Structure of LifeStructure of Life

Elements of LifeElements of Life

90 Natural 90 Natural occurring occurring elements, 25 elements, 25 essentialessential

96% of the mass of 96% of the mass of a human is made a human is made up of C, O, H, N up of C, O, H, N

Molecules of LifeMolecules of Life Molecule: a group of Molecule: a group of

atoms held together atoms held together by covalent bondsby covalent bonds

Example: H2OExample: H2O

25 essential elements25 essential elements

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Picture: a ferritin Picture: a ferritin homolog that binds homolog that binds and protects DNAand protects DNA

WaterWater Most important Most important

compound in living compound in living organisms.organisms.

It serves as a It serves as a transport of materials, transport of materials, and as a reservoir for and as a reservoir for process to occur.process to occur.

It has several unique It has several unique propertiespropertiesPolar, resists Polar, resists temperature change, temperature change, water expands when it water expands when it freezesfreezes

ProteinsProteins

Provide structure for tissue and organs Provide structure for tissue and organs and carry out cell metabolism.and carry out cell metabolism.

Metabolism: all the chemical reactions that Metabolism: all the chemical reactions that occur within an organism.occur within an organism.

The basic building blocks are amino The basic building blocks are amino acids (a.a.)acids (a.a.)

A structural building block of many A structural building block of many organismorganism

Protein Cont.Protein Cont.

Important for Important for contraction of muscle contraction of muscle tissue, transporting tissue, transporting oxygen in the blood oxygen in the blood stream, providing stream, providing immunity, regulation immunity, regulation of proteins, and of proteins, and carrying out reactions.carrying out reactions.

Example: EnzymeExample: Enzyme

EnzymeEnzyme

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Used by cells to store and release Used by cells to store and release energyenergy

Organic-has carbonOrganic-has carbon An organic compound composed of An organic compound composed of

C, H, and O with a ratio of 2H:1O:1CC, H, and O with a ratio of 2H:1O:1C Different types: monosaccharide, Different types: monosaccharide,

disaccharide, polysaccharide disaccharide, polysaccharide

CarbohydrateCarbohydrate

LipidsLipids

Cells use lipids for Cells use lipids for energy storage, energy storage, insulation, and insulation, and protective protective coatings.coatings.

Major components Major components of the membrane of the membrane that surround all that surround all living cellsliving cells

Organic Organic coumpoundcoumpound

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

A complex A complex macromolecule macromolecule that stores cellular that stores cellular information in the information in the form of a codeform of a code

smaller subunits smaller subunits are nucleotidesare nucleotides

ExplainExplain

““With the cell, Biology With the cell, Biology discovered its atom.”discovered its atom.”

Atom is the basis for the element. Atom is the basis for the element. Just like the cell is the basis for Just like the cell is the basis for biology.biology.

Cells are the basic unit for Biotic Cells are the basic unit for Biotic organism.organism.

TechnologyTechnology

1.1. Light microscopeLight microscope

Simple light Simple light microscope, microscope, contained one lens contained one lens and used natural and used natural light to view objectslight to view objects

* Similar to * Similar to dissecting dissecting microscopesmicroscopes

Technology Cont.Technology Cont.

Compound Compound MicroscopeMicroscope

Use a series of Use a series of lenses to magnify lenses to magnify objects in steps objects in steps (magnify 1500X)(magnify 1500X)

Uses artificial lightUses artificial light

Images: MeiosisImages: Meiosis

Image: EarthwormImage: Earthworm

Technology Cont.Technology Cont.

3. 3. Electron Electron MicroscopeMicroscope

Use a beam of Use a beam of highly energetic e- highly energetic e- to examine objects to examine objects on a very fine scale on a very fine scale (instead of light)(instead of light)

Electron Microscope Cont.Electron Microscope Cont.

Image: MosquitoImage: Mosquito

Cont.Cont.

The compound The compound microscope can microscope can magnify up to magnify up to 1500X1500X

The electron The electron microscope can microscope can magnify up to magnify up to 500,000 X500,000 X

Scientists can now begin to Scientists can now begin to draw conclusions about the draw conclusions about the organization of living matterorganization of living matter

Size, Shape, and NumberSize, Shape, and Number

It’s important to understand that It’s important to understand that cells vary in size and shape cells vary in size and shape depending on their functions!depending on their functions!

DifferentiationDifferentiation

The structural adaptation of some body The structural adaptation of some body part for a particular function. There’s a lot part for a particular function. There’s a lot of different functions for all the different of different functions for all the different cells.cells.

Some functions are: blood cells, skin cells, Some functions are: blood cells, skin cells, brain cells, etc…brain cells, etc…

Differentiation is usually expressed stating Differentiation is usually expressed stating how different tumor cells are from the cells how different tumor cells are from the cells from which they originated.from which they originated.