structural steel erection - best practices

C O M M E M O R A T I O N

James Jonathan (Smitty) Smith

The Steel Erection Safety Committee was formed as a result of an injury incident where two ironworkers wereseriously injured and one ironworker, James Jonathan (Smitty) Smith, was killed while erecting steel.

Committee members include representatives from industry, employers, the Ironworkers Union, and AlbertaWorkplace Health and Safety among others. The main purpose of the committee is to develop and communicateindustry recommended practices for the safe erection of structural steel in the construction industry.

This booklet fulfills that objective and is published to honour the memory of James Jonathan (Smitty) Smith.

Committee Members include:

Marc Bergeron (Vice-Chair), AB&S Steel

Rob Calver, Alberta Ironworkers Apprenticeship and Training Plan

George Chapman, TSE Steel Ltd.

Ray Cislo, Alberta Human Resources and Employment: Workplace Health and Safety

Dale Francis, Supreme Steel

Darrell LaBoucan, Ironworkers’ Local Union No. 720

Jeff Norris, Alberta Ironworkers Apprenticeship and Training Plan

Don Oborowsky (Chair), Waiward Steel Fabricators Ltd.

Glenn O’Neill, Ironworkers’ Local Union No. 725

LaMar Seward (Special Advisor), SNC-Lavalin ATP

Ken Zwicker, Brytex Building Systems Inc.

© 2006 Manufacturers’ Health & Safety Association. All rights reserved. Reproduction of this booklet is strictly prohibited without written permission.EDITION: APRIL 2006

To order this booklet, or for more information, contact an Alberta MHSA office at www.mhsa.ab.ca or an ACSA office atwww.acsa-safety.org.

This project was developed under the umbrella of the Manufacturers’ Health & Safety Association (MHSA) tofacilitate committee administration and financial management and to collect and disseminate the informationprovided by the committee.

The MHSA is an industry leader in promoting wellness in the manufacturing workplace. Our mission is to achievework site wellness and eliminate occupational injuries and illness in the manufacturing industry througheducation, training, advocacy and partnership. Our values are:

• Integrity • Trust • Participation • Collaboration • Performance Excellence

Committee members have volunteered many hours to support development of this booklet. Special thanks to theteam leaders for drafting materials and providing technical expertise and advice to the Chair—all of which madethis booklet possible.

The following organizations have endorsed this booklet:

Alberta Construction Association

Alberta Construction Safety Association (www.acsa-safety.org)

Alberta Metal Building Association

Alberta Steel Fabricators Association

Calgary Steel Fabricators Association

Canadian Institute of Steel Construction Alberta Region (www.cisc-icca.ca)

Canadian Welding Bureau (www.cwbweb.org)

International Union of Operating Engineers Local No. 955 (www.iuoe955.com)

Ironworker Provincial Apprenticeship Committee (www.tradesecrets.org)

Ironworkers’ Local Union No. 720 (www.ironworkers720.com)

Ironworkers’ Local Union No. 725

Manufacturers’ Health and Safety Association (www.mhsa.ab.ca)

Not all requirements under the OHS Act, Regulation, and Code are discussed in this booklet. This is not a definitiveguide to the legislation and does not exempt readers from their responsibilities under applicable legislation. Incase of inconsistency between this booklet and the Occupational Health and Safety legislation, the legislation willalways prevail.

Note: All drawings in this publication represent artist’s rendition of information only. Drawings and photographs are for generalillustration purposes and may not represent the exact work site setting or be interpreted as actual depiction of the OHS Act,Regulation, and Code requirements. Not all possible options are represented by illustrations.

S T RU C T U R A L S T E E L E R E C T I O N BEST PRAC TICES PAGE 1

Introduction ................................................................................................. 5

1 Safety ..................................................................................................... 71.1 Health and Safety Management System/Program ........................ 7

1.2 Worker Site Orientation ................................................................................... 8

1.3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) ..................................................... 8

1.4 Lifting and Handling Loads ........................................................................... 9

1.5 Safe Work Plan Modifications ....................................................................... 9

1.6 Housekeeping ....................................................................................................... 9

2 Project Pre-Planning ........................................................................ 112.1 Project Owner/Manager’s Responsibility .......................................... 11

2.2 Design Engineer’s Responsibility ............................................................ 11

2.3 Prime Contractor’s Responsibility .......................................................... 12

2.4 Steel Fabricator’s Responsibility .............................................................. 13

2.5 Steel Erector’s Responsibility ..................................................................... 13

3 Site-Specific Erection Plan ............................................................. 15

4 Structural Steel Assembly .............................................................. 17

4.1 Installing Single Columns ........................................................................... 17

4.2 Installing Columns in a Frame .................................................................. 18

Table of Contents

S T RU C T U R A L S T E E L E R E C T I O N BEST PRAC TICES

4.3 Installing a Single Beam ............................................................................... 19

4.4 Installing a Single Joist .................................................................................. 20

4.5 Installing Joist in Pairs .................................................................................... 21

4.6 Installing Joists in Bundles .......................................................................... 22

4.7 Structural Stability ............................................................................................ 23

4.8 Walking/Working Surfaces ......................................................................... 234.8.1 Shear Connectors for Composite Design

(e.g., Nelson Studs) ............................................................................ 234.8.2 Slip Resistance on Skeletal Steel Structures ............................ 23

4.9 Connections ........................................................................................................ 24

4.10 Bolting and Torquing ..................................................................................... 25

4.11 Field Welding ...................................................................................................... 25

4.12 Pre-Engineered Metal Building Systems ............................................ 25

4.13 Anchor Bolts (Anchor Rods) ...................................................................... 26

5 Hoisting and Rigging ....................................................................... 275.1 Inspections ........................................................................................................... 27

5.2 Loading and Unloading of Steel ............................................................. 285.2.1 Loading Trailers .................................................................................. 285.2.2 Positioning Trailers ............................................................................ 295.2.3 Unloading Trailers ............................................................................. 295.2.4 Shaking Out Steel .............................................................................. 295.2.5 Use of Sorting Hooks ....................................................................... 30

5.3 Hoisting Operations ....................................................................................... 30

5.4 Critical Lifts ........................................................................................................... 31

5.5 Rigging .................................................................................................................... 325.5.1 Load Rating of Slings and Other Rigging ............................... 325.5.2 Load Rating Marking: Sling Standard ...................................... 32


5.5.3 Rejection of Slings ............................................................................. 325.5.4 Multiple Lift Rigging ......................................................................... 33

6 Use of Aerial Work Platforms ......................................................... 35

7 Decking ............................................................................................... 377.1 Landing Decking Bundles on Joists ...................................................... 37

7.2 Roof and Floor Openings ............................................................................ 37

8 Fall Protection .................................................................................... 398.1 Overview ............................................................................................................... 39

8.2 Fall Protection Systems ................................................................................. 408.2.1 Control Zone ....................................................................................... 408.2.2 Travel Restraint Systems ................................................................. 418.2.3 Fall Arrest Systems ............................................................................. 418.2.4 Safety Nets ........................................................................................... 44

9 Working at Heights ........................................................................... 459.1 Overview ............................................................................................................... 45

9.2 Safeguards ............................................................................................................ 459.2.1 Covered Openings ............................................................................ 459.2.2 Guardrails ............................................................................................. 459.2.3 Protection From Falling Objects:

Securing Loose Objects Aloft ........................................................ 469.2.4 Protection From Falling Objects Other Than

Materials Being Hoisted .................................................................. 46

10 Tools ..................................................................................................... 4710.1 Use of Hand Tools ........................................................................................... 47

10.2 Use of Power Tools ......................................................................................... 47

10.3 Cutting/Burning/Welding Operations ............................................... 48


11 Training and Education ................................................................... 4911.1 Certification ......................................................................................................... 49

11.2 Training Personnel ........................................................................................... 4911.2.1 Fall Hazard Training ........................................................................ 4911.2.2 Specialty Training Programs ....................................................... 50

Appendix A: Definitions ....................................................................... 51

Appendix B: Sample Fall Protection Plan ....................................... 53

Figures1 Tie joist .................................................................................................................... 20

2 Rigging for joists in pairs .............................................................................. 22

3 Clipped connection ........................................................................................ 24

4 Typical 4 anchor bolt column setting .................................................. 26

5 Sorting hook ........................................................................................................ 30

6 Multiple lift rigging .......................................................................................... 33

7 Examples of typical aerial work platforms ........................................ 35

8 Travel restraint systems ................................................................................. 41

9 Clearance distance .......................................................................................... 42

10 Fall arrest systems ............................................................................................ 44

Table1 Components of the Site-Specific Erection Plan ............................ 16


Those involved in the construction industry all have an important part to playin ensuring safe work practices. This booklet provides guidance and adviceabout how structural steel can be erected safely. Although the information isnot inclusive, this booklet outlines industry accepted best practices to beconsidered and followed by:

• Owners/developers• Engineers• Prime contractors• Employers• Fabricators/manufacturers• Ironworkers/metal building system erectors

There are four key foundation elements to the information provided inthis booklet and these elements are required to ensure worker safety duringsteel erection on every project.

1. Ironworkers are certified, competent, and qualified to perform thework involved. (The Ironworker Trade regulation outlines tasks that mayonly be performed by Journeymen or Apprentice Ironworkers, which are a“compulsory trade” under section 21 of Alberta’s Apprenticeship andIndustry Training Act.)

Introduction


2. Employers develop and use a Health and Safety Management System/Program that enables effective analysis of health and safety hazards at thework site and implements control measures to eliminate hazards.

3. Industry members are aware of and comply with Alberta’s OccupationalHealth and Safety (OHS) Act, OHS Regulation, and OHS Code. Many of therequirements of this legislation are identified throughout this booklet, whichcan be referenced for further information.

4. An erection plan is created for each project, in which safe work practices areconsidered and built into each stage of construction, from pre-planning tocompletion of erection.

Every individual working in the steel industry must take responsibility for safework practices, regardless of job title. It is not good enough to assume that safetyis someone else’s responsibility. Safety is everyone’s responsibility.


1.1 HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM/PROGRAM• The purpose of a Safety Management System is to identify, assess, and

control workplace hazards. To be effective, the following components areessential:- analysis of health and safety hazards at the work site- control measures to eliminate or reduce risks from hazards- clearly stated company policy and management commitment- worker competency and training- an inspection program- emergency response planning, including arrangements in place to

transport injured or ill workers from the work site [ OHS CODE SECTION 180]

- incident investigation- program administration

• There must be a clear directive that such a system/program is the sharedresponsibility of all the members of the program (e.g., contractors andworkers).

[ OHS CODE PART 2, HAZARD ASSESSMENT, ELIMINATION AND

CONTROL ]

• Prior to starting work, all workers should attend a structural steel erectionbest practices review for the project. A review document should be understoodand signed as accepted.

SafetyS e c t i o n 1


• Weekly safety meetings should be held and the prime contractor must bekept informed, in writing, about discussions and issues that may affectsafe erection of steel (e.g., weather conditions [such as wind], access,site conditions).

1.2 WORKER SITE ORIENTATION

Prior to starting work, every worker must attend a site orientation to beinformed of and become familiar with:

• site rules and regulations• erection plan and procedures• equipment to be used• hazard assessment• work area and emergency procedures (including the rescue plan)• work areas of other trades and the need to communicate planned work

activities to them when working in close proximity

1.3 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)

[ OHS CODE PART 18, PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT ]

• Employers and workers must ensure that this equipment is usedwhenever a worker is exposed to the relevant hazard.

• All PPE must comply with standards referenced in the OHS CODE.• Additional PPE is supplied as required for various tasks.• Hard hats should be worn reversed only if they are specifically designed

and approved by the manufacturer for that purpose.• Pant legs and laces must be tied or taped to avoid tripping hazards.


1.4 LIFTING AND HANDLING LOADS

[ OHS CODE PART 14 ]

• Manual handling of loads or materials by workers should be minimized.• Employers must provide, where reasonably practicable, appropriate

equipment to help workers lift, lower, push, pull, carry, handle, or transportheavy or awkward loads.

1.5 SAFE WORK PLAN MODIFICATIONS• Ensure that the safe work plan for permanent work areas, which may

include general conditions and activities prevalent in the workplace, can bemodified for temporary work areas with site-specific conditions andactivities.

• Ensure that modifications to the plan are developed by qualified personnel;the modifications must be documented and then communicated andavailable to all on-site personnel.

1.6 HOUSEKEEPING

[ OHS CODE PART 12, GENERAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ]

• Store all supplies, such as bolts, shims, dunnage and debris, in propercontainers and set away from areas where they can pose tripping hazards.

• Do not leave loose bolts and nuts lying on steel or on ground.• Perform ongoing cleanup as required.• Do not string hoses through high traffic areas or stairs. Instead, hang the

hoses up to eliminate the hazard.


S e c t i o n 2

Pre-planning must consider the structure’s design and constructability as well asthe application of various fall protection systems. Project pre-planning is theresponsibility of the:

• Project Owner/Manager• Design Engineer• Prime Contractor• Steel Fabricator• Steel Erector

2.1 PROJECT OWNER/MANAGER’S RESPONSIBILITY

The project owner/manager is:• A key player in the overall shared responsibility of public and worker safety.• Responsible for ensuring that all organizations involved in any erection

project are fulfilling their safety responsibilities.

2.2 DESIGN ENGINEER’S RESPONSIBILITY

The design engineer is responsible for:• Ensuring that the structural design and integrity is consistent with the

structure’s intended use and that the structure can be erected safely.• The foundation supporting the structure.• Considering the safety of both workers and the public.

Project Pre-Planning


• Considering the site-specific soil and atmospheric conditions.• Ensuring that a minimum of 4 anchor bolts are on each main structural

column. [SEE FIGURE 4]

2.3 PRIME CONTRACTOR’S RESPONSIBILITY

Before erection starts, the prime contactor must provide the following informationand communicate it to the steel erector:

• Minimum strength of concrete footings, piers, walls, and masonry thatthe concrete has attained based on appropriate CSA standard test method offield-cured samples. (See the latest edition of the CANADIAN INSTITUTE OF

STEEL CONSTRUCTION (CISC) “HANDBOOK OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION” OUTLINING THE

CISC CODE OF STANDARD PRACTICE FOR STRUCTURAL STEEL; PART ONE: CSA

STANDARD CAN/CSA S16-01 AND PART SEVEN: CISC CODE OF STANDARD PRACTICE.)Concrete compressive strength must be a minimum 75% of the intendedcompressive strength to support loads imposed during steel erection.

• Notice of any repair, replacement, or modification of the anchorbolts for a column (required before the column is erected) as well asdocumentation to confirm that the changes were done in accordance withCSA standards.

• Site Layout Testing Requirements. (See the appropriate sections of the latestedition of the CANADIAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION (CISC) “HANDBOOK

OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION”.)

The prime contractor must also provide and maintain:• An overall project schedule that includes coordinating the various building

trades.• Adequate access roads into and through the site for the safe delivery and

movement of equipment and workers.


• A firm, properly graded, drained area that is readily accessible to the workersand with adequate space for the safe storage of materials and the safeoperation of the steel erection equipment.

2.4 STEEL FABRICATOR’S RESPONSIBILITY

The steel fabricator is responsible for:• Providing detailed connection information to ensure that the structure can

be safely erected.• Providing, where required, safety attachments or anchor points as outlined

in project specification/design documents.

2.5 STEEL ERECTOR’S RESPONSIBILITY

The steel erector is responsible for:• Ensuring workers are adequately qualified, suitably trained, and with

sufficient experience to safely perform the assigned work.• Informing the prime contractor about access needs to the site and specific

work areas.• Pre-planning work activities to ensure that workers are not required to work

under unsafe or suspended loads. If workers must work beneath a load (e.g.,connectors), they must be informed about the danger. [ OHS CODE SECTION 69 ]

• Developing site-specific work instructions and procedures that identify accessand area needs. [ OHS CODE SECTIONS 7 TO 9 ]

• Ensuring that requirements for moving loads over working areas are met.The steel erector and crane operator must comply with the general andspecific requirements of lifting and handling loads. [ OHS CODE SECTION 69 ]

• Ensuring the prime contractor has provided a report verifying concretestrength.


SECTION 3

Site-Specific Erection PlanS e c t i o n 3

Prior to starting erection activities, every worker involved in the erection shouldreview the site-specific erection plan.

The site-specific erection plan includes:• A site-specific hazard assessment. [ OHS CODE SECTION 7 ]

• Erection drawings and erection procedures for connecting the structural partsof a skeleton structure. [ OHS CODE SECTION 190 ]

Erection drawings and erection procedures for connecting the structural parts of askeleton structure must be:

• Prepared and certified by a professional engineer. [ OHS CODE SECTION 190 ]

• Contain the components as shown in Table 1.• Made available to and reviewed by all workers before work begins.

[ OHS CODE SECTION 190, SKELETON STRUCTURES ]

These erection drawings and procedures must:• Show the sequence in which the structure is erected.• Show the horizontal and vertical placement of base structures and footings.• Ensure that the structure is stable during assembly, which may include the size

and location of temporary bracing.• Ensure that any erection procedures that have been added or changed on-site

have been prepared and certified by a professional engineer before they areused.

• Include pertinent information from the manufacturer’s drawings and erectioninstructions, if provided.


Sequence ofErection

• Manufacturer/supplier must plan the loading of trucks according tothe erection sequence as well as the storage space on-site.

• Material deliveries, staging, and storage• Coordination with other building trades

Hoisting Equipment • Description and placement of equipment

Site Preparation • Prime contractor must ensure that firm and level ground conditionsare provided.

Preparation of FallProtection Plan[ OHS CODE SECTION 143 ]

• Workers must:- Use a fall protection system. [ OHS CODE SECTION 139 ]

- Be informed about the fall protection plan and the safe use of all thefall protection systems being used on site. [ OHS CODE SECTION 144 ]

- Be trained in the use of the fall protection systems. Training isprovided by associations such as MHSA and ACSA or other accreditedcourses such as those provided by the OSSA.

• Employers must develop fall protection procedures in a fall protectionplan. [ OHS CODE SECTION 143(1) ]

• Fall protection plan must specify: [ OHS CODE SECTION 143(2) ]

- Fall hazards- Fall protection system- Procedures used to install, maintain, inspect, use, and disassemble

the systems according to the manufacturer’s recommendations- Description of rescue or emergency procedures (Note: Calling 911,

while appropriate, is not in itself a sufficient rescue plan.)• Fall protection plan must be available at the work site before work with

a risk of falling begins. [ OHS CODE SECTION 143(3) ]

(See Appendix B: Sample Fall Protection Plan)

Table 1 Components of the Site-Specific Erection Plan

COMPONENT CONTENT DESCRIPTION

Steel ErectionActivities

• Verify anchor bolt/rod placement• Notification of repairs and modifications• Identify all lifts, including critical lifts• Erection of structural steel components• Stability: temporary and permanent bracing and guying• Plumbing• Securing connections


S e c t i o n 4

Structural Steel Assembly4.1 INSTALLING SINGLE COLUMNS

• All main structural columns should be anchored by a minimum of 4 anchorbolts. [SEE FIGURE 4]

• Columns should be set on levelling plates, levelling nuts, shim packs, orlevel finished floors for adequate transfer of construction loads.

• Any repairs, replacements, or field modifications of anchor bolts must beperformed by a competent person with the approval of a professionalengineer.

• Before erecting a column, the prime contractor should notify the steel erectorif there has been any repair, replacement, or modification of the anchor boltsfor that column.

• Attach the column rigging through a bolt hole in the top of the column inthe web or a beam clip. If column rigging cannot be attached to the columndue to the shape of the column, then a choker may be used provided that away to prevent the choker from sliding up the column is in place.

• Signal the crane to lift column. Adjust the crane’s line (by signaling theoperator) to remain above the column rigging (pick point) of the lift as thecolumn is being raised.

• Once the column is lifted off the ground and the crane has the completeweight, stop the lift until the load settles (if required). Once the load settles,proceed to signal the crane operator to move the column into position.


• Lower the column:- Placing columns on anchor bolts. Watch for pinch points. Once the

base plate of the column touches the shims, put the washers and nuts onthe anchor bolts. Plumb the column by tightening the anchor bolts.OR

- Placing columns onto a steel column or beam. Watch for pinchpoints. Once the base plate of the column touches the connection point,bolt down. Plumb the column by tightening the connection bolts. Use spudwrench/sleaver bars to guide the column into position. Use a minimum of4 bolts to secure the column.

• Release the weight of the column from the crane.• Before releasing the rigging, make sure column is secure on the anchor bolts.• Unstable columns must be guyed or braced as necessary.

4.2 INSTALLING COLUMNS IN A FRAME• Note: Frames are often referred to as bents.• Space columns out on the ground and place beams, bracings, or frames

between columns as shown in the structural drawings to make large frame.Attach lower or upper beam framing between the columns as required. Ensurethat the crane capacity for the lift will not be exceeded.

• Attach rigging to the frame. Ensure the rigging is set up to pick a balanced,level load through the placement of the choker(s), and that the memberattached to the rigging has the capacity to support the total weight of theframe being lifted. Load may be rigged off level in order to suit its finalplacement angle. If this is required, use clamps or erection lugs to prevent thechokers from slipping or shifting during the lift.

• Signal the crane operator to lift frame. Adjust the crane’s line (by signalingthe operator) to remain above the rigging (pick point) of the lift as the frameis being raised.


• Once the frame is lifted off the ground and the crane has the complete weight,stop the lift until the load settles (if required). Once the load settles, proceed tosignal the crane operator to move the frame into position.

• Lower the frame onto the anchor bolts. Watch for pinch points.• Once the base plate of the column touches the shims, put the washers and

nuts on the anchor bolts. Plumb the frame by tightening the anchor bolts.• Release the weight of the frame from the crane.• Before releasing the rigging, make sure columns are secure on the anchor

bolts. If required, install temporary bracing before releasing the rigging toensure the structural integrity at all times.

4.3 INSTALLING A SINGLE BEAM• Note: Beams include purlins and girts.• Attach rigging in centre of load using the appropriate choker.• Signal the crane operator to lift beam. Adjust the crane’s line (by signaling

the operator) to remain above the rigging point of the lift as the beam isbeing raised.

• Once the beam is lifted off the ground and the crane has the complete weight,stop the lift until the load settles (if required). Once the load settles, proceed tosignal the crane operator to move the beam into position.

• Attach beam to supporting structure using a sufficient number of bolts orsufficient amount of weld to ensure the structural integrity before weight ofload is placed on the connection plates.

• Ensure columns have sufficient lateral support before installing members,such as crane beams, girts, and outriggers, which could cause the column tobe eccentrically loaded.

• Once load line on the crane has no weight, check the structural stability of themember. If it’s secure, release choker from beam. If required, add additionaltemporary bracing to secure the member before releasing crane hoist.


4.4 INSTALLING A SINGLE JOIST• Wherever possible, boxing or pairing the joists is the preferred

erection method. [SEE SECTION 4.5]

• Where steel joists are used and the columns are not framed in twodirections, the steel tie joists should be field bolted at or near thecolumn to provide lateral stability before the intermediate joistsare erected. [SEE FIGURE 1]

• The bottom cords of steel joistsmust be stabilized withbridging to preventrotation duringerection. Joists arelaterally unstablewithout bridging.

• Wherever possible,dress joists withbridging on theground before they areerected. This provides amethod of connecting eachjoist onto a stabilizedstructure as it is erected.

• Attach rigging in centre ofload using the appropriatechoker(s). Tying back thesafety latch on the hook is not allowed. Rigging that is similar tocolumn rigging can be used to unhook the crane from ground orbeam line, if required.

Figure 1 Tie joist.


• Signal the crane operator to lift joist. Adjust the crane’s line (by signaling theoperator) to remain above the rigging point of the lift as the joist is beingraised.

• Once the joist is lifted off the ground and the crane has the complete weight,stop the lift until the load settles (if required). Once the load settles, proceedto signal the crane operator to move the joist into position.

• Place joist seat on beam line or other supporting structure and connectbridging.

• Once load line on the crane has no weight, check structural stability of themember. If it’s secure, release choker from joist. If required, add additionaltemporary bracing to secure the member before releasing crane hoist.

• Joists may be temporarily placed without bolting or welding if the joistweight is bearing straight down (usually possible on short joists), whichensures that the joist will not fall or move off (also known as “rattle off”) thesupporting structure due to weather or site conditions (e.g., wind orvibrations from equipment).

4.5 INSTALLING JOISTS IN PAIRS• Using the crane, pick up the first joist at ground level and bolt on the proper

bridging.• Unhook the joist in the vertical position on the ground with the weight of the

joist resting against the bridging.• Pick up the second joist and bolt it to the bridging attached to the first joist.• Use two sets of rigging so that each joist is picked up with a separate choker,

centred on the joist weight. [SEE FIGURE 2]

• All the practices for installing a single joist apply for installing joist in pairs.[SEE SECTION 4.4]


Figure 2 Rigging for joists in pairs.

4.6 INSTALLING JOISTS IN BUNDLES• Before hoisting bundles, install tie joists as suggested in SECTION 4.4,

INSTALLING A SINGLE JOIST.

• Attach the appropriate choker in centre of the load on each bundle of joiststhat is to be lifted.

• Attach a tag line to each bundle, wherever possible.• Signal the crane to lift bundle. Adjust the crane’s line (by signaling the

operator) to remain above the rigging points of the lifts for each joist bundlethat is being raised.


• As the joists are lifted off the ground and the crane takes the completeweight, stop the lift until the load settles (if required). Once the load hassettled, proceed to signal the crane operator to move the joists into position.

• Set bundle on supporting structure.• Provided that the tie joists have been installed, intermediate joists may be

temporarily placed without bolting or welding if the joist weight is bearingstraight down (usually possible on short joists). Ensure that the joists willnot fall or move off (also known as “rattle off”) the supporting structure dueto weather or site conditions (e.g., wind or vibrations from equipment).

4.7 STRUCTURAL STABILITY• Ensure that structural stability is maintained at all times.• Construction loads must not be placed on any structural steel unless such

framework is safely bolted, welded, or otherwise adequately secured.• When used, temporary bracing must be in place and properly installed in

conjunction with the steel erection plan to ensure the stability of thestructure.

• Temporary bracing can be removed only with the approval of a competentperson.

4.8 WALKING/WORKING SURFACES

4.8.1 SHEAR CONNECTORS FOR COMPOSITE DESIGN(E.G., NELSON STUDS)

• Avoid the use of shear connectors, where possible, that could create trippinghazards.

4.8.2 SLIP RESISTANCE ON SKELETAL STEEL STRUCTURES• Workers should avoid, where possible, walking on the top surface of any

coated structural steel member that is slipperier than normal primed steel.


4.9 CONNECTIONS• During the final placing of solid web structural members, the load should

not be released from the hoisting line until the member is secured with atleast two bolts per connection, wrench tight. Secondary members must haveone bolt wrench tight.

• A competent person must determine whether more than two bolts arerequired to ensure stability of a connection.

• Avoid the use of connections, where possible, to the top flanges of beams,joists, or beam attachments in which they project vertically from orhorizontally across the top flange.

• During erection, diagonal bracing must besecured by at least one bolt per connection,wrench tight, before releasing load.

• If a seat or equivalentdevice is used, itmust be sized tosupport the weightof the constructionprocess.

• Where two beams,framing from oppositesides of a supportingmember, share the samebolts, a clipped connectionshould be used unless a seatedconnection is used to facilitate safeerection. [SEE FIGURE 3]

Figure 3 Clipped connection.


4.10 BOLTING AND TORQUING• Follow the bolting instructions in the erection plan.• Use retaining rings on impact sockets.• Secure area below with flagging or signage where required.• Inspect bolt bags daily for damage.• Tie off impact wrench.• Do not leave unsecured objects (e.g., bolt bags, tools, loose steel) at elevations.• No more than four floors of unfinished bolting should be allowed above the

uppermost finished floor.

4.11 FIELD WELDING• Welders must be certified, competent, and qualified to perform the work

involved. (The Welders Trade regulation outlines tasks that may only beperformed by Journeymen or Apprentice Welders, which are a “compulsorytrade” under section 21 of Alberta’s Apprenticeship and Industry Training Act.)

• Welders must be employed by a company that is certified by the CanadianWelding Bureau (CWB) to CSA Standard W47.1. The company must have CWBWelding Procedure Specifications and Data Sheets available on site.

• All welding must be performed by a person who is qualified by the CWB to CSAStandard W47.1 and who possesses the appropriate Performance Qualificationcard for the processes and positions in use.

4.12 PRE-ENGINEERED METAL BUILDING SYSTEMS• Pre-engineered metal building systems often use steel members (such as

tapered wide flange sections and coldformed purlins and girts) that mayrequire a different erection process than conventional steel.

• The metal building erector must have a site-specific erection plan as outlinedin Section 3.


4.13 ANCHOR BOLTS (ANCHOR RODS)

NOTE: The term “anchor bolt” is commonly used; however, the CanadianStandards Association standard CSA-S16 now uses the term “anchor rod.”

• A minimum of 4 anchor bolts are important on main structural columns toensure stability during erection, although it may not be a designrequirement to support the completed structure.

• Wherever possible, the 4 bolt anchor pattern should be symmetrical.• This type of anchor bolt is manufactured by the steel fabricator using rod

specified by the design engineer (e.g., A307, 44W). The specifications mustinclude the diameter, embedment, and hook length of the anchor bolt.

Figure 4 Typical 4 anchor bolt column setting.


SECTION 4

5.1 INSPECTIONS• Careful consideration must be given to the ground conditions and the soil

compaction in areas in which cranes are to be moved and operated.• If work is done or equipment is operated in the area of an energized

overhead power line, the employer must contact the power line operator todetermine the voltage of the power line, which determines the safe approachdistance. Until the power line operator verifies the voltage, the employermust maintain a safe clearance distance according to OHS CODE PART 17.

• For lattice boom cranes, assemble the boom sections precisely according tothe manufacturer’s recommendations to attain the boom strength on whichthe capacities in the load chart are based.

• On cranes operating with outriggers, the beams must be extended with thepads down according to manufacturer’s recommendations. The groundshould be checked periodically for settling, and the outriggers reset ifnecessary.

• If a crane makes its lift on rubber (without outriggers), ensure that the tiresare properly inflated; otherwise, the capacity and crane stability will bereduced. Check the ground periodically for settling.

• Always use outrigger mats or pads to provide additional support for thecrane. In unstable surface conditions, cribbing may be needed, which shouldbe tightly spaced using rigid timbers.

Hoisting and RiggingS e c t i o n 5


• Due to side loading in the boom, cranes should be level within themanufacturer’s specifications.

• When using crawler cranes, the tracks can be extended or retracted (use theappropriate chart). Ensure firm, level footing under the entire crane area.

• The crane operator must perform a visual inspection of all the cranecomponents required to operate the crane in a safe condition.

• Ensure the load does not strike the boom or outriggers and never allow acrane boom to hit or touch any structure.

5.2 LOADING AND UNLOADING OF STEEL• Workers must stay out of the danger zone created by moving equipment or

loads to prevent being struck. [ OHS CODE SECTION 258 ] If workers are indanger due to the movement of a load being lifted, a tag line must be used tocontrol the load. [ OHS CODE SECTION 70 ]

• All goods, materials, and equipment at work sites must be stacked, stored,and secured in such a way that they do not flow, move, roll, or collapse.

• Workers responsible for stacking, storing, or securing goods, materials, andequipment must be trained in the safe methods for doing so.[ OHS CODE SECTION 189; OHS REGULATION SECTION 15 ]

5.2.1 LOADING TRAILERS• Use adequate dunnage between steel layers to ensure load remains level and

to provide safe access to the load.• Loads transported on trailers and vehicles must be secured according to the

Cargo Securement Regulation, Alberta Regulation 1/2005–Traffic Safety Act(www.inftra.gov.ab.ca/legislation.htm). This regulation adopts the standardjointly developed by the Canadian Council of Motor Transport Administrators(CCMTA) and the USA Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance (CVSA). Forinformation, visit www.ccmta.ca.


5.2.2 POSITIONING TRAILERS• Inspect potential trailer spotting locations.• Whenever possible, position trailers at site locations that have been packed

and travelled, indicating that the soil can accommodate the weight.• Use appropriate dolly pads with all trailers to distribute the load.

5.2.3 UNLOADING TRAILERS[ OHS CODE SECTION 189 ]

• The steel lay-down area should be clearly identified.• Loads are strapped during shipping and relocation. Before unloading, check

whether the load has shifted in any way.• Check loads for loose or dangerous pieces before un-strapping.• When a forklift cannot be used effectively, use hoisting equipment to unload

trailers.• Loads should be landed on a solid base or dunnage to minimize the

potential for unexpected movement when weight comes off the hooks.• Use a flag person at all vehicle/pedestrian traffic areas.• Designated signallers must be in constant communication with the

equipment operator (visually or electronically). [ OHS CODE SECTION 191 ]

5.2.4 SHAKING OUT STEEL• Use adequate dunnage between steel to give enough clearance and stability

for hooking up activities.• Keep hands and all body parts clear of pinch points and crush areas.• Avoid walking on or between beams in the lay-down area.• Stay clear of loads.• Use tag lines on hard-to-control loads. [ OHS CODE SECTION 70 ]

• Use appropriate footwear to suit ground conditions.


Figure 5 Sorting hook.

5.3 HOISTING OPERATIONS

OHS CODE PART 6, CRANES, HOISTS AND LIFTING DEVICES

• Crane operators must be competent and qualified to perform the workinvolved.

• Crane operator credentials should be verified prior to hoisting.• Only a certified crane and hoisting equipment operator can operate:

- Mobile cranes rated at 15 tons or greater.- Boom trucks rated at 5 tons or greater.

[ CRANE AND HOISTING OPERATOR TRADE REGULATIONS ]

• Crane certification should be verified and the crane must be visuallyinspected before each use.

5.2.5 USE OF SORTING HOOKS[ OHS CODE SECTION 303(3) ]

• Sorting hooks should not be used for erecting steel.• Sorting hooks may be used for off-loading

and at ground level for shaking out steelthat is bunched or improperly stacked.This helps avoid pinching hands,fingers, and legs.

• Sorting hooks should not be used inconjunction with chokers.


• Crane operator must verify the weights of pieces and materials to be lifted.Load capacities must be known, provided to the operator, and verified withwork-related personnel. [ OHS CODE SECTION 68 ]

• All crane components must be inspected and maintained in good condition.• Cranes must be set up on a firm and level surface suitable for the intended

activities and according to the manufacturer’s recommendations.• Crane outrigger pads or cribbing should be used at all times.

OHS CODE SECTION 69

• The planning for a lift must ensure that, wherever possible, a load is notmoved over workers.

OHS CODE PART 21, RIGGING

• Workers must inspect slings for damage and excessive wear before use;inspect slings regularly.

• Use softeners as required.• Use only industry-recognized rigging practices.• Use of makeshift (non-manufactured, non-engineered) load bearing rigging

components is prohibited. [ OHS CODE SECTION 304 ]

• Assign tasks to apprentices based on skill and experience level.• Apprentices are to be under the direct supervision of a certified worker.

5.4 CRITICAL LIFTS

• The equipment and procedure used for every lift, including critical lifts, arepart of the site-specific erection plan approved by a professional engineer.

• A critical lift is a lift that exceeds 90% of the crane chart value, a lift thatrequires the use of more than one crane or derrick, or a lift in which thecrane travels with a suspended load.


5.5 RIGGING[ OHS CODE PART 21 ]

5.5.1 LOAD RATING OF SLINGS AND OTHER RIGGING[ OHS CODE SECTIONS 293, 304 ]

• The maximum load rating is not the breaking strength of the piece ofrigging. An employer must ensure that the load rating of the piece of riggingis appropriate (5 to 1 for all below-the-hook lifting devices; 10 to 1 forhoisting of personnel).

• The use of makeshift rigging fittings or attachments that bear a load isprohibited. [ OHS CODE SECTION 304 ] Load bearing rigging components mustbe manufactured or designed by a professional engineer, fabricated by anappropriately qualified and competent worker, and certified by a professionalengineer.

• The maximum load rating must be clearly marked on the rigging. Ifmarking the rigging is not possible, the load rating should be available toworkers on the site.

5.5.2 LOAD RATING MARKING: SLING STANDARD[ OHS CODE SECTIONS 293, 297, 298 ]

• Slings must meet the requirements of ASME Standard B30.9-1996, Slings.The standard describes technical requirements for construction, load rating,proof testing, identification, maintenance, environmental effects, endattachments, inspection, repair, and use.

5.5.3 REJECTION OF SLINGS[ OHS CODE SECTIONS 305, 306, 307 ]

• Slings must be checked before each use by workers.• Damaged slings must be permanently removed from service.


5.5.4 MULTIPLE LIFT RIGGING• Rigging components must be designed with a 5 to 1 safety factor.

[ OHS CODE SECTION 292 ]

• A total load must not exceed the rated capacity of the hoisting or riggingequipment.

• “Rigging assembly” must be rigged:- With the members attached at their centre

of gravity and kept in a safe level position.- From the top down.- At least 2 m apart.

• Special considerationshould be given to themethod of riggingsteel with finishedsurfaces in order toavoid slipping.

Figure 6 Multiple lift rigging.


S e c t i o n 6

Use of Aerial Work Platforms

[ OHS CODE SECTIONS 346-347 ]

Figure 6.1 Examples of typical aerial work platforms.

• Worker must inspect aerial work platforms before each use.• Operators must be trained to operate aerial work platforms. [ FOR EXAMPLE, A

COURSE OFFERED BY ASSOCIATIONS SUCH AS

MHSA AND ACSA OR OTHER ACCREDITED

COURSES SUCH AS THOSE PROVIDED BY

OSSA, E.G., AWP2005 – 17 ]

• Use of and loading ofplatforms must be inaccordance withmanufacturer’sspecifications (e.g.,travel with boomraised, hoisting ofmaterials).

• Ground shouldbe level andfirm.

Figure 7 Examples of typical aerial work platforms.


• Workers must not stand or climb on the mid rail or top rail of the aerialplatform. Planks, ladders, or similar devices must not be used on the workplatform to gain additional height.

• Workers must not use aerial platforms as a material-hoisting device unlessapproved for this use by the manufacturer or certified by a professionalengineer.

• The work platform’s guardrail provides fall protection but a full body harnessand lanyard must also be used if required by the manufacturer’sspecifications for the platform.

• When transferring from an aerial platform to a structure, workers must tieoff to the structure before leaving the basket.


DeckingS e c t i o n 7

7.1 LANDING DECKING BUNDLES ON JOISTS• Do not use bundle packaging or strapping for hoisting unless specifically

designed for that purpose.• Loose items on top of bundles must be secured to the bundles.• Land bundles on framing members so that the bundles are sufficiently

supported to allow un-banding without dislodging the bundles.• At shift end, all decking must be secured against displacement.• No decking loads are allowed on steel joists until erector has confirmed that

bridging is installed and anchored and all joist bearing ends are attached.

7.2 ROOF AND FLOOR OPENINGS[ OHS CODE SECTION 314 ]

• Metal decks must be installed to meet these requirements:- Roof and floor openings must be covered during the decking process.- All covers must be secured.- All covers must be marked with a warning sign or marking.- A hole in which any part of a worker can fall must be covered.- Holes and openings must not be cut until essential to the construction

process. Holes and openings must be immediately protected.- Space around columns must be protected to prevent objects from falling

onto the area or workers below.• Skylight openings must meet these same requirements.


Fall ProtectionS e c t i o n 8

[ OHS CODE SECTIONS 138 TO 161 ]

8.1 OVERVIEW• Workers must use a fall protection system if they may fall 3 m or more, or if

there is an unusual possibility of injury if a worker falls less than 3 m (e.g.,falling onto exposed rebar pointing upward).

• Workers working on flat roofs and workers engaged in connecting structuralmembers of a skeleton structure are not exempt from using fall protection.

• During an emergency response to rescue after a fall [ OHS CODE SECTION 143 ],it is not sufficient to call 911. After an arrested fall, the worker remainssuspended in mid-air from the full body harness, awaiting rescue, andsuspension trauma can start within minutes. OHS Code requires a writtenrescue procedure available to the workers before the work with a risk offalling starts.

[ OHS CODE SECTION 143(2) ]

• A fall protection plan must specify the:- Fall hazards at the work site.- Fall protection system to be used at the work site.- Procedures used to assemble, maintain, inspect, use, and disassemble the

fall protection system.


- Rescue procedures to be used if a worker falls or is suspended by apersonal fall arrest system or safety net and needs to be rescued.

• Review fall protection plan, including the rescue plan, with workers.

8.2 FALL PROTECTION SYSTEMS[ OHS CODE SECTION 139(1) ]

• Four approaches are commonly used to protect workers from falling from aheight:- A control zone is an area from an unguarded edge where workers are not

allowed.- A travel restraint system prevents a worker from reaching an edge or

work position from which the worker could fall.- A fall arrest system catches a falling worker in mid-air, safely bringing

the worker to a complete stop and preventing the worker from hitting alower surface.

- A safety net catches a falling worker in mid-air.• If work aloft requires the use of both hands, and solid balance cannot be

maintained, a work positioning system must be used. A work positioningsystem is as simple as two short lanyards connected from the full bodyharness’s side D-rings to the structure. A work positioning system is not a fallarrest system. While using a work positioning system, a worker must stillhave a fall arrest lanyard connected from the worker’s back D-ring to ananchorage located at shoulder level or preferably higher.

8.2.1 CONTROL ZONE• A control zone is the area within 2 m of an unguarded edge of a level,

elevated work surface.• If workers will always remain further from the unguarded edge than the

width of the control zone (i.e., workers are not working in the control zone),no other fall protection system needs to be used.


• Control zones cannot be used to protect workers from falling from a skeletalstructure that is a work area.

8.2.2 TRAVEL RESTRAINT SYSTEMS• Travel restraint systems are not intended to arrest a fall. These systems, which

include guardrails and similar barriers, prevent a worker from reaching anedge or work position from which the worker could fall.

Figure 8 Travel restraint systems.

• Self-retracting lifelines must not beused in a travel restraint systemunless the length of the lifeline onthe drum of the unit prevents theworker from reaching the edge orwork position from which the workercould fall. If a worker approaches theedge and there is some lifeline stillspooled on the drum, the workercould go past the edge and fall.

8.2.3 FALL ARREST SYSTEMS• Use an aerial work platform, man

basket, or 100% fall protection toaccess steel.

• If using a ladder to access steel,ensure that the ladder is secured tothe steel. [ OHS CODE SECTION 136 ]

• Secure the work area as required withsignage or control entry bygroundman monitoring andgranting access where needed.


• Use aerial work platforms or man baskets as a work platform whereverpossible where protecting against a fall is difficult.

• Always anchor to a point as high as possible—shoulder height or higher isbest. Doing so reduces the distance a worker falls, helps prevent contact witha lower surface, and reduces the force of the fall.

• Be aware of the clearance distance required in a fall. Using a 1.8 m longlanyard, a worker needs at least 6.0 m of clear space below the level of theanchor point.

Figure 9 Clearance distance.

Assumptions:The worker is 1.8 m (6 ft.) tall using a 1.8 m (6 ft.)lanyard. The combined weight of the worker,clothing, and tool belt is at least 100 kg (220 lbs.).

A Length of Lanyard (1.8 m [6 ft.])

B 1.1 m (3.5 ft.) due to shock absorberpulling apart

C Harness stretch plus D-ring sliding(0.45 m [1.5 ft.])

D Height of worker (1.8 m [6 ft.])

E Safety Factor – clearance below feet(0.9 m [3 ft.])

F A+B+C+D+EOverall minimum clearancerequired is 6.0 m (20 ft.)


• Tying in to an anchor at foot level is dangerous. A CSA approved shockabsorber will safely absorb energy based on a 2 m fall. But tying a 1.8 mlanyard at foot level can subject the shock absorber to a 4 m free fall. Theshock absorber’s webbing may fully extend without absorbing all theenergy of the fall, resulting in a “bounce” at the bottom. The remainingenergy (and there could be a great deal of it) goes into the worker,potentially causing serious injury.

• A personal fall arrest system is an active protection system that comesinto service when a fall occurs.

• A complete fall arrest system must consist of:- anchorage- connecting device (e.g., lanyard, retractable, shock absorber, lifeline,

etc.)- full body harness- rescue plan and equipment

• Anchor points used for attachment of a personal fall arrest system mustbe capable of supporting a load of at least 22.2 kilonewtons (5000pounds-force) per worker attached, in any direction required to resist afall.

• If the structure to which the anchor point is attached is not able towithstand the 22.2 kilonewtons force, then the anchor point can bederated but must be designed by a professional engineer for this purpose.

• Temporary horizontal lifeline systems must comply with OHS CODE

SECTION 157. Also see CSA Standard Z259.13-04 Flexible horizontallifeline systems.


8.2.4 SAFETY NETS• Safety nets must meet the

requirements of the ANSIstandard. [ OHS CODE

SECTION 320 ] A professionalengineer must certify thatthe supporting structure andthe net system are strongenough for the load(s)likely to be experienced.

• Safety nets for fallprotection, both interiorand on a perimeter of abuilding, can protectworkers when othermeans are not practical.[ OHS CODE SECTION 320 ]

Figure 10 Fall arrest systems.


Working at HeightsS e c t i o n 9

9.1 OVERVIEW• WEATHER AWARENESS. Foreman can exercise judgment and shut down all

work at his or her own discretion due to wind, rain, snow, or any otherunusual weather condition. If this occurs, set up cables, ropes, or permanentbarricades, complete with signage indicating the decision.

• MATERIALS. Materials must be hoisted using material lifts or ropes andmust be secured to prevent falling off steel. Do not carry materials upladders.

• TOOLS. Tools must be hoisted using material lifts or ropes and, when thetools are not in use, they must be secured to prevent falling off steel or frombeing removed. Do not carry tools up ladders unless the tools are part of atool belt.

9.2 SAFEGUARDS

9.2.1 COVERED OPENINGS• Secure and mark covers over open holes. [ OHS CODE SECTION 314 ]

9.2.2 GUARDRAILS• Install handrails and kick-plates in conjunction with stair and grating

erection, where required. [ OHS CODE SECTION 315 ]

• Perimeter safety guardrail made with wire rope must consist of systems thatcomply with OHS CODE SECTION 315.


9.2.3 PROTECTION FROM FALLING OBJECTS: SECURING LOOSE OBJECTSALOFT

• All materials, equipment, and tools that are not in use while aloft must becontained, restrained, or protected from falling. [ OHS CODE SECTION 189 ]

9.2.4 PROTECTION FROM FALLING OBJECTS OTHER THAN MATERIALSBEING HOISTED[ OHS CODE SECTION 318 ]

• Employers must protect workers from being struck by falling objects (e.g., anoverhead safeguard strong enough to withstand the shock load of fallingobjects), or if workers enter into the danger area, then barricades, warningsigns, horns, or flashing lights can warn workers of the hazard.

• The prime contractor must prohibit other construction processes below steelerection unless overhead protection for the workers below is provided.

• The prime contractor must ensure that all deck or floor openings, includingopenings in and around column penetrations, are covered or closed toprevent tripping or falling object hazards.

• Safety nets can be used to protect workers from falling objects.


ToolsS e c t i o n 10

10.1 USE OF HAND TOOLS• Use all hand tools for the purpose intended by the manufacturer.• Use the right tool for the right job.• Inspect all tools for defects prior to use.• Prevent all hand tools from falling (where applicable) by using items such

as lanyards, netting, and chains.

10.2 USE OF POWER TOOLS

[ OHS CODE PART 25 ]

• Power tools must be used in accordance with manufacturer’s specifications.• Inspect all power tools prior to use.• Ensure all guards are in place.• Take damaged tools out of service and tag them for repair.• Use proper personal protective equipment (PPE) while operating power

tools.• Ensure portable magnetic drills are tied off and equipped with lock-tight

cord ends.• Prevent all power tools from falling (where applicable) by using items such

as lanyards, netting, and chains.


10.3 CUTTING/BURNING/WELDING OPERATIONS

[ OHS CODE PART 10, FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS ]

• ABC 20 lb. fire extinguishers are required at hot work locations.• Secure compressed gas cylinders in an upright position and protect them or

locate them away from falling objects.• Oxygen fuel systems require a flashback arrestor and a back-flow prevention

device. [ OHS CODE SECTION 171(4) ]

• A back-flow prevention device is unnecessary in the fuel line of single-linetorch systems operating on fuel gas and aspirated ambient air, since thepotential for creating an explosive or flammable gas mixture in the hosedoes not exist (e.g., tiger torch).

• Remove combustible material from area, if possible.• Use fire blankets where required.• Assign a fire watch where required.• Ensure that welding services from vehicles comply with OHS CODE

SECTIONS 172–174.

[ OHS CODE PART 18, RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT ]

• Workers exposed to an airborne contaminant or mixture of contaminantsmust wear appropriate respiratory protective equipment.


Training and EducationS e c t i o n 1 1

11.1 CERTIFICATION• It is a legal requirement that workers in steel erection projects be certified

and competent in the work that they are assigned to do.• See Appendix A: Definitions.

11.2 TRAINING PERSONNEL• Employers must ensure that workers are trained. [ OHS REGULATION

SECTION 15 ] Subject to assessment and verification, workers trained by aprevious employer do not need to be trained again in the same activities. If aworker has not received training, the employer must train the worker asrequired in the specific job-related requirements and the OHS Act, OHSRegulation, and OHS Code.

• Technical or on-the-job training must be provided by competent personnel.• A worker who is provided with training must use the procedures

appropriately and apply the training.

11.2.1 FALL HAZARD TRAINING• Employers should provide a training program for all employees exposed to

fall hazards. The program must include training and instruction in:- The fall protection requirements of the industry.- Safe use of the fall protection system(s) used at the work site.- The fall protection plan, including procedures if a worker falls and is

suspended.


11.2.2 SPECIALTY TRAINING PROGRAMS• Employers must provide employees with special training that identifies the

nature of the hazards and the proper working techniques in:- multiple lift procedures- connection procedures- controlled decking zone procedures- special equipment and tools


DefinitionsA p p e n d i x A

AITA Alberta Apprenticeship and Industry Training Act (www.qp.gov.ab.ca/catalogue)

TERM DEFINITION

CertifiedIronworker*

Person who holds a certificate issued under the Alberta Apprenticeship andIndustry Training Act or holds an Interprovincial Standards “Red Seal”.*Includes Ironworkers and Ironworkers-MBSE (Metal Building Systems Erector). Refer to theTrades Regulations for specific scope of duties.

CompetentWorker

A worker who is adequately qualified, who is suitably trained and with sufficientexperience to safely perform work without supervision or with only a minimaldegree of supervision. [ OHS CODE SECTION 1 ]

Connector An employee who, when working with hoisting equipment, is placing andconnecting structural members or components.

ControlledDecking Zone(CDZ)

A control zone is an approach to fall protection that places special requirementson workers and work being performed on a level working surface within 4 m of anunguarded edge from which a worker could fall. [ OHS CODE SECTION 161 ]

Certified Craneand HoistingEquipmentOperator

Person who holds a certificate issued under the Alberta Apprenticeship andIndustry Training Act or holds an Interprovincial Standards “Red Seal”. (TheCrane and Hoisting Equipment Operator Trade regulation outlines tasks that mayonly be performed by Journeymen or Apprentice Operators, which are a“compulsory trade” under section 21 of Alberta’s Apprenticeship and IndustryTraining Act.)

ACSA Alberta Construction Safety Association (www.acsa-safety.org)

ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers


ProfessionalEngineer

Person who holds a certification of registration to engage in the practice ofengineering, and is a member or Licensee in good standing of the Association ofProfessional Engineers, Geologists, an Geophysicists of Alberta (APEGGA).

TERM DEFINITION

QualifiedPerson

Someone who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate or professionalstanding, and who by extensive knowledge, training, and experience, hassuccessfully demonstrated the ability to solve or resolve problems relating to thesubject matter, the work, or the project.

PrimeContractor

An owner, contractor, construction manager, or any other legal entity at site whohas the overall responsibility for the project, its planning, quality, and completion.The prime contractor is responsible for (1) establishing and maintaining a systemor process that ensures compliance with the Occupational Health and Safety Act,Regulation and Code; and (2) ensuring that first aid services, equipment andsupplies required by the Occupational Health and Safety Code are available at thework site.

DeckingOpening

An opening through which a worker can fall. As a guideline, such an openingmeans a gap or void 300 mm or more in its least dimension in a floor, roof, orother walking/working surface. [ OHS CODE SECTION 314 ]

QualifiedWelder

A person who is both certified and qualified as follows:CERTIFIED: Person who holds a certificate issued under the Alberta

Apprenticeship and Industry Training Act or holds an InterprovincialStandards “Red Seal”.

QUALIFIED: Person qualified by the Canadian Welding Bureau to CSA StandardW47.1.

Decking Hole An opening or hole through which a worker can fall. As a guideline, such anopening or hole would be more than 50 mm in its least dimension and less than300 mm in its greatest dimension. [ OHS CODE SECTION 314 ]

OSSA Oil Sands Safety Association (www.ossa-wb.ca)

Critical Lift A lift that exceeds 90% of the crane chart value, a lift that requires the use of morethan one crane or derrick, or a lift in which the crane travels with a suspendedload.


Sample Fall Protection PlanA p p e n d i x B

SOURCE:

OccupationalHealth andSafety CodeExplanationGuide Part 9Figure 9.6Sample fallprotection plan


TO ORDER THIS BOOKLET, OR FOR MORE INFORMATION, CONTACT:

an Alberta MHSA Office at www.mhsa.ab.caor an ACSA office at www.acsa-safety.org

structural steel erection - best practices

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