Structure and Functions of Microorganisms Classification of Life - Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes - Bacteria, Parasites, Fungi & Viruses Classification of Life ThinkWell Video Whats the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Organisms without a cell nucleus or any other membrane bound organelle DNA found in the nucleoid within the cytoplasm of organism. Examples: Bacteria and Archaea. Organisms whose cells are organized into complex structures organelles. DNA found in the nucleus. Examples: Plants, Animals, Fungus, and Protist Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Prokaryotes - BacteriaEukaryotes - Animal Review of Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes & Classification of Life. Brain Pop- Cell Specialization, Six KingdomsCell SpecializationSix Kingdoms BACTERIA Bacteria Quick Facts Size Single Cell (1-2 micrometers) Structure Prokaryotic Cell (No Nucleus) Food By absorbing nutrients from the material they live on or in. (Heterotrophs) Movement Flagella and Pili. Bacteria Bacteria - live in a variety of places (with oxygen, without oxygen, extreme hot, extreme cold). Extreme Bacteria = Archaea. Millions of bacteria live on the skin and in the intestines. The vast majority of bacteria do not cause disease, and many bacteria are actually helpful and even necessary for good health. Harmful bacteria that cause bacterial infections and disease are called pathogenic bacteria. Bacterial diseases occur when pathogenic bacteria get into the body and begin to reproduce and crowd out healthy bacteria. Bacteria - Reproduction Bacteria reproduce through binary fission. Under optimal conditions, bacteria can grow and divide extremely rapidly, and bacterial populations can double very quickly. Bacteria - Diseases Examples: Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella cause food poisoning. Streptococcal bacteria cause a variety of infections in the body, including pneumonia, meningitis, ear infections, and strep throat. Salmonella E. coli Streptococcal bacteria Bacteria Shape/Type Spherical, Rod-like, Spiral, Corkscrew Spherical Known as cocci. Strep Throat Rod-like Known as bacilli Salmonella Spiral Known as spirilla Oceanospirllum Corkscrew Known as helical Lyme Disease - Borellia Bacteria - Treatment Antibiotics are used to inhibit the growth of bacteria. Bioticsof or having to do with life or living organisms Because antibiotics have been overused, many diseases that were once easy to treat are becoming more difficult to treat. Antibiotic resistance in bacteria occurs when mutant bacteria survive an antibiotic treatment and give rise to a resistant population. Bacteria Wrap Up Brain Pop Bacteria, Antibiotic ResistanceBacteriaAntibiotic Resistance VIRUS Virus Quick Facts Size micrometers (um) Structure protein coat with DNA or RNA Food host cell ??????? Movement vectors, blood, air, contact, water, food Virus Viruses are non-living particles composed of a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and a protein coat. Are much smaller than bacteria Virus - Structure Consist of genetic material contained inside a protective protein called a capsid. Shape helical, polyhedral, enveloped Virus - Reproduction Viruses need a host cell to reproduce. Viruses enter their DNA into the host cell. Once they enter their DNA, they replicate, and burst the cell to exit. Virus - Reproduction Harmful Viruses --Diseases Viral illnesses range from mild fevers to severe and fatal diseases. Polio, Smallpox, diphtheria, HIV, influenza, Ebola, West Nile, mononucleosis, measles/mumps Polio Mononucleosis Harmful Viruses HIV Ebola Viral Transmission Viral diseases are among the most widespread illnesses in humans. Transmission of these illnesses varies; some are transmitted by human contact, while others are transmitted through water or an insect bite. Sometimes a virus is harmful sometimes it is not. Virus Treatment/Prevention When you get a virus your body fights it off and builds immunities against it in the form of antibodies. Vaccines drugs are used to control and prevent the spread of viral diseases. PARASITES Parasites Quick Facts Size 70% of all parasites are MICROSCOPIC only 30% are visible to the naked eye. Structure specialized anatomically and physiologically to exploit host Food its hosts body Movement food, water, blood, vectors Parasite Natural selection favors adaptations that allow a parasite to efficiently exploit its host. A parasite is an organism that lives in another organism, called the host, and often harms it. It is dependent on its host for survival - it has to be in the host to live, grow and multiply. Parasites - Disease Infectious disease may also be caused by animal parasites, which may take up residence in the intestines, bloodstream, or tissues. Lyme Disease Male Tick Malaria Parasites - Disease Tapeworms are so specialized for a parasitic lifestyle that they do not even have a digestive system. They live in the small intestine of their host and absorb nutrients directly through their skin. Parasites - Transmission Parasites are either transmitted through a carrier, a vector, or directly ingested by the host. Carrier a person, animal, or plant that harbors and transmits an infectious disease Vector - a vector is any agent that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism, without being effected by the disease Parasites Prevention/Treatment Always wash your hands with soap and water before eating or handling food. Also wash your hands after using the toilet. Parasites are generally treated with an anti- parasitic medication In some circumstances, surgery may be required to remove the harmful parasite. FUNGI Fungi Quick Facts Size 2-10 micrometers (micro) 2-25 centimeters (macro) Structure hyphae with spores attached Food By absorbing nutrients from the material they live on or in (heterotrophs) Movement spores in the air Fungi Fungi are eukaryotic, non-photosynthetic multicellular, heterotrophic organisms. They are moisture loving micro/macro organisms. They do not succeed in dry environments Mushrooms Truffle Lichen Fungi - Reproduction Sexually (similar to plants) and Asexually (producing spores). When the environment is favorable, asexual reproduction ensures an increased spread of the species. Fungi - Diseases Fungi can sometimes attack the tissues of living plants and animals and cause disease. Fungal disease is a major concern for humans because fungi attack not only us but also our food sources, making fungi competitors with humans for nutrients. Athletes Foot Blight Fungus Fungi - Diseases Mold spores can cause mild to serious allergies in some people. There are many types of mold, however, none of them will grow without water or moisture. Mold Spores Fungi Transmission Some fungal infections, such as ringworm, can spread from person to person through contact Most fungal infections develop from fungi found naturally on the human body or in the environment. Usually they are inhaled when dust and fungal spores are released into the air. Fungi Prevention/Treatment The best way to prevent fungus from growing is to keep the surface clean and dry, since the fungus thrives in moist environments. Most fungal infections are treated with topical antifungal medication (athletes foot). Why are viruses not listed on here?