strategies for aquatic habitat classification and...
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Strategies for Aquatic Habitat Strategies for Aquatic Habitat Classification and Restoration in Riverine Classification and Restoration in Riverine
and Coastal Nearshore Systems: and Coastal Nearshore Systems: Application to the HuronApplication to the Huron--Erie Corridor and Erie Corridor and
Lake ErieLake Erie
Scudder D. Mackey, Ph.D.Scudder D. Mackey, Ph.D.University of Windsor/Habitat SolutionsUniversity of Windsor/Habitat Solutions
Main PointsMain PointsChemical, physical, and biological integrity are achieved by Chemical, physical, and biological integrity are achieved by
protecting and restoring fundamental ecosystem protecting and restoring fundamental ecosystem components, the natural components, the natural processesprocesses that maintain them, that maintain them, and the and the functional pathwaysfunctional pathways and and connectionsconnections along along which, and through which, those processes work. which, and through which, those processes work.
Sustainable processes build sustainable ecosystemsSustainable processes build sustainable ecosystems. . Protection and restoration of selfProtection and restoration of self--sustaining natural sustaining natural processes, pathways, and landscapes will yield processes, pathways, and landscapes will yield sustainable waters, support sustainable ecosystem sustainable waters, support sustainable ecosystem functions, and achieve longfunctions, and achieve long--term chemical, physical, term chemical, physical, biological, and ecological integrity.biological, and ecological integrity.
Physical IntegrityPhysical IntegrityPhysical integrity is achieved when the physical Physical integrity is achieved when the physical components of a system and the natural components of a system and the natural processesprocesses, , pathwayspathways, and , and landscapeslandscapes that that structure, organize, define, and regulate them structure, organize, define, and regulate them correspond to undisturbed natural conditionscorrespond to undisturbed natural conditionsand are mutually supportive and selfand are mutually supportive and self--sustaining.sustaining.
Fundamental Components of Physical IntegrityFundamental Components of Physical IntegrityLandscapesLandscapes (physical framework);(physical framework);Natural physical processesNatural physical processes; and the; and thePathways and connectionsPathways and connections along which those along which those processes operate.processes operate.
Mackey 2005
Mackey 2005
ProcessesProcessesMechanism(s) by which energy, water, and Mechanism(s) by which energy, water, and materials are conveyed through a system.materials are conveyed through a system.
Physical ProcessesPhysical Processes –– mechanisms that transfer mechanisms that transfer energy, water, and materials across and through the energy, water, and materials across and through the landscape into the Great Lakeslandscape into the Great LakesBiological ProcessesBiological Processes –– mechanisms that transfer of mechanisms that transfer of energy and nutrients upwards through the food web. energy and nutrients upwards through the food web.
TributariesGroundwater
Coastal Margin/NearshoreOpen-Lake
Mackey 2005
PathwaysPathwaysPaths along which natural processes act convey Paths along which natural processes act convey energy, water, and materials through a system.energy, water, and materials through a system.
Functional pathwaysFunctional pathways -- functional and physical functional and physical connections between physical components of the connections between physical components of the system (landscape pattern and connectivity)system (landscape pattern and connectivity)LandLand--water connectionswater connections (flow paths, hydraulic (flow paths, hydraulic connectivity and continuity, patterns of flow)connectivity and continuity, patterns of flow)
WatershedsTributaries
Connecting Watersand Channels
Coastal MarginOpen Lake
Impairments to Physical IntegrityImpairments to Physical Integrity
Altered landscapesAltered landscapesLand cover, slope and topography, urbanizationLand cover, slope and topography, urbanization
Altered pathways and connectivityAltered pathways and connectivitySurfaceSurface--groundwater interactions, diversions, groundwater interactions, diversions, breaching of watersheds, flow pathsbreaching of watersheds, flow pathsChannelization, bank filling/encroachment, damsChannelization, bank filling/encroachment, damsShoreline armoring, dredging, dikes and leveesShoreline armoring, dredging, dikes and levees
Coastal Processes and PathwaysCoastal Processes and Pathways
Altered pathways affect nearshoreAltered pathways affect nearshorecoastal processes, habitats, and connectivitycoastal processes, habitats, and connectivity
Lake Erie Shore Protection - Shoreline Hardening
Extensive Protection
21%
Moderate Protection
11%
Minor Protection
17%
UnProtected49%
Non-Structural2%
Canadian Shore Protection - Lake Erie
50%
Extensive Protection
17%
Moderate Protection
17%Minor
Protection12%
Unprotected54%
Non-StructuralProtection
0%
US Shore Protection - Lake Erie
Non-Structural3%
Unprotected45%
Minor Protection
21%
Moderate Protection
8%
Extensive Protection
23%
Lake Erie Shore Protection TrendsOhio Counties from 1870 to 1990
Time (Years)1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Per
cent
Pro
tect
ed S
hore
line
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
AshtabulaLakeCuyahogaLorainErieOttawaLucas
Aquatic Environmental TemplateAquatic Environmental TemplateRequires a dynamic classification systemRequires a dynamic classification systemMultiple geospatial data layersMultiple geospatial data layers33--DimensionalDimensional
What are theWhat are theprocesses,processes,characteristics,characteristics,or variables thator variables thatdefine habitat?define habitat?
••Physical attributesPhysical attributes••Biological attributesBiological attributes••Chemical attributesChemical attributes
Water MassWater Mass
EnergyEnergy
SubstrateSubstrate
““Nearshore” ZonesNearshore” ZonesImportant to Define BoundariesImportant to Define Boundaries
““Nearshore” Zones are poorly studied and dynamicNearshore” Zones are poorly studied and dynamicCoastal Margin ZoneCoastal Margin Zone (Littoral Processes)(Littoral Processes)
Shoreward limit: Shoreward limit: •• High water mark, including the shoreline physical attribute High water mark, including the shoreline physical attribute
(e.g., beach, breakwall, bluff, etc.)(e.g., beach, breakwall, bluff, etc.)Lakeward limit:Lakeward limit:
•• 3 m isobath3 m isobathNearshore/Open Water ZoneNearshore/Open Water Zone (Open Water Processes)(Open Water Processes)
Shoreward limit:Shoreward limit:•• 3 m isobath3 m isobath
Lakeward limit:Lakeward limit:•• 15 m isobath15 m isobath
Open Lake/Offshore
Nearshore/Open Water
•• Littoral Transport (cells)• Gyres• Tributary Zones of Influence
Environmental ZonesEnvironmental Zones
1695816958(65.9 %)(65.9 %)
43274327(16.7%)(16.7%)
1263112631(49.1%)(49.1%)
0.60.6(0.1%)(0.1%)
Open Water Open Water OffshoreOffshore
2573125731(100.0%)(100.0%)
58335833(22.7%)(22.7%)
1506115061(58.5%)(58.5%)
48374837(18.8%)(18.8%)
TotalsTotals
78987898(30.7 %)(30.7 %)
12481248(4.9%)(4.9%)
22702270(8.8%)(8.8%)
43804380(17.0%)(17.0%)
Nearshore Nearshore Open LakeOpen Lake
875875(3.4%)(3.4%)
258258(1.0%)(1.0%)
160160(0.6%)(0.6%)
457457(1.8%)(1.8%)
Coastal Coastal MarginMargin
Lake ErieLake Erie(km(km22))
Eastern Eastern Basin (kmBasin (km22))
Central Central Basin (kmBasin (km22))
Western Western Basin (kmBasin (km22))
Environmental Environmental ZoneZone
Data from Haltuch and Berkman (1999)Data from Haltuch and Berkman (1999)
Coastal MarginCoastal Margin
Nearshore/Open WaterNearshore/Open Water
10 m
15 m3 m
Lake Erie Coastal Margin and Nearshore Open Water Zones
Open water area Open water area -- water water depth less than 10 m, depth less than 10 m,
shallow reef complexesshallow reef complexes
Open water area Open water area -- water water depths greater than 10 mdepths greater than 10 m
Nearshore Nearshore Open WaterOpen Water3m 3m –– 15 m15 m
Open ExposureOpen ExposureLong Fetch DistanceLong Fetch DistanceCoarseCoarse--grained, hard grained, hard substrates, bedrocksubstrates, bedrock
Limited ExposureLimited ExposureShort Fetch DistanceShort Fetch Distance
FineFine--grained, soft grained, soft substratessubstrates
Open Coasts, island Open Coasts, island fringesfringes
Embayments, tributary Embayments, tributary mouths, coastal wetland mouths, coastal wetland
habitatshabitats
Coastal MarginCoastal Margin< 3 m< 3 m
High Energy AreaHigh Energy AreaLow Energy AreaLow Energy AreaEnvironmentalEnvironmentalZoneZone
NearsedGlacial (Till, Glacial Lake Clay)IslandMudMuddy Sand / Sandy MudRockSandUndefined
BathyBathymetry (meters)
Nos70k.shp
0 5 10 15 20 Miles
0 10 20 30 Kilometers
N
Nearshore Sediment DistributionWestern Lake Erie
Lake Erie Sediment Distribution
Sand and GravelMudSand and MudBedrockCohesive Clay (Glacial Till)
N
EW
S
Kilometers
0 10 20 30 5040 60 70 80 90 100
After Haltuch and Berkman (1999) Coverages courtesy Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Dr. John P. Coakley
RecentRecentStable to Stable to UnstableUnstable
Soft to HardSoft to HardDreissenidsDreissenidsOtherOther
Shell DebrisShell Debris--Disarticulated, Clumps,Disarticulated, Clumps,EncrustingEncrusting
RecentRecentLacustrine/Till Lacustrine/Till
(Diamict)(Diamict)
Stable to Stable to UnstableUnstable
Soft to cohesiveSoft to cohesive(firm to hard)(firm to hard)
ClayClay
RecentRecentLacustrine/Till Lacustrine/Till
(Diamict)(Diamict)
Stable to Stable to UnstableUnstable
Soft to cohesiveSoft to cohesive(firm to hard)(firm to hard)
SiltSilt
Recent or RelictRecent or RelictStable to Stable to UnstableUnstable
Soft to firmSoft to firmSandSand--Coarse, Medium, FineCoarse, Medium, Fine
Recent or RelictRecent or RelictStable to Stable to UnstableUnstable
HardHardLimestone/DolomiteLimestone/DolomiteSandstoneSandstoneIgneous/Meta OtherIgneous/Meta Other
GravelGravel
Recent or RelictRecent or RelictStable to Stable to UnstableUnstable
HardHardLimestone/DolomiteLimestone/DolomiteSandstoneSandstoneIgneous/Meta OtherIgneous/Meta Other
CobbleCobble
Recent or RelictRecent or RelictStable to Stable to UnstableUnstable
HardHardLimestone/DolomiteLimestone/DolomiteSandstoneSandstoneIgneous/Meta OtherIgneous/Meta Other
Boulder/SlabsBoulder/Slabs
PaleozoicPaleozoicStableStableHard Hard –– SmoothSmoothHard Hard –– RoughRough
Limestone/DolomiteLimestone/DolomiteSandstoneSandstoneShaleShaleIgneous/Meta OtherIgneous/Meta Other
BedrockBedrock
Age/GenesisAge/GenesisStabilityStabilityHardness/Hardness/RugosityRugosityCompositionCompositionTextureTexture
Substrate Characteristics (Draft)Substrate Characteristics (Draft)
HuronHuron--Erie Corridor SystemErie Corridor System
The “System”:The “System”:St. Clair RiverSt. Clair RiverSt. Clair DeltaSt. Clair DeltaLake St. ClairLake St. ClairDetroit RiverDetroit RiverWestern Basin, Lake ErieWestern Basin, Lake Erie
Jeffrey ReutterJeffrey ReutterScudder MackeyScudder MackeyJan CiborowskiJan CiborowskiRobert HaasRobert HaasPhil RyanPhil RyanMurray CharltonMurray CharltonRussell KreisRussell Kreis
USFWS & GLFCUSFWS & GLFC
DeltaicDeltaic
Connecting WatersConnecting Watersand Channelsand Channels
Coastal Margin NearshoreCoastal Margin Nearshore
LakeLakeDeltaic Margin NearshoreDeltaic Margin Nearshore
Open LakeOpen Lake
EmbaymentEmbayment
Environmental Zones based ondominant physical processes
and hydrogeomorphic pathways
HEC Environmental Zones
Coastal margin Coastal margin nearshore, open lakenearshore, open lake
Embayments, coastal Embayments, coastal wetland habitat, wetland habitat,
macrophyte bedsmacrophyte beds
LakeLake
Distributary channels, Distributary channels, Delta margin nearshoreDelta margin nearshore
Interdistributary bays, Interdistributary bays, delta plain, deltaic delta plain, deltaic
wetland habitatwetland habitat
DeltaicDeltaic
Deep water (thalweg) Deep water (thalweg) and main channel areasand main channel areas
Shallow water (bank) Shallow water (bank) and backwater areas, and backwater areas,
riparian wetland habitatriparian wetland habitat
Connecting Connecting Waters and Waters and ChannelsChannels
High Energy AreaHigh Energy AreaLow Energy AreaLow Energy AreaEnvironmentalEnvironmentalZoneZone
Data CollectionData CollectionHighHigh--resolution bathymetry and substrate resolution bathymetry and substrate distributions in coastal areas of Lake St. Clairdistributions in coastal areas of Lake St. ClairFlow, circulation, and temperature patternsFlow, circulation, and temperature patternsLocation and characteristics of spawning habitatLocation and characteristics of spawning habitatSeasonal distribution of larval, YOY, adult fish, Seasonal distribution of larval, YOY, adult fish, benthic invertebrates, aquatic macrophytes, benthic invertebrates, aquatic macrophytes, speciesspecies--atat--riskriskLocation, distribution, and stability of Location, distribution, and stability of contaminated sedimentscontaminated sedimentsSeasonal data on nutrient and contaminant Seasonal data on nutrient and contaminant loadingsloadings
Model DevelopmentModel Development
Integrated 3Integrated 3--D hydrodynamic model to predict D hydrodynamic model to predict flow and water levels in the connecting flow and water levels in the connecting channels, the St. Clair delta, and circulation channels, the St. Clair delta, and circulation patterns and water levels in Lake St. Clair patterns and water levels in Lake St. Clair as a as a single hydrodynamic systemsingle hydrodynamic system..Integrated ecological models for tributary, Integrated ecological models for tributary, deltaic, and opendeltaic, and open--lake environmental zones to lake environmental zones to predict changes in habitat distribution and predict changes in habitat distribution and response of biological communities to altered response of biological communities to altered flow and waterflow and water--level regimes.level regimes.
Research/Restoration StrategiesResearch/Restoration Strategies
Historical comparison of aquatic and fish habitat Historical comparison of aquatic and fish habitat distribution, pattern, and function distribution, pattern, and function Identification of stressors that cause alterations Identification of stressors that cause alterations in habitat distribution, pattern, and functionin habitat distribution, pattern, and functionEstablish Restoration/Rehabilitation TargetsEstablish Restoration/Rehabilitation Targets
Using historical (preUsing historical (pre--disturbance) habitat and native disturbance) habitat and native aquatic and fish community data to guide restoration aquatic and fish community data to guide restoration activities (activities (ApplyApply 33--D Hydrodynamic and Ecological ModelsD Hydrodynamic and Ecological Models))Ultimate objective is to restore habitat distribution, Ultimate objective is to restore habitat distribution, pattern, and function to support sustainable native pattern, and function to support sustainable native aquatic and fish communities.aquatic and fish communities.
ChallengesChallengesHow do we protect and restore natural processes and How do we protect and restore natural processes and the pathways and connections along which they act?the pathways and connections along which they act?How do we monitor and assess natural processes and How do we monitor and assess natural processes and pathways pathways –– are our indicator suites or “measures of are our indicator suites or “measures of success” providing answers to the right questions?success” providing answers to the right questions?Change our way of thinking from a placeChange our way of thinking from a place--based, based, speciesspecies--based, water chemistry focus to an integrated based, water chemistry focus to an integrated component, process, pathway, and connectivitycomponent, process, pathway, and connectivity--based based approach.approach.
Christie et al. 1986
RecommendationsRecommendationsWork with nature Work with nature –– Adaptive ManagementAdaptive ManagementUse natural physical process, pathways, and Use natural physical process, pathways, and connections to restore natural functionality of the connections to restore natural functionality of the ecosystem.ecosystem.Desire a resilient, selfDesire a resilient, self--regulating, adaptive ecosystem.regulating, adaptive ecosystem.A sustainable ecosystem will resist impacts from future A sustainable ecosystem will resist impacts from future longlong--term stressors such as…term stressors such as…
Anthropogenic activitiesAnthropogenic activitiesClimate changeClimate changeInvasive SpeciesInvasive Species
We don’t have to manage change,We don’t have to manage change,nature will manage it for us…nature will manage it for us…
Christie et al. 1986
Late Holocene Lake Levels Late Holocene Lake Levels -- Lakes Lakes Michigan/HuronMichigan/Huron
Historicalrecord
Historical average(1819 - 1999)
Nipissing IIphase
Algomaphase
v. 2003
MeasuredInferred
1800 2000
177
178
~160-year fluctuation
~30-year fluctuation
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000Calendar year before 1950
175.0175.5176.0176.5177.0177.5178.0178.5179.0179.5180.0180.5181.0
574
576
578
580
582
584
586
588
590
592
594
1950 1500 1000 500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000AD BC
Year Courtesy Todd A. Thompson Courtesy Todd A. Thompson -- Indiana Geological SurveyIndiana Geological Survey
Master Variable ConceptMaster Variable ConceptNatural Variables (Physical Integrity)Natural Variables (Physical Integrity)
ClimateClimate (energy)(energy)GeologyGeology (geologic materials, soils, and landforms (geologic materials, soils, and landforms --geomorphology, topography, bathymetry)geomorphology, topography, bathymetry)HydrologyHydrology (water quantity, quality, surface and (water quantity, quality, surface and groundwater flow, hydrography)groundwater flow, hydrography)
Anthropogenic Variables (Stressors)Anthropogenic Variables (Stressors)Chemical PollutionChemical Pollution (what enters the system)(what enters the system)Biological PollutionBiological Pollution (what enters the system)(what enters the system)Resource UtilizationResource Utilization (what is anthropogenically (what is anthropogenically removed, consumed, or altered within the system)removed, consumed, or altered within the system)
Restoration/Protection OpportunitiesRestoration/Protection Opportunities
Types of Restoration ProjectsTypes of Restoration ProjectsPlacePlace--basedbasedSpeciesSpecies--basedbasedProcessProcess--basedbased
HighHigh--priority restoration/ priority restoration/ protection projects will protection projects will include all three elements.include all three elements.ProcessProcess--based projects will based projects will be more sustainable.be more sustainable.Most current restoration and Most current restoration and protection activities are placeprotection activities are place--based and/or speciesbased and/or species--based.based.
1122 22
33
55 5544
Process/Pathway/FunctionProcess/Pathway/Function(Process(Process--Based)Based)
Species/CommunitySpecies/Community(Species(Species--Based)Based)
Location/Place Location/Place (Place(Place--Based)Based)
Have we overlooked an entire class ofHave we overlooked an entire class ofpotential restoration/protection opportunities?potential restoration/protection opportunities?
Why Bother?Why Bother?
The Importance of Physical IntegrityThe Importance of Physical IntegrityNative species, biological communities, and the Native species, biological communities, and the ecosystem as a whole respond to changes in physical ecosystem as a whole respond to changes in physical integrity as they have adapted to natural physical and integrity as they have adapted to natural physical and hydrologic conditions in order to maximize benefits to hydrologic conditions in order to maximize benefits to themselves and to the ecosystem.themselves and to the ecosystem.Improvements to physical integrity (i.e., restoration of Improvements to physical integrity (i.e., restoration of natural physical and hydrologic conditions) should natural physical and hydrologic conditions) should result in improved ecosystem function, resiliency, and result in improved ecosystem function, resiliency, and sustainability.sustainability.NoteNote: Most restoration activities modify the physical : Most restoration activities modify the physical characteristics of a system (i.e., move soil and water).characteristics of a system (i.e., move soil and water).
LandscapesLandscapes
Integrated components of land and water area (i.e. Integrated components of land and water area (i.e. geology, geomorphology, and land cover) upon which geology, geomorphology, and land cover) upon which natural processes act within the Great Lakes Basin.natural processes act within the Great Lakes Basin.
GeologyGeology –– surface and subsurface distribution of geologic surface and subsurface distribution of geologic materials; soils; hydrophysical characteristics (permeability, materials; soils; hydrophysical characteristics (permeability, porosity, aquifers, aquatards…).porosity, aquifers, aquatards…).GeomorphologyGeomorphology –– shape, pattern, distribution, and physical shape, pattern, distribution, and physical features of the land surface; landforms and drainage pattern features of the land surface; landforms and drainage pattern (topography, slope, hydrography, channel morphology and (topography, slope, hydrography, channel morphology and bathymetry, connectivity and pattern). bathymetry, connectivity and pattern). Land CoverLand Cover –– shape, pattern, and distribution of biological and shape, pattern, and distribution of biological and anthropogenic features on the land surface; Land Use.anthropogenic features on the land surface; Land Use.
Scenario DevelopmentScenario DevelopmentDefine range of possible future (or past) water levelsDefine range of possible future (or past) water levels
Anthropogenic stressorsAnthropogenic stressorsClimate change stressorsClimate change stressorsLongLong--term cyclesterm cycles
Use integrated hydrodynamic and ecological models to predict Use integrated hydrodynamic and ecological models to predict impacts of changing waterimpacts of changing water--level regimes for each of the level regimes for each of the environmental zonesenvironmental zones
Assess potential for habitat alterationAssess potential for habitat alteration
Prioritize habitats in terms of:Prioritize habitats in terms of:Resource sustainabilityResource sustainabilityFunctionalityFunctionalityExtirpation potential (speciesExtirpation potential (species--atat--risk)risk)
Identify potential longIdentify potential long--term habitat protection, restoration, term habitat protection, restoration, rehabilitation, and enhancement opportunitiesrehabilitation, and enhancement opportunities
Physical FrameworkPhysical Framework
The interaction of master variables The interaction of master variables ––climate, geology, hydrology climate, geology, hydrology -- and and associated processes and pathways that associated processes and pathways that convey energy, water, and materials convey energy, water, and materials through the system creates an underlying through the system creates an underlying physical framework that integrates and physical framework that integrates and binds structural components of the binds structural components of the ecosystem together into a whole. ecosystem together into a whole.
Mackey 2005