Strategies for improving production in rice based cropping systems

B. GangwarProject Director

Project Directorate for Farming Systems Research, Modipuram, Meerut-250 110 (U.P.)

Major concern Increase in human population (1.2 Billion by 2020)

Decline in per capita availability of land (0.11 ha by 2020)

Stagnation in production (210-216 MT)

Food demand (280 MT by 2020)

Pulses and oil seeds are short in supply

Major predominant cropping systems are cereal based caused second generation problems

Major Cropping Systems in India

  Rice – wheat (10.5 m ha)

  Rice – rice (5.89 m ha)

  Cotton – wheat (1.09 m ha)

 

Soybean – wheat (2.23 m ha)

  Maize – wheat (1.86 m ha)

  P. millet - wheat (2.26 m ha)

Crop Management Approaches for Improving Production

Site specific crop diversification

Site specific tillage and crop establishment

Site specific nutrient management

Site specific water management

Site specific weed management including pests

Site specific crop diversification

Efficient alternatives to rice-wheat cropping system

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Net Return(Rs/ha/yr)

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REY(t/ha/yr)

Diversification of

rice-wheatArea under Rice-wheat: 10.5 m ha.

Av yield: 4.71 t/ha(REY).

Potential range of diversified systems 12-43 t/ha.

Expected gain if 10% area is diversified : 24.0 mt.

Efficient alternatives to rice-rice cropping system

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Diversification of

Rice- RiceArea under Rice- Rice : 2.98 m ha.

Av yield: 4.81 t/ha.

Potential range of diversified systems 12-21 t/ha.

Expected gain if 10% area is diversified : 3-5 mt.

Site specific tillage

and crop establishment

Effect of Tillage/Crop establishment in Rice (hybrid) Based Cropping Systems(REY t/ha)

Treatment

(Tillage Practices)

Rice- wheat Rice- chickpea Rice- mustard

Direct-seeding (dry bed)

14.84 13.90 14.31

Drum-seeding (wet bed)

14.91 13.88 13.66

Mechanical transplanting (puddled)

 

13.75 11.07 12.28

Mechanical transplanting (unpuddled)

13.99 12.60 12.66

Manual transplanting (puddled)

13.43 10.89 12.22

Gangwar et.al.(2006)

Effect of planting techniques on productivity of rice based cropping systems

Cropping systems REY (t/ha) Productivity(kg/ha/day)

FB BBF FB BBF

Rice - wheat 7.96 8.23 35.2 36.5

Rice - mustard 5.89 6.14 28.8 31.2

Rice - groundnut 9.32 9.74 25.9 27.7

Gangwar et.al.(2005)

Site specific nutrient management

NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES IN INDIAN SOILS

Nitrogen - Low in 228 districts, Medium in 118 districts, High in 18 districts.

Phosphorus - Low in 170 districts, Medium in 189 districts, High in 17districts.

Potassium - Low in 47 districts, Medium in 192 districts, High in 122 districts.

Sulpher - Low in 130 districts.

Magnesium - Kerala, AP, Parts of Tamil Nadu and Very acid soils.

Zinc - More than 50 % soils.

Iron - In most of calcareous soils, Mainly in groundnut,sugarcane, sorghum and upland rice.

Boron - Parts of West Bengal, Assam, Bihar and Karnataka.

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Addition Removal Balance

Negative Nutrient Balance in Rice-Wheat System in Indo-Negative Nutrient Balance in Rice-Wheat System in Indo-Gangetic PlainsGangetic Plains

Effect of IPNS packages on rice equivalent yield in rice-wheat system

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Western HimalayanRegion(Jammu)

EasternPlateau&Hills

(Dumka)

Gujarat Plains &Hills (Jagudan)

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ECONOMIC RESPONSE OF RICE-WHEAT SYSTEM TO MAJOR NUTRIENTS

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Effect of IPNS packages on REY in rice-rice system

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RICE-RICE SYSTEM RESPONSE TO MAJOR NUTRIENTS

Economic Response Of Rice-Rice System To Major Nutrients

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(A.K.Pally)

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(Tirup)

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YIELD MAXIMIZATION

Effect of fertilizer doses, organic manure and plant population on rice-rice system yield (t/ha)

South Zone, Karamana (1993-97)

Treatments Mean grain yield of rice (4 years)

I II Total

Fertilizer doses (kg/ha)

F1 Rec. dose (90-40-40) 4.36 2.76 7.12

F2 125 % (113-50-50) 4.43 2.83 7.46

F3 150 % (135-60-60) 4.40 2.58 6.98

Farm yard manure (t/ha)

Mo control 4.39 2.71 7.10

M1 5 4.43 2.74 7.17

Plant population (spacing-cm)

P1 20 X 10 4.42 2.66 7.08

P2 15 X 10 4.40 2.79 7.19

Treatments Mean grain yield of rice (4 years)

I II Total

Fertilizer doses (kg/ha)

F1 Rec. dose (80-40-40) 3.28 3.41 6.69

F2 125 % (100-50-50) 3.81 3.75 7.56

F3 150 % (120-60-60) 3.88 3.89 7.77

Green manure (t/ha)

Mo control 3.49 3.43 6.92

M1 10 3.81 3.94 7.75

Plant population (spacing-cm)

P1 20 X 10 3.61 3.51 7.12

P2 15 X 10 3.71 3.85 7.56

East and South Eastern Coastal Zone, Bhubneshwar (1993-97)

Influence of secondary and micronutrients on the total productivity (kg/ha) of different cropping systemsTreatments Bhubneswar Maruteru

Rice-rice Rice-rice

T1 :Recommended NPK for kharif and rabi every year 6375 8738

T2 :T1 + Sulphur @ 25 kg/ha 6845 10240

T3 :T1 + Sulphur @ 50 kg/ha6980 10787

T4 :T1 + Zinc @ 5 kg/ha through ZnSO4

7542 9561

T5 :T1 + Zinc @ 10 kg/ha through ZnSO4

7898 9786

Zone: Southern & High Rainfall Zone (Tiruneveli)

Major Constraints: Micro-nutrient (Zinc deficiency)

Prevailing system: Rice-riceKharif rice (I) Rabi rice (II) Yield (kg/ha) %

increaseI II Total

T1 Farmer practice 62-25-25 kg NPK/ha

Farmer practice 62-25-25 kg NPK/ha 4046 3881 7927 -

T1 + ZnSo4 @ 25 kg/ha

T1 + ZnSo4 @ 25 kg/ha 4370 4123 8493 40.2

Full package (125-50-50 kg NPK/ha)

Full package (125-50-50 kg NPK/ha) 4917 4853 9770 46.5

CD (0.05) 122 172 - -

Zone: South Konkan Coastal Zone (Ratnagiri)

Major Constraints: Nutrient management

Prevailing system: Rice-groundnut

Kharif rice Groundnut Yield (kg/ha) % increase

I II Total

T1 45-15-15 kg NPK/ha

20-15-0 kg NPK/ha 4724 2436 9596 -

T2 100-50-50 kg NPK/ha

25-50-0 kg NPK/ha 6382 3116 12614 31.45

Full package Full package 7462 3774 15010 56.41

CD (0.05) 167 108 - -

Zone: Coastal Midland (Trissur)

Major Constraints: Nutrient application

Prevailing system: Rice-rice

Kharif rice (I) Rabi rice (II) Yield (kg/ha) % increaseI II Total

T1 Farmer practice 40-30-18 kg NPK/ha

Farmer practice 40-30-18 kg NPK/ha

4125 4850 8975 -

T2 T1 + cow dung @ 5 t/ha

T1 + cow dung @ 5 t/ha

4065 5500 9565 6.57

T3 Recommended practice (90-45-45 kg NPK/ha)

Recommended practice (90-45-45 kg NPK/ha)

4595 5600 10195 13.59

T4 T3 (1/3 as basal + 30 kg LCC-3)

T3 (1/3 as basal + 30 kg LCC-3)

4890 5750 10640 18.55

T5 T3 (1/3 as basal + 30 kg LCC-4)

T3 (1/3 as basal + 30 kg LCC-4)

4840 6050 10890 21.33

CD (0.05) 485 367

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Sabour

Palampur

Ranchi

R.S. Pura

Ludhiana

Faizabad

Kanpur

Modipuram

Varanasi

Pantnagar

Mean

System productivity (t/ha)

Farmer's practice

SSNM

Performance of site-specific nutrient management as compared to farmer's fertilizer practice under rice-wheat cropping system

Tiwari et.al. (2006)

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Maruteru

Jorhat

Navsari

Karjat

Coimbatore

Thanjavur

Mean

System productivity (t/ha)

Farmer's practice

SSNM

Performance of site-specific nutrient management as compared to Performance of site-specific nutrient management as compared to farmer's fertilizer practice under rice-rice cropping systemfarmer's fertilizer practice under rice-rice cropping system

Tiwari et.al. (2006)

Site specific water management

Effect of water management treatments on rice yield

Treatments Rice yield (t/ha)

Water use in R-W system(ha.Cm.)

Saving (%)

DP 4.73 152 -

HC 4.57 120 20.5

DP-Irrigation on disappearance of water

HC- Irrigation at hair line crack stage

Site specific weed and pest management

Effect of cropping systems on dry weight of weeds at 30 DASEffect of cropping systems on dry weight of weeds at 30 DAS

Cropping systems Weed dry weight (g/m2) Total

Kharif Pre. rabi Rabi Pre. kharif

Rice-wheat 10.08 - 12.98 - 23.06

Rice-wheat-greengram 7.70 - 11.15 3.23 22.07

Rice-wheat-sesbania 8.25 - 10.76 - 19.01

Rice-potato-wheat 9.73 9.70 1.81 - 21.24

Effect of intensification on Effect of intensification on Phalaris minor in wheat Phalaris minor in wheat cropcrop

Cropping systems Ist year IInd year IIIrd year Mean

Rice-wheat 105 114 133 117

Rice-pea-wheat-greengram

47

(55.2 %)

26

(77.2 %)

18

(86.5 %)

30

(74.3 %)

Rice-potato-wheat 14

(86.7 %)

12

(89.5 %)

5

(96.2 %)

10

(91.5 %)

Effect of interruption once in 3 years on Effect of interruption once in 3 years on Phalaris Phalaris minorminor in succeeding years at Modipuram in succeeding years at Modipuram

Cropping systems IInd year IIIrd year Mean

Rice-wheat (E) 114 133 124

Rice-berseem (F) 50 (56.1%) 62 (53.4 %) 56 (54.8 %)

Rice-mustard-greengram 61 (46.5 %) 69 (48.1 %) 65 (47.6 %)

Agronomic Management based on Regional Agronomic Management based on Regional Constraints (On Farm)Constraints (On Farm)Zone: North Eastern Zone (Viridhachalam)

Major Constraints: Weed Management

Prevailing system: Rice-rice

Kharif rice (I) Rabi rice (II) Yield (kg/ha) % increaseI II Total

T1 No weeding No weeding 3852 4019 7871 -

T2 Butachlor @ 2.5 lit./ha mixed with 50 kg sand on 5th DAT and one hand weeding at 30 DAT

Anilophos @ 1.25 lit./ha mixed with 50 kg sand on 5th DAT and one hand weeding at 30 DAT

4633 4815 9448 40.1

Full package Full package 5094 5246 10340 62.7

CD (0.05) 122 172 - -

CONCLUSIONS

The diversified rice based systems proved to be more efficient than existing rice based systems and calls for adoption of strategies as presented above.

The quantum jumps in total farm production are achievable with use of improved management practices under diversified systems as identified.