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Stomatognathic physiology

It is a learning process & develops over an

extended period.

There are NO organs for speech per se.

COMPONENTS OF SPEECH

1. Respiration.

2. Phonation.

3. Resonation.

4. Articulation.

5. Neurologic integration.

6. Audition.

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2)Respiration

3) Phonation

4) Resonation

5) Articulation

6) Neurological integration

1) Audition

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Nasal Cavity

Nose

Mouth

Bronchus

Bronchiole

Alveolus

Diaphragm

Throat

(pharynx)

Windpipe (Trachea)

Left lungs

Ribs

MB

1.RESPIRATION

During speech ; inhalation phase is shortened & exhalation phase is prolonged.

Upward movement of the diaphragm + Contraction of the costal cartilages & adjacent muscles [expiratory muscles]INTRAPULMONARY PRESSURE [greater than atmospheric pressure].

Air expelled from lungs

2.PHONATION

LARYNX is the 1st organ

to control the respiratory

air stream.

THE VOCAL CORDS

modify the stream of air

by creating resistance to

it;

In low-pitched sounds

thick & flaccid.

In high-pitched sounds

thin & tense.

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The larynx

•The air from the lungs comes

through the wind pipe or trachea,

at the top of which is the larynx.

•In the larynx are two vocal cords,

which are like a pair of lips placed

horizontally from front to back.

•They are joined in the front, but

can be separated at the back, and

the opening between them is called

the glottis.

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Voicing

Cords open – voiceless

sounds are produced with

the vocal cords ABDUCTED,

leaving a sizeable gap

between the vocal folds. This

gap is what we call the

GLOTTIS

Cords vibrating - voiced are accompanied by vibration of

the VOCAL CORDS (ADDucted)

3.RESONATION

It is THE AMPLIFICATION OF VOICE TONES.

The sounds produced at the level of vocal cords are collected & modified by chambers [RESONATORS] above level of glottis;

1. Pharynx.

2. Oral cavity.

3. Nasal cavity.

4.ARTICULATION

Resonated sound is formulated into

speech by THE ARTICULATORS, these

are;

Lips.

Cheeks.

Teeth.

Palate.

TONGUE [The most important one]

5.NEURAL INTEGRATION

All factors of speech are highly integrated

by THE C.N.S.

The loss of motor innervation of the soft palate

COMPROMISED SPEECH

6.AUDITION

Is the ability to receive acoustic signals

Interpretation of these signals

Controlled speech output

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It is the act of expelling a column of air past the

vocal cord by the expiratory muscles,

As the expiratory air is expelled and leaves the lungs,

The vocal folds modify the stream of air

by creating resistance to it

adduction, vibration of approximated vocal folds of the

larynx and complex tone is generated Vowel sounds and

voiced consonants phones.

abducted vocal folds (without vibration) and phonation

does not occur. They are the so called the voiceless

consonants (e.g. huh).

2) Respiration

3) Phonation نطق

1) Audition االستماع and ability to hear sound

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Resonance is amplification of voice tone.

The breath stream is shaped into sounds through

impedance produced by the various articulators. : the vocal

folds, the velum and the pharynx, the tongue,the lips and the

alveoli.

All factors are highly coordinated by the central

nervous system.

4) Resonation يرن

The sound waves produced at the vocal folds are

selectively amplified, by changing in the volume

(shape and size) of pharyngeal, oral and nasal

cavities, these cavities act as resonating chambers

(resonators) permitted by neuromuscular control.

5) Articulation (modification of sounds)

6) Neurological integration

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The Organs of Speech

The respiratory system

The phonatory system

The articulatory system

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Respiratory System Phonatory System Articulatory System

Lungs Muscles of the chest

Trachea

Larynx

Pharynx Roof of the mouth

TeethLips

Organs of Speech

Tongue

Vocal cords

Tip

UvulaHard palate

Teeth ridge

Soft palate

Blade Front Back Rims

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The Organs

of Speech

Nasal Cavity

Nose

Mouth

Bronchus

Bronchiole

Alveolus

Diaphragm

Throat(pharynx)

Windpipe (Trachea)

Left lungs

Ribs

SPEECH SOUNDS

Speech sounds are classified accordingto behavior of vocal cords (phonation)into:

1. Voiced (phonated) sounds. e.g. vowels { i, e, o & u }

2. Voiceless (breathed) sounds. E.g. f,p

Speech sounds are classified accordingto direction of air stream (resonance)into:

1. Oral sounds. e.g. vowels { i, e, o & u }

2. Nasal sounds. E.g. m,n&ing

Speech sounds are classified accordingto freedom of air stream (articulation)into:

1. Vowels { i, e, o & u } little flow of air

Fig. 17-5: Tongue position for the

usual pronunciation of a, e, i ,

o , and u.

Fig.17-6: (A) Diagram of relative tongue

positions for front cardinal vowels. (B)

Diagram of relative tongue position for back cardinal vowels.

Consonants could be:

1- The Labial Or Bilabial Consonants. P, B, and M

1- The Labial Or Bilabial Consonants. /hw/ and /w/

2- Labiodental Consonants. F, V, and Ph

3- The Linguo Dental Consonants. “ th’’ / Ø/ and / ð

Fig.17-12,A: Midsagittal representation, palatogram, and frontal view of articulation of lingua-

dentals / Ø/ and / ð /.Notice the proper tongue position when this patient, wearing complete

dentures, pronounces the word thick.

Fig. 17-12,B: Effects of vertical positioning of anterior teeth on the pronunciation of th. A. The

tongue is prevented from extending properly between the teeth. B. The tongue extending between the teeth when they are properly positioned.

4- Linguo-alveolar consonants:

A) T, D, and N sounds.

B) The Linguo-alveolar S, Z, and, C (soft), sounds.

Fig.17-13: Midsagittal representation, palatogram, and frontal view of articulation of lingua-

alveolar plosives and nasal / t /, / d/, and / n /.

4- Linguo-alveolar consonants:

B) The Linguo-alveolar S, Z, and, C (soft), sounds.

4- Linguo-alveolar consonants:

C) The fricatives ƒ (sh) and z (of measure).

Fig.17-20: Midsagittal representation, palatogram, and frontal view of articulation of lingua-

alveolar fricatives / ƒ / and / z /.

4- Linguo-alveolar consonants:

D) The phonemes / tf (ch) / and /dz (dg)/

Fig.17-21: Midsagittal representation, palatogram, and frontal view of articulation of hngua-

alveolar affricates /t f / and /d z /

4- Linguo-alveolar consonants:

E) The consonant /L/

5- The Linguopalatal Consonants. R and j

Fig.17-23: Midsagittal representation, palatogram, and frontal view of articulation of

linguapalatal semivowel / r/.

Fig.17-24: Midsagittal representation, palatogram, and frontal view of articulation of linguapalatal glide /j/.

6- Linguovelar Consonants. / k/, / g /, and / ŋ/

7- Glottal Consonants. X,h &همزه

Fig.17-25: Midsagittal representation, palatogram, and frontal view of articulation of

linguovelar plosives and nasal / k/, / g /, and / ŋ/