step 10 sample research paper p.135-150

8/8/2019 Step 10 Sample Research Paper P.135-150

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SAMPLE STUDENT RESEARCH PAPERS

The following papers use the MLA style of documentation. A Works Cited listappears at the end of each paper.

SAMPLE PAPER 1

Running head1/2 inch from topNardoia -- of paper-Gina Nardoia

Mr. Hugh B. C o r l e t t 4-line heading:1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + Name/Teacher/

Engl ish I , Per iod 2Class/Due date

December 9, 2004-

Th e His to ry an d Product ion o f Choco la t e - - - - - - -+ Title (centered)

Carolus Linnaeus , a Swedish b o t a n i s t , c l a s s i f i e d m o r e - - - - + l n t r o d u c t o r y

than 4,400 s p e c i e s o f animals an d 7,700 s p e c i e s o f p l a n t s paragraph beginswith attention

( "L innaeus" ) . I n 1753, he named t h e cacao t r e e Theobroma getting facts

cacao. Theobroma i n Greek means "food o f t h e gods" Citation of a(Bur le igh [15J) . From the pods o f t h i s r a i n f o r e s t t r e e source with no-

page numberscome cacao beans , t h e ra w m a t e r i a l o f c h o c o l a t e . Chocola te

has a long h i s t o r y as a h i g h l y p r i z e d food. r-----Thesis statement-

Th e H i s t o r y o f C h o c o l a t e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + Subhead

We owe choco la t e to the a n c i e n t c i v i l i z a t i o n s o f th e New - Topicsentence

World. More than t h r e e thousand yea r s ago, th e Olmec peop le _ History of chocolategrew cacao t r e e s i n the t r o p i c a l f o r e s t s o f th e Amazon told in chronological

orderRiver v a l l e y an d i n the f o o t h i l l s o f the Andes ( p r e s i l l a ______

Author's name10) . La te r, the Maya (who were a t t h e h e i g h t o f t h e i r powerand page number

from AD 300 to AD 900) cont inued making t c h o c o l a t l , a b i t t e r for book In WorksCited listd r i n k , from th e seeds o f th e cacao t r e e ("Maya").

Can yo u imagine a b i t t e r , g r i t t y c h o c o l a t e d r i n k - - - - - - - l . A t t e n t i o n - g e t t i n gf lavored with hot c h i l i peppe r s an d topped wi th foam? That Question as topic

sentencei s how th e Maya consumed c h o c o l a t e ( "Al l About Choco la t e" ) .

To t h e Maya an d t o the Aztecs a f t e r them, c h o c o l a t e was aprec ious d r i n k . I t was used in r e l i g i o u s ceremonies an d was

considered so impor t an t t h a t only k ings , nob les , p r i e s t s ,

an d w a r r i o r s were al lowed t o d r ink i t ( P r e s i l l a 1 4 - 1 5 ) - . - - - - + Citation of twopages in asource

(1141[1'135


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Nardoia 2

In 1502, Chris topher Columbus became the f i r s t European-

to sample chocolate . By tha t t ime, cacao seeds had become -so valuable to the Aztecs t ha t they were used as money.

"A turkey, fo r example, was worth a hundred seeds . A smal l _ _ _rabbi t was worth t h i r t y " (Burleigh [10] ) . Even taxes could

be paid with cacao seeds .

Topic sentence

Specific example

In 1519, Hernando Cortes , the Spani sh so ld i e r and - - - - - + _ Events told Inchronological

exp lo r e r, came to Mexico searching fo r gold. Montezuma I I , order, with manythe Aztec emperor, served Cortes and h is men choco l a t l "time words"

( " b i t t e r water") in spe c i a l gob l e t s , o r glasses , made o f to clarify

gold (Jones 6 ) . Cortes ca l led chocolate " the div ine dr ink - _ - + Historicalwhich bui lds up r e s i s t ance an d f i gh t s fa t igue" (Burleigh[12] ) . Recognizing i t s va lue , he shipped cacao seeds to

Spain.-

A breakthrough occurred when "a n inven t ive cook in the

k i tchen o f Spa in ' s Queen I sabe l l a I added sugar ins tead o f

hot peppers , c rea t i ng a de l i c i ou s brew made of roas ted ,

crushed cocoa beans whipped up with hot water o r milk,

sweetened with sugar o r honey, and f lavored with van i l l a ,-cinnamon, o r o th e r sp ices" (Beach 2 ) . Spain monopolized

th e chocolate t rade u n t i l about 1580. In t ha t year, a

chocola te -process ing p l an t opened in Spain. After t h a t , th e

sec re t o f chocolate gradua l ly spread across Europe; an d the

Dutch, French, B r i t i s h , Portuguese, an d Germans s t a r t e d

cacao planta t ions in t h e i r t r op i ca l co lon ies .

quote found In a

secondary source

Direct quotationfrom a book

Only weal th y Europeans could afford the hot , f r o t h y , - - - - + Topic sentence

sweetened dr ink ( P r e s i l l a 20) . I t was served in beau t i fu l ,

spec i a l l y made china cups (Beach 3). In England, there were

many chocolate houses , where wealthy men went to d r ink

cocoa, discuss i d ea s , an d gossip with t h e i r f r iends (Jones


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le

ny"

Nardoia 3

7) . Samuel Pepys, the English wr i t e r, noted in h is dia ry in

1664: "To a coffee house, to dr ink j o c o l a t t e , very g o o d , , - - - t - - Historicalquote found In(Burleigh [15] ) . secondary source

In 1765, cocoa beans were exported to the American

co lon ies . an d chocolate soon became a popular dr ink . - - - - - - + - - Topic sentence

Twenty-two-year-old Thomas Je ffe r son pra i sed chocolate as

" s u p e r i o r to coffee or tea fo r hea l th and nourishment"

(Beach 3) . In the United St a t e s , however. the re were no

chocolate houses . Wealthy Americans drank t h e i r chocolate a t

home. Also, "chocolate was genera l ly marketed to the masses

r a t he r than the e l i t e (as in Europe) , wi th th e emphasis on

__ - - - r l - - ~Source with twowholesomeness r a t he r than sophis t i ca t ion" (McFadden an d - authorsFrance 23). In th i s way, chocolate became popular witheveryone. ~ ~ Topic sentence

Throughout i t s h i s to ry, chocolate had been a dr ink . Bu t

in the nineteenth century, the re were new developments. In

1828. a Dutch chemist named Coenraad Van Houten invented a

press t h a t separated the cocoa bu t t e r ( the fa t ) from the

cacao beans . The hard, dry cakes of chocolate tha t were

l e f t could e a s i l y be crushed into cocoa powder (McFadden

and France 16) . Then in 1847. an important changeoccurred. An Engl ish chocolate maker, J . S. Fry, combined

cocoa powder. sugar, an d cocoa bu t t e r to make th e f i r s t

so l id chocolate . Chocolate could be ea ten , as well as

s ipped! In 1876, a Swiss chocolate maker named Daniel Pete r

discovered how to ad d milk to choco la te , an d the f i r s t milk

chocolate was manufactured (Jones 7 ) . _

How Chocola te I s Produced --------I SubheadV Topic sentenceChocola te may grow on t r e e s , but i t i s a long, l abor ious ~

process from the t r e e to a candy bar. Cacao t r e e s grow in


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N a r d o i a 4

t r o p i c a l f o r e s t s , shaded by t a l l e r t r e e s . They have s m a l l ,

f i v e - p e t a l l e d f l owe r s t h a t d e v e l o p i n t o l o n g pods on t h e / Personal interview- V with an expert;b ranches and t r u n k . David B a r - Z v i , a c u r a t o r o f t r o p i c a l appositive identifies

p l a n t s a t F a i r c h i l d T r o p i c a l Gardens i n Miami, s ays t h a t a expert-c a c a o t r e e b e g i n s p r o d u c i n g p o d s when it i s on ly 4 o r 5 _ _ Factual details

f e e t h i gh b u t grows t o 30 f e e t o r more. The pods va ry i n

s h a p e and c o l o r . Some look l i k e d e f l a t e d f o o t b a l l s w i t h

bumpy s k i n s . Ot h e r s a r e s m o o t h e r and more o v a l i n shape .

Unripe pods a r e g r e e n , bu t t h e y change t o y e l l o w o r p u r p l e

re d when t h e y r i p e n ( B u r l e i g h [5J) . -Workers c u t th e r i p e pods from t h e t a l l t r e e s - - n o ea sy

t a s k . Then t h e y s p l i t t h e pods open w i t h a m a c h e t e . I n s i d e

i s a gooey w h i t e p u lp c o v e r i n g rows o f a lmond- s i zed s e e d s -

some 20-40 s e e d s t o a po d ( P r e s i l l a 1 0 ) . Workers p i l e t h e

s eeds and p u l p i n t o h e a p s and c ove r them w i t h banana l e a v e s

to f e r m e n t . A f t e r a b o u t s i x d a y s , t h e s e e d s a r e s p r e a d o u t

t o d ry i n t h e s u n . Gradua l ly, t hey d a r k e n from t a n o r w h i t e

o r l i g h t p in k t o d a r k brown, an d t h en t hey a r e packed i n

bags and s o l d (McFadden and F r a n c e 32-33) . -Th e n ex t s t e p s i n t h e c ho c o l a t e -mak ing p r o c e s s a r e

r o a s t i n g t h e d r i e d s e e d s and removing t h e husks . Then t h ey

a r e c rushed t o a smooth p a s t e ( P r e s i l l a 1 8 ) . I n modern

c h o c o l a t e f a c t o r i e s , o t h e r s t e p s a r e added . The p a s t e i s -conched ( g e n t l y s t i r r e d i n b i g machines ) and t empered

( s l owly c o o l e d ) t o i n c r e a s e f l a v o r an d smoothness ( J o n e s

1 3 - 1 4 ) . -

Description of a- - process, told in

chronologicalorder

- - - Parentheticaldefinitions ofunfamiliar terms

The B e n e f i t s o f C h o c o l a t e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - Subhead

Many p eop l e who e a t o r d r i n k c h o c o l a t e s ay t h a t it makes Source of ideathem f e e l happy (Kuwana) . Co r t e s and J e f f e r s o n b e l i e v e d

t h a t c h o c o l a t e wa s n o t o n l y t a s t y b u t a l s o h e a l t h y . Over


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Nardoia 5

the cen tur ies , others have pra i sed chocolate as a cure fo r

a l l kinds o f a i lments . Now some s c i e n t i s t s th ink chocolatemay indeed be good fo r you. Cocoa con ta ins an t iox idan t

substances ca l led " f l avono ids . 8 Antioxidants "may helpdecrease blood pressure and improve c i r cu l a t i on" (Olson D5).

More s tud ies wi l l be necessary before we know whetherea t ing o r dr ink ing chocolate r e a l l y does cont r ibu te to good

hea l th .

Chocolate may a l so have a ro le to play in saving some o fthe wor ld ' s endangered ra in f o r e s t s . Cacao t r e e s th r ive

only in the moist an d shady t rop ica l fo res t s t h a t are

threatened by logging an d farming. I f t h i s valuable crop

ca n be grown in shady, regenerat ing fo res t s without th e use

o f p e s t i c i d e s an d f e r t i l i z e r s , an d i f i t ca n yie ld goodp r o f i t s and wages to growers and workers, i t may be poss ib leto make saving fo res t s economical ly a t t r a c t i v e (Br igh t ) .

So th e next t ime you b i t e in to a chocolate bar o r dr ink

a s teaming mug o f cocoa, s top to th ink about the longhis to ry o f chocolate , the people who work to grow and

process cacao beans, an d the th ings we s t i l l have to l ea rn

about t h i s de l ic ious food.

Topic sentencein the middle of

the paragraph

Direct quotationfrom a newspaperarticle

Topic sentence

Concludingparagraph


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Nardoia 6 Start new page;-

Chocolate: The -

center title 1 nchWorks Cited

from top of paper"All About Chocolate: History o f Chocolate ." Indent turnovers

Exhibi t ion. 2002. The Fie ld Museum. 3 Nov. 2004 . 112 inch< http: / /www.fmnh.org/chocolate /his tory_intro .html > .

Personal interviewBar-Zvi, David. Personal in terview. 8 Nov. 2004.

with local expert

Beach, Neva. The Ghira rde l l i Chocola te Cookbook. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press , 1995.

Brigh t , Chris . "Chocola te Could Bring the Forest Back." World Watch Nov./Dec. 2001:17-28. Worldwatch I n s t i t u t e .

Date of access and3 Nov. 2004. < http://www.worldwatch.org /> . Web site URL

Burleigh, Rober t . Chocolate: Riches from the Rainfores t . New York: Abrams, 2002. N. pag. "N. pag." means

"no pagination"Jones . Carol. From Farm to You: Chocolate. Philadelphia:

Chelsea House, 2003. Colon separatestitle and subtitle

Kuwana, Ellen. "The Complexities o f Chocolate ." N e u r o s c i e n c e \ fo r Kids 20 Dec. 2000. Eric H. Chudler. 3 Nov. 2004.

Article from online< http: / / facul ty.washington.edu/chudler /nchoc.html > .newsletter

"Linnaeus, Carolus ." The Columbia Encyclopedia. 6th ed. 2001.Unsigned

"Maya." The Columbia E n c ~ c l o E e d i a .6th ed. 2001. encyclopedia articleI:

McFadden. Chr is t ine , and Chr i s t ine France. Chocolate: Book with twoCookins; with the World's Best Ins; redient . London: authors; second

author listedwith first namefollowed by

Hermes House, 2003.

Olson, El izabe th . "Beyond Delicious, Chocolate May Help ppum \ last nameUp Your Heart . " New York Times 17 Feb. 2004: D5+.

'\ Newspaper articler e s i l l a . Maricel E. The New Taste o f Chocolate: A Cul tu ra l, and Natural History o f Cacao with Recipes. Berkeley:k Ten Speed Press , 2001.l\~

" ~ - , ,-
http://www.fmnh.org/chocolate/history_intro.htmlhttp:///reader/full/http://www.worldwatch.orghttp://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/nchoc.htmlhttp://www.fmnh.org/chocolate/history_intro.htmlhttp:///reader/full/http://www.worldwatch.orghttp://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/nchoc.html


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SAMPLE PAPER 2

Running head112 Inch from topWashington -- of paper-

Benjamin Washington

Ms. Applegate 4-lIne heading:Engl ish I I I , Per iod 4 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + Name/Teacher/December 6, 2004 Class/Due date

-

Lacrosse: Yesterday an d Today - - - - - - - - - - \ - Title (centered);colon separates

I f you go to a l ac rosse game today, yo u w i l l see a f a s t - broad subject andlimited focusmoving, rough s p o r t t h a t resembles soccer, ic e hockey, a n d "

foo tba l l . Like hockey, l ac rosse i s a s t i c k - a n d - b a l l game in " Introductorywhich players manipula te the ba l l /puck without touching i t paragraphwith t h e i r hands. As in hockey and soccer, players t r y to compares lacrosse

with threescore poin t s by advancing the ba l l /puck p a s t a defendingfamiliar sports

goa l ie an d in to th e opposing team's net -shaped goa l . As in

a l l th ree s p o r t s , they s t rugg le f i e r c e l y to prevent t h e i r

opponents from scor ing . Like a l l th ree s p o r t s , l a c r o s s e i s

an aggress ive game with teams charging up an d down a f i e l d . Transitional wordHowever, as exc i t ing as i t i s to watch o r play l ac rosse -

today, i t cannot compare with the e a r l i e s t games o f t - - - t - Thesis statement

l ac rosse played by Native Americans. -

A Native American Game - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + Subhead

-Imagine a game t h a t l a s t s th ree days with hundreds ,sometimes thousands , o f players r ac ing up an d down a

play ing f i e l d t ha t has no s e t boundar ies . The f i e l d might ' - Attention-gettingIntroduction tobe as long as th ree miles an d as wide as a mile . Play s topshistory of lacrosse

a t sunse t bu t i s resumed a t s u n r i s e . I t i s said t h a t some

players die of exhaust ion (Taylor) .-

We have a good idea o f what American Indian l ac rosse - - - - i - Topic sentencelooked l i k e from the pa in t ings an d drawings o f George

Cat l in (1796-1872). Cat l in documented Native American l i f e

during h is t r ave l s in th e West from the 1830s to 1850s. In


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___

Washington 2

Cat l i n ' s Ball Play o f the Choctaw-Bal l Up, 1834-1835, wesee a melee on the f ie ld with more than a hundred P l a y e r S , ~

some wrest l ing each other to the ground (Hoyt-Goldsmith12-13) . One team ha s used white body pa in t to d i s t i ngu i shi t s e l f from the other team, and each player car r ies twol ac rosse s t i cks . (In Lacrosse: A History o f the G a m e , ~

Donald Fisher notes t h a t in the Northeast and around th e

Great Lakes, players used a s ing le long s t i ck but tha t in

Many visual details

Parentheticalc o m m e ~ a b o ~

previous statement

the Southeast players used a pa i r of shor te r s t icks [13]) . - - - + Page reference only;title and author

In Cat l i n ' s pa in t ing , the players wear only lo inc lo ths mentioned in textwith decorat ive t a i l s made o f horsehair at tached to t h e i r

backs. They wearbare . According

charms, such as

animal 's s p i r i t

Catl in shows

feathers in t he i r hai r, and t h e i r feet areto Hoyt-Goldsmith, players wore animala hawk fea ther or bear claw, so t h a t the ______

would help them during a game ( 1 3 ) , - - - -the game being played in a beau t i f u l green,

Page referenceauthor mentionedIn text

f l a t f ie ld with h i l l s in the background and spec ta tors on

th e s ide l ines . The goalpost--a horizontal sapl ing t i edacross the tops o f two t a l l s ap l i ngs - l ooks l ike today ' sfootbal l goa lpos t s . _ _ Topic sentence

Lacrosse i s a t r ad i t i ona l game t h a t has been played in

th e Americas fo r cen tur ies . Perhaps i t i s a descendant o fthe s t i ck - and -ba l l games played in ancient Mayan and Aztec

cul tures (Nicholson 11) . The game, which th e Iroquois -ca l led guh-chee-gwuh-ai. "was p a r t o f the Ind ians ' r e l i g ious

be l i e f s . Whether Algonquin or Iroquois , Cherokee o r Creek,Sioux or Santee, a l l bel ieved tha t the Creator gave themthe game fo r a spec ia l p u r p o s e ~(Hoyt-Goldsmith 11) . -

The e a r l i e s t wri t ten descr ip t ions o f lacrosse come fromthe d ia r i e s of French J e su i t missionaries , who came to the

New World in th e 1600s to t ry to convert the Native

.'iBi'"

Idea credited tosource

Direct quote from- abook


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Washington 3

Americans t o C h r i s t i a n i t y . While l i v i n g among th e HuronsA reason whyn e a r Thunder Bay, O n t a r i o , F a t h e r Frango is Joseph Le American Indians

M e r c i e r r e p o r t e d t h a t c l a n s played a s e r i e s o f l a c r o s s e

games to b r i n g good w e a t h e r f o r th e newly p l a n t e d seed c o r n

(Vennum 1 2 ) .

Anothe r r e a s o n t o p l a y l a c r o s s e wa s to c u r e th e s i c k .

F a t h e r Jean de Brebeuf wro te i n 1 6 3 7 : - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +

There i s a poor s i c k man, fevered o f body and a l m o s t

d y i n g , and a m i s e r a b l e S o r c e r e r w i l l o r d e r f o r him,

as a c o o l i n g remedy, a game o f c r o s s e . Or th e s i c k

man h i m s e l f , somet imes , w i l l have dreamed t h a t he

must d i e u n l e s s th e whole c o u n t r y s h a l l p l a y c r o s s e

fo r h i s h e a l t h ; and , no m a t t e r how l i t t l e may be h i s

c r e d i t , yo u w i l l s e e t h e n i n a b e a u t i f u l f i e l d ,

Vi l l a g e c o n t e n d i n g a g a i n s t Vi l l a g e , a s t o who w i l l

p l a y c r o s s e th e b e t t e r , and b e t t i n g a g a i n s t one

a n o t h e r Beaver robes and P o r c e l a i n c o l l a r s , so a s to

e x c i t e g r e a t e r i n t e r e s t . ( F i s h e r 17)

played lacrosse

Second reason

Colon introduceslong quote

long historicalquote found insecondary source

Th e American I n d i a n s a l s o used l a c r o s s e t o s e t t l ed i s p u t e s between t r i b e s , choos ing a b r u t a l game i n s t e a d

o f war. F i s h e r n o t e s t h a t "a c o n t e s t p e r m i t t e d t r i b e s t o

r e i n f o r c e p o l i t i c a l f e l l o w s h i p whi le s o l v i n g t e r r i t o r i a l

d i s p u t e s w i t h i n th e c o n t e x t o f an a l l i a n c e " ( 1 4 ) . Th e

1----_-+ Topic sentence; thirdreason

1--_-+ Direct quote frombook

winner o f th e game won th e d i s p u t e .

Because l a c r o s s e r e q u i r e s g r e a t s t r e n g t h , s k i l l , and

endurance , i t s most i m p o r t a n t u s e wa s t o t r a i n young men a s

w a r r i o r s an d h u n t e r s ( F i s h e r 13). S o u t h e a s t e r n t r i b e s c a l l e d

th e game " l i t t l e b r o t h e r o f war" (Vennum x i i ) .Accord ing t o Oren Lyons , a member o f th e T u r t l e Clan o f

th e Onondaga Nat ion an d a l l - A m e r i c a n l a c r o s s e p l a y e r a t

S y r a c u s e U n i v e r s i t y :

Fourth, mostimportant reason

Contemporaryplayer talksabout whyAmerican Indiansplay lacrosse

(1&$[,'143


10/16

Washington 4-

Lacrosse has been in our l i f e forever. The f i r s t

mention o f i t i s in 1600 by on e o f the J e su i t

p r i e s t s , t a lk ing about the game, bu t we were playing

i t long before they were here . The f i r s t purpose o f

the game i s as a "medicine game played for theLong quote,

hea l th an d welfare o f the people . We s t i l l do t h a t . r - Indented andI t was played for the Creator, to en t e r t a i n the

Creator. Any person in the community ca n c a l l for a

set off; noquotation marks

game, an d then immediately the whole soc ie ty

c r e a t e s the game. There 's a whole process to i t . I t ' s

a ceremony t h a t requ i res the c o r r e c t procedures and

so fo r th . ( D e l l i n g e r ) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ : : : : ~ - ; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _Lacrosse has always had a s p i r i t u a l element for Native Source of direct

Americans. Players fas ted , prayed, and underwent a r i t u a l ~ quotepu r i f i c a t i on before a game. Afte r a game, both teams went t'-Toplcsentencedown to a body o f l i v ing water, dipped t h e i r l ac rosse

s t i ck s into the water, and sa id more anc ien t p rayers . In

American Indian Lacrosse: L i t t l e Brother o f War, Vennum----+-Tl t leandauthorwri t e s : mentioned In text

The J e s u i t s appear to have been aware t h a t a

l ac rosse match was a highly ceremonialized re l ig ious

express ion- - tha t the players were requ i red to undergo

r i t u a l cleansing before and a f t e r the s p o r t , t h a t the

game's outcome was bel ieved to be predetermined by

s p i r i t s , and t h a t success o r f a i l u r e was a t t r i b u t a b l e

l e ss to a t h l e t i c prowess than to the r e l a t i v e power

o f the r e l i g i o u s l eaders who cont ro l l ed p layers and Page referencegames a t every tu rn . (28) only

The medicine men, or shamans, determined when games - - - - + Topic sentence

would be played and di rec ted the s t r a t e g i e s . They were Source of ideasomething l i k e today ' s coaches (Vennum 28) except tha t they


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Washington 5

had--or claimed to have--magical powers. In f a c t , a l ac rosse

match among the Eastern Cherokee was seen as a match

between each team's medicine man: "And the v i c t o r y o r

defea t i s l a i d a t the door o f the medicine man r a t h e r than

t h a t the players themselves are congra tu la ted o r scorned

fo r i t " (Vennum 28) . _---------------1 Topic sentence_Only the men played l a c r o s s e . Women cheered t h e i r team

from the s i d e l i n e s an d were known to whip players i f they

weren ' t aggress ive enough. One Cat l in drawing shows a woman

with a smal l branch chasing a p l a y e r on the f i e l d . Cat l in

exp la ins t h a t sh e i s ' y e l l i n g an d screaming ' as sh e runs ,

t r y i n g to over take her husband to remind him o f a l l the

goods they have wagered on the game" (Vennum 156-15Much was a t s take in a game. l ayers and t r i b a l members

p laced b e t s (possess ions such as a t o o l o r weapon o r

a r t i c l e o f clothing) on t h e i r own team. The winning team

divided the spo i l s among the b e t t o r s . "Although a man might

lose possess ions a f t e r be t t ing on one con tes t , ... he s tooda good chance to recover his losses l a t e r " (Fisher 16) .

Topic sentence

Canada's Nat iona l Game - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 " Subhead

Canadians popular ized l ac rosse an d took i t over (Taylor) .

The French in Canada ha d named the spor t " lac rosse" because

the lacrosse s t i c k s , curved a t one end, resemble the c r o s i e r ,

or s t a f f , o f a bishop ("Lacrosse" Americana). The Montreal

Lacrosse Club, founded in 1856, made l ac rosse a game fo r

white gentlemen, who very occas iona l ly played a g a i n s t t h e i rMohawk neighbors (F i sher 25) .

William George Beers , a Canadian d e n t i s t , i s known as

th e " f a t h e r o f modern l a c r o s s e . " Beers played l ac rosse as a

teenager an d was a devoted fan an d promoter o f the game. In

History of modernlacrosse given Inchronological order,with many "timewords" to clarify

Topic sentence;details that followexplain why Beersis an Importantfigure In modernlacrosse

(1'" (.1145


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Washing ton 6

1869 , he p u b l i s h e d a book o f l a c r o s s e r u l e s i n an a t t e m p t

t o " s t a b i l i z e th e e r r a t i c n a t u r e [ o f th e game], ande l i m i n a t e th e p e t t y s q u a b b l e s o v e r t e c h n i c a l i t i e s t h a t

i n h i b i t e d the game n ( M i r r a ) . B e e r s l obb i ed t o make l a c r o s s e

Canada ' s n a t i o n a l s p o r t , and on th e same day t h a t Canada v Parenthetical~ reference withbecame a dominion , J u l y 1 , 1867 , l a c r o s s e wa s d e c l a r e d i t s two sources

o f f i c i a l s p o r t (Hoyt -Goldsmi th 15 ; " L a c r o s s e " Columbia) .

S lowly, th e p o p u l a r i t y o f l a c r o s s e i n Nor th America grew. - Topic sentence

Th e game r e a c h e d New York C i t y by 1868 , when a New York

Tr i b u n e r e p o r t e r wr o t e , "La c r o s s e may be c a l l e d a madman's

game, so w i l d i t i s " (Nicholson 33 ) . I n t e r c o l l e g i a t e l a c r o s s e

i n t h e Nor th ea s t began i n t he f a l l o f 1877. Canadians who

s e t t l e d i n th e n o r t h e a s t e r n s t a t e s founded l a c r o s s e c l u b s i n

Ba l t imore , Boston , an d P h i l a d e l p h i a ( F i s h e r 57) .

As l a c r o s s e became more p o p u l a r , Nat ive Amer icans were - - - + Topic sentence

preven ted from compet ing . Oren Lyons , hono ra ry cha i rman o f

th e I r o q u o i s N a t i o n a l s l a c r o s s e t eam, remembers :-

But I should ment ion t h a t i n 1890 th e I r o q u o i s were

sanc t ioned a g a i n s t p l a y i n g a t a l l . B e f o r e t h a t we were

a lways p a r t o f th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l games. We t a u g h t t h e

E n g l i s h how t o p l a y , we t augh t th e French how t o p l a y ,we taugh t t he Canadians an d th e Amer icans . We were r - long direct Quote

q u i t e a c t i v e i n th e l a t e 1800s . We had t h r e e t r i p s to

England , p l ay ed i n f r o n t o f Queen Vi c t o r i a , and t h ey

c o u l d n ' t b e a t us so t h e y c a l l e d u s p r o f e s s i o n a l s an d

wouldn ' t a l low us t o p lay anymore. ( D e l l i n g e r )-

Not u n t i l 1987 d id th e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Lac ros se F e d e r a t i o n

accep t t he I r o q u o i s a s a f u l l member n a t i o n . When t h ey

compete i n i n t e r n a t i o n a l t o u rn a me n t s , th e team t r a v e l s wi th

p a s s p o r t s o f th e Haudenosaunee N at ion ( t h e I r o q u o i s name - - - + - Parentheticalf o r t h e i r p e o p l e ) ( D e l l i n g e r ) . explanation

146 (1'" [.,


13/16

Washing ton7

~ - Topic sentenceAnd s lowly, ve ry s lowly, women took up th e game. Thef i r s t woman's l a c r o s s e a s s o c i a t i o n wa s e s t a b l i s h e d i n

England in 1912 (Nicholson 33) . B r i t i s h women t e a c h i n g i n

Bal t imore , P h i l a d e l p h i a , an d New York i n t roduced t h e game

and formed women's l a c r o s s e c l u b s . The Uni t ed S t a t e s

Women's Lac ros se A s s o c i a t i o n wa s formed in 1931 , wi th t he

f i r s t women's championship p l ay ed in 1933 (N icho l son 37) .

Th e Game Today - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - t Subhead

Youth l a c r o s s e i s growing , wi th most c u r r e n t l a c r o s s e Facts andstatIstics aboutp l a y e r s und e r th e age o f 15. There a r e boys ' teams andlacrosse today

g i r l s ' teams i n j u n i o r h ighs , h igh s c h o o l s , and c o l l e g e s

t h rough o u t th e U n i t e d S t a t e s , no t j u s t i n th e N o r t h e a s t ,

where l a c r o s s e f i r s t became p o p u l a r (Tan ton ) . Accord ing t o

th e US Lac ros se Web s i t e , more t han 1 ,600 h igh s choo l s have

a men 's l a c r o s s e program, w i th more t h an 72,000 p l a y e r s .

More t h an 15,000 h i g h s cho o l women p l a y l a c r o s s e i n p u b l i c ,

p r i v a t e , and p a r o c h i a l schoo l s . On th e c o l l e g e l e v e l ,

i n t e r c o l l e g i a t e l a c r o s s e i s growing fo r bo th men and women

("About L a c r o s s e " ) .

Lac ro s se i s p l ay ed i n t e r n a t i o n a l l y i n more than a dozen - Topic sentencemember n a t i o n s . There a re World Tournaments as wel l a s

Under-19 World Tournaments fo r p l a y e r s younger t han 19.

Accord ing to B i l l Tan ton , s e n i o r a s s o c i a t e e d i t o r o f

Lac ros se Magazine , "There a r e [two p r o f e s s i o n a l ] m e n ' s

l e a g u e s , one fo r i n d o o r l a c r o s s e ( a l s o known a s box

l a c r o s s e ) , one fo r o u t d o o r . " I ndoo r o r box l a c r o s s e i s

p l ayed i n i c e hockey a r e n a s , bu t on a r t i f i c i a l t u r f , no ti c e . Ten p r o f e s s i o n a l American and Canadian teams compete Names of-

professionalteams

i n e a s t e r n and w e s t e rn d i v i s i o n s : th e Anaheim Sto rm, -

A r i z o n a S t i n g . Buffa lo Band i t s . Ca lga ry Roughnecks, Colorado

11"[11147


14/16

Washington 8

Mammoth, Phi lade lph ia Wings, Rochester Knighthawks, Sa n Jose

S t e a l t h , Toronto Rock, and Vancouver Ravens (Na t iona lLacrosse League).

The men's profess iona l outdoor league, Major League

Lacrosse , i s made up o f s ix teams: Bal t imore Bayhawks,

Boston Cannons, Long I s l and Liza rds , New Je r sey Pr ide ,

Ph i l ade lph ia Barrage, an d Rochester R a t t l e r s (Major League

Lacrosse ) . The In te rna t iona l Lacrosse Federa t ion i s made up

o f four teen f u l l member na t ions (Aus t ra l i a , Canada, Czech

Republ ic , England, Germany, I r e l a n d , I roquois Nat iona l s ,

Japan, Korea, New Zealand, Scot land, Sweden, United S t a t e s ,

and Wales) and s ix a f f i l i a t e s (Argent ina , Denmark, Hong

Kong, Finland, I t a l y, an d Tonga) ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l Lacrosse

Federat ion) .Facts about

The s ize o f a l ac rosse f i e ld an d the r u l e s an d equipment - women's rulesare d i f f e r e n t fo r women's l a c r o s s e , but the game i s j u s t as and equipment

f r e n e t i c . Women do not use body checks , as men do, so the re

i s l e s s v io lence and no need fo r padded equipment ("Women's Transitional word

Lacrosse" 8 2 : : 8 ~ 3 ~ ) ~ .____ - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - ~ ~ ~ - - - - ~ - - - - ~ ~ Although the I roquois team s t i l l p l ays with t r a d i t i o n a l

wooden s t i c k s handmade from hickory wood an d care fu l ly Source citednear informationrather than at end

shaped (Hoyt-Goldsmith 22-25), most players today use

t i tanium l ac rosse s t i c k s (Taylor) . of sentenceFor spor t s en thus ias t s a l l o v e r the world, l ac rosse i s

an exc i t ing game to watch o r play. Al though i t ha s U n d e r g O ~ r - .Concludingparagraphmany changes in i t s long his to ry, i t i s s t i l l based on

-t r a d i t i o n a l values . I f you've never seen a l ac rosse game o r

- r- . Call to actionplayed one, search fo r l ac rosse on t e lev i s ion o r in your -community. You won't regre t i t , fo r lacrosse i s never bor ing.

148(1"'(')


15/16

_ _ -----W-a-Sh-in-g-t-o-n-9

_Works Cited

"About Lacrosse ." US Lacrosse . 4 Nov. 2004.< ht tp : / /www. lac rosse .o rg / the_spor t / index .ph tml > .

Del l inger, Laura M. "Asse r t ing Sovereignty Through Spor t s ;

I roquois Lacrosse Teams Compete I n t e r n a t i o n a l l y UsingTr iba l Passpor t s . " The N a t i v ~Voice 25 J u l . 200 . sec .D: 4. ProQuest . Miami-Dade Publ ic Lib. 4 Nov. 2004.< ht tp : / /mdpls .o rg /> .

F i sher, Donald M. Lacrosse: A History o f th e Game.Bal t imore: Johns Hopkins UP, 2002.

rtart new pagej

center title 1 nchfrom top of paper

Article on a Web site

Indent turnovers112 inch

Online subscription service

Library and dateof access

- ' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 "UP" meansHoyt-Goldsmith, Diane. Lacrosse: The National Game o f th e

I roquo i s . New York: Holiday House, 1998.

I n t e r n a t i o n a l Lacrosse Federa t ion . I n t e r n a t i o n a l LacrosseFedera t ion . 4 Nov. 2004. < ht tp : / /www. in t l ax fed .o rg > .

"University Press"

"Lacrosse . " The Columbia Encyclopedia . 6 th ed. 2 0 0 1 . - - - - - - 1 - Unsigned

"Lacrosse . " Encyclopedia Americana. 2001 ed. - - - - - 1Major League Lacrosse . 2001-2004. MLL Major League Lacrosse .

4 Nov. 2004. < http:/ /www.majorleaguelacrosse.com >.

Mirra , Gerald B. "American Indian Lacrosse . - Whispering Wind31 Oct. 1998: 20. ProQuest . Miami-Dade Publ ic Lib.4 Nov. 2004. < ht tp : / /mdpls .o rg /> .

National Lacrosse League. 2004. National Lacrosse League.

4 Nov. 2004. < http://www.NLL.com >.

Nicholson, Lois . The Composite Guide to Lacrosse .Phi lade lph ia : Chelsea House, 1999.

Tanton, B i l l . E-mail to th e au thor. 7 Nov. 2004. ---------------r

encyclopedia article

Full publicationInformationand page numbernot needed, onlyedition and date

E-mail

&1'41"1149
http://www.lacrosse.org/the_sport/index.phtmlhttp:///reader/full/http://mdpls.orghttp:///reader/full/http://www.intlaxfed.orghttp:///reader/full/http://www.majorleaguelacrosse.comhttp:///reader/full/http://mdpls.orghttp:///reader/full/http://www.NLL.comhttp://www.lacrosse.org/the_sport/index.phtmlhttp:///reader/full/http://mdpls.orghttp:///reader/full/http://www.intlaxfed.orghttp:///reader/full/http://www.majorleaguelacrosse.comhttp:///reader/full/http://mdpls.orghttp:///reader/full/http://www.NLL.com


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