strategies and issues on the national territory and urban development in korea
DESCRIPTION
UKP South Asia workshopTRANSCRIPT
South Asia Region UKP March 20, 2012 Sri Lanka
Strategies and Issues on the National Territory and Urban Development in Korea2012
Dong-Ju Kim([email protected])
Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements (KRIHS)
Overview
1. Overview1) Geography of Korea
- Area (South Korea): 100,214Km2 (Mountains: 65% of the entire land) - Population: 49 million (population density: 488 person/km2)3
1. Overview
4
1. OverviewIn 2012, Korea is11th exporter 12th importer
From recipient country
to donor country
5
1. Overview2) Economic Growth Trend of Korea (1960-2010)20,759 Per Capita (US$) GNI 16,291 11,432 G20Member
10,000
6 Ten-Year-Comprehensive National Territorial Plans 6 Five-Year-EconomicDevelopment PlansLiberation from Japanese Colonial Rule
7,355Financial Crisis OECD Member (1995)
5,000
1,000(1977) 871962
100(1964)1970 1980
671945 1953
1990
1998 2005
2010
Source: KDI 2005 Updated
6
1. Overview3) Changes in Socio-Economic Structure of Korea (1960-2010)1960 (A) Area()
2010 (B) 100,214 48,875 20,759 4,664 90.9 101.9
Ratio (B/A) 1.02 1.9 262.8 4220 2.5 1.3 3.9 1,3367
98,431 24,989 79
Population (thousand persons)
Per Capita Income (US$)Export (100 million $) Urbanization Ratio (%) Housing Supply Ratio (%) Road Length (thousand ) Industrial Estates ()Source: Korea National Statistical Office
0.335.9 79.5 27.2
105.51,336
0.0
Economic & National Territorial Development Strategies
1. Key Development Strategies (1960s-80s)1) Adopt strategic policies for economic and territorial development - Economic developmentInput-driven and export-led development strategy
- Territorial developmentprovide infrastructure for economic growth and rearrange spatial structure
2) Coordinate both economic policy and territorial policy- Establish the 5 year Economic Development Plan and the 10 year National Territorial Development Plan
Economic Development
Territorial Development9
2. Economic Development Strategy1) Input-driven & Export-led Development (1960s-1970s)Take-off from the Ashes (1960s) - overcome lack of resources and small domestic marketPoor Resources
Abundant Labor
Poor Industrial Base
?Input-driven & Export-led Development
High Level of Education
Weak Infrastructure
Motivated
Source: KDI 2005 Updated
10
2. Economic Development Strategy< Concept of Input-driven & Export-led Development Strategy >Foreign Capital Inducement (Economic Aids External Debt)
Economic Growth
SManufacturing Processing Capital Good Imports Raw Material Imports Foreign Technology Imports
SExport Promotion
Financial Support Tax Incentives
GovernmentExport Promotion by the President
Technology Development
Well-educated & Cheap Labor force Source: KDI 2005 Updated
11
2. Economic Development Strategy2) Promote strategic industries with economic growth1960s 1960 s Development Development Stage Stage Export Commodity Profile 1970s 1970 s 1980s 1980 s 1990s 1990 s
2000s
Factor-DrivenStage Factor-Driven Stage
Investment-Driven Stage Investment-Driven StageInnovation-DrivenStage
Light industryWig Textile
Heavy & Chemical industryAutomobile Semiconductor
Semiconductor, Mobile Phone, DTV, Display, Automobile, etc.79.8%
HCI Product
50%
14.1% 6.1%
Light Industry ProductAgricultural Product12
1960Source:KDI 2005 revised
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2. Economic Development Strategy3) Develop Industrial complexes and promote clusters< National Industrial Complexes >< Strategic industries by region >
For industrial & regional competitiveness, strategic industries are fostered by region (eg. Bio-medicine, IT, machinery renewable energy)< Industrial agglomeration to cluster >Creative Human Resource Admin. & Business Support
Funding (production)
Industry
ClusterR&D
University(R&D)
Trust
Networking13
3. Territorial Development Strategy1) Growth Pole Strategy (1960s-90s)Promote selected strategic regions with growth potentials
Expect spill-over from the growth poles to other regions
growth poles: metropolitan cities, large industrial estates
Provide infrastructures for the growth poles (highways, ports)< Spill-over/ trickling-down from core to periphery regions >
Periphery
Core
Periphery
1
2
314
3. Territorial Development Strategy2) Revitalization of Rural Areas (1960s-)Saemaul Undong (1972) (New Community Movement) promote a modern, comfortable,(1+2) and convenient rural community (1) (1+3) Agriculture + Primary Industry Agriculture + Strategies Processing Tourism (Agriculture) - Invest productive infrastructure (farming machinery, etc) - Increase incomes from agriculture (3) (2) - Improve living environments Tertiary Secondary (road, house, water, etc) (Processing) (Service) - Education and training (1+2+3) Agriculture + Processing + Tourism15
Fusion of Agro-based industries (2000)
3. Territorial Development Strategy3) Provision of Infrastructure with economic growth7X9 National Arterial Road (1998)To meet increasing transport demand and balanced development Kyungbu Expressway (1970) High Speed Rail (2004)
(1970s~)
Seoul Incheon
Daejeon
Daegu
Ulsan
Busan New Port (2000)
Inchon International Airport (2001)
Gwangju
Busan
In Use Under Const Under Planning Long Term Motorway
16
3. Territorial Development Strategy4) Decentralized and balanced national territorial
development (1980s-2000s)
Area-Wide Development
develop major cities and surrounding areas, industrial complexes and hinterlands (1994~)
Balanced National Development
Five-year balanced national development plan(2004) Special Act for Balanced National development (2004) Relocate national administrations and public agencies away from the capital17
3. Territorial Development Strategy5) Maga Regions for Development Efficiency (2008~)Regroup 7 metropolitan cities & 9 provinces into 7 mega regions Overcome the limitation of administrative boundaries Inter-regional cooperation and collaborative development
7 Mega Regions
Gangwon Capital RegionChungchung Region
Region
Daekyung Region
Dongnam
Industry
Honam
Region
Province
Metro. city
Human ResourceInfrastructure
Region
Jeju RegionSource: Presidential Committee on Regional Development 18
3. Territorial Development Strategy6) Paradigm Shift of Territorial Development Policy in Korea 1960s-1980s (Industrialization) Growth pole development (selected areas) Multiple growth poles development Balanced national development with regional competitiveness Territorial development for low-carbon green growth19
1990s (localization)2000s (Globalization) 2010s (Green Growth)
3. Territorial Development Strategy7) Establish the CNTP (Comprehensive National Territorial Plan) Set the directions and strategies for the national territory (1972-) - KRIHS prepare the CNTP with the central and local governments - Establish the CNTP by law and declared by the president of Korea< Characteristics of the CNTP > < 4th CNTP(2000-2020) >
Supreme plan Long term planComprehensive
Takes precedence over other territorial plans Directions for the 10 year territorial development Includes lnfrastructure, housing, land, water, etc20
plan
III
Strategies for Urban Development
1. Rapid Urbanization with Industrialization With the industrialization, rural to urban migration rapidly increased (urbanization ratio 1960 : 39.1% 2010 : 90.9%) Urban development and management become to national agenda - housing, infrastructure, public services < Trend of Urbanization Ratio in Korea >88.3% 79.6% 68.7% 50.1% 39.1% 23.5% 90.9%
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
201022
2. Legal System for Urban Development Legal system for new development Urban Planning Act (1962) Land Readjustment Act (1966)_for land provision and housing supply Housing Construction Promotion Act (1972) Residential Site Development Promotion Act (1980) Urban Development Act (2000)
Legal system for re-development Housing Improvement Promotion Act (1973) Urban Redevelopment Act (1976) Urban Poor's Residential Environment Improving Act (1989) Urban and Residential Environment Improving Act (2002) Urban Regeneration Promotion Act (2006)23
3. Various Types of Cities at Strategic Locations Industrial Estate Type (1970s~) UlsanAutomobile, Ship-Building
PohangSteel (POSCO)
ChangwonMachinery
Free Trade Type: Masan (Electronics)
Science Park Type: Daeduk (R&D)
Seoul
Daeduk
Gumi
Pohang
Ulsan Changwon Masan24
4. Green Belt PolicyDesignate Green Belt(Development Restriction Area), 1971~ - To prevent urban sprawl and preserve the natural environment around the city - Total Area: 5,397km2 (5.4% of national land)Seoul
Ulsan
Gwangju
Busan
25
5. New Town in Town DevelopmentDevelop new towns within the city(mini city) for housing supply with supporting functions
Mokdong, Seoul
Gaepo, Seoul
Goduk, Seoul
Period: 1983-1989 Area: 4.3 km2 Population: 120 ,000 Household: 26,600
Seoul
26
6. New Town DevelopmentConstruct new towns at the suburban of Metropolitan Cities for housing supply 5 New towns in Seoul Metropolitan Area for 2 million housing< New Towns in Seoul Metropolitan Area (89-93) >
Seoul
27
7. Livable City ProgramNew ParadigmImprove the Quality of Place & Quality of Life Induce creative talents, investment, job creation Economic vitality Sociocultural development
StrategiesGreen space (park, forest, etc) Environment, landscape, landmark Culture (e.g. culturenomics of Seoul) Knowledge-based industries International activities, Business HQs28
Recent Issues on Urban Development
1. Changes and Outlook of the Korean CityPopulation decrease and the advent of the aged societyPopulation(10 thousand) 4,996 4,933 4,701 4,922 4,237 3,814 3,224 24.1 15.7 Ratio of the aged (%) 10.8 7.2 5.1 3.1 3.8 70 80 90 00 10 20 30
Emergence of environment , energy, and resource crisisGreenhouse Gas Emissions(year 2000=100)
170 142 154
120 100
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020Source: Korea Meteorological Administration
Advanced transportation and IT tech. change urban life - affect living patterns and and territorial development
Transfer of urban planning authority to local governments
- Citizens actively participatein and affect urban policies in the new governance system30
2. Quality-based Urban Development
Quantity-based Urban Facilities Supply- meet the increasing needs of urban services (housing, roads, water supply)
Quality-based Urban Development- human capitals, quality of life - Ubiquitous-city, Smart city - Green City
Triumph of the City (Edward Glaeser) How Our Greatest Invention Makes Us
Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier, and Happier31
3. Urban Regeneration for VitalityUrban Stream Restoration(Cheonggycheon, Seoul)
Street Regeneration (Daegu City) Industrial Estate Regeneration (Guro, Seoul) Seaport Regeneration (Busan)32
4. Smart City for Convenient Urban Life
IT-based.- Government services - Transportation - Communication - Education - Health care - Public Safety - Energy & Utilities
33
5. Green City for Sustainable Growth Climate change and reduction of greenhouse gasbecome to the global & local agenda
Establish Urban Planning Guidelines forLow-Carbon Green Growth (2010)standard, evaluation, predictions and countermeasures for low-carbon green growth to urban planning
Economic & Territorial Development
Green Growth
Environment
Green industry as a new growth engine R&D in Green Technology Green New Deal projects
Reduce pollution through carbon abatement Improve the quality of life Green life style
34
5. Green City: the Case of Seoul Energy Consumption: Home & commercial, transportation accounted for 86% important to urban and transportation planning GHG Reduction Goals : reduce 40% in 2030 against 1990 emission level
Public Use 4.7% (758) Industry Use 9.7% (1,551)(1,000 tons)
70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000Total Emission Reduction Goal Volume Reduced
59,275
47,416 40%
50,1209,816
52,75017,188 30,825
Transportation Home & Commerce
55.2% (8,829)
30.4% (4,870)
30,000 20,000 10,0000 40,304 35,562 28,450
(TOE)
1990
2015
2020
203035
5. Green City: the Case of SeoulStrategies for Green Growth : Seoul CityUrban Structure & Land usePublic Transportation oriented urban structure Transit-oriented compact development Wind paths Green space expansion
Household Heating energy
circulation Eco-friendly construction Transform lifestyle
Sustainable Seoul for Green Growth
Commerce Limit the areas of
business use Introduction of ecofriendly construction Introduction of smart grid
Transportation Facilitate public
Energy From fossil fuel to natural energy
Industry Transform the structure
transportation Improve efficiency of vehicle Urban structure for walkers and bicycle riders
Provides renewable energy Collective energy consumption
Transform energy source Foster new businesses36
6. Inclusive City for Shared Growth Provide the minimum level of public services to all of the society Transportation system for equity Guarantee transportation rights to socially vulnerable citizens - Provide public transport to low level of access areas - Support transport fares for elderly Affordable housing for low-incomer Establish the housing safety net for low-income people - low-cost public rental housing, long term(5, 50 year) rental housing - loan for rental deposit money, housing voucher, etc. Seoul
Women Friendly City
Women friendly urban planning, residential areas, transportation - urban environment for working women and childcare - safety for women (pedestrian roads, street lighting)
37
7. Network City for Mutual Growth Overcome administrative boundary and promote networking
among cities City-region type development with neighboring cities : eg. mega regions, metropolitan regions
38
www.krihs.re.kr
Global Collaboration for our Urban Future
Thank you