step conference 2016 - brian robinson, low carbon vehicle partnership - from in the lab to on the...

Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership

Low Emission Technologies:From In the Lab to On the Road

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Scottish Transport Emissions Partnership, Annual Conference

Thursday 3rd November 2016

Brian Robinson CEng CEnv MIMechE, LowCVP

Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership


LowCVP is a unique public-private membership organisation that exists to ‘accelerate the shift to low carbon vehicles and fuels and stimulate UK business opportunities’

LowCVP Working GroupsGovernment & Public Bodies

Fuel Suppliers

Technology Suppliers

Automotive Manufacturer

s

Fleet Operators

Environmental & Academia

Our work also integrates improving air quality.


LowCVP role – Unique offering

Creating communities

Gathering the stakeholders around common challenges/ objectives

Building Understanding

Researching the common barriers or opportunities, creating common goals

Influencing Policy

Defining measurement processes, schemes, labels, information, incentives at individual, local, regional, nation (international) level

Accelerate the market

Promotion, of common policies, information, outreach to delivery partners

LowCVP activity spectrum

Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership 4

Contents

• Technologies & where they work• Existing support schemes• Work-in-progress• Guidance docs and info sources• Summary• Getting involved


Technologies and where they workVehicles Technology AQ GHG

Pure electric ?

Hybridisation & range extender ?

Hydrogen ?

LPG

CNG/LNG

Bio-methane/SNG

Bio-diesel

Dual fuel (diesel & gas) ?

Aerodynamic aids & low rolling resistance tyres

Exhaust after-treatment, e.g. SCR & EURO VI

And many others...light-weighting, low viscosity lubricants, GTL, etc.

But don’t forget/neglect the demand side!


How did we get here?

Creation of the

Millbrook London

Transport Bus (MLTB)

Cycle

Definition of a ‘Low Carbon

Emission Bus’ (LCEB)

Creation of a LCEB

Accreditation Scheme

Green Bus Fund

BSOG LCEB incentiveScottish

Green Bus Fund

Low Carbon Bus

Technology Roadmap

Research on overcoming barriers to

LCEB take-up

OLEV Low Emission Bus

Grant Scheme

Definition of a LEB and

new accreditation

scheme

OLEV Low Emission Bus

Scheme Winners

Announced

2007-08 20151996 20162009-10 2014

Key milestones in the evolution of green bus policy in the UK

20 years of collaborative development of products, performance and policy


Existing support schemes• £30m Low Emission Bus Scheme created to continue the

push to decarbonise the bus market and target reduction in air quality emissions between 2016-2019.

• LowCVP UK Bus (LUB) test incorporates MLTB cycle with additional rural cycle.

• Creation of Low Emission Bus definition:• At least 15% GHG saving on a Well-to-Wheel (WTW) basis vs. a Euro V diesel

bus of equivalent passenger capacity.• Euro VI or equivalent engine.

• Focus on short-term challenges and long-term deployment: • Proportional funding for WTW GHG saving (greater savings = increased

funding)• ‘Zero Emissions Capable’ range: £1,000 / km up to 30km.• Funding available for supporting infrastructure.

OLEV Low Emission Bus Winners examples: Total of 261 buses (competition closed)

• Arriva, Liverpool : 9x Biomethane, 12 x Electric, 51 x Hybrid

• Birmingham City Council: 22 x Hydrogen • Milton Keynes Borough Council: 11 x Electric • Nottingham City Council: e-bus charging station

• Nottingham City Transport: 53 x Biomethane • TfL: 34 x Electric • Reading Buses: 16 x Biomethane

Visit the LowCVP Low Emission Bus Portal

for more information on accredited LEBs.

http://www.lowcvp.org.uk/initiatives/leb/Home.htm%20for%20more%20information.


HGV Retrofit Technologies Scheme• In 2010, LowCVP, with DfT and other stakeholders identified a need for a scheme

to provide confidence to operators that after-market, low carbon/fuel efficiency aids would deliver real savings under their real-world conditions.

• In 2012 LowCVP published a report identifying the need for an independent accreditation scheme to unlock the potential for significant uptake of retrofit technologies to reduce carbon in the existing fleet of HGVs.

• Over the last few years the European commission research group has been working on methods to report and potentially ultimately legislate, CO2 from HDV’s (focus is now on VECTO the EU simulation tool likely to form part of future type approval process).

• In 2014, OLEV part-funding allowed LowCVP and its members to develop a solution for the UK which aims to relate to the EU activity and strategic direction, but “unlock” the market in the near term. Development of Long Haul, Regional Delivery and Urban Delivery test cycles (track-based with PEMS).

• Scheme launched by Minister at LowCVP Conference, June 2016.

• New, City-Centre Delivery cycle now also developed.

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Horiba-Mira Ltd

Technology:

Technology X

Technology Supplier:X Truck Tyres Ltd

Test Vehicle:

Euro VI 18t rigid, loaded to 15t

Test Date(s):Jun-16

Baseline vehicle (if different): As above, with standard tyres

Test Date(s):Jun-16

Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Baseline condition, without technology fitted/operational)

Test Cycle

CO2 (g/km) CH4 (g/km) N2O (g/km) CO2e (g/km)

GWP (100 years)

125

298

Long Haul

7630

Not measured763

Regional Delivery

7990

Not measured799

Urban Delivery

8680

Not measured868

City Centre Delivery

Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Test condition, with technology fitted/operational)

% CO2e savings

Test Cycle

CO2 (g/km) CH4 (g/km) N2O (g/km) CO2e (g/km)

Uncorrected Control vehicle Corrected

Long Haul

7010

Not measured701

8.1%-2.3%

10%

Regional Delivery

7570

Not measured757

5.3%-0.7%

6%

Urban Delivery

8400

Not measured840

3.2%-1.2%

4%


% change

If technology incurs payload loss (tonnes and/or cubic metres), please quantify here, as % corrections to above figuresg/tonne-km:

0%g/cubic metre-km:

0%

Pollutant Emissions (performance of test vehicle relative to baseline condition)

Test Cycle

NO (g/km) NO2 (g/km) NOx (g/km)CO (g/km) THC (g/km) PM (g/km)

Long Haul

0.000.02

0.020.12

-0.02Not measured

Regional Delivery

0.000.02

0.02-0.09

0.00Not measured

Urban Delivery

-0.28-0.04

-0.32-0.12

0.00Not measured


Comments on above results:

Test CycleLong Haul

Regional DeliveryUrban DeliveryCity Centre DeliveryKey to classifications:X%

CO2e g/km, g-tonne-km and g-cubic metre km all reduced by at least 2%, without unacceptable increases in NOx emissions

Not Certified:

CO2e g/km not reduced by at least 2%, or unacceptable increases in NOx emissions measured

Notes:GWP (Global Warming Potential) values in line with current UK GHG reporting guidelines.

Certificate Approved by:On behalf of LowCVP

Approved Test facility:

10%6%

4%Not tested

Accreditation Scheme for Aftermarket Technologies - Certificate

Not tested

Not tested

Not tested

Overall Assessment

• Other UK schemes include FORS, ECO-Stars, LCRS, LoCITY.• Smartway scheme in North America could be useful model to build

support mechanisms around the accreditation scheme?


Work-in-Progress:Clean Vehicle Retrofit Accreditation Scheme

Road transport is a key source of elevated NOx emissions in cities, leading to breaches of the EU limit value for NO2.

Defra published an air quality plan in to reduce NO2 levels in cities and town in the UK to meet compliance by 2020.

Intends to introduce ‘Clean Air Zones’ in 5 regions – charge operators access unless compliance with NOx emissions standards – purchase new vehicles or retrofit.

NO2 Action Plan States – ‘The Department of Transport has commissioned the Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership to develop a new Clean Vehicle Retrofit Accreditation Scheme. This will ensure there is a robust system in place providing independent evidence that any future vehicle retrofit technology scheme will deliver significant NOx emission reductions and air quality benefits . The scheme will cover a range of vehicles – buses, coaches, trucks, vans, mini-buses and taxis, and will facilitate the development of an approved list of suppliers and technology.’


Approved Test facility

Customer:Customer Address:Test Purpose: LEB Certification

Vehicle Manufacturer: Buses R uS Unladen weight (kg) 12000.0

Vehicle Type: Plug in Hybrid Flywheel Gross Weight (kg) 18000.0

Engine: Tdi 334 Euro VI Passenger Capacity 89 OK

Transmission: Auto Euro VI certificate Y/N

Fuel Type: Fuel Provider:Well-to Tank Factor: (g CO2e/MJ) WTT evidence

Test Phase HC (g/km) CO (g/km) NOx (g/km) PM (g/km) CO2 (g/km) CH4 (g/km)‡ N2O (g/km)‡ Fuel

Consumption (l/100 km)

Rural / LUB 0.00 0.08 0.08 N/A 893.36 0.00 0.030 30.000Inner London 0.00 0.02 0.02 N/A 856.59 0.00 0.010 45.000Outer London 0.00 0.01 0.01 N/A 877.55 0.00 0.005 50.000

MLTB Average 0.00 0.01 0.02 875.22 0.00 0.012 47.500LUB Average 0.00 0.01 0.01 N/A 867.07 0.00 0.010 41.667

Test Phase

Rural / LUB Inner London Outer London

MLTB LUB Total Average

Fuel/energy used over

Total Fuel Energy

(litres/km) (MJ/km)Rural 2.89 36.00

Inner London 2.96 38.00Outer London 2.70 35.00

MLTB 3.01 41.00LUB Total Average 2.89 36.00

Data Generated by: Data Approved by:On behalf of Test facility

**********

***** Data to input to LEB grant fund calculator

Certificate approved by: Certificate Approved by:On behalf of Bus manufacturer On behalf of LowCVP/DfT

*** WTW - Well-to Wheel

CO2 (g/km)

1044.12

875.22

867.07

Calculated TTW** GHG Emissions

14.20 60.34

* WTT - Wheel-to-Tank

0.00 3.58 878.80

14.20 26.50

Test PhaseWTT* Fuel GHG

Equivalence Factor

** TTW - Tank-to-Wheel

Low Emission Bus Scheme Certificate

Emissions and Energy consumption results from approved test facility - Average 3 tests

14.2

Total Tank-to-Wheel GHG CO 2 equivalent

CH4 (g/km x 25)‡ N2O (g/km x 298)‡ TTW GHG (CO2e (g/km)

Yes - Manufacturer certified

893.36

0.00 1.49 879.04

0.00 8.94 902.30856.59877.55

0.00 2.98 870.05

Well-to-Wheel GHG CO 2 equivalent

0.00 2.98 859.57

Calculated WTW*** GHG Emissions

(g CO2e/MJ) (g CO2e/MJ) (g CO2e/MJ)14.20 57.18 984.70

1011.9Euro V Average Diesel Equivalent (g CO2e / km) 1200.4

977.76

14.20 65.24 1040.92

14.20 52.31 1011.88

Approved as Low Emission Bus? (15% saving or more)

† compared with Euro 5

UK Diesel Fuels R us

DEFRA 2014 factors

WTW GHG saving† (g CO2e / km)

Low Emission Bus Certificate SummaryGHG Well-to-Wheel (g CO2e / km)

Zero Emission operating range (km) 0.0188.5

16%Yes/No

Total measured energy consumed on vehicle (kWr)Electric energy consumption and charge efficiency

Measured grid energy during charging kWr

Distance covered km

Charging effi ciency

% WTW GHG saving† (g CO2e / km)

Why LowCVP and Why Retrofit?Why LowCVP? • Experience with accreditation schemes• Understanding of technologies / fuels• Understanding of vehicle emissions • Strong engagement with stakeholders• Ensure air quality and climate change benefit

Why Retrofit?• Fleet renewal to Euro VI/6 will take time• Euro 6 RDE not adopted as yet• All commercial vehicles, buses and 50% car miles

rely on diesel, so need solution • Substantial electrification of the fleet > a decade

away• Fuel saving technology is appealing to operators


Clean Vehicle Retrofit Accreditation Scheme Proposal • To develop an independent certification scheme to aid vehicle operators’ decisions on which

retrofit NOx abatement technologies can achieve relevant emission performance standards. Two tier approach recommended:

1) For potential use with Clean Air Zones - targets aligned to Euro VI/62) For optional clean vehicle retrofit funding schemes with less onerous targets to be

adopted in non-CAZ cities.

Overarching Objectives • To set emission based performance criteria for retrofit technologies which can reduce NOx

emissions for Buses, Coaches, Trucks, Mini-buses, Vans and Taxis.

• To ensure no negative impacts on other air pollutants notably particulates and NH3, and greenhouse gas emissions – CH4, N2O and CO2 – set appropriate emission standards.

• To prepare a set of vehicle emission test procedures to qualify retrofit equipment performance against proposed emission standards

• To maximise the use of existing and established processes and tests

• To source industry feedback on proposed accreditation scheme design and implementation.


Euro V and Euro VI Bus NOx Emissions (LEB Scheme Pilot Vehicle Emissions Testing)

Euro V Euro V Euro VI CNG Euro VI Diesel

Euro VI Diesel

Euro VI Diesel

Euro VI Diesel

Euro VI Diesel

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

4.069

6.839

0.160 0.016 0.018 0.015 0.010 0.014

MLTB Cycle

LUB Cycle

NO

x em

issio

n g/

km


Project 1 Project 2 Project 3 Project 4 Project 5 Project 6 Project 7 Project 8 TfL Bus 1 TfL Bus 2 LUB Bus 1 LUB Bus 20

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

3.4

1.9

1.4 1.4

0.8

0.5 0.4

0.1

0.60.5

0.0 0.0

NO

x g/

km

Retrofitted Euro III - CBTF/CVTF

Euro VI TfLIn Service

Euro VI LEB Schemes

Clean Air Zone Limit?

NOx Emissions Retrofitted & Euro VI Buses Test Data

Clean Up Limit?

Euro III Bus – average NOx emissions 12g/km


Proposed CAZ Emission Limits & Test Procedures for Vehicles Class Covered Under CVRAS

Bus Truck Coach Mini-bus and Van Taxi AQ Emission Limits

NOx - 0.5 g/km NO2 - 0.3 g/km PM - 20 mg/km NH3 – 10 ppm


NOx – 0.5 g/km NO2 – 0.3 g/km PM - 20 mg/km NH3 – 10 ppm


NOx - 0.25 g/km NO2 - 0.1 g/km PM – 10 mg/km NH3 – 10 ppm

GHG Emission Limit No more than 1% increase in well-to-wheel primary CO2 eq emissions (CO2, CH4, N2O) Not to Exceed NOx Limits (Individual drive cycle phases)

Rural– 0.4g/km Outer London- 0.5g/km Inner London– 0.7g/km

City - 0.7 g/km tbd Urban – 0.6 g/km Regional – 0.5 g/km Long Haul– 0.4g/km

Inner London– 1.0/km Outer London– 0.7g/km Long Haul – 0.4 g/km

tbd tbd

Vehicle Emission Drive Cycle LowCVP UK Bus Cycle

LowCVP (VECTO based) Truck Cycles NB new LowCVP/TfL urban van cycle to be added

VECTO based Coach and UK Bus Cycles

World Harmonised Light Duty Test Cycle. (option for LowCVP/TfL truck cycles)

PCO-CENEX London Taxi Cycle or (optional WTLC)

Vehicle Testing Method Chassis Dynamometer PEMS on Track or Chassis Dynamometer

Chassis Dynamometer or PEMS on Track

Chassis Dynamometer

Chassis Dynamometer

Final emission limits to be confirmed – CO2 eq likely to increase to 3%


In Use Verification & Enforcement It is important to ensure the durability of retrofit technology and effective

operation. Euro VI/6 has durability standards, notably OBD

Recommendations:

1. The technology supplier could be required to demonstrate methods of in use verification

- On board diagnostic to ensure correct injection of urea

- Warning light to driver to indicate poor performance of abatement system

- GPS and recording of vehicle operation in EV mode (PHEV)

- NOx sensors to demonstrate removal efficiency of after-treatment system

2. DfT/Defra could undertake spot vehicle emission testing to identify non-conformance with and financial penalty for operators who fails to maintain retrofit equipment to certified emission performance standards.

3. Option for new emission roadside sensors to “catch” gross polluters


CVRAS Summary• Retrofit technology has important role to play in reducing road transport NOx

emissions and helping to meet NO2 limit values. • It is essential that retrofit technologies cause no adverse impacts to air

pollution and GHG emissions. • LowCVP has proposed CAZ emission limits for various vehicle classes and

developed a robust methodology to accredit retrofit technology suppliers.• Collaborated with multiple stakeholder to develop our CVRAS proposals.• Mechanisms must be in place to ensure retrofit equipment durability

combined with enforcement.• Awaiting further notice of when and how the scheme could be adopted by

Defra/DfT.


Other LowCVP Work in Progress• EV Network Group.

• LowCVP and EA Technology.• Key stakeholders from the low carbon automotive and electricity

supply sectors.• Aim of ensuring that rapid electric vehicle uptake is not constrained

by its impacts on the UK’s power grid.• Focal point to address both technological and infrastructural

needs, sharing research and recommending the optimal measures to increase the number of UK electric miles by 2030.

• The Group will also introduce consumer voices, facilitating dialogue between key stakeholders and acting as a conduit for information to and from the UK Government.

• Joint communiqué with CAA.• 14 Signatory organisations, incl. EIC, EPUK, Green Alliance, IES,

King’s College London, SocEnv.• Common challenge, opportunities for UK, common assessment

methods, performance-based and appropriate policies, need for accelerated action.

• Defining ULEVs.• Building consensus around terminology and ensuring the benefits

are clearly communicated.• Developing test procedures and vehicle classes covered, e.g. RCVs.


Guidance and info… • Low Emission Bus Guide created to assist bus fleet operators and local authorities

procure clean and green buses. • The LEB Guide will:

• Set out the business, environmental and operational case for using low emission buses including OEM products and retrofit equipment.

• To provide greater depth of understanding about the availability of low emission bus technologies and associated infrastructure, and to identify the operational context to which they are best suited.

• To provide case studies of real world experience of operators of LEBs.• LEB Guide launch at European Bus Expo 1-3rd November at NEC, Birmingham.• Dissemination workshops and webinars in 2017 for local authorities and

operators.

• Good Practice Guide for Local Measures to Encourage the Uptake of Low Emission Vehicles.

• This Good Practice Guide aims to assist local and city authorities in understanding a broad range of policy measures and initiatives that can be utilised to encourage the uptake of LEVs.

• Covers 12 distinct areas including planning; procurement; taxis and private hire vehicles; parking and infrastructure provision.

• Examples of successful private public partnerships are explained in combination with case studies of good practice in the UK and internationally.

• The Guide outlines challenges local authorities face in adopting LEV policies, and provides recommendations for how these can be overcome.


Guidance and info… • For Vans, we have the Low Emission Van Guide , updated July

2016.• Also web-based Van Hub and the Van Cost & Carbon

Calculator (VC3)

• For HGVs, there is more info on the accreditation scheme, test procedures and previous research on the website, www.lowcvp.org.uk.

• There are other existing sources of HGV info, e.g. LoCITY, Centre for Sustainable Road Freight (SRF Optimiser tool).

• DfT will shortly be publishing various reports, including the results of LowCVP’s gas-vehicle testing programme, the Low Carbon Truck Trial report and their Freight Carbon Review.

• A Low Emission Taxi Guide is currently being planned, for publication in 2017.

http://www.lowcvp.org.uk/


Overall Summary• Technology has important role to play in

reducing road transport NOx and GHG emissions but it’s vital to join these agenda up to ensure optimal solutions.

• Retrofit technologies have important role, too, and can be incentivized through robust testing, accreditation and in-use verification schemes.

• Communicating the benefits of low emission vehicles, technologies and fuels is vital, so clear, consistent and coherent definitions are needed.

• Lots of guidance exists, and more is being developed.

• Engagement of stakeholders, sharing knowledge and collaborating for mutual advantage drives effective policy-making and support mechanisms.


Critical elements for successful policy

• Representative measurement, recognise applications (Dustcart solution different from Long Haul truck).

• Technology neutral – don’t pick winners or losers but focus on outcomes (clean air, low carbon).

• Progressive approach – rewards ambition but enable everyone to make progress and engage/support.

• Consistent long term agenda.• Minimise testing and administrative burden.• National common framework (same vehicles and

thresholds) with local implementation.


15/09/2016 Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership

Brian Robinson

Programme Manager (Commercial Vehicles)

[email protected] / 07863 783482

Szilvia Libor

Membership Coordinator

[email protected] / 020 7304 6880

…Interested in joining the Partnership?

Thank you. Any questions?

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mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]