structure of atom_1
TRANSCRIPT
The Structure of The Atom
Chapter 2
Matter and Substance
Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
Made up of tiny and discrete particles (atoms, molecules and ions)
Atoms
Molecules
Ions
The smallest particle, which can participate in a chemical reaction
Group of two or more atoms which are chemically bonded together
Positively or negatively charged particles
Kinetic theory of matter
Explain the energy and forces between particles in matter
Three basic assumptions:– Matter is made up of _____ particles.– The tiny particles are in constant ______.– When the temperature is _______, the
particles gain more kinetic energy and move in greater speeds.
tinyspeed
higher
Diffusion
A process in which the particles of substance move and _________ the spaces in between the particles of another substance.
Occurs in gases, _______ and solids.
occupy
liquids
Diffusion – Brownian Motion
The movement of particles in all _______ caused by the _______ among the particles or between particles and the container wall.
direction collision
Diffusion – Brownian Motion
Examples:– Movement of smoke particles in air– Movement of pollen grains in water– Pouring concentrated sugar solution
in water
Diffusion
Diffusion in solid, liquid and gas
Diffusion in solid, liquid and gas
SOLID
Arrangement of particles Description Property
Particles are held together by very strong _______ of attraction
Cannot be compressed
Closely packed together in an orderly ________
Has a fixed shape and volume
The kinetic energy of the particles is _____.Particle can vibrate and rotate in their fixed position.
-
forces
manner
low
LIQUID
Arrangement of particles Description Property
The forces of attraction between particles are _______ than in ________ but stronger than in gas state
Cannot be compressed easily
Packed closely but not in an orderly ________
Has a fixed volume and takes the shape of its container
The kinetic energy of the particles is greater than in ______ state. Particle can vibrate, rotate and move.
-
weaker solid
manner
solid
GAS
Arrangement of particles Description Property
______ forces of attraction between particles
Can be compressed easily
Particles are very _____ apart from each other.
Has no fixed volume and takes the shape of its container
The particles have very ________ kinetic energy. Particles can move freely in ________ motion.
-
Weak
far
high
random
Inter-conversion of matter
Gas
LiquidSolidA
BC
D
EF
Heating
Cooling
Changes in the state of matter
MeltingA
BoilingB
SublimationC
Inter-conversion process
D Freezing
E Condensation
F Sublimation
Inter-conversion Processes
Process DescriptionMelting Solid to liquid, heat is absorbed, particles gain energy
and vibrate vigorously to break away from their fixed position.
Evaporation / Boiling
Liquid to vapour, heat is absorbed, particles gain enough energy to break away completely from the liquid to form steam.
Sublimation Solid to vapour, heat is absorbed, particles get enough energy to break away completely from the solid and form a gas.
Freezing Liquid to solid, heat is liberated, particles slow down their vibration and stop moving.
Condensation Vapour to liquid, heat is liberated, particles lose energy and move more and more slowly to form liquid.
The heating curve of a substance
Temperature (°C)
Time (Min)
Boiling point
Melting point
A
B C
D E
F
The cooling curve of a substanceTemperature (°C)
Time (Min)
Boiling point
Freezing point
U
TS
RQ
P