strombegrenzerkonzepte im vergleich

Strombegrenzerkonzepte im Vergleich

Markus Abplanalp, 7. Braunschweiger Supraleiterseminar, 6.6.2013

Motivation

Compromise in Power Systems

Why fault current Limiter?

High short-circuit capacity

during normal operation

(low short-circuit impedance)

- Low voltage drops

- High power quality

- High steady-state and transient stability

- Low system perturbations

Low short-circuit capacity

during fault conditions

(high short-circuit impedance)

- Low mechanical stress

- Low thermal stress

- Breakers with reduced switching capacity

Optimal solution FCL

- Low impedance during normal operation

- Fast and effective current limitation

- Automatic and fast recovery

June 14, 2013 | Slide 2

© ABB Group

Definition fault current limiter Overview on fault current limitation measures

Condition based increase of impedance

Small impedance at nominal load

fast increase of impedance at fault

Permanent increase of impedance

at nominal and fault conditions

Topological

measures Fault Current Limiter

Splitting into sub

grids

Introducing a

higher voltage

Splitting of bus

bars

High impedance

transformers

Current limiting

air core reactors

Sequential

tripping

Established

IS-limiter (< 7 kA, < 40.5 kV)

Fuses (< 1 kA, < 36 kV)

FCL CB (< 1 kV)

Novel Concepts

Superconductor

Magnetic Effects

Semiconductor

Hybrid systems

Control

measure

Fault Current Limiting Device

June 14, 2013 | Slide 3

© ABB Group

Voltage

Drain

FCL concepts (selection)

June 14, 2013 | Slide 4

© ABB Group

Lg

Ug

Z

UFCL

Power Electronic

/ Hybrid

Resistive

Is-limiter

Arc Runner

Saturated Iron

Core

i

Y B

Electric circuit Principle

Saturate iron core by DC current

Fault current brings core out of

saturation resulting in large inductance

DC coil often superconducting to

reduce losses

Saturated Iron Core FCL Limitation Principle

June 14, 2013 | Slide 5

© ABB Group

Bs

H

ms

IDC

Limiting element

i

Y






reduce losses


June 14, 2013 | Slide 6

© ABB Group

IDC

IDC

Limiting element






reduce losses


June 14, 2013 | Slide 7

© ABB Group

i

Y

i pC

L

î r

IDC

t

i

ipCL

Îr

Limiting element

i

Y

DY

L0

L0

2 Ir

Inductive Limiter Required voltage drop

during limitation

𝑈𝑔 = 𝑈FCL + 𝜔𝐿𝑔𝐼kCL

𝑈FCL = 𝜔𝐿0𝐼kCL + 𝜔

2 ΔΨ

𝑉 ∝ 𝐴𝑙 ∝𝑁𝐴𝐵𝑠

2

𝜇0𝑁2𝐴

𝑙

=ΔΨ2

𝐿0

∝𝐼r

𝑈𝑔𝑈FCL −

𝜔1

𝐿𝑔+

1

𝐿0

𝐼k2

Best for weak limitation

Saturated Iron Core FCL Design

June 14, 2013 | Slide 8

© ABB Group

Required core volume

Lg

Ug

L

UFCL

UFCL

0 Ik

Ug

ip/2 IkCL

L

V

IkCL 0 Ik ip/2

core volume

L0

Inductive Grid

Grid & Requirements

Voltage 12 kV

Nominal current 1 kArms

Prospective fault 10 kArms

k 1.8

Limited current 8 kArms

Voltage drop @ Ir 1%

FCL

Core volume 0.2 m3

MMF DC coil 190 kA turn

Core height 1 m

Core diameter 20 cm

Windings (per coil) 56

Saturated Iron Core FCL Example

June 14, 2013 | Slide 9

© ABB Group

-20%

Grid & Requirements

Voltage 12 kV



k 1.8


Voltage drop @ Ir 1%

FCL

Core volume 0.2 m3

MMF DC coil 190 kA turn

Core height 1 m

Core diameter 20 cm

Windings (per coil) 56

Saturated Iron Core FCL Example

June 14, 2013 | Slide 10

© ABB Group

-20%

Voltage range MV / HV

Voltage drop

Cooling /

Activation Self

Smart trigger ()

Limitation Inductive

ipCL

IkCL < 50% Ik

IkCL = 80% Ik

Recovery

In grid operation since July 2012 in

Scunthorpe substation

Successfully limited several faults

Superconducting DC coils

Apparent power 24 MVA

Rated voltage 11 kV

Rated current 1250 A

Voltage drop 1%

Fault duration 600 ms

Prospective fault 6.2 kArms

Limited current 5.0 kArms

In future projects ASL plans to use

normalconducting coils

Smart Reactor Status – ASL (Zenergy)

June 14, 2013 | Slide 11

© ABB Group

-20%

In operation since October

2012 at Shigezhuang

substation of Tianjin, China

Superconducting DC coils


Rated voltage 220 kV

Rated current 800 Arms

Voltage drop 1.2%



Recovery time 0.5 s

Saturated Iron Core FCL Status – Innopower

June 14, 2013 | Slide 12

© ABB Group

-40%


Change in resistance between

superconducting and normalconducting

state of superconductor

Intrinsic detection of fault

Permanent change in resistance

due to heating

Resistive Superconducting FCL Limitation Principle

June 14, 2013 | Slide 13

© ABB Group

Cap layer

Superconductor

Buffer architecture

Substrate

Rcap

Ic(T) |i|

T

Tc

77K

0

R

Limiting element

RCC

Rp


Change in resistance between

superconducting and normalconducting

state of superconductor

Intrinsic detection of fault

Permanent change in resistance

due to heating

Resistive Superconducting FCL Limitation Principle

June 14, 2013 | Slide 14

© ABB Group

Cap layer

Superconductor

Buffer architecture

Substrate

Rcap

Ic(T) |i|

T

Tc

77K

0

R

R

Rcap

2 Ir Ic |i|

0

Limiting element

RCC

Rp

UFCL

0 Ik

Ug

ip/2 IkCL

R

𝑈𝑔2 = 𝑈FCL

2 + 𝜔𝐿𝑔𝐼kCL2 𝑙CC ∝ 3𝑈FCL𝐼r

Best for strong

limitation

Resistive Superconducting FCL Design

June 14, 2013 | Slide 15

© ABB Group

Lg

Ug

R

UFCL

Inductive Grid

Required voltage drop

during limitation

Required length of

coated conductor

Resistive Limiter

lCC

IkCL 0 Ik ip/2

superconducting

wire length

UFCL

2 Ir Ic |i|

0

Grid & Requirements

Voltage 12 kV



k 1.8



Resistive Superconducting FCL Example

June 14, 2013 | Slide 16

© ABB Group

FCL

Length CC 3 5 111 m

= 1.7 km

Parallel resistor 1.4 W

Cap layer 3.8 mm

-50%

Grid & Requirements

Voltage 12 kV



k 1.8



Resistive Superconducting FCL Example

June 14, 2013 | Slide 17

© ABB Group

FCL

Length CC 3 5 111 m

= 1.7 km

Parallel resistor 1.4 W

Cap layer 3.8 mm

-50%


Voltage drop

Cooling

Activation Self

Smart trigger

Limitation Resistive

ipCL

IkCL < 50% Ik

IkCL = 80% Ik

Recovery

Resistive Superconducting FCL

YBCO thin film on sapphire

1.2 MVA lab test in 2001

Bi-2212 plates 40 25 cm2

3.3 MVA (single phase) lab test in 2003

Bi-2212 cylinders

10 MVA in grid 2004, CURL 10

Several more in grid operation, up to 17 MVA

History

June 14, 2013 | Slide 18

© ABB Group

coated

conductors

coated

conductors

non-supercond.

concepts

Boxberg (Vattenfall)

Auxilliary power in coal plant

In operation since Oct. 2011


Voltage 12 kV

Nominal current 560 A

ECCOFLOW

planned for 2013


Voltage 24 kV


Resistive Superconducting FCL Status – Nexans

June 14, 2013 | Slide 19

© ABB Group

more details in the

next talk by Judith

Schramm, Nexans

DOE project with AMSC, SCE,

TCSUH, Nexans, LANL

Single phase test device,

intended for use with parallel

reactor in 115 kV grid coupling


Voltage 30 kV


Trip current 1.5 In


Prospective fault 20 kA

Limited current 2.6 kA

Recovery time 20 s

Project ended 2012

Resistive Superconducting FCL Status – Siemens

June 14, 2013 | Slide 20

© ABB Group

-85%


Arc accelerated along resistive rails

due to magnetic force for fast increase

of the resistance to 0.8 W in < 1ms

Arc chamber for current interruption at the first current zero crossing

Parallel fixed resistor 2 W

Arc runner Limitation Principle

June 14, 2013 | Slide 21

© ABB Group

Limiting element

Rrails

Rp

Successful field testing 1987 in Lincoln

Electric, Nebraska

Outgoing feeder

25 operations

Apparent power 25 MVA Voltage 12.47 kV Nominal current 1200 Arms Tripping current 2000 A Prospective fault 11 kArms

Time to insert res. 2 ms First peak resistance 0.8 W Limiting resistance 2.2 W Limited current (1st) 9 kApk Limited current (steady) 3 kArms Recovery 40 ms O-CO sequence yes

Arc runner Status

June 14, 2013 | Slide 22

© ABB Group

N. Engelman, E. Schreurs, B. Drugge, “Field test results for a multi-shot 12.47 kV

fault current limiter”, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, 6(3), p. 1081 (1991)

Successful field testing 1987 in Lincoln

Electric, Nebraska

Outgoing feeder

25 operations

Apparent power 25 MVA Voltage 12.47 kV Nominal current 1200 Arms Tripping current 2000 A Prospective fault 11 kArms

Time to insert res. 2 ms First peak resistance 0.8 W Limiting resistance 2.2 W Limited current (1st) 9 kApk Limited current (steady) 3 kArms Recovery 40 ms O-CO sequence yes

Arc runner Status

June 14, 2013 | Slide 23

© ABB Group

Voltage range MV

Voltage drop

Cooling

Activation Controlled

Smart trigger

Limitation Resistive

ipCL

IkCL < 50% Ik

IkCL = 80% Ik

Recovery

N. Engelman, E. Schreurs, B. Drugge, “Field test results for a multi-shot 12.47 kV

fault current limiter”, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, 6(3), p. 1081 (1991)

Electric circuit

Limiting element

IS-Limiter Limitation Principle

June 14, 2013

© ABB Group

| Slide 24

Principle

Nominal path interrupted by small

charge

HRC fuse builds up voltage and interrupts or commutes to limiting element


June 14, 2013

© ABB Group

| Slide 25

t

i

Fault current reaches tripping level defined by i and di/dt

Reaction time of electronics ca. 15 ms


June 14, 2013

© ABB Group

| Slide 26

t

i



Opening of nominal connection and commutation to fuse ca. 85 ms

Melting of fuse ca. 500 ms


June 14, 2013

© ABB Group

| Slide 27

t

i



Opening of nominal connection and commutation to fuse ca. 85 ms

Melting of fuse ca. 500 ms

Arcing time of fuse

Total time to interruption < 10 ms

𝑈FCL > 𝑈𝑔 to force

current to zero

Interrupt current at first

voltage zero

Voltage Drain Limiter Required voltage drop

during limitation Required commutation

time

IS-Limiter Design

June 14, 2013

© ABB Group

| Slide 28

𝑡c =2

𝜔 arcsin

𝑖pCL

𝑖p

−arcsin𝑖trip

𝑖p

Lg

Ug

U

UFCL

tc

IkCL

10 ms Ik

0 ms

itrip/2

ip/2

commutation

time

UFCL

0 Ik

Ug

ip/2 IkCL

U

uFCL ; i

0

itrip

t

uFCL

0

i

2Ug ; 2Ik

tc

ipCL

Inductive Grid

𝑈FCL > 𝑈𝑔 to force

current to zero

Interrupt current at first

voltage zero

Voltage Drain Limiter Required voltage drop

during limitation Required commutation

time

IS-Limiter Design

June 14, 2013

© ABB Group

| Slide 29

𝑡c =2

𝜔 arcsin

𝑖pCL

𝑖p

−arcsin𝑖trip

𝑖p

Lg

Ug

U

UFCL

tc

IkCL

10 ms Ik

0 ms

itrip/2

ip/2

commutation

time

UFCL

0 Ik

Ug

ip/2 IkCL

U

uFCL ; i

0

itrip

t

uFCL

0

i

2Ug ; 2Ik

tc

ipCL

Inductive Grid

Is-Limiter Is-Limiter

w Coil

Voltage range MV MV

Voltage drop

Cooling

Activation Controlled Controlled

Smart trigger

Limitation Interrupting Inductive

ipCL

IkCL < 50% Ik

IkCL = 80% Ik

Recovery

Reliability and function proofed since 1960

3000 installations in >80 countries

Product range

IS-Limiter Status

June 14, 2013

© ABB Group

| Slide 30

Rated

voltage

(kV)

Max. rated

current *

(A)

Switching

capability

(kArms)

0.75 5000 140

12 4000 210

17.5 4000 210

24 3000 140

36 2500 140

40.5 2500 140

* For higher rated currents Is-Limiter can be

connected in parallel

Electric circuit

Limiting element

Principle

Nominal path with load commutation

switch and ultra fast disconnector

Main semiconductor breaker to commute into dissipating element

Varistors (or resistors, inductor) as limiting element

Hybrid Limitation Principle

June 14, 2013

© ABB Group

| Slide 31

MOV

4.5 kV IGBT ABB StakPak™ Ultra fast

disconnector

Arrestor (Metal

Oxide Varistor)

UFD

DC breaker with current limiting mode

tested in lab in 2012

Voltage 320 kVDC Nominal current 2600 ADC Prospective fault rise 3.5 kA/ms

Nominal loss <0.01% Limited current <9 kADC Time to interruption <5 ms O-CO sequence yes

Hybrid Status

June 14, 2013

© ABB Group

| Slide 32

Ultra Fast

Disconnector Load Commutation Switch

Arrestor Main Breaker

M. Callavik, A. Blomberg, J. Häfner, B. Jacobson, “The Hybrid HVDC Breaker – An

innovation breakthrough enabling reliable HVDC grids”, ABB Grid Systems

Technology Paper (Nov. 2012)

DC breaker with current limiting mode

tested in lab in 2012

Voltage 320 kVDC Nominal current 2600 ADC Prospective fault rise 3.5 kA/ms

Nominal loss <0.01% Limited current <9 kADC Time to interruption <5 ms O-CO sequence yes


Voltage drop

Cooling

Activation Controlled

Smart trigger

Limitation Interrupting

ipCL

IkCL < 50% Ik

IkCL = 80% Ik

Recovery

Hybrid Status

June 14, 2013

© ABB Group

| Slide 33

Ultra Fast

Disconnector Load Commutation Switch

Arrestor Main Breaker

M. Callavik, A. Blomberg, J. Häfner, B. Jacobson, “The Hybrid HVDC Breaker – An

innovation breakthrough enabling reliable HVDC grids”, ABB Grid Systems

Technology Paper (Nov. 2012)

Fault current limiter

Is-limiter

About 3000 installations in more than 80 countries

Superconducting FCL

Today at least 3 resistive, 2 sat. iron core, and 1 hybrid in operation

In grid operation today

June 14, 2013 | Slide 34

© ABB Group

Company Location Year Rating Voltage Current Type Conductor

(MVA) (kV) (A)

ABB Löntsch (Switzerland) 1996 1 10 70 shielded iron core Bi2212

Nexans Siegen (Germany) 2004 10 10 600 resistive Bi2212

Innopower Yunnan (China) 2007 96 35 1600 saturated iron core Bi2223

Nexans Bamber Bridge (GB) 2009 2 12 100 resistive Bi2212

Nexans Boxberg (Germany) 2009 17 12 800 resistive Bi2212

Zenergy San Bernardino (USA) 2009 19 15 740 saturated iron core Bi2223

Nexans Boxberg (Germany) 2011 12 12 560 resistive YBCO cc

KEPRI Incheon (Korea) 2011 25 23 630 hybrid YBCO cc

A2A Reti Elettriche Milan (Italy) 2012 4 10 220 resistive Bi2223

Innopower Shigezhuang (China) 2012 305 220 800 saturated iron core Bi2223

Zenergy / ASL Yorkshire (GB) 2012 24 11 1250 saturated iron core Bi2223

Nexans / ASL Ainsworth lane (GB) 2012 8 12 400 resistive Bi2212

Nexans Mallorca (Spain) and Košice (Slovakia) 2013 42 24 1000 resistive YBCO cc

ASL (Zenergy) Sheffield (GB) 2013 71 33 1250 saturated iron core ?

STCSM Shanghai (China) 2013 7 10 400 resistive YBCO cc

Nexans Essen (Germany) 2013 42 10 2400 resistive YBCO cc

KEPRI JeJu Island (Korea) 2016 534 154 2000 ? YBCO cc

pa

st

futu

re

tod

ay

UFCL

0 Ik

Ug

ip/2 IkCL

L

R

U

Comparison of concepts

June 14, 2013 | Slide 35

© ABB Group

V

IkCL 0 Ik ip/2

core volume

tc

IkCL

10 ms Ik

0 ms

ip/2

commutation

time

lCC

IkCL 0 Ik ip/2

superconducting

wire length

Use for strong limitation

Self activated

Recovery in > 10 s

− Cooling to 77 K

Use for weak limitation

Self activated

Immediate recovery

− Cooling to 77 K or

losses in DC coil

Use for interruption

Smart triggering

± O-CO possible for some

No cooling

Voltage

Drain

strombegrenzerkonzepte im vergleich

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