“Stop That Barrel”

William Henry Harrison Campaign Song

““Tip and Tye”Tip and Tye”(Words and Music by "A member of the Fifth Ward Club“, published

1840)

What has caus'd this great com-mo-tion,

mo-tion, mot-ion our coun-try through, It is the ball that's rol-ling on, For Tip-pi-ca-noe, and Ty-ler too, For Tip-pi-ca-noe, and Ty-ler too, And with them we'll beat lit-tle Van, Van,

Van is a us'd up man, And with them we'll beat lit-tle Van.

1840 Election Results

Westward Expansion / Immigration Pages 297-306

• Rugged individualism and ecological imperialism

• Population explosion– Birthrates – Immigration

• Who?• Why?

• Nativists– Issues and actions

Rugged Individualism

• The belief that all individuals, or nearly all individuals, can succeed on their own and that government help for people should be minimal.

• What is this called today?

• Is this a myth or a reality?

Ecological Imperialism

• Use resources without regard for replenishment– How?

• Farming techniques• Land clearing• Harvesting of Wildlife

• Conservation vs. Expansion– Should there be limits?

Current Issues

• Americans constitute approximately 5% of the world's population, but they produce roughly 25% of the world’s CO2, consume about 25% of world’s resources, including approximately 26% of the world's energy, although having only around 3% of the world’s known oil reserves, and generate approximately 30% of world’s waste. The average American's impact on the environment is approximately 250 times greater than the average Sub-Saharan African's.

• In other words, with current consumption patterns, population growth in the United States is more of a threat to the Earth's environment than population growth in any other part of the world (currently, at least 1.8 million legal and illegal immigrants settle in the United States each year; with the average Hispanic woman giving birth to 3 children in her lifetime)

US Population

• 1810 7.2 mil• 1820 9.6 mil• 1830 12.9 mil• 1840 17 mil• 1850 23.2 mil• 1860 31.4 mil

– IN 50 YEARS THE POPULATION QUADRUPLED**

American Population Centers in 1820

American Population Centers in 1820

American Population Centers in 1860

American Population Centers in 1860

National Origin of Immigrants:1820 - 1860

National Origin of Immigrants:1820 - 1860

Why now?Why now?

Know-Nothing Party:

“The Supreme

Order of the Star-

Spangled Banner”

Know-Nothing Party:

“The Supreme

Order of the Star-

Spangled Banner”

Know Nothing Platform

• Severe limits on immigration, especially from Catholic countries

• Restricting political office to native-born Americans

• Mandating a wait of 21 years before an immigrant could gain citizenship

• Restricting public school teachers to Protestants

• Mandating daily Bible readings in public schools

• Restricting the sale of liquor

Industrial Revolution Pages 307-316

• Causes

• Key Contributions

• Labor Issues– Impact on workers– Commonwealth v. Hunt

• Changing role of women– Cult of Domesticity

Causes of Rapid IndustrializationCauses of Rapid Industrialization

1. Steam Revolution of the 1830s-1850s. Machines to improve or replace muscle power.

2. The Railroad fueled the growing US economy:

First big business in the US. The key to opening the West. Aided the development of other

industries.

1. Steam Revolution of the 1830s-1850s. Machines to improve or replace muscle power.

2. The Railroad fueled the growing US economy:

First big business in the US. The key to opening the West. Aided the development of other

industries.

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791

Actually Actually invented by a invented by a

slave!slave!

Impact of the Cotton Gin

• Transforms work of slaves from cleaning cotton to fieldhands

• Combination of spinning machines and cotton gin increases need for additional slaves

• 1800 – Slaves = 1 mil

• 1860 – Slaves = 4 mil

Eli Whitney’s Gun FactoryEli Whitney’s Gun Factory

Interchangeable Parts RifleInterchangeable Parts Rifle

Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 1860

Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 1860

Mill Workers vs. Other Jobs

• 12 hour work day (Monday – Friday)– ½ hour for breakfast– ¾ hour for lunch

• 10 – 12 work day (Saturday)

• Wages per week– Children (4-10) $1– Young women $3– Men $6

• Wages for Other Jobs per week– Skilled Labor $9– Male Teacher $4– Female Teacher $2– Farm Labor North - $3– Farm Labor South - $2

Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory

System”)

Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory

System”)

The Lowell/Waltham System:

First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant

The Lowell/Waltham System:

First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant

Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814

Lowell in 1850Lowell in 1850

Lowell MillLowell Mill

Early Textile LoomEarly Textile Loom

New EnglandTextile

Centers:

1830s

New EnglandTextile

Centers:

1830s

New England Dominance in Textiles

New England Dominance in Textiles

Starting for LowellStarting for Lowell

Lowell GirlsLowell Girls

What was their typical What was their typical “profile?”“profile?”

Lowell Boarding HousesLowell Boarding Houses

What was boardinghouse life What was boardinghouse life like?like?

Lowell Mills Time Table

Lowell Mills Time Table

Early “Union” Newslett

er

Early “Union” Newslett

er

The Factory Girl’s GarlandThe Factory Girl’s Garland

February 20, 1845 issue.February 20, 1845 issue.

I’m a Factory Girl Filled with Wishes

I’m a Factory Girl Filled with WishesI'm a factory girlI'm a factory girl

Everyday filled with fearEveryday filled with fearFrom breathing in the poison airFrom breathing in the poison airWishing for windows!Wishing for windows!I'm a factory girlI'm a factory girlTired from the 13 hours of work each dayTired from the 13 hours of work each dayAnd we have such low payAnd we have such low payWishing for shorten work times!Wishing for shorten work times!I'm a factory girlI'm a factory girlNever having enough time to eatNever having enough time to eatNor to rest my feetNor to rest my feetWishing for more free time!Wishing for more free time!I'm a factory girlI'm a factory girlSick of all this harsh conditionsSick of all this harsh conditionsMaking me want to sign the petition!Making me want to sign the petition!So do what I ask for because I am a factory So do what I ask for because I am a factory girlgirlAnd I'm hereby speaking for all the rest!And I'm hereby speaking for all the rest!

Irish Immigrant Girls at LowellIrish Immigrant Girls at Lowell

The Early Union MovementThe Early Union Movement

Workingman’s Party Workingman’s Party (1829)(1829) ** Founded by Robert Dale Owen Founded by Robert Dale Owen and and others in New York City. others in New York City.Early unions were usually local, Early unions were usually local, social, and weak.social, and weak.

Commonwealth v. HuntCommonwealth v. Hunt (1842).(1842).

Worker political parties were Worker political parties were ineffective until the post-Civil ineffective until the post-Civil War period.War period.

Cult of Domesticity• Although the new middle-class family had its roots in preindustrial

society, it differed from the preindustrial family in three major ways:

– I) A nineteenth-century middle-class family did not have to make what it needed in order to survive. Men could work in jobs that produced goods or services while their wives and children stayed at home.

– 2) When husbands went off to work, they helped create the view that men alone should support the family. This belief held that the world of work, the public sphere, was a rough world, where a man did what he had to in order to succeed, that it was full of temptations, violence, and trouble. A woman who ventured out into such a world could easily fall prey to it, for women were weak and delicate creatures. A woman's place was therefore in the private sphere, in the home, where she took charge of all that went on.

– 3) The middle-class family came to look at itself, and at the nuclear family in general, as the backbone of society. Kin and community remained important, but not nearly so much as they had once been.

Transportation / CommunicationPages 316-326

• As you read,– Create a chart detailing improvements and

impacts for:• Agriculture• Transportation• Communication

– Take notes to discuss:• Continental economy• Rags to riches myth

ESSENTIAL QUESTION:ESSENTIAL QUESTION:

Resourcefulness & Experimentation

Resourcefulness & Experimentation

Americans were willing to try Americans were willing to try

anything.anything.

They were first copiers, thenThey were first copiers, theninnovators.innovators.

1800 1800 41 patents were 41 patents were approved.approved.

1860 1860 4,357 “ “ “4,357 “ “ “

OliverEvansOliverEvans

First prototype of the First prototype of the locomotivelocomotive

First automated First automated flour millflour mill

John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)

John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper:

1831

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper:

1831

First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA

First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA

By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.connected most major cities.

Cumberland (National Road), 1811

Cumberland (National Road), 1811

Conestoga Covered WagonsConestoga Covered Wagons

Conestoga Trail, 1820sConestoga Trail, 1820s

Erie Canal SystemErie Canal System

Erie Canal, 1820sErie Canal, 1820s

Begun in 1817; completed in 1825Begun in 1817; completed in 1825

Robert Fulton & the Steamboat

Robert Fulton & the Steamboat

1807: The 1807: The ClermontClermont

Principal Canals in 1840Principal Canals in 1840

Inland Freight RatesInland Freight Rates

Clipper ShipsClipper Ships

The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)

1830 1830 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RROhio RR

By 1850 By 1850 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 31,000 31,000 mi.]mi.]

TheRailroad

Revolution,1850s

TheRailroad

Revolution,1850s

Immigrant laborImmigrant laborbuilt the No. built the No. RRs.RRs.

Slave laborSlave laborbuilt the So. built the So. RRs. RRs.

COMMUNICATIONIMPROVEMENTS

Samuel F. B. MorseSamuel F. B. Morse

1840 – Telegraph1840 – Telegraph

Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable,

1858

Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable,

1858

z They all regarded material They all regarded material advance as the natural fruit of advance as the natural fruit of American republicanism & proof American republicanism & proof of the country’s virtue and of the country’s virtue and promise.promise.

The “American Dream”The “American Dream”

A German visitor in the 1840s, A German visitor in the 1840s, Friedrich List, observed:Friedrich List, observed:

Anything new is quickly introduced Anything new is quickly introduced here, including all of the latest here, including all of the latest inventions. There is no clinging to inventions. There is no clinging to old ways. The moment an old ways. The moment an American hears the word American hears the word “invention,” he pricks up his ears.“invention,” he pricks up his ears.

Distribution of WealthDistribution of Wealthv During the American During the American

Revolution,Revolution,45% of all wealth in the top 45% of all wealth in the top 10% of10% ofthe population.the population.

v 1845 Boston 1845 Boston top 4% owned top 4% owned overover 65% of the wealth. 65% of the wealth.v 1860 Philadelphia 1860 Philadelphia top 1% top 1% ownedowned over 50% of the wealth. over 50% of the wealth.v The gap between rich and poor The gap between rich and poor waswas widening! widening!

Revivalism and Public EducationPages 329-336

• Second Great Awakening– Causes– Impacts

• Mormons– Who– Why– Issues

• Public Education– Issues– Actions

Deism vs. Unitarianism

• Deism is the belief that a supreme God exists and created the physical universe, and that religious truths can be arrived at by the application of reason alone, without dependence on revelation.

• Unitarianism as a theology is the belief in the single personality of God, in contrast to the doctrine of the Trinity (three persons in one God). It is the philosophy upon which the modern Unitarian movement was based, and, according to its proponents, is the original form of Christianity.

2nd Great Awakening

• Most significant movement in American religion-reorganization and creation of denominations

-promotes social reform and improvements

-fosters growth and involvement among lower socio-economic classes

-widens societal splits

Joseph Smith

Assassinated bya Mob in Carthage, IL1844

Vision createsBook of Mormon

Beliefs:-cooperation-military preparedness-polygamy-theocracy

Structure of Mormon Community

• theocracy a political unit governed by a deity (or by officials thought to be divinely guided)

• polygamy having more than one spouse at a time

Mann & Webster

“The scientific or literary well-being of a community,” wrote Mann, “is to be estimated not so much by possessing a few men of great knowledge, as its having many men of competent knowledge.”

Noah Webster’s work An American Dictionary of the English Language was the largest and most comprehensive dictionary of its day. It was also the firstdictionary to represent distinctly American usage of English.

Social Reform / Utopian Communities Pages 336-346

• Reform Movements– Inspirations / Goals– Movements (Leaders, Issues, Methods)

• Prisons• Temperance• Women’s suffrage

• Utopias– Brook Farm– Oneida

Opening Paragraphs

• Write an opening paragraph < 7 minutes• To what extent does the early women’s

rights movement reflect Jacksonian democracy?

• Remember:– What is the question asking?– Background (BTO)– Thesis – central theme– Organization – How will the essay go?

Opening Paragraphs

• Write an opening paragraph < 7 minutes• Account for the emergence of utopian

communities from mid-1820’s through the 1840’s and evaluate their success or failure.

• Remember:– What is the question asking?– Background (BTO)– Thesis – central theme– Organization – How will the essay go?

Transcendentalism / LiteraturePages 346-354

• Transcendentalism– Beliefs– Ralph Waldo Emerson– Henry David Thoreau– Walt Whitman

• Literary Lights– Louisa May Alcott– Emily Dickinson– Edgar Allan Poe

Thoreau

“I heartily accept the motto, ‘That government is best which governs least’; and I should like to see it acted up to more rapidly and systemically. Carried out, it finally amounts to this, which I also believe – ‘That government is best which governs not at all’; and when men are prepared for it, that will be the kind of government they will have.”