STONE

STONE

• All The engineering Structures are made from some materials

• These materials are know as engineering materials; building materials or materials of Construction .

• No material, existing in the universe is useless. Every material has its own field of

• application

Classification of rocks

1. Geological classification

• 2. Physical classification

• 3. Chemical classification

• 4. Classification based on stone hardness:

Classification of rocksAccording to this classification stone may be

classified

As soft, medium, hard and very hard.

-Very hard rocks as Granite, Trap and Taconite.

-Hard rocks as Granite, Basalt, Gravel and

Quartzite.

- Medium rocks as Dolomite and Lime Stone.

- Soft rocks as Talc, Gypsum and Sand stone.

Stone

Characteristics and qualities of good building stone :

The stone should be easily and economically obtainable in bulk .

The stone should be hard, strong and durable .

It should weather well.

It should have fine compact texture .

USES OF STONE

1.For masonry work

2.for lintels and vertical columns

3.for covering floors of building

4.for paving of roads and foot paths

5.As a covering material for buildings

6.for the construction of roads in form of boulders and aggregate

7.as an aggregate in cement as well as lime concretes

8.Base material for water and sewage filters.

9.For the manufacture of cement and lime.

10.In the construction of masonry dams , stones of good quality and durability are of vital importance

TYPES OF STONE

I. Basalt

II. Gnesis

III.Granite

IV.Larterites

V.Limestone

VI.Marble

VII.Sandstone

VIII.Slate

BasaltBasalt with a vesicular or frothy texture is

called scoria, and forms when dissolved gases are forced out of solution and form vesicles as the lava decompresses as it reaches the surface.

Basalt is usually grey to black in colour

Basalt almost always has a fine-grained mineral texture

TYPESTholeiitic basalt is relatively rich in silica and poor in sodium

MORB (Mid Ocean Ridge Basalt), is characteristically low in incompatible elements

Alkali basalt is relatively poor in silica and rich in sodium

•Uses• Basalt is used in construction (e.g. as building blocks or in the

groundwork), making cobblestones (from columnar basalt) and in makingstatue. Heating and extruding basalt yields stone wool, said to be an excellent thermal insulator

GNEISS

• Orthogneiss designates a gneiss derived from an igneous rock, and paragneiss is one from a sedimentary rock. Gneissose rocks have properties similar to gneiss.

• The gneiss's delicate pink colours are exposed throughout the islands

Granite

Granite is a common type of igneous rock

Granites can be predominantly white, pink, or gray in colordepending on their mineralogy.

Granite has poor primary permeability but strong secondary permeability

Granite has been extensively used as a dimension stone and as flooring tiles in public and commercial buildings and monuments

Polished granite is also a popular choice for kitchen, countertops due to its high durability and aesthetic qualities

Limestone Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed largely of

the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate

Limestone is very common in architecture, especially in Europe and North America

So many buildings in Kingston, Ontario, Canada were constructed from it that it is nicknamed the 'Limestone City‘

Limestone was most popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Train stations, banks and other structures from that era are normally made of limestone

. Many famous buildings in London are built from Portland limestone.

A limestone plate with a negative map of Moosburg in Bavaria is prepared for a lithography print.

Courthouse built of limestone inManhattan, Kansas

Marble

Marble is a non-foliated metamorphic rock

Marble is commonly used for sculpture and as a building material.

Construction marble is a stone which is composed of calcite, dolomite or serpentine which is capable of taking a polish.

More generally in construction, specifically the dimension stone trade, the term "marble" is used for any crystalline calcitic rock

SandstoneoSandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-

sized minerals or rock grains.

oSandstone was a popular building material from ancient times

oIt is relatively soft, making it easy to carve.

oIt has been widely used around the world in constructing temples, homes, and other buildings. It has also been used for artistic purposes to create ornamental fountains and statues.

oSome sandstones are resistant to weathering, yet are easy to work.

oThis makes sandstone a common building and paving material.

osome types of sandstone are excellent materials from which to make grindstones, for sharpening blades and other implements.

osome types of sandstone are excellent materials from which to make grindstones.

17,000 years old sandstone oil lamp discovered at the

caves of Lascaux, France.Sandstone doorway in Heidelberg,Germany

Sandstone is highly absorbent. These are sandstone

beverage coasters

Slate• Slate is a fine-grained, foliated, homogeneous metamorphic

rock derived from an original shale-type sedimentary of clay or volcanic ash through low-grade.

• Slate can be made into roofing slates, which are installed by

• When broken, slate retains a natural appearance while relatively flat and easy to stack.

• Slate is particularly suitable as a roofing material as it has an extremely low water absorption index of less than 0.4%, material waterproof.

• . Natural slate is used by building professionals as a result of beauty and durability.

• In areas where it is available, high-quality slate is used for tombstones.

• It is a good electrical insulator and fireproof, it was used to

Slate-faced church and homes in Wurzbach, Thüringen, Germany

A grave with inscription on slate

sla

te r

oof

tile

s.D

hara

msala

, In

dia

.

THE END