story literary elements unit vocabulary genres: fiction, non-fiction, drama, poetry stages of plot...
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Unit Vocabulary Genres: fiction, non-fiction, drama, poetry Stages of plot Conflict Flashback Foreshadowing Narrator Point of View Inferences Characteristics Setting Theme Mood Tone
Genres What is fiction? Made up events and characters What is Non-fiction? Tells about real people, events, and places What is poetry? Literature in which words are chosen and arranged
in a precise way to create certain sounds and meanings
What is Drama? Characters and conflicts are developed through
dialogue and actions
Understanding Literature Narratives
Fiction genres Novel Short story Science fiction Fable Myth Legend Folk tale
Fairy tale Play (comedy,
tragedy) Mystery Historical fiction Adventure story Fantasy
In class we use•Fiction
RealisticFantasy
Traditional •Non-fiction
Biography
Informational •Poetry
Nonfiction
Comprehension of nonfiction Identify the author’s point of view or
perspective Identify the main idea, primary hypothesis,
or primary purpose (e.g., to persuade, to inform, to analyze, or to evaluate)
Evaluate the clarity of the information Make valid inferences or conclusions based
on the selection
Nonfiction
Identify, where appropriate, an author’s appeal to reason, appeal to emotion, or appeal to authority
Evaluate the relationship between stated generalizations and actual evidence given
Evaluate organization of a selection For informational texts, evaluate the
effectiveness of their organizational and graphic aids
Nonfiction genres
Trade Book Biography Autobiography Essay News article Editorial
Professional journal articles
Book review Political speech Technical manual Primary source materi
al– Lewis and Clark
PoetryRhyme and Sound PatternsRhyme schemeOnomatopoeia - words such as buzz or murmur that imitate the sounds
associated with the objects or actions they refer to Repetition of wordsAlliteration - same kinds of sounds at the beginning of words Assonance - repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds
Poetry
Imagery and figures of speech
Personification - Flowers danced about the lawn Metaphor - All the world's a stage Simile - How like the winter hath my absence been
or So are you to my thoughts as food to life Hyperbole - I could sleep for a year or This book
weighs a ton.
Poetry
Poetic types and forms Lyrical Concrete Free verse Narrative Couplet
Elegy Sonnet Limerick Haiku
This is the BEST review site: English Poetry http://www.leavingcert.net/skoool/junior.asp?id=1477
What is a PLOT?
A sequence of events that is fueled by a conflict within a literary text.
1. Exposition 2. Rising Action 3. Climax 4. Falling Action 5. Resolution
The First Stage of Plot Development
Exposition
What are the 3 literature elements in an exposition?
1. Character 2. Setting 3. Conflict
External vs. Internal Conflict
External conflicts are:
Man vs. Man
Man vs. Nature
Man vs. Society
Man vs. Technology
Man vs. Fate Internal conflict is:
Man vs. Himself
What is the next stage of the plot?
Rising Action What is the rising action? Where the characters go through obstacles
that make the conflict more complicated. “The plot thickens”
Finally the conflict within a plot takes us to the… Resolution Which is where… The story’s final outcome and any loose
ends are tied up.
Question
Does every story follow through a plot diagram from the exposition to the resolution?
No, some stories keep us hanging and don’t complete to the resolution.
Name a story like this…
Question
When a story goes through the sequence of events what is it called when a character remembers something from their past?
Flashback
Question
When a story offers information that gives hints and clues that has the reader thinking something is going to happen in the future of the story, what is this called?
Cornell Notes page 162
Narrator:
First person:
the person who is telling the story
1. The narrator is a character in a work of literature.
2. Is a main or minor character3. Uses the pronouns I and me to
refer to himself or herself4. Shares his or her thoughts,
feelings, and opinions of the characters and events
5. Doesn’t know the thoughts, feelings, and opinions of other characters
Third-person limited
1. Is not a character in the story but an outside observer
2. Zooms in on the thoughts, feelings and opinions of one character
Third-person omniscient:
1. Is not a character in the story but an outside observer.
2. Is “All Knowing” that is he or she has access to the thoughts, feelings, and opinions of all the characters.
Steps to determining the point of view Step 1:
Notice the pronouns the narrator uses.
I ,me, and ,my ,the story is told by a first –person narrator .
he, she, him, and her, the story is told by a third-person narrator
Step 2: Identify the narrator and the point of view
Ask: Who is telling the story?
FIRST PERSON: The narrator participates in the action of the story and uses pronouns, such as I, we, and us
THIRD PERSON: The narrator is an outside observer and uses pronouns, such as he an she.
For the third person:Step 3:
Identify third-person omniscient or third-person limited.
Omniscient: The narrator knows the thoughts and feelings of all the characters in the story.
Limited: The narrator know the thoughts and feelings only of one character in the story.
Practice: Think Pair Share 1. A. Her son in kindergarten told her about a
mischievous classmate named Charles. B. My son in kindergarten told me about a
mischievous classmate named Charles. 2. A. When we adopted the little boy, we never
dreamed we would be such a wonderful gift. B. When Bill and Angela adopted the little boy,
they never dreamed they would find him to be such a wonderful gift.
1. The brilliant detective Sherlock Homes and his humble friend, Dr. Watson, have solved many baffling mysteries together. One of their strangest cases began early one morning when a terrified young woman came to visit them. She said that her sister had been killed in her own locked room.
A. First Person B. Third-person 2. When I inspected the room carefully, I suspected how the
murder had been committed. Even though the door was locked and the windows were barred, I saw that something small and deadly could have crawled in through ventilator hole in the wall. Without sharing my ideas with Watson, I announced that we would spend the night in the room.
A. First Person B. Third-person
“Red Riding Hood”Version 1
I skipped up to the door of my grandmother’s house in the clearing singing out, “Are you there, Grandma?” Then I heard a strange, gruff voice bark out, “Yes, my child,” “That can’t be Grandma’s voice,” I thought. Cautiously, I asked, “Why don’t you open the door, Grandma?” The voice replied, :I'm sick in bed with a cold. Just lift the latch and walk in.” For a moment, I thought about running home through the woods. Then I thought, “Maybe Grandma is really sick.” I lfted the latch and the door creaked open.
Version2
Little Red Riding Hood skipped up to the door of her grandmother’s house in the clearing signing out, “Are you there, Grandma?” Inside, the wolf licked his lips, thinking how clever he was. “Yes, my child,” he replied. Red Riding Hood, startled, thought, “That can’t be Grandma’s voice” She hesitated, then she asked, “Why don’t you open the door, Grandma?" Hiding his impatience, the wolf moaned, “I’m sick in bed with a cold. Just lift the latch and walk inn.” For a moment, Red Riding Hood thought about the running home through the woods. Then she thought, “Maybe Grandma is really sick.” She lifted the latch and the door creaked open.
Version 3 The wolf heard Little Red Riding Hood sing out, “Are you
there, Grandma?” He licked his lips, thinking how clever he was. “Yes, my child,” he replied. There was a silence outside the door, then Red Riding Hood asked, “Why don’t you open the door, Grandma?” Hiding his impatience, the wolf moaned, “I’m sick in bed with a cold. Just lift the latch and walk in.” Again there was a long pause. The wolf waited, wondering whether he should spring out of bed, throw open the door, and grab Red Riding Hood before she could run away. Then he saw the latch slowly lift and the door creak open. The wolf was so pleased with the success of his plan that he could barely conceal a toothy grin.
Minor Characters
Character Traits
Less than important character
Qualities of a character such as personality
CHARACTERIZATION
The methods an author uses to reveal a character’s personality.
There are two types of characterization.
Types of Characterization
Direct Characterization
The author or narrator makes direct
statements about a character’s traits
Indirect Characterization
The author or speaker reveals a character’s personality through the character’s own
words, thoughts, and actions and through the words, thoughts, and actions of other
characters.
PROTAGONIST VS. ANTAGONIST Protagonist- The central character in a
literary work around whom the main conflict revolves. The protagonist is often the person with whom the audience members or readers sympathize or identify.
Antagonist – A person or force in society or nature that causes a problem for the protagonist, or central character.
Identify Character Traits
From: 1. Direct Comments about the character’s
personality by the narrator. 2. Physical Description of a character’s
appearance.
3. Speech, Actions, or Thoughts of a character.
4. How other characters React to the character
Types of Characters
Round character – a character the reader gets to know very well; will show varied and sometimes contradictory traits
Flat character – reveals only one personality trait to the reader
Stereotype – a character who is not developed as an individual, but as a collection of traits and mannerisms shared by a group.
Question on Traits
Despite her athletic build, sleek clothing, and racing bike, Kat never looked smooth or polished. She had dirt under her nails from fixing her bike, and always chewed a stray hair. She tended to stand knock-kneed if she ever stood in one place at all.
Answer
Trait: awkward, fidgety, hardworking, introverted, quiet
How do we know: Through the narrator’s description of the character’s physical description.
Question
A natural athlete, Julie had been training for the bicycle race for months, for she was single-minded and determined beyond her fifteen years.
Answer
Trait: determined, single-minded, serious
How do we know: Direct comments about the character’s personality by the narrator.
Question
She felt she had to prove that she was faster than anyone else. But she worried too. “If I let up for even one day,” she thought, “someone stronger and faster will beat me”.
Question
Lora pulled up beside Esperanza, breathless from riding, but not a hair out of place. “I’m racing next month at fairhaven.” Esperanza didn’t reply, so Lora plunged ahead. “I guess you’re a racer too. Maybe we could, train together”? “Uh maybe, “ Esperanza mumbled. She hopped back on her bike. Lora watched her ride away, feeling a little stupid.
Answer
Trait: Esperanza-awkward, abrupt, loner Lora-friendly sensitive
How do we know? How other character’s react.
SETTING
The time and place in which the events of a story, novel, or play occur. The setting often helps to create an atmosphere or mood. Setting is not just physical! It includes ideas, customs, values, and beliefs of a particular time and place.
Theme
The main idea or message of a literary work.
Theme is not the subject of the work, but instead is an insight about life or human nature.
There are two types of theme.
Types of Theme
Stated Theme- Theme that is expressed directly and explicitly. Very clear to the reader.
Implied Theme – Revealed gradually through such other literary elements as plot, character, setting, point of view, imagery, figures of speech, or symbolism.
Sometimes implied
Through metaphor Through simile
Through personification Through imagery
Through tone of voice Through symbols
Dream DeferredWhat happens to a dream deferred?Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun?
Or fester like a sore—and then run?
Does it stink like rotten meat?Or crust and sugar over—like a syrupy sweet?
Maybe it just sags
like a heavy load
Or does it just explode?
- Langston
Hughes
Implied through simile
Sleeping in the Forest by Mary Oliver
I thought the earth remembered me,
she took me back so tenderly,arranging her dark skirts, her
pocketsfull of lichens and seeds.
---
Implied through personification
SUSPENSE The growing interest and excitement readers
experience while awaiting a climax or resolution in a work of literature.
To build suspense, an author may use foreshadowing as well as a number of other literary devices.
Symbol
An object, a person, a place, or an experience that represents something else, usually something abstract. A symbol may have more than one meaning, or its meaning may change from the beginning to the end of a literary work.
TONE
A reflection of a writer’s or speaker’s attitude toward a subject of a poem, story, or other literary work. Tone may be communicated through words and details that express particular emotions and that evoke an emotional response in the reader.
MOOD The feeling or atmosphere that an author
creates in a literary work. The mood can suggest a specific emotion, such as excited or fearful. Mood can also suggest the quality of a setting, such as somber or calm.
Irony
The general term for a literary technique that portrays differences between appearance and reality, expectation and result, or meaning and intention.
There are three main types of irony.
Types of Irony
Situational irony – exists when the actual outcome of a situation is the opposite of what is expected.
Verbal irony – exists when a person says one thing and means another
Dramatic irony – exists when the reader knows something that a character does not know
Dialect, Dialogue, & Local Color
Dialect – A variation of a standard language spoken by a group of people, often within a particular region.
Dialogue – Conversation between characters in a literary work. Dialogue brings characters to life by revealing their personalities and by showing what they are thinking and feeling as they react to other characters.
Local Color – The use of specific details to re-create the language, customs, geography, and habits of a particular area.