storage diseases apple norway

8/13/2019 Storage Diseases Apple Norway

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Work on storage diseases on apple

by Bioforsk

Jorunn Brve


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Apple storage in Norway

Short time storage (until December 1 or

February for juice)

Ordinary cold storage

MA and CA?

Aroma main cultivar, new ones coming?


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Apple growing in Norway


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Storage decay on Norwegian apples

most important diseases:

Bitter rot (Colletotrichum acutatum)

Neofabraearot (Neofabraea spp)

less importat, but present: Nectria- rot (Nectria galligena)

Grey mould (Botrytis cinerea)

Brown rot (Monilinia fructigena)

Fusarium rot (Fusariumspp)


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TABLE 2. Incidence (%) of fruit decay in organically grown apples of cv. Aroma, harvested weekly over a five week period (at normal harvest

time, 1 or 2 weeks before or 1 or 2 weeks after) and assessed after 4 months at 4C followed by 2 weeks at 20C in 2004-2006.

Year

Harvest date

Total fruit rot Bitter rota Ripe spota Grey moulda Physiological

damage

Othersa: Brown=brown unidentified rot

spots, Mon=brown rot, Pen=bluemould, Fus=Fusarium rot

2004 Brown Fus

September 14 20.0 d 3.3 c 3.3 0 1.2 b 13.9 0

September 21 35.0 b 20.0 bc 10.0 0 2.5 b 9.9 0

September 28 57.5 b 39.2 ab 8.3 0 5.0 b 8.3 0

October 5 86.7 a 64.2 a 6.7 0 7.5 b 8.3 0

October 12 90.0 a 48.3 a 14.2 0.8 19.2 a 13.9 1.7

P-value 0.0001 0.0006 0.24 0.46 0.04 0.7 0.46

2005 Brown Fus

September 20 17.5 1.7 6.7 0 10.0 9.2 0September 27 33.3 6.7 8.3 0 6.7 17.5 0.8

October 4 50.0 20.0 12.5 0 14.2 10.8 5.0

October 11 46.7 12.5 15.8 0 26.7 15.0 2.5

October 18 51.7 9.2 29.2 1.7 10.8 10.8 0.8

P-value 0.11 0.17 0.15 0.46 0.3 0.77 0.19

2006 Mon Pen

September 12 25.8 b 13.3 2.5 0.8 5.8 0 0 b

September 19 36.7 b 14.7 7.5 0.8 4.2 0 0.8 b

September 26 58.3 ab 40.8 2.5 1.7 6.7 0 0.8 b

October 3 63.3 ab 28.3 5.0 11.7 5.8 0 4.2 bOctober 10 75.8 a 42.5 3.3 2.5 8.3 1.7 15.8 a

P-value 0.02 0.17 0.5 0.11 0.7 0.46 0.02

a) Bitter rot caused by Colletotrichum acutatum, ripe spot caused byNeofabraeaspp., grey mould caused byBotrytis cinerea, brown rotcaused byMonilinia fructigena, blue mold caused byPenicilliumspp. and Fusarium rot caused byFusariumspp.

b) Mean of 3 40 apples per harvest date. Mean values denoted with different letters are significantly different according to StudentNewman Keuls method at P = 0.05. Incidences were arcsin square root transformed prior to analysis, presented values are non-

transformed means.


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Tabell 5. Rte (%) p eple fr ulike felt i Hardanger (1-5) og Telemark (6-8) i 2006-2008.2006Felt Rte Bitt Kjle-

Lager-Sopp

Grsk Fus Frukttre-kreft

Byrjanderte

Monilia Mucor

1 9.6 3.0 0.4 2.2 0.4 0 1.7 0 02 32.2 17.2 0 3.9 0.6 0 4.5 0 03 39.5 27.2 0 0 0 0 3.8 0 3.84 27.2 12.2 0 1.7 0 0 5.8 0 05 - - - - - - - - -6 9.7 1.0 0.3 2.7 0 0 5 0.3 07 28.0 3.7 0.7 1.0 2.0 0 18 2.7 08 - - - - - - - - -20071 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 35 13 13 0.7 0 0 9 0 03 6 2 0 0 4 0 0 0 04 32 12 0.7 1.3 4.7 1.3 12 0 05 15 7.5 3.3 1.7 2.5 0 0 0 06 9.2 2.3 1.5 0 2.3 0 3.1 0 07 19.4 6.0 0.8 0 0.8 0.2 6.9 4.6 08 28.8 4.2 0.4 0 2.9 0.4 19.6 0 02008

1 3.3 0 0 1.5 0 0 1.9 0 02 9.3 1.5 0 1.1 0.4 0 6.3 0 03 12.2 4.4 1.5 0.7 0.7 0 4.1 0 0.44 7.0 1.1 0 0 0 0 5.2 0 0.75 15.2 6.0 0 0.4 0.4 0 8.1 0 06 12.3 1.8 0 0 0 0 10.0 0.5 07 23.2 5.5 1.8 0.5 0 0 14.6 0.9 08 10.9 4.5 0 0 0.9 0 4.8 0.3 0


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Registrering av eple hausta 23.09.09 (tal eple av 100)Handsaming Epleskurv Kjlelagersopp Monilia Andre TotaltUspryta 2,3 24,0 0 0 26,3Delan 3g. + Topsin 1g. 0,7 6,0 0,3 0 7,0Maccani dose 1 4,7 1 0,3 7,0Maccani full dose 0,7 4,3 0,7 0,3 6AEC 948 full dose 0,3 1,3 0 0 1,7

P-verdi Ikkjesignifikant

0,03 Ikkjesignifikant

Ikkjesignifikant

0,007

LSD 5% - 13,5 - - 11,2

Registrering 13.01.09 av eple hausta i september 2008 og lagra til januar 2009 (tal eple av 100)Handsaming Kjlelagersopp Bitterrote Monilia Grskimmel TotaltUspryta 25,3 2,7 0,3 0,0 29,0Delan 3g. + Topsin 1g. 4,3 1,0 0,3 1,3 7,7Maccani dose 6,0 0,7 2,0 1,0 10,3Maccani full dose 5,0 0,7 1,7 0,0 8,0

AEC 948 full dose 0,3 0,0 0,3 0,3 1,0P-verdi 0,003 0,008 Ikkjesignifikant

Ikkjesignifikant

0,007

LSD 5% 10,2 1,19 - - 12,37


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2011 seasonRegistrering ved

haustingRegistrering av frukter etter lagring

Forsksledd/fungicid Bladmedskurv

Fruktermedskurv

Kjlelager-sopp

Epleskurv Andresoppsjukdomar

Indresamanbrot

1. uspryta 186,3 42,0 31,7 9,3 0,7 5,32. ditianon 11,7 2,3 9,7 0,0 3,0 8,0

3. fluopyram +trifloksystrobin

10,3 1,3 8,3 1,3 0,3 9,0

4. fluopyram 6,0 0 4,0 0,3 0,3 4,05. fluopyram 21,3 1,7 12,7 1,0 1,0 8,36. fluopyram +fosetyl-Al

2,3 0,3 8,0 1,0 0,0 7,3

LSD 5% 21,9 7,3 8,0 8,7 i.s. (3,6) i.s. (6,3)


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Bitter rot at harvest


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Bitter rot after storage


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Diversity of appearence bitter rot


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Possible inoculum sources

Buds

Leaves

Weeds Other hosts

And?


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Flower buds

0-13% bitter rot on flower buds

No findings on leaf buds


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Leaves


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Orchard with low incidence


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Orchard with high incidence


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Bitter rot:

Rare at harvest

Increasing with stoarge time

More on late harvested apples Scab spraying can influence

Spraying prior to harvest reduces

Differs between years and orchards

Main storage disease


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Season differences in incidence


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Growing area

West East


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Fig. 2. Incidence of bitter rot (%) on apples stored at different temperatures. Mean of three years and three oxygen levels in storage air. Mean of3 replicated samples each of 20 apples at each treatment in each year. Bars denoted with different letters are significantly different at eachassessment according to Student Newman Keuls method at P=0.05.


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Neofabraea in Norway


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B17 N. perennansellerN. malicorticis:

KD8 N. perennansellerN. malicorticis:


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CA 9-4 N.alba:

G71 N.alba:


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Neofabraea perennans, malicorticis

and alba

Isolates from 2007 season; 69% N. perennans or

malicorticis and 31% N. alba


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Brown rot


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Grey mould


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Autumn 2012


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On storage now?


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Fusarium-rot


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Tabell 2. Funn av soppane som er rsak til bitterrte, grskimmel og Fusarium-rtep knoppar, blad og eple (%) i 8 felt, 2006-2008.

Colletotrichum(%) Botrytis(%) Fusarium(%)Felt1, r Knoppar blad Eple Knoppar blad eple Knoppar blad eple

1, 2006 0 0 3 0 0 2.2 Funn 0 0.42007 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 02008 0 0 0 0 0 1.5 22.2 0 0

2, 2006 0 3.2 17.2 0 0 3.9 0 0 0.62007 0 7.4 13 0 0 0.7 0 0 02008 0 0 1.5 0 0 1.0 0 0 0.5

3, 2006 0 1.6 27.2 0 0 0 0 0 02007 4 66.7 2 0 0 2 0 42008 0 25.9 4.5 0 0 0.7 21.2 0 0.7

4, 2006 0 3.2 12.2 0 0 1.7 0 0 02007 0 3.7 12 0 0 1.3 1.1 0 4.7

2008 0 0 1.0 0 0 0 5.3 0 0

5, 2007 0 14.8 7.3 0 0 3.2 funn 0 2.62008 0 11.1 5.5 1.4 0 0.3 18.1 0 0.3

6, 2006 0 0 1.0 0 0 2.7 0 0 02007 0 0 2.3 0 0 0 0 0 2.32008 0 0 1.8 0 0 0 7.7 0 0

7, 2006 0 0 3.7 0 0 1.0 Funn 0 2.0

2007 0 5.6 6.0 0 0 0 0 0 0.82008 0 0 5.5 0 0 0.5 0 0 0

8, 2007 0 0 4.2 0 0 0 0 0 3.52008 0 0 4.5 0 0 0 0 0 0.9

1. Felt 1-5 er i Hardanger, medan felt 6-8 er i Telemark.


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Neonectria


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Mucor rot


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Sclerotinia sclerotiorum


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Soft scald


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Senescent breakdown


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Harvest time

FIGURE 1. Total fungal fruit decay (%) on organic apples of cv. Aroma harvested over 5 weeks (at normal harvest time, 1 or 2 weeks before or

1 or 2 weeks after) and stored at 4C until February 1 (4 months). Mean of 3 years and 3 40 apples at each harvest time, each year. Mean

alues with different letters are significantly different according to Student Newman Keuls method at P = 0.05.


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Harvest time

FIGURE 2. Total fungal fruit decay, bitter rot and ripe spot (%) on organic apples of cv. Aroma harvested over 5 weeks (at normal harvest time,

1 or 2 weeks before or 1 or 2 weeks after) and stored at 4C until February 1 (4 months) and two weeks at 20C. Mean of 3 years and 3 40

apples at each harvest time, each year. Mean values with different letters are significantly different according to Student Newman Keuls method

at P = 0.05.


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Fig. 22. Alderssamanbrot og rte ved uttak fr kjlelager og etter 2 veker ved 20C

p eple av sorten Aroma hausta over 4 veker i Hardanger, 2007.


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Fig. 23. Fysiologiske skadar og rte ved uttak fr kjlelager p eple av sorten Aromahausta over 3 veker i Hardanger, 2008.


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Spryting, 2007


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storage diseases apple norway

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