also have a say in the political process. The
system evolved by the patricians after the establishment of the Republic completely denied
the plebeians any say in the government. The Roman aristocracy had to seek the support of
the peasantry for defending the city and subsequently for expansion in Italy. Roman military
organization was heavily dependent on the peasants who constituted the main fighting force.
The army comprised unpaid soldiers who were primarily recruited from the peasantry. The
soldiers had to supply their own fighting equipment. All able-bodied male adults had to
render military service. As Rome began to expand, the need to have the support of the
peasant soldiers increased. Initially, the peasantry derived some minor benefits from this
expansion, but it was the patrician aristocracy that was the main beneficiary of the empire.
The growth of the empire made the aristocracy wealthy and widened the gap between the rich
and the poor.
In the early phase of Roman expansion, the peasantry was able to extract major political
concessions. Through these concessions a small section of the plebeians got some share in
political power. The struggle between the aristocracy and the peasantry was a struggle
between the patricians and the plebeians and is often referred to as the conflict of the orders.
One of the foremost demands of the plebeians was that there should be a written code of
law so that there was no arbitrary exercise of judicial authority. In the absence of written
laws, the patricians had consistently abused their judicial powers. The plebeians
threatened the Senate that they would not perform military service if it does not initiate
steps to create a proper legal framework for the Roman state. The Senate set up a ten-
member commission ('decemvirs') presided over by Applies Claudius. The commissionprepared a set of laws for the Romans, known as the Code of the Twelve Tables which
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was introduced in c. 450 BC. This code reduced the scope for arbitrary exercise of
judicial authority by the patricians.
The second landmark was the provision whereby one of the consulships was opened to
the plebeians in 367 BC. Since the Consuls were elected by the comitia centuriata and
the names of candidates had to be proposed by senators, it was not easy for a plebeian tobe elected to the highest magistracy of the Roman state. It was only in the last hundred
years of the Republic that plebeians began to regularly hold consulships. These plebeian
Consuls became members of the Senate via the consulship.
Thirdly, the Roman law had a very harsh provision which related to the strict
enforcement of formal contracts or nexum. The impoverishment of the peasants had
forced them to seek regular loans from the rich. If a Roman entered into a formal
agreement or nexum while contracting a loan in which the debtor's person was pledged
as security, failure to honor the agreement resulted in debt bondage. Debts incurred due
to frequent participation in wars, as well as to meet diverse economic needs, had made
indebtedness a chronic peasant problem. Debt bondage had allowed the landedaristocracy to acquire unfree labour for their estates. When the peasants and other poor
people were unable to repay their loans they were enslaved. Nexum thus became a
device for the big landowners to convert free peasants into unfree labour. The abolition
of nexum was thus a crucial issue for the plebeians. In 326 BC, a law was enacted which
prohibited the enslavement of Roman citizens for non-repayment of debts. The peasants
were victorious in their struggle against debt bondage but their fight for retaining
possession over their land remained unsuccessful.
The fourth, and politically the most significant, landmark in the conflict of the orders
during the early Republic was a step taken in 287 BC which gave the plebeian Tribunes
full-fledged magisterial powers. There seems to have been a serious crisis at this stage
which culminated in another threat by the plebeians to withdraw from military service.
By a law of 287 BC the decisions of the concilium plebis were made binding on the
Roman state. Henceforth, the Tribunes were authorized to enforce the decisions of the
concilium plebis with the full sanction of the Roman state, with appropriate
punishments for violation. This legislation greatly increased the clout of the concilium
plebis. Its decisions had full legal authority. Correspondingly, the tribune ship became a
powerful magistracy. The events of 287 BC are supposed to have brought to an end the
conflict of the orders.
CONCLUSION
The struggle between the patricians and plebeians dragged on for hundreds of years, but it led
to success for the plebeians. The council of the plebs, a popular assembly for plebeians only,
was created in 471 B.C., and new officials, known as the tribunes of pleb, were given the
power to protect plebeians against arrest by patrician magistrates. A new law allowed
marriages between patricians and plebeians. Plebeians gained access to nearly all the
important political offices and priesthoods formerly held by the patricians.
One of the important demands of the plebeians in the conflict of the orders during the earlyrepublic had been that plebeians should also be allowed to hold the office of consul. In the 4th
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century B.C.E., plebeians were permitted to become consuls and also became eligible for
magistracy. Finally, in 281 B.C.E., the council of the plebs received the right to pass laws for
all Romans.
The struggle between the patricians and plebeians had a significant impact on the
development of the Roman state. Theoretically, by 287 B.C.E, all Roman citizens were equalunder the law, and all could strive for political office. But in reality, as a result of the right of
intermarriage, a select number of patrician and plebeian families formed a new senatorial
aristocracy that came to dominate the political offices. The wealthiest plebeians thus joined
the patricians in forming a small and exclusive group that dominated Roman politics
thereafter: the "patricio-plebeian nobility."
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Early Social FormationsAmar Farooqi
Ancient Greece and Rome
World History Volume 1 - William J. Duiker, JacksonJ. Spielvogel