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Step by Step Sanskrit Learning Programme – Month 17

Level 1 - Month 17 Lessons 62 - 64 www.chitrapurmath.net © Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2013

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Lesson 62. The Alphabet

v[R - ivcar>

A) Evolution of Sound.

As Sadhakas, let us introduce ourselves to the world of sounds.... zBdàpÂ , The cause of the

world of things.... AwRàpÂ .... is prmeZvr. In the context of sound, prmeZvr is zBdäûn! , The

entire world is said to be born of zBd ... zBdàa_av , Evolution is the result of the self

movement SpNdn of Shiva-Shakti. The line of evolution is from the subtle to the gross. There

are five stages to the emanation of sound.

1. The first is pra which is absolutely supreme and subtle. This can best be described as

the storehouse from which inspirations would first emerge.

2. The second is pZyNtI which is less subtle but is still undifferentiated. This would be the

inspiration that would eventually give rise to a thought or an idea.

3. The third is mXyma which is grosser and undifferentiated, though not articulate. This is

actual thought process which goes into concretizing the idea.... a plan of action.

4. Articulate sound is called vEorI which further takes two forms: subtle and gross. It is

from that that all the letters v[R, words pd and sentences vaKy are manifested. The

subtle forms of these letters are the mantras. The gross takes the form of the language we use.

v[R> is that form of sound which cannot be broken up further into smaller parts. It is

therefore also called A]rm! , n ]rit #it A]rm! , nad or Xvin ....sound .....can never be

destroyed. That A]rm!, when it is in a written form is called the v[R> , Over a period of time

both words have now become interchangeable.



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A]r s, when put together to intelligently express thoughts and feelings is called the pd , A

group of pd s form a vaKy ; and vaKy s put together so that another may understand what one

wishes to express, then becomes language _aa;a , The Sanskrit script, is called devnagrI ,

B) v[aR>

Let's go over the list of v[aR> again. The divisions that you see below have been made by Panini

and described in his 'Ashtadhyayi.' We need to study this so that we are better able to understand how Panini worked at his grammar.

Svra>

A , #, %, \, l& (ÿSvSvra>) are pronounced in one matra ( a measure of time almost equal to

one second )

Aa , $, ^, \&, ¥ ,@ , @e, Aae, AaE (dI"RSvra>) are pronounced in two matras

A3 , #3, %3, \3, l&3, ,@3 , @e3, Aae3, AaE3 (PlutSvra>).... used when calling out to someone and

take more than two matras to be pronounced.

Ayaegvaha> so named by Panini.

A< (AnuSvar)

A> (ivsgR>) (I've spent about a trillion hours trying to find a symbol that looks like two smilies put together, one on top of the other, the top looking like a smile and the one below looking like a frown in the place of the visargas for the four alphabets listed below. Sorry. Don't have the software to create an image even. But I'm sure you'll be able to figure out what I mean. If any of you has; and can create an image, please will you send it to me at 'Queries' so that I may replace these four visargas with those? )

: k : o (ijþamUlIy>)

: p : ) (%pXmanIy>)



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VyÃnain

vgIRyVyÃnain 1 2 3 4 5

ku #it pai[in> (kvgR) k! o! g! "! '!

cu #it pai[in> (cvgR) c! D! j! H! |!

qu #it pai[in> (qvgR) q! Q! f! F! [!

tu #it pai[in> (tvgR) t! w! d! x! n!

pu #it pai[in> (pvgR) p! )! b! _a! m!

(Secret revealed: It is good to remember the above 25 VyÃnain column-wise too. For example

k! c! q! t! p! etc. )

AvgIRyVyÃnain

y!, r!, l!, v! (ANt>Swa>)

z!, ;!, s!, h! (%:ma[>)

¦! ]!

¦! ]! and ¥ are not included in Panini's work, who dealt with only the language in use and not

what is originally in the Vedas. But we shall keep them in anyway.... just so that we do not forget them.

%Ccar[m!

Your teacher will help you pronounce the Svra>, Ayaegvaha>, and the VyÃnain , I'll just supply a table that you can refer to. The beauty here is that this classification works

in various ways. It helps making and breaking sandhis, writing out words with Anunaisk s and

understanding the relationships of each "family group" ... how one letter can be substituted for



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another and ideas like that…. For example, you would have often seen both tt! and td!. It also

helps us understand why Parama Poojya Swamiji pronounces ÈyMbk< yjamhe the way He does.

v[aR> %TpiTtSwanain SwanjNyv[Rnamain

A Aa A3

k o g " '

h ivsgR (>) ]

k{Q k{Q(>

# $ #3

c D j H |

y z

talu talVy>

\ \& \3

q Q f F [

r ; ¦

mUxaR mUxRNy>

l& ¥ l&3

t w d x n

l s

dNta> dNTy>

% ^ %3

p ) b _a m

%pXmanIy> (: p : ) ) ( actually the two smilies I've mentioned earlier)

AaE:QaE AaE:Q(

' | [ n m naiska kPQ(aid> Anunaisk>



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@ @e k{Qtalu k{QtalVy>

Aae AaE k{Qae:Qm! k{Qae:Q(

v dNtae:Qm! dNtae:Q(

ijþamUlIy> (: k : o) ( smilies again.)

ijþamUlIm! ijþamUlIy>

AnuSvar> naiska -

] is a v[R> that has been given a position of equal standing in the v[Rmala in the Vedas.

Sanskrit grammar, whether modern or classical, visualizes it as k! + ;! and you will therefore

find it in the dictionary in the k! section.

However, we have retained all the v[Ra> that are in the original v[Rmala , This has an important effect on pronunciations.

The ivsgR carries forward the sound of the letter just before it.

v[R> is pronounced v[Rh, v[Ra> is pronounced v[aRha, v[ER> is pronounced v[ERih

gué> is pronounced guéhu and so on and so forth.

When the ivsgR is followed by a k!, o!, p!, or a )!, the ivsgR is forcefully expressed. Going by

this, if the ivsgR were to be followed by ]!, which, according to grammar a k! + ;!, the ivsgR

should have been forcefully expressed. But it is not. In this case, the ivsgR does what it is

supposed to do....it carries forward the sound of the letter just before it.



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C) Maheshwar Sutras.

maheñr-sUÇai[

mhi;R> pai[in> s<Sk¯tVyakr[Sy àxanacayR> , pai[ne> pUvRmip Aneke vEyakr[a> Aasn! , ikNtu te;a< ¢Nwe

A*Tve A}ata> AlBxaí , l_ymane;u ¢Nwe;u mhamune> pai[ne> ¢Nw> àacIntm>,

pai[in> baLykale mhamNdbuiÏ> AasIt! #it mNyte, Baalk> s> iv*ajRnay kmip AacayRm! %pagCDt!,

ikNtu Aicr< s> AacayRg&hat! in:kaist> A_avt!, ten Apmanen AtIv du>iot> pai[in> Ar{y< gTva

kQaera< tpSyam! Akraet!, tÇ ANye kecn isÏpué;a> _agvt> z»rSy %pasna< kuvRiNt Sm, te;a< sveR;a<

tpSyya sNtu:q> mhadev> Aaiv_aRy sveR_y> vryacnay Akwyt!, àTyek< tpSvI SvkIy< mnaerw< Nyvedyt!,

sveR;a< mnaerw< @ksawR< pUriytu< mheñr> ctudRzvar< fmém! Avadyt!, pai[in> ctudRzvar< fménad< ïuTva

ctudRz sUÇai[ Arcyt!, àTyek< nad> A # % [! #Tyaid sUÇêpe[ tSy k[Rkuhr< àiv:q>, tain sUUÇai[

maheñr-sUÇai[ va kWyNte, @tain sUÇai[ Vyakr[Sy AaidsUÇai[ mNyNte,

1. A # % [!

2. \ l& k!

3. @ Aae '!

4. @e AaE c!

5. h y v r q!

6. l [!

7. | m ' [ n m!

8. H _a |!



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9. " F x ;!

10. j b g f d z!

11. o ) D Q w c q t v!

12. k p y!

13. z ; s r!

14. h l!, Panini has based his entire grammatical work on these sutras. To avoid a detailed recital of the

letters, he used what is called the àTyahar . It is very much what you would see advertised in a

shop window " A-Z available here." Rather than list what he has, the shopkeeper, in his A-Z, has conveyed the fact that he stores all that you need.

Similarly, when Panini wished to list only the Svra> , he just said Ac! and no more. Look at the

sutras again. Which sutra has the A ? The first. Which sutra ends in c! ? The fourth. Ignore

every v[R with the hlNt . They are called #t! v[aR> and are only indicatory letters which

disappear the minute the purpose of indication has been fulfilled.

List all the letters that are in the four sutras and hey presto, you have a list of all the Svra> !

Let's take another example. Hz! would be all the v[R s in the 3rd and 4th column. Gottitt??

The peculiarity of the àTyahar s is that they can start from any v[R, They may begin with a v[R

coming from the middle of the group, but they must end with an #t! v[R>,

Panini then worked on 41 such àTyahar s in his A:qaXyayI. [! comes twice as an #t! v[R>,

Whenever you have to choose the first, (1) will be written against the àTyahar . Whenever you

have to choose the second, (2) will be written against that àTyahar. Shall we try work with

àTyahar s as a home assignment? Please refer to Lesson 62 A.



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D) gu[ ,v&iÏ, dI"R, sMàsar[ changes.

You would have heard of suNdrm! and it's relative saEdyRm! . It is apparent that the % and AaE are

connected. What has happened here is a v&iÏ . It is often difficult to remember these terms….

gu[ ,v&iÏ, dI"R, sMàsar[, So here is a list you can refer to when foxed by sandhis. The idea is

to see the correlation amongst alphabets.

Svr A

Aa

#

$

%

^

\

\&

l& @ @e Aae AaE

dI"R Aa $ ^ \ - - - - -

gu[ A @ Aae Ar! Al! @ - Aae -

v&iÏ Aa @e AaE Aar! Aal! @e @e AaE AaE

y[! siNx> - y! v! r! l!

Ayaid siNx> - - - - - Ay! Aay! Av! Aav!

sMàsar[ y! # v! % r! \ l! l&



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Lesson 62 A B Exercises with the Maheshwara-Sutrani

Worksheets

List all the v[aR> in the àTyahar s below.

1. A[! (1)

2. Ak!

3. #k!

4. %k!

5. @'!

6. Ac!

7. #c!

8. @c!

9. @ec!

10. Aq!

11. A[! (2)

12. #[!

13. y[!

14. Am!

15. ym!

16. |m!

17. 'm!

18. y|!



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19. H;!

20. Az!

21. hz!

22. vz!

23. jz!

24. Hz!

25. bz!

26. Dv!

27. yy!

28. my!

29. oy!

30. cy!

31. yr!

32. Hr!

33. or!

34. cr!

35. zr!

36. Al!

37. hl!

38. vl!

39. rl!



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40. Hl!

41. zl!

You do not need answers for this worksheet, do you? That's why the lesson is named 62 A B.



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Lesson 63

VyÃn-siNx> Vyanjan Sandhi.

"Sandhi's not my cuppatea," was my refrain…. till I realized that a sandhi was exactly what I had done with both, 'Sandhi is' and a 'cup-pa-tea.' O.K…. so if it is such a common thing in speech, couldai find egzamples a plenty? Butsurely you betcha bottondollar I could! Not only in English but in every language as well. Just have a look at this…. Shuddup = Shut up. ( Vocabulary of the Younger Generation, not mine.)

An example of Hla< jzae=Nte, It's just that us Indians love to study and have therefore made a science of something as natural as sandhi. What happens is that a student who studies the science first becomes quite dizzy with all the information, so I have here tried to provide the smelling salts. It's not so bad….. I've survived and so will you. Let's tagjust one stepatatime. Is the combination of a consonant with another consonant, a vowel

To make VyÃn-siNx> easy to memorize and recall at a later date, let's go over how the

consonants are classified again.

ˆÃÅ ‰þÃ ŠþÃ ‹þÃ ŒÃ �þÃ ŽÃ �þÃ �þÃ ØþÃ ÙÃ ÚÃ ÛÃ �Ã µþÃ ·þÃ ˜þÃ ¸Ã šþÃ ›þÃ œþÃ ûÃÅ �þÃ žþÃ ŸþÃ

¡þÃ £Ã ¥þÃ ¨þÃ ªþÃ «þÃ ¬þÃ −Ã

The shaded consonants are the kQaer-VyÃnain , The hard consonants.

The rest are m&du-VyÃnain , The soft consonants.



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Please note that for our grammar study, we will work with the consonants specified by Panini. Make sure that you are familiar with lesson 62. It will help you tremendously. Sandhi is a vast topic of study. Rather than do the whole lot, it seems practical to just go over a few. (To give you an idea, we categorized sandhis into 40 sections of which we plan to do just 9). The table given below gives you examples of the ones you will see most often. Use it as a guide while you are studying specific details of the sandhis given after the table on page 8 of this lesson. There are plenty of examples, especially from the Bhagavad Gita, for you to work with.

VyÃn-siNx> kayRm! %dahr[m! Name of the

sandhi Effect Example

1. íuTv

a (Stae> íuna íu> ) s! / tu in close proximity

with z! / cu

z!

cu(ywasŒ(m! ..respectively)

Concrete examples…

s! c! í mns! + clit =

mnílit, s! z! Zz rams! + zete =

ramZzete t! c! Cc st! + cirÇm! =

sCcirÇm!, d! j! Jj st! + jn> =

sJjn>, n! j! Ã zaigRn! + jy> =

zaigRÃy>



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b zZDae=iq Hy!

first four of a vgR

followed by z! z! optionally

converts into

D! if it is a t!

/ d! converts

into c!

concrete examples…

t! z CD ïImt! + z»raïma>

= ïImCD»raïma>

2. :quTv

:quna:qu> s! / tu in close proximity

with ;! / qu

;!

qu ( ywasŒ(m! ..respectively

)


s! ; :; rams! + ;:Q> =

ram:;:Q> s! q! :q rams! + qIkte =

ram:qIkte, t! q! ” tt! + qIka =

t”Ika ;! t :q #;> + t> = #:q> ;! t :q k¯;! + t> = k¯:q> ;! n :[ k¯;! + n> = k¯:[>



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3. jzTv

a Hla< jzae=Nte, This generally

happens between two different

words.

Hl! ( all the

consonants minus the

AnunaiskVyÃnain y!

r! l! and v! )

any Svr or a

m&du VyÃn

corresponding

jz!


k!

$ gI vak! + $z> =

vagIz> c! A j Ac! + ANt> =

AjNt> q! Aa fa ;q! + Aann> =

;fann> t! Aa da @tt! + Aaday =

@tdaday t! $ dI jgt! + $z> =

jgdIz> t! x! Ï! }anat! + Xyan< =

}anaÏ(an< b Hla< jz! Hiz,

This generally happens in the middle of the word.

Hl! ( all the


AnunaiskVyÃnain

a m&du VyÃn corresponding

jz!



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y! r! l! and v! ) Concrete

examples… _a! x! Bx! l_a! + x> = lBx>

x! x! Ï! bux! + ix> =

buiÏ>,

4. cTvR

oir c,

Hl! ( all the


AnunaiskVyÃnain y!

r! l! and v! )

kQaer VyÃn corresponding

cr! ( first

five of each

vgR> + z! ;! s! )


d! s! Ts! Aapd! + su =

AapTsu d! t! Tt! Ded! + ta = DeTta d! t! Tt! _aed! + ta = _aeTta

5 taeilR tu l! tvgR is

replaced by l!

n! l! n! is replaced

by a nasal l!,


t! l! l! dENyat! + lae_a> =

dENyaLlae_a>



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n! l! nasal l! ïÏavan! + l_ate

=ïÏava~Ll_ate

6 AnunaisksiNx>

a yrae =nunaiske

=nunaiskae va,

yr! includes all the

consonants

excepting h!, yr! occurring at the end

of a pd

followed by a nasal

(|! , m!, '! , [! ,

n! )

Is replaced by its own corresponding nasal, optionally.


t! m! Nm! ³aexat! + maeh> =

³aexaNmaeh> /

³aexad! maeh> b àTyye _aa;aya<

inTym!

yr! àTyy ending in

m!

is replaced by its own

corresponding nasal,

compulsorily


d! àTyyanunaisk> Anunaisk> icd! + mym! =

icNmym!

7. AnuSvar No need for a

tabular note. All details at the end

of this Sandhi chapter.



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Reminders… m! v hirm! +vNde =

hir< vNde m! p paQm! +pQit =

paQ< pQit

8 nZDVyàzan! n! occurring at the

end of a pd

followed by a

Dv! (D! Q! w! q!

t! ) and then by

an Am! ( Svra> +

h! , y! v! r! l! ,

+ Anunaiska>,

is replaced by


n! c! / D! z!~~ / z<! tan! + c = ta~~í /

ta<í n! q! / Q! ;!~~ / ;<! tan! + Q»aran! =

ta~~:Q»aran! /

ta<:Q»aran! n! t! / w! s!~ / s<! ASman! + tary =

ASma~Stary /

ASma<Stary A;vad> àzan!

This rule does not

apply to àzan!

siNx> n _avit àzan! + tnaeit =

àzan! tnaeit,



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1) íuTv siNx>

a) (Stae> íuna í>)

s! and a v[R belonging to tu, in close proximity with z! and a v[R belonging to cu are replaced by

z! and a v[R belonging to cu,

Whenever there is a combination of s! or t! vgR (t!, w!, d!, x!, n!) WITH (either before or after)

z! or with the cvgR ( c!, D!, j!, H!, |! ) the s! changes into z! and the t vgR changes into its

corresponding c vgR (ywasŒ(m! ….that is respectively.) ,

¢amat! + cilt> = ¢amaCcilt>,

sd! + jn> = sJjn>,

tan! + jyit = taÃyit , Here are a few examples:

1. n ih àpZyaim mmapnu*aa-

*CDaekmuCDae;[imiNÔya[am! ,

AvaPy _aUmavspTnm&Ïm!

raJy< sura[amip caixpTym! . gI0 2-8.

mmapnu*a-*CDaekmuCDae;[imiNÔya[am!

mm Apnu*at! yt! zaekm! %t! - zae;[m! #iNÔya[am! ( To figure out why z! has become D! , look at

the next sandhi… zZDae=iq ,)

2. }an< te=h< siv}animd< vúyaMyze;t>,



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yJ}aTva neh _aUyae=NyJ}atVymviz:yte . gI0 7-2 .

yt! }aTva n #h _aUy> ANyt! }atVym! Aviz:yte

3. AaíyaRTpZyit kiíden-

maíyRvÖdit twEv caNy> ,

AaíyRvCcEnmNy> z&[aeit

ïuTvaPyen< ved n cEv kiít! . gI0 2-29 .

AaíyRvCc = AaíyRvt! c

4. ïeyae ih }anm_yasaJ}anaÏ!yan< iviz:yte ,

XyanaTkmR)lTyagSTyagaCDaiNtrnNtrm! . gI0 12-12 .

A_yasaJ}anaÏ!yan< = A_yasat! }anat!

b) zZDae=iq ,

Fully stated, Hy> z> D> Aiq , Here, in this sutra, the Hy> is drawn from a previous sutra. If

Hy! (first four of a vgR ) is followed by z! then that z! is optionally replaced by D! ,

If the z! is followed by Aq! , then if the Hy! v[R is a d! , it will be converted into a j! (Stae> íuna

íu> ) and then that j! is converted into a c! (oir c ....Refer to Sandhi No. 4 ). If it is a t! ,

then it is replaced by c! (Stae> íuna íu> ) ,

In tu + z! , the tu changes to cu and the z! changes to D! OR remains z! ,

ïImt! + z»raïm> = ïImCDraïm> ,

mht! + zkqm! = mhCDkqm! ,



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1. n ih àpZyaim mmapnu*a-



raJy< sura[amip caixpTym! . gI0 2-8 .

mmapnu*a-*CDaekmuCDae;[imiNÔya[am!

mm Apnu*at! yt! zaekm! %t! - zae;[m! #iNÔya[am! This could have been written as

mmapnu*a-*CzaekmuCzae;[imiNÔya[am! 2. ïeyae ih }anm_yasaJ}anaÏ!yan< iviz:yte ,


TyagaCDaiNt = Tyagat! zaiNt

2) :quTv siNx>

:quna:qu>

Fully stated, Stae> :quna:qu> , Here, in this sutra, the Stae> is drawn from a previous sutra.

s! and a v;R belonging to tu, in close proximity with ;! and a v[R belonging qu are replaced by ;!

and a v[R belonging to qu ,

Whenever there is a combination of s! or t vgR (t!, w!, d!, x!, n! ) WITH ;! or with the q vgR

(q!, Q!, f!, F!, [! ) the s! changes into ;! and the t vgR changes into its corresponding q vgR ,



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rams! + ;:Q> = ram:;:Q> ,

#;! + t> = #:q> ,

iv;! + nu> = iv:[u> ,

k¯;! + n> = k¯:[> ,

3) jzTv siNx>

a) Hla< jzae=Nte ,

Fully stated, pdSy ANte Hla< jz> ,

Whenever there is a combination of Hl! ( all the consonants {minus the AnunaiskVyÃnain }, y! r!

l! and v! ) WITH any Svr or a m&du VyÃn, it changes into its corresponding jz! ( the third v[R

of each vgR ) , This happens only if the sandhi taking place is between two different words. If

the sandhi is in the word itself then Hla< jz! Hiz is followed. (Basically it is the same sandhi

but given a different name.)

h! having the same place of utterance as k vgR (k{Q ) will be replaced with that corresponding

v[R ,

z! having the same place of utterance as c vgR ( talu ) will be replaced with that corresponding

v[R ,

;! having the same place of utterance as q vgR ( mUxaR ) will be replaced with that corresponding

v[R ,



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s! having the same place of utterance as t vgR ( dNta> ) will be replaced by that corresponding

v[R ,

idk! + AMbr> = idgMbr> ,

1. n ih ih àpZyaim mmapnu*a-



raJy< sura[amip caixpTym! . gI0 2-8 .

mmapnu*a*CDaekmuCDae;[imiNÔya[am! ,

mm Apnu*at! yt! zaekm! %t! -zae;[m! #iNÔya[am! ,

2. mnu:ya[a< shöe;u kií*tit isÏye ,

yttamip isÏana< kiíNma< veiTt tTTvt> . gI0 7-3 .

kií*tit = kiít! ytit


maíyRvÖdit twEv caNy> ,


ïuTvaPyen< ved n cEv kiít! . gI0 2-29.

kiídenm! = kiít! @nm!

AaíyRvÖdit = AaíyRvt! vdit



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4. yTkraei; ydZnais yJjuhaei; ddais yt! ,

yTtpSyis kaENtey tTkué:v mdpR[m! . gI0 9-27 .

ydZnais = yt! AZnais

yJjuhaei; = yt! juhaei;

mdpR[m! = mt! ApR[m!

5. ïeyae ih }anm_yasaJ}anaÏ(an< iviz:yte ,

XyanaTkmR)kTyagStyagaCDaiNtrnNtrm! . gI0 12-12 .

}anaÏ(an< = }anat! Xyan<

b) Hla< jz! Hiz ,

Whenever there is a combination of Hl! (VyÃnm!) WITH any Hz!

(m&duVyÃnm! ) it changes into its corresponding jz! ( third consonant) , This generally happens

in the middle of the word.

bux! + ix> = buiÏ> ,

l_a! + x> = lBx> ,

4) cTvR siNx>

oir c ,

Fully stated, oir pre Hla< cr! , Here, in this sutra, the cr! (first consonant of each vgR> + z!, ;!,

s!) is drawn from a previous sutra.



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Whenever there is a combination of Hl! WITH a kQaer VyÃn ,

it changes into its corresponding cr! ,

Aapd! + su = AapTsu ,



ïuTvaPyen< ved n cEv kiít! . gI0 2-29 .

AaíyaRt! + pZyit = AaíyaRTpZyit , ( t! does not get converted into d! because it is followed

by a kQaerVyÃnm! )

2. yTkraei; ydZnais yJjuhaei; ddais yt! ,

yTtpSyis kaENtey tTkué:v mdpR[m! . gI0 9-27 .

yTkraei; = yt! kraei;

yTtpSyis = yt! tpSyis

tTkué:v = tt! kué:v

3. ïeyae ih }anm_yasaJ}anaÏ!yan< iviz:yte ,


XyanaTkmR)l = Xyanat! kmR)l

5) taeilR

Fully stated, tae> ( ;q(Nt tu ) il ( lkare pre ) prsv[R> ,



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A consonant of tvgR followed by l! is replaced by one homogenous with the latter - prsv[R - in

this case, l! ,

dENyat! lae_a> - dENyaLlae_a> ,

Aaäü_auvnaLlaeka> - _auvnat! Llaeka>,

n! is replaced by a nasal l! ,

ïÏava~Ll_ate }anm! - ïÏavan! l_ate ,

1. mUF jhIih xnagmt&:[a< kué sÓuiÏ< mnis ivt&:[am! ,

yLl_ase injkmaeRpaTt< , ivTt< ten ivnaedy icTtm! , (_aj gaeivNdm! - 2)

yLl_ase = yt! l_ase

6) AnunaisksiNx>

a) yrae =nunaiske =nunaiskae va ,

Fully stated, pdaNtSy yr> Anunaiske pre Anunaisk> va ,

yr! includes all the consonants excepting h! ,

yr! occurring at the end of a pd followed by a nasal ( |! , m! , '! , [! , n! ) is replaced by its own

corresponding nasal, optionally.

³aexat! maeh> = ³aexaNmaeh> / ³aexad! maeh> ,

@tNme s<zy< k&:[ = @tt! me / @td! me ,

idk! + nag> = id'!nag> / idGnag> ,

r! remains as it is, it has no corresponding nasal.

punr! maeh> - punmaeRh> ,



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1. ySmaNnae iÖjte laekae laekaNnaeiÖjte c y> ,

h;aRm;R_ayaeÖegEmuRKtae y> s c me iày> . gI0 12-15 .

ySmaNnae = ySmat! nae

laekaNnae = laekat! nae

b) àTyye _aa;aya< inTym! . ( vaitRk )

The rule yrae =nunaiske =nunaiskae va is compulsory if the àTyy that is added ends in m! ,

ikyt! + maÇm! = ikyNmaÇm! - of little value.

7) AnuSvar siNx> ,

a) mae=nuSvar>,

Fully stated, m> AnuSvar> hil pre - ( hil is drawn from a previous sUÇ ) - m!, at the end of a pd is :

1 ) replaced by an AnuSvar if it is followed by a consonant.

2) when it appears at the end of a pd or at the end of a sentence, it remains as it is.

1. mUF jhIih xnagmt&:[a< kué sÓuiÏ< mnis ivt&:[am! ,

yLl_ase injkmaeRpaTt< , ivTt< ten ivnaedy icTtm! , (_aj gaeivNdm! - 2)

2. ik< td!äü ikmXyaTm< ik< kmR pué;aeTtm ,

Aix_aUt< c ik< àaeKtmixdEv< ikmuCyte . ( gI0 8-1 )

b) va pdaNtSy ,



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At the end of a pd, the AnuSvar can be replaced by an Anunaisk v[R which is homogenous to

the v[R which follows it.

ik< kraei; / ik»raei; , cNÔ< pZyit / cNÔMpZyit ,

c) níapdaNtSy Hil ,

n! and m! not at the end of a pd are replaced by an AnuSvar when followed by Hl! - yza<is ,

d) AnuSvarSy yiy prsv[R> ,

When AnuSvar is followed by a yy! v[R it is replaced by an Anunaisk which is homogenous to the

latter. p»j> , siÂt> , k{Q , kaNta ,

8) nZDVyàzan! , (Cracked it!!!! Here's why it is kiSm<iít! and not kiSmiÂt! !!!!)

n! occurring at the end of a pd is replaced by é if followed by a Dv! and then by an Am! ,

This rule does not apply to àzan! ( an avyaya meaning "tranquil") , ( Please have a look at the

table for clear examples.)

• AÇanunaisk> pUvRSy tu va ,

The v[R preceding é is optionally nasalised.

• AnunaiskaTprae= nuSvar> ,

When it is not nasalised an AnuSvar is added.

Thus

kiSmn! ict! = kiSmr! ict! , nZDVyàzan! ,

= kiSm~~r! ict! , AÇanunaisk> pUvRSy tu va ,

or = kiSm<r! ict! , AnunaiskaTprae= nuSvar> ,



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This r! is replaced by the ivsgR and later by s! , Then the siNx> rules are followed to give

either a kiSm~iít! ,

or a kiSm<iít! ,

Similarly, _avan! crit = _avar! crit

= _ava~r! crit / _ava<r! crit

= _ava~írit / _ava<írit ,

àa[a<STyKTva - àa[an! TyKTva . gI0 1-33 .

à}avada<í _aa;se - à}avadan! c . gI 2-11 .

But not in the case of àzan! it:Qit ,

1. AzaeCyanNvzaecSTv< à}avada<í _aa;se ,

gtasUngtasU<í nanuzaeciNt pi{fta> . gI0 2-11 .

à}avada<í = à}avadan! c

AgtasU<í = AgtasUn! c ***

You may not require to know any more sandhis than the ones listed in this lesson. If you do come across undecipherable ones, please write. We'll respond to individual requests.



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Lesson 64.

smas-ivcar> Samas Vichar.

A long long time ago, everything that needed to be passed from generation to generation was done in the form of verse. Verse was the only means of ensuring that knowledge was protected. It may have been years since we've left school, but who has forgotten 'Jack and Jill'? Prose, on the other hand, has been relegated to the back alleys of our mind. In the midst of all this poetic creativity, a natural problem reared its head. Sanskrit is the

only language in the classical world which makes use of àTyys. The use of àTyys helps every

single word to have an identity and a meaning of its very own. But fitting the word + àTyy into

a metre in verse form was a difficult task indeed. "What to do?" asked a poet. "No problem!

Let's create a shortcut," said another. And smas came into being. smas, s m s was the

original SMS… Short Message Service. Be proud guys, we created it!!!!!!

I kid you not. There does exist such a verb: Ah< smSyaim does indeed mean 'I am creating a

synopsis…. or in our layman terms… a shortcut.'

smas allows a person to string two words together to form one single word. And "ishortcut

ishtyle" the first word is written without an appropriate àTyy. For example instead of saying à

ra}> puÇ> I'd say rajpuÇ> and still make complete sense.

Why does Devdas have to romance his love with a long drawn out, "You have such a beautiful

face just like the moon!" All he'd do is say "Aiy cNÔmuio" Devdas too, by the way, is a smas

word. devSy das> , devdas> , The difference between a siNx> and a smas> would be that in the

former, two letters combine to form a single whole letter or a conjoined letter( either in the middle of a word or between two words to form a single word) and in the latter, two words are

placed side by side (without the need for a siNx> to take place) to form a single word.



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In a smas: , the smStpd is the compound word… devdas> , iv¢h is when you break it up into

its components….. devSy das> , Naturally, it is with time that you will figure out in which combinations these work out, for

example dasdev> would not be correct. And it is with time that you will figure out which words

can be made a smas of. For example, vnàaPt> is allowed and NOT vnàaPtvan! , Not to worry.

In this case at least …Time will wait for the Sanskrit enthusiast!

Note: This lesson is to help you figure out what smas words mean whenever you come across them in

your course of reading. You also now have the wherewithal to form your own combination words intelligently. Another thing to remember is that people are all made differently. Many a time you will find

that someone may have formed a smas in one way and you may prefer another. Both may be

correct. So just relax and enjoy learning something new.

smas can be divided into 6 classes according to the sense that they convey when dissolved.

ÖNÖae iÖgurip cah< md!gehe inTymVyyI_aav> ,

tTpué; kmRxary yenah< Sya< bhuìIih> . For our convenience, I have divided them into 9 groups. I have been better able to retain the information with a wider classification like that.

1. AVyyI_aav> A word which conveys a meaning, is a part of the smas which, after the

combination of the two words, becomes an AVyy , For example:

add su to indicate saE_aaGy 'lots of goodness.' sum¼lm! = m¼lana< sm&iÏ> lots of

auspiciousness.



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2. tTpué;> In this smas, the second word of the smas is given importance. For example:

devdas> = devSy das> , The first part of the word is simply an apt description of the

second. We are talking about the das> here and not the dev> ,

3. kmRxary> In this smas, one word is an adjective of the other. It is a part of the tTpué;>,

but we shall list it separately for convenience's sake. For example: nIlaeTplm! = nIlm!

%Tplm! ,

4. iÖgu> In this smas, which is a part of the kmRxary>, the first word is a number; how

many in a collection of things. For example : pÂvqI = pÂana< vqana< smahar> ,

5. ÖNÖ> Be sure to look out for the c between words in the iv¢h> of this smas> !!! For

example: hirhrgurv> / hirguéhra> = hirí hrí guéí ,

6. bhuìIih> When two words are put together to imply something totally different, bhuìIih>

is what you see. For example: cNÔmaEil> = cNÔ> maElaE ySy s>, Here, we are neither

giving importance to the moon or to the forehead but the Person who is adorned so: Shiva.

7. Aluk!smas> is not really a different smas> , Whenever, two words are put together

and the iv_aiKt of the first word remains intact, then smas> takes place. Depending

on the smas> itself, it can be any of the above smas> s. For example: yuixi:Qr> = yuix

iSwr> ,



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8. n|!smas> is not really a different smas> , Whenever you wish to convey 'the

absence' of something, this smas> is used. For example: Aiv¹> = n iv¹> ,

9. %ppdsmas> see how the noun is described here.. A_ay»r> = A_ay< kraeit #it ,

smas> is a vast topic. Sorry, I made a mistake, a VAST TOPIC. We need to be practical

about such things. We can't handle it all at this stage. Let's go over a few details to help us decode what we may most often come across. A tabular column will help.

1. AVyyI_aavsmas> ,

You will recognize the AVyyI_aavsmas> in words

1. Where the first part of the word is an AVyy or a inpat ( inpata> are particles which

possess no gender and number and the case termination after which is dropped or

elided. For example cady> (c and others) and àady> (à and others)

2. The second part of the word is a noun (sÁ}a ).

3. The combined word is an AVyy and is npu<. @kvcnm! ,

4. The combined word smStpdm! is different from the iv¢h> , because the conveys a AVyy special meaning to the noun.

Addition of AVyy to

mean

smStpdm! iv¢h>

Aix in, on Aixhir hraE #it

%p closeness %pk&:[m! k&:[Sy smIpm!

ins! or inr! absence injRnm! jnanam! A_aav>

Anu behind/ following Anurwm! rwSy píat!



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àit every àitidnm! idn< idnm!

ywa in that manner

ywaziKt no spelling error

here. There is no visarga. All

these words are AVyy s remember?

ziKtmnit³My

s with/ resembling sjnkm! jnken sh / jnkSy sad&Zym!

Aa beyond / upto Aaihmalym!

AamuiKt

Aabalv&Ïm!

Aa ihmalyat!

( cIndez> )

A muKte> ( muiKt tk, muiKt ke

pUvR ) a life span ( !! )

bih> outside bihm¢aRmm! ¢amt! bih>

Anu near/ towards AnukUlm! towards the bank

àit a) away from

(opposite of the meaning in the above row)

b) repetition

àitkUlm!

àitidnm!

against the bank

idne idne

su abundance, prosperity sumÔm! mÔa[a< sm&iÏ>

dur! adversity, poverty duyRvnm! yvnana< Vy&iÏ>

Ait destruction, end of Aitihmm! ihmSy ATyy>

Ait inappropriate AitinÔm! inÔa sMàit n yuJyte

#it utterance of sound #it hir hirzBdSy àkaz>



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Aa a) starting from

b) uptil

a) AajNm

b) Aamr[m!

a) jNmn> Aar_y

b) mr[pyRNtm!

2. tTpué;smas> ,

tTpué;smas> is that smas> wherein the first word-part's iv_aiKt-àTyy is dropped. Depending

on which iv_aiKt-àTyy that first part would have taken if broken into it's iv¢h> , the

tTpué;smas> is given that particular name. For example: iÖtIyatTpué;> ,

Go over the short explanation of tTpué;smas> at the very beginning of this lesson.

Note: The word tTpué;> itself will help you remember what smas> this involves. tSy pué;> =

tTpué;> !!

smStpdm! iv¢h>

iÖtIyatTpué;> zr[agt> zr[m! Aagt> du>oatIt> dU>om! AtIt> k&:[aiït> k&:[m! Aaiït> ¢amàaPt> ¢am< àaPt> zaekpitt> zaek< pitt> me"aTySt> me"m! ATySt> _aymapNn> _aym! AapNn> ¢amgmI ¢am< gmI



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ANnbu_au]u> ANn< bu_au]u>

t&tIyatTpué;> ba[aht> ba[en Aaht> of!ght> of!gen ht> izvaÇat> izvya Çat> izvÇat> izven Çat> iv*ahIn> iv*ya hIn> }anzUNy> }anen zUNy> mat&sd&z> maÇa sd&z> ipt&tuLy> ipÇa tuLy> hirÇat> hir[a Çat> tTk&tm! ten k&tm! kaildasrictm! kaildasen rictm! maspUvR> masen pUvR> æat&sm> æaÇa sm> xaNyaenm! xaNyen ^nm! xaNyeivklm! xaNyen ivklm! vaKklh> vaca klh> Aacarkuzl> Aacare[ kuzl> zkRraimïm! zkRrya imïm! gufyuKtm! gufen yuKtm!



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And that is the sole reason why you cannot have d{fetaiftvan! as a t&tIyatTpué;> , taiftvan! is a

Present active participle and doesn't fit with the rules stated above. Instead, you may have a

d{ftaift> , Gottit?

ku”nZl][m! ku”nen Zl][m

masavr> masen Avr>

smStpdm! iv¢h>

ctuwIRtTpué;> ku{flihr{ym! ku{flay ihr{ym! yUpdaé yUpay daé kuM_am&iTtka kuM_aay m&iTtka iÖjawR>

for eg: sUp>

iÖjay Aym!

DaÇawaR

for eg: yvagU>

DaÇay #ym!

izZvwRm!

for eg: duGxm!

izzve #dm!!

_aUtbil> _aUte_yae bil> gaeihtm! gve ihtm!



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Note:

The compound guédi][a cannot be separated into gurve di][a , The iv¢h> has to be gurae>

di][a ,

smStpdm! iv¢h>

pÂmItTpué;> caer_aym! caerat! _aym! v&k_aIit> v&kat! _aIit> Vyaº_aIt> Vyaºat! _aIt> Ayzae_aI> Ayzs> _aI> ¢amingRt> ¢amat! ingRt> AxmRjuguPsu> AxmaRd! juguPsu> SvgRpitt> SvgaRt! pitt> papmuKt> papat! muKt>

Exceptions AiNtkadagt> AiNtkat! Aagt> ( AiNtk) dUradagt> dUrat! Aagt> ( dUr) StaekaNmuKt> Staekat! muKt> ( Staek)

smStpdm! iv¢h>

;:QItTpué;> rajpué;> ra}> pué;> devpUjk> devSy pUjk> $ñr_aKt> $ñrSy _aKt> devaly> devSy Aaly> svRmhan! sveR;a< mhTtr>



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smStpdm! iv¢h>

àaid tTpué;> àacayR àgt> AacayR

svRñet> sveR;a< ñettr> Exceptions - ANnSy pack> ( Ak àTyy>)

- xnSy htaR ( t&c! àTyy> ) - jgt> ö:qa ( t&c! àTyy> ) - "qSy ktaR ( t&c! àTyy>) - äaü[Sy ktRVym! (tVy àTyy> ) - äaü[Sy k&Tva ( AVyy) - ra}a< pUijt> ( Kt àTyy> added

to pUj!)

sPtmItTpué;> vI[aàvI[> vI[aya< àvI[> vedpi{ft> vede pi{ft> kaVykuzl> kaVye kuzl> zaSÇinpu[> zaSÇe;u inpu[> kayRcpl> kayeR cpl> jllIn> jle lIn> jlmGn> jle mGn> kayRctur> kayeR ctur> SwalIpKv> SwaLya< pKv>



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àiptamh> àgt> iptamh>

AitmyaRd> Ait³aNt> myaRdm! àTy]> àitgt> A]m! %Öel> %Ìt> velam! ingR&h> ingRt> g&hat!

3. kmRxarysmas> ,

This one is really simple. Whenever two words, one which is an adjective of the other, are combined, you have a kmRxarysmas> , So you will have a combination of a ivze;[ and a ivze:y, an %pman and an %pmey , Since one is a ivze;[ of the other, naturally, when a iv¢h> is formed, both the words will be in the same iv_aiKt> ,

You may see the words c AsaE, #v, @v, in the iv¢h> to reinforce the relationship between the two words. su meaning "beautiful/ good" and ku (kuiTst) meaning "bad" are added to words to form a kmRxarysmas> ,

Note: Why has this particular smas> been called kmRxary ? Simple. Let's look at an example… nIlaeTplm! , %Tpl< nIlv[R< xaryit , nIl< becomes the object in the sentence. Similarly, guuédev> , guué> devSy pd< xaryit , Alternatively it could be: dev> gurae> ép< xaryit , If you look at the examples in the tabular column, you'll begin to see how one of the words "becomes" the object of the other. Even if that may not be an authentic explanation, why must we reject it if it helps us remember what the kmRxarysmas> is?!!

kmRxarysmas> smStpdm! iv¢h>



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mhadev> mhan! c AsaE dev> k&:[spR> k&:[> spR> nIlaeTplm! nIlm! %Tplm! dI"RrJju> dI"aR rJju> kusumkaemlm! kusumm! #v kaemlm! cNÔmuom! cNÔ #v muom! muopÒm! muo< pÒm! #v muokmlm! muo< kmlm! #v pué;is<h> pué;> is<h> #v k&:[ñet> k&:[í ñetí (both are

adjectives) SnatanuilPt> Snatí AnuilPtí (Kt àTyyaNt

ivze;[s) cracrm!

crÂ AcrÂ (opposites)

guédev> gué> @v dev> iv*axnm! iv*a @v xnm! tpaexnm! tp> @v xnm! vedsMpt! ved> @v sMpt! AyaeXyangrI

AyaeXya #it ngrI

Aaèv&]> Aaè #it v&]>

kupuÇ>

kuiTst> puÇ>



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4. iÖgusmas> ,

smas with numbers!! Just the examples themselves will help you figure out what is what!

kumata kuiTsta mata

supué;> zae_an> pué;>

sujn> zae_an> jn>

Svagtm! zae_anm! Aagtm!

iÖgusmas> smStpdm! iv¢h> pÂgvm! pÂana< gva< smahar> pÂpaÇm! pÂana< paÇa[a< smahar> iÇ_auvnm! Çya[a< _auvnana< smahar> ctuyuRgm! / ctuyuRgI ctu[aR< yugana< smahar> sPtah> sPtanam! Aûa< smahar> nvraÇm! / nvraÇI nvana< raÇI[a< smahar> iÇlaekI Çya[a< laekana< smahar>

(AkaraNt – laek – kevl<

SÇIil¼e) pÂmUlI pÂana< mUlana< smahar> (AkaraNt

– mUl – kevl< SÇIil¼e) pÂvqI pÂana< vqana< smahar> (AkaraNt



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5. ÖNÖsmas> ,

Just take a look at the examples. Easy.

Between every word, be sure to add the c . A compound of two words will be dual and a

compound of more than two will be in the plural. A point to be noted is that words beginning

with a vowel and words ending in AkaraNt should come first.

smStpdm! iv¢h>

hirhraE hirí hrí (#karaNt words before AkaraNt)

$zk&:[aE $zí k&:[í

AñrweNÔa> / #NÔañrwa> Añí rwí #NÔí

izvkezvaE izví kezví

¢I:mvsNtaE ¢I:mí vsNtí

hemNtizizrvsNta> hemNtí izizrí vsNtí

– vq – kevl< SÇIil¼e) ztaBdI ztanam! ABdana< smahar> ;{matur> ;{[a< mat¨[am! ApTym! ÖEmatur> Öyae> maÇae> ApTym! pÂgvxn> pÂ gav> xn< ySy s> pÂgoq!vI / pÂoq!vm! pÂana< oq!vana< smahar> (

AakaraNt – oq!va)



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mataiptraE mata c ipta c

pai[padm! pai[ c padaE c @te;a< smahar>

riwkañaraehm! riwkaí Añaraehaí @te;a< smahar>

kakaelUkm! kakí %lUkí Anyae> smahar>

puÇpaEÇm! puÇí paEÇí Anyae> smahar>

dasIdasm! dasI c dasí Anyae> smahar>

puÇpaEÇm! puÇí paEÇí Anyae> smahar>

@kaze;> a part of the ÖNÖsmas> , When similar things are put together and the entire compound is described by just one of the

words, either in the dual or plural, @kaze;> is seen.

smStpdm! iv¢h>

v&]aE v&]í v&]í

iptraE mata c ipta c

æatraE æata c Svsa c

puÇaE puÇí duihta c

h<saE h<sí h<sI c

taE s c ramí

yaE s c yí

_avNt> _avNtí _avTyí



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vym! yUy< c vy< c

ramaE ramí ramí

6. bhuìIih>

Read our simple explanation again of this particular smas> (given at the beginning of the

lesson) then let's move on. You'll find either both the words of the iv¢h> in the same iv_aiKt>

or they may be in different iv_aiKt>s. Since we are talking about someone else altogether, you need to describe the compound by

adding a y< s>, yen s>, ySya> sa and the like.

In other cases you'll see compounds formed by a combination of sh with the t&tIya iv_aiKt> , Note:

The word bhuìIih> itself means "a person who has plenty of rice". In other words, a wealthy

man. A long time ago, parents would give their daughter in marriage to Mr. bhuìIih>, who would

have the capacity to look after their child well. It won't be difficult now to connect this word

to what the smas> implies.

smStpdm! iv¢h>

same iv_aiKt>

àaPtaedk> àaPtm! %dk< y< s> htzÇu> (raja) hta zÇv> yen s> ,



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k&t_aaejn> k&t< _aaejn< yen s> , AxItkaVya AxIt< kaVy< yya sa , x&tpu:pa x&tain pu:pai[ yya sa , dTt_aaejnm!

(i_a]uk>)

dTt< _aaejn< ySmE s> ,

%ÏtaEdna (SwalI) %Ït> Aaedn> ySya> sa , pittp[R> (v&]>) pittain p[aRin ySmat! s> , giltpu:pa (lta) giltain pu:pai[ ySya> sa , êpvÑayR> êpvtI _aayaR ySy s> g¼a_aayR> g¼a _aayaR ySy s> , d¯Fa_aiKt> d¯Fa _aiKt> ySy s> , similarly : pItMbr>,

dzann> , cturann>,

ctumuRo>, pÒyaein>

vIrpué; (¢am>) vIra> pué;a> yiSmn! s> ,

Different iv_aiKt>s .

gdapai[> gda pa[aE ySy s> , gfuk{Q> gfu> k{Qe ySy s> , _aalcNÔ> _aale cNÔ> ySy s> , cNÔmaEil> cNÔ> maElaE ySy s> ,



436/442

iv;k{Q> iv;< k{Qe ySy s> , k{Qekal> k{Qe kal> ySy s> ,

with sh spuÇ> / shpuÇ> puÇe[ sh vtRte #it

(puÇe[ siht> ) skuquMb> / shkuquMb> kuquMben sh vtRte #it , skmRk> kmR[a sh vtRte #it , slaemk> laeMna sh vtRte #it , mhayzSk> / mhayza> mht! yz> ySy s> (kp! is added because no

other rule is applied to yz! when forming

the compound) %daTtmnSk> / %daTtmna> %daTt< mn> ySy s> (kp! is added because no

other rule is applied to mns! when forming

the compound)

kp! is also added

when the last word

is a \karaNt in any

gender, or is an

$karaNt or %karaNt

SÇIil¼ word

$ñrktuRk> $ñr> ktaR ySy s> (\karaNt pu.)

suzIlmat&k> suzIla mata ySy s> (\karaNt SÇI.) ANnxat&k> ANn< xat& ySy s> (\karaNt npu.) suNdrvxUk> suNdrI vxU> ySy s> (^karaNt SÇIil¼) êpvTSÇIk> êpvtI SÇI ySy s> ($karaNt SÇIil¼)



437/442

7. Aluk! smas> ,

In cases where the iv_aiKt remains in the smStpdm! , Aluk! smas> is seen. It can be any of the

ones that we have studied in detail.

smStpdm! iv¢h>

yuixi:Qr> yuix iSwr> sPtmItTpué;>

duradagt> durat! Aagt> pÂmItTpué;>

dasIpuÇ> daSya> puÇ> ;:QItTpué;>

gehezUr> gehezUr> sPtmItTpué;>

prSmEpdm! prSmE pdm! ctuwIRtTpué;>

AaTmnepdm! AaTmne pdm! ctuwIRtTpué;>

k{Qekal> k{Qe kal> Vyixkr[bhuìIih

vnecr> vne cr> %ppdsmas>

8. n|!smas> ,

Add an A if it is followed by a VyÃnm! and an An if followed by a Svr> ,

smStpdm! iv¢h> AwR

AsNdeh> n sNdeh>

Aiv¸n>

n iv¸n>



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Anñ> n Añ>

Anagmnm! n Aagmnm!

Aivvad> n ivvad>

Apqu> n pqu>

AnupliBx> n %pliBx>

ApNwa> / ApNwm! n pNwa>

ApuÇ> Aiv*man> puÇ> ySy s>

AnpTy> Aiv*manm! ApTy< ySy s>

ApuÇIk> Aiv*mana puÇI ySy s>

Aàja> Aiv*man> àja ySy s>

Amexa> Aiv*mana mexa ySy s>

Ashay> n iv*te shay> ySy s>

AnpTya n iv*te ApTy< ySya> sa

An&[> n AiSt \[< ySy s>

9. %ppdsmas>

This is a smas> with %ppds. Here the word %ppd stands for any noun.

smStpdm! iv¢h> AwR

kuM_akar> kuM_a< kraeit #it

inzakr> inza< kraeit #it



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tuNdpirm&j> tuNd< pirmai:Rq #it

%:[_aaejI %:[< _au'!Kte #it

saemyajI saemen #:qvan! #it

zaSÇk&t! / zaSÇkar> zaSÇ< kraeit #it

_aa:yk&t! / _aa:ykar> _aa:y< kraeit #it

iày<vd> iày< vdit #it

_ay»r> _ay< kraeit #it

v<zvd> v<z< vdit #it

A_ay»r> A_ay< kraeit #it

xnd> xn< ddait #it

samg> sam gayit #it

pi{ftmNy> / pi{ftmanI pi{ftm! (AaTman<) mNyte #it ,

Worksheets.

Just try and understand this:

smas _agvÌIta ÖadzaeXyaay>

@v< sttyuKta ye _aKtaSTva< pyuRpaste ,

ye caPy]rmVyKt< te;a< ke yaegivTtma> . 1 .

1 ) n ]rm! - A]rm! , (n|! tTpué; )

2 ) n VyKtm! - AVyKtm! , (n|! tTpué; )

3 ) yaege ivTtma> - yaegivTtma> , (sPtmI tTpué; )



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siNnyMyeiNÔy¢am< svRÇ smbud!xy> ,

te àaPnuviNt mamev svR_aUtihte rta> . 4 .

1 ) sma buiÏ> ye;a< te - smbud!xy> , ( bhuìIih )

2 ) sveR_y> ihtm! - svRihtm! , tiSmn! - svR_aUtihte , ( ctuwIR tTpué; )

AwEtdPyzKtae=is ktuR< m*aegmaiït> ,

svRkmR)lTyag< tt> kué ytaTmvan! . 11 .

1) mm yaegm! - m*aegm! , (;:QI tTpué;)

m*aegm! Aaiït> - m*aegmaiït> , (iÖtIya tTpué;)

2) svaRi[ kmaRi[ - svRkmaRi[ , (kmRxary)

svRkmaR[a< )lain - svRkmR)lain , (;:QI tTpué;)

svRkmR)lana< Tyag> - svRkmR)lTyag>, tm! - svRkmR)lTyagm! , (;:QI tTpué;)

AÖe:qa svR_aUtana< mEÇ> ké[ @v c ,

inmRmae inrh»ar> smdu>osuo> ]mI . 13 .

1) sveR _aUta> - svR_aUta> , te;a<m! - svR_aUtanam! , (kmRxary)

2) ingRt< mmTv< ySmat! s> - inmRm> , (àaid bhuìIih)

3) ingRt> Ah»ar> ySmat! s> - inrh»ar> , (àaid bhuìIih)

4) du>o< c suo< c - du>osuoe , (ÖNÖh)

sm> du>osuoyae> y> s> - smdu>osuo> , (bhuìIih)

sNtu:q> stt< yaegI ytaTma d¯Finíy> ,



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mYyipRtmnaebuiÏyaeR mÑKt> s me iày> . 14 .

1) d¯F> iníy>- d¯Finíy> , (kmRxary)

d¯Finíy> ySy s> - d¯Finíy> , (bhuìIih)

2) mn> c buiÏ> - mnaebuiÏ , (ÖNÖ)

AipRt< mnaebuiÏ yen s> - AipRtmnaebuiÏ> , (bhuìIih)

ySmaNnaeiÖjte laekae laekaNnaeiÖjte c y> ,

h;aRm;R_ayaeÖegEmuRKtae y> s c me iày> . 15 .

1) h;R> c Am;R> c _ay< c %Öeg> c - h;aRm;R_ayaeÖega> , (ÖNÖ)

h;aRm;R_ayaeÖegE> muKt> y> s> - h;aRm;R_ayaeÖegEmuRKta> , (bhuìIih)

Anpe]> zuicdR] %dasInae gtVyw> ,

svaRrM_apirTyagI yae mÑKt> s me iày> . 16 .

1) n iv*te Ape]a yiSmn! s> - Anpe]> , (bhuìIih)

2) gta Vywa ySmat! s> - gtVyw> , (bhuìIih)

yae n ù:yit n Öei:q n zaecit n ka'!]it ,

zu_aazu_apirTyagI _aiKtmaNy> s me iày> . 17 .

1) zu_a< c Azu_a< c - zu_aazu_ae , (ÖNÖ)

zu_aazu_ayae> pirTyagI y> s> - zu_aazu_apirTyagI , (bhuìIih)



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sm> zÇaE c imÇe c twa manapmanyae> ,

zItae:[suodu>oe;u sm> s¼ivvijRt> . 18 .

1) man> Apman> c - manapmanaE , tyae> - manapmanyae> , (ÖNÖ)

2) zIt< c %:[< c suo< c du>o< c - zItae:[suodu>oain , te;u - zItae:[suodu>oe;u , (ÖNÖ)

3) s¼< ivvijRt< yen s> - s¼ivvijRt> , (bhuìIih)

tuLyinNdaStuitmaERnI sNtu:qae yen kenict! ,

Ainket> iSwrmit_aRiKtmaNme iàyae nr> . 19 .

1 iSwra mit> ySy s> - iSwrmit> , (bhuìIih)

***

Please do write in case you have any questions regarding this lesson. Hesitate not and thy doubts shall be gone with the wind!

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