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STREAM RESTORATION FRAMEWORK STREAM RESTORATION FRAMEWORK AND AND SEDIMENT SEDIMENT TRANSPORT TRANSPORT BASICS BASICS Pete Klingeman Pete Klingeman Pete Klingeman Pete Klingeman 1

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Page 1: STREAM RESTORATION FRAMEWORK AND …...zones where sediment material originates – in reach and beyond (channel, banks, watershed) 2. The channel through‐flowareas zones and routes

STREAM  RESTORATION  FRAMEWORKSTREAM  RESTORATION  FRAMEWORK

ANDAND

SEDIMENT  SEDIMENT  TRANSPORT TRANSPORT  BASICSBASICS

Pete KlingemanPete KlingemanPete  KlingemanPete  Klingeman

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What is Your Restoration What is Your Restoration k ?k ?Project Like?  Project Like?  

D thi k di tDo you think sediment transport is a concern?

East Fork Lewis River, WA

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Tidal creek, Mystic Seaport, CT

City park, Plymouth, MA

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Typical Stream Restoration FrameworkTypical Stream Restoration FrameworkTypical Stream Restoration FrameworkTypical Stream Restoration Framework

GoalsGoals Provide a moreProvide a more‐‐natural system  (not just pretty)natural system  (not just pretty) Make a positive ecological impactMake a positive ecological impact

ActionsActions Remove riprap and concrete (soften the banks)Remove riprap and concrete (soften the banks)p p ( )p p ( ) Add sinuosity and reAdd sinuosity and re‐‐meander straight channelsmeander straight channels Adjust stream gradients by measures usedAdjust stream gradients by measures used Alter widths Alter widths –– more variable than beforemore variable than before Add secondary channels and divided channelsAdd secondary channels and divided channels

dd Remove damsRemove dams

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Can Goals and Actions Conflict?Can Goals and Actions Conflict?Can Goals and Actions Conflict?Can Goals and Actions Conflict?

Stream restoration goals usually favor a moreStream restoration goals usually favor a more dynamicdynamic systemsystem Stream restoration goals usually favor a more Stream restoration goals usually favor a more dynamicdynamic system system  Channel changes are likely over timeChannel changes are likely over time

(whether expected or not; even if “form” dominates project design)( et e e pected o ot; e e o do ates p oject des g )

Projects may require Projects may require stable boundariesstable boundaries at the project limits at the project limits ‐‐‐‐to avoid offto avoid off‐‐site adverse impactssite adverse impacts

Thus, there may be conflicts between system Thus, there may be conflicts between system dynamicsdynamics and and system system stabilitystability

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Why Sediment Transport Should beWhy Sediment Transport Should beWhy Sediment Transport Should be Why Sediment Transport Should be Considered in Restoration DesignConsidered in Restoration Design

Stream hydrology and hydraulics are dynamic processesStream hydrology and hydraulics are dynamic processes The channel is alluvialThe channel is alluvial

(boundaries consist of material that has been transported by flowing water)

Alluvial channels experience sediment transportAlluvial channels experience sediment transportR t ti j t lt h l d h l h lR t ti j t lt h l d h l h l Restoration projects alter channels and channel morphologyRestoration projects alter channels and channel morphology

Sediment transport occursSediment transport occurs Sediment transport can further alter channel morphologySediment transport can further alter channel morphology Sediment transport can further alter channel morphologySediment transport can further alter channel morphology Changing channel morphology over time may not be a goalChanging channel morphology over time may not be a goal

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Your Project & Sediment TransportYour Project & Sediment TransportYour Project & Sediment TransportYour Project & Sediment Transport

DDuring project work, uring project work, whenwhen do you consider do you consider sediment transport analysis?sediment transport analysis?p yp y

During planning?During planning?l l d ?l l d ? Not until preliminary design?Not until preliminary design?

Not until final design?Not until final design? Only after agency project review?Only after agency project review? Never?Never?

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What Should You Know about What Should You Know about Sediment Transport?Sediment Transport?

What is sediment transport?What is sediment transport?What is moved? When? Where? How?What is moved?    When?    Where?    How?

What processes are involved?What processes are involved?H d i j l diH d i j l di How do restoration projects alter sediment How do restoration projects alter sediment transport processes?transport processes?

How might sediment transport be addressed How might sediment transport be addressed in restoration design?in restoration design?

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What is Sediment Transport?What is Sediment Transport?What is Sediment Transport?What is Sediment Transport?

SedimentSediment Rock and mineral particles that have been deposited by flowing water at some time in the past

Clay, silt, sand, pebbles, gravel, cobbles, boulders

Sediment transportSediment transport Movement of rock + mineral particles by flowing water

Types of sediment transportTypes of sediment transport Suspended load – carried suspended within the flow

Bed load – rolling, sliding, bouncing along the bed due to flow shear stresses (push and drag)shear stresses (push and drag)

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Descriptions of Sediment TransportDescriptions of Sediment Transportp pp p

Available sediment   = Available sediment   = Total Total sediment sediment ssupplyupplypp ypp yMoved Moved sediment    sediment    = Total = Total sediment sediment lloadoad‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐

Description by source area:Description by source area: Description by source area:Description by source area:Bed material load  +  Wash load

Description by mechanics of movement:Description by mechanics of movement:Traction (contact) load + Saltation load + Suspended loadTraction (contact) load  +  Saltation load  +  Suspended load

Description by type of measuring device:Description by type of measuring device:Bed load  +  Suspended load

Description b abilit to meas reDescription b abilit to meas re Description by ability to measure:Description by ability to measure:Unmeasured load  +  Measured load

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Flowing Water and Sediment TransportFlowing Water and Sediment TransportFlowing Water and Sediment TransportFlowing Water and Sediment Transport

Flow “strength” determinesFlow “strength” determines whenwhen wherewhere andand howhow Flow  strength  determines   Flow  strength  determines   whenwhen,   ,   wherewhere,  and   ,  and   how how sediment transport occurssediment transport occurs

Flow strength depends upon stream hydrology and channelFlow strength depends upon stream hydrology and channel Flow strength depends upon stream hydrology and channel Flow strength depends upon stream hydrology and channel hydraulicshydraulics Stream hydrology  ‐‐‐ discharge (Q)  and its variability over time

Channel hydraulics ‐‐‐ water velocity (V), water depth (Y), and water 3‐D flow patterns within the channel

Routine hydrologic events vs rare hydrologic events make aRoutine hydrologic events vs rare hydrologic events make a Routine hydrologic events   vs.   rare hydrologic events make a Routine hydrologic events   vs.   rare hydrologic events make a difference in sediment transport responsedifference in sediment transport response Common ranges of flows differ from very large floods or severe droughts 

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Sediment Transport FeaturesSediment Transport Featuresfor ‘Large’ Particlesfor ‘Large’ Particles

(coarse sand, gravel, cobbles, small boulders)(coarse sand, gravel, cobbles, small boulders)( , g , , )( , g , , )

At small flows, the particles remain at restAt small flows, the particles remain at rest

At some larger flow, some particles begin to move At some larger flow, some particles begin to move intermittently (incipient motion)intermittently (incipient motion)

At still larger flows, most particles move much of the timeAt still larger flows, most particles move much of the time

At the largest typical flows, almost all particles move At the largest typical flows, almost all particles move (either in (either in a  stopa  stop‐‐andand‐‐go go manner or by continuous manner or by continuous motion)motion)

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Sediment Transport FeaturesSediment Transport Featuresfor ‘Small’ Particlesfor ‘Small’ Particles

(‘Fines’  = (‘Fines’  =  clay, silt, small sand)clay, silt, small sand)(( y, , )y, , )

At the smallest flows, the water may be At the smallest flows, the water may be completely clearcompletely clear

At small flows, some small particles may be transported if they At small flows, some small particles may be transported if they are available.  These contribute to the ‘background turbidity’ are available.  These contribute to the ‘background turbidity’ of the waterof the waterof the water.of the water.

As flows increase, more As flows increase, more of the channel of the channel is inundated and more is inundated and more particles are available for transportparticles are available for transportp pp p

As flows further increase, more new sources of fines are As flows further increase, more new sources of fines are available, available, while earlier sources may become depletedwhile earlier sources may become depleted

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Water Flow and Gravel TransportWater Flow and Gravel TransportWater Flow and Gravel TransportWater Flow and Gravel Transport

2 Vertical scales:Water DischargeBed Load Rate Notes on bed material sizes:

Same Q but different Qsed Size gradation of bed load varies over time

At large water discharges, the size gradations of bed material and bed load may match

At smaller water discharges the bed load will be smaller in size than the bed

Q for Incipient MotionAt which Qsed ~ 0

Time, hours1313

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Basic Definitions For Basic Definitions For Sediment Sediment Transport ProcessesTransport Processes

Local scourLocal scour ‐‐‐‐‐‐ local detachment local detachment and removal of and removal of particlesparticles

General erosionGeneral erosion general detachmentgeneral detachment and removal ofand removal of particlesparticlesGeneral erosion General erosion ‐‐‐‐‐‐ general detachment general detachment and removal of and removal of particles particles 

Local deposition Local deposition ‐‐‐‐‐‐ local settling in place on the bedlocal settling in place on the bed

G l d itiG l d iti l ttli i l th b dl ttli i l th b dGeneral deposition General deposition ‐‐‐‐‐‐ general settling in place on the bedgeneral settling in place on the bed

Sedimentation Sedimentation ‐‐‐‐‐‐ settling settling to the bottom of a fluidto the bottom of a fluid

d dd d ff b d lb d lBed aggradation Bed aggradation ‐‐‐‐‐‐ raising of raising of bed elevation over bed elevation over timetime

Bed degradation Bed degradation ‐‐‐‐‐‐ lowering of bed elevation over timelowering of bed elevation over time

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Sediment Transport is 3Sediment Transport is 3‐‐Dimensional, due toDimensional, due toplanplan‐‐form bed and bank featuresform bed and bank featuresplanplan form, bed, and bank featuresform, bed, and bank features

Stream corridorshave 3‐D channels with 3‐D flow and sediment transport

Meandering channels are 3‐D and have 3‐D flow and sedimentflow and sediment transport

Even straight channels with constant slopes phave 3‐D flow and sediment transport

View downstream, View downstream, CalapooiaCalapooia RiverRivernear Hollynear Holly

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StreamStream‐‐Sediment DynamicsSediment Dynamics ‐‐ 11StreamStream Sediment Dynamics Sediment Dynamics  11

(Sediment transport)(Sediment transport)Sediment movement,accumulation, and loss

Flowing water All are linked, Basin and channelin channel with significant morphologic features

(hydrology & feedback & interplay (geology &(hydrology & feedback & interplay (geology & hydraulics) geomorphology)

Large debris movementLarge debris movement,Accumulation and loss

(vegetation)

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StreamStream‐‐Sediment DynamicsSediment Dynamics ‐‐ 22StreamStream Sediment  Dynamics Sediment  Dynamics  22

Water discharge is Water discharge is variablevariable (from floods to droughts)(from floods to droughts)PProcesses controlled by water discharge are rocesses controlled by water discharge are transienttransient::

Channel  erosion, Sediment  transport,   Sediment  depositionDebris  movement

Channels Channels respond respond variablyvariably to streamflow events:to streamflow events:Immediate response      ‐ ‐ ‐ e.g.,  Bank collapseProgressive response   ‐ ‐ ‐ e.g.,  Bank erosion or bar growthDelayed response         ‐ ‐ ‐ e.g.,  Channel cutoff

(may occur during next flood season or may only occur years later)Many responses overlapMany responses overlap

ThusThus, rivers , rivers make a variety make a variety of of adjustments over timeadjustments over timeShort-term adjustments

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Long-term adjustments

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Important Information Needed forImportant Information Needed forImportant Information Needed forImportant Information Needed forSediment Transport StudiesSediment Transport Studies

Stream hydrology and hydraulicsStream hydrology and hydraulics

Channel morphology (3Channel morphology (3‐‐D description)D description)

Sediment Sediment source areas, source areas, sink areas, throughput sink areas, throughput zoneszones

Influences Influences of sediment transport of sediment transport modes (bed load; modes (bed load; suspended load) on systemsuspended load) on system

Spatial variability of bed composition (lateral + vertical)Spatial variability of bed composition (lateral + vertical)

“Structural” influences (human; vegetation, geology)“Structural” influences (human; vegetation, geology)

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Organizing a Organizing a Sediment Transport StudySediment Transport Studyg gg g p yp y

Scope Scope ‐‐‐‐ study objectivesstudy objectives Scale Scale ‐‐‐‐ level of sophistication level of sophistication expected or requiredexpected or required Features Features ‐‐‐‐ available methods and technologyavailable methods and technology Approach Approach –– qualqualitative, itative, quantquantitative, itative, mixedmixed qual./quant.qual./quant. Data acquisition Data acquisition ‐‐‐‐ field field program and program and laboratory laboratory programprogram Inputs Inputs ‐‐‐‐ channel and reach channel and reach propertiesproperties Inputs Inputs ‐‐‐‐ sediment sediment propertiesproperties Outputs Outputs –– needed results and desired formatsneeded results and desired formats Interpretations Interpretations ‐‐‐‐ uses uses and and applications applications of study resultsof study results

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Qualitative Assessment ToolsQualitative Assessment Toolsfor Sediment Transportfor Sediment Transport

What if some key parameter may change?      What if some key parameter may change?      Lane‐type  balance and stream power

Where is sediment coming from and going to?Where is sediment coming from and going to?Schumm‐type source‐throughput‐sink

When is sediment able to come and go?When is sediment able to come and go?Einstein‐type double‐condition

Where is the sediment moving?Where is the sediment moving?3‐D flow‐field analysis

2020

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LaneLane‐‐Type Balance and Stream PowerType Balance and Stream PowerQualitative AssessmentQualitative Assessment

Lane devised a qualitativeLane devised a qualitative relation of sedimentrelation of sediment transport totransport to key parameterskey parameters Lane devised a qualitative Lane devised a qualitative relation of sediment relation of sediment transport to transport to key parameters key parameters for a stream in dynamic equilibriumfor a stream in dynamic equilibrium

His relation involves a balance among His relation involves a balance among streamflow channel sediment bed particlestreamflow          channel                sediment              bed particle

slope                  transport                    sizerate

Qwater x    Schannel ~ Qsediment x     D50‐particle Lane’s balance has a direct relation to stream powerLane’s balance has a direct relation to stream power

Qs D50 ~ Qw S  ~  Stream Power This approach is limited It is useful to find cause effect relationsThis approach is limited It is useful to find cause effect relations This approach is limited.  It is useful to find cause effect relations.This approach is limited.  It is useful to find cause effect relations.

To maintain balance when one parameter changes, one or more others must respond(Qwater)(Schannel)                    (Qsediment)(D50particle)

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SchummSchumm‐‐Type SourceType Source‐‐ThoughputThoughput‐‐SinkSinkQualitative Assessment     Qualitative Assessment     (Stanley (Stanley SchummSchumm))

Consider three zones Consider three zones as parts of an as parts of an analysis:analysis:1. The source areas

zones where sediment material originates – in reach and beyondzones where sediment material originates  in reach and beyond(channel, banks, watershed)

2. The channel through‐flow areaszones and routes where sediment is transported

(watershed and channel waterways)

3. The deposition areaszones where sediment stops moving – in reach and beyond

(bed, bars, banks, overbank)

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EinsteinEinstein‐‐Type DoubleType Double‐‐ConditionConditionQualitative Assessment    Qualitative Assessment    (Hans A. Einstein)(Hans A. Einstein)

“Double condition” analysis“Double condition” analysis ‐‐‐‐ forfor sediment transport to occursediment transport to occurDouble condition  analysis Double condition  analysis  for for sediment transport to occur sediment transport to occur past some point or past some point or reach, must have:reach, must have:

1. Sediment availabilityThere must be sediment available for transport by the flow

(from somewhere upstream of the point or reach of interest)

2. Flow capabilityThe flow must be capable of moving the available sediment

(through the channel past the point or reach of interest)NotesNotes::

1. With sediment available but flow not capable of moving it, have “rest condition”p g ,2. With sufficient sediment available and adequate flow capability, have transport at 

capacity (transport formulas usable)3. With undersupply of sediment compared to flow capability, have limited transport

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33‐‐Dimensional FlowDimensional Flow‐‐FieldFieldQualitative AssessmentQualitative Assessment

h f ll h d k h hh f ll h d k h hMeasure or estimate the following: with data, sketches,  photosMeasure or estimate the following: with data, sketches,  photos

Surface flowSurface flow‐‐field patternfield pattern2‐D description using short straight surface velocity vectors2 D description using short straight surface velocity vectorsVector lengths represent velocity magnitudes

Eddies and backwatersEddies and backwaters2‐D description using curved velocity vectors

h f d dd hLengths of curves indicate eddy strength Causes for surface patternsCauses for surface patterns

Significant bank and bed features (sweeping trees, bedrock outcrops) Depth estimationsDepth estimations Depth estimationsDepth estimations

Relative depths, shallows, pools Subsurface nearSubsurface near‐‐bed flow behavior estimatesbed flow behavior estimates

Directions in which currents may move sedimenty

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Illustration for Qualitative AssessmentIllustration for Qualitative AssessmentB ill D lB ill D l C l iC l i RiRiBrownsville Dam removal, Brownsville Dam removal, CalapooiaCalapooia River River 

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Quantitative Quantitative Assessment ToolsAssessment Toolsfor Sediment for Sediment TransportTransport

d ld l llHydrologic Hydrologic analyses   analyses   –– streamflows

CChannel flow hydraulicshannel flow hydraulicsstages discharges water velocities water depths channel gradientsstages, discharges, water velocities, water depths, channel gradients

Channel geomorphic featuresChannel geomorphic featuresplan‐form (map view) aspects, bars, bed forms, hydraulic geometry

Channel Channel bed materials bed materials and bank and bank materials  materials  ‐‐‐‐ inorganic, vegetation

Incipient motion analysis for bed materialIncipient motion analysis for bed materialSpecific computation features for Specific computation features for largelarge or or smallsmall particlesparticlesFormulas Formulas and and computer computer programs programs S di t b l d ti it l iS di t b l d ti it l iSediment mass balance and continuity analysisSediment mass balance and continuity analysis

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Computation Features for Computation Features for Large SedimentLarge SedimentCo putat o eatu es oCo putat o eatu es o a ge Sed e ta ge Sed e t

Equations tend to be processEquations tend to be process‐‐based, not statisticalbased, not statistical

Equations equate rate Equations equate rate of scour to of scour to rate rate of deposition of deposition (i.e., (i.e., equilibrium equilibrium transport ratetransport rate))

For steady For steady water Q, water Q, sediment transport is assumed sediment transport is assumed steadysteady

If If water Q changeswater Q changes, a new transport equilibrium is , a new transport equilibrium is assumedassumedQ gQ g , p q, p q

Thus, the sediment transport rate depends on Thus, the sediment transport rate depends on water Q; water Q; sediment transport increases with increasing water dischargesediment transport increases with increasing water discharge

Flow capability and sediment availability are matchedFlow capability and sediment availability are matched

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Computation Features for Computation Features for Small SedimentSmall Sediment

Particles are small enough that flow capability is usually not a Particles are small enough that flow capability is usually not a concern concern –– flows are almost always capable of moving particlesflows are almost always capable of moving particles

Sediment availability is the critical factorSediment availability is the critical factor

Thus, transport equations are mainly statistical, rather than Thus, transport equations are mainly statistical, rather than p q yp q yphysicsphysics‐‐based, and sediment transport depends on watershed based, and sediment transport depends on watershed conditions and particle conditions and particle availabilityavailability

Note:  this is why many studies of suspended sediment are based on paired watersheds or on pre‐impact versus post‐impact (before‐after) comparisons

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Nature of Sediment Transport Formulas Nature of Sediment Transport Formulas ppand Computer Programsand Computer Programs

Basic Format:Basic Format:QQsediment transport ~ (some key parameter)~ (some key parameter)

QQsediment transport ~ [(key ~ [(key parameter) parameter) –– (critical value of that (critical value of that parameter)]parameter)]

Key parameters may be:Key parameters may be:Water discharge

Average water velocity

River energy slopeRiver energy slope

Boundary shear stress imposed by the flow

Stream powerp

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We can talk more about this during We can talk more about this during ggthe panel discussionthe panel discussion

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