Stella Mary’s College of Engineering Aruthenganvilai, Kallukatti Junction, Azhikal Post, Kanyakumari Dist-629202.

INNOVATIVE AND PRACTICAL SKILLS IN

SCIENCE

-A Reference Manual

INDEX PAGEPr.No List of Projects Page No.

Automatic Street Lights 1

Burglar Alarm 5

Rain Alarm 8

Making the Geodesic Dome 10

Preparing free light energy from salt water 15

Making Fiber Optics with LED (fancy light) 22

Match-Box Microphone 30

Soap Powered Model Boat 37

Bend Water with Static Electricity 39

Cartesian Diver 41

Eggshell Geode Crystals 43

Fizz Inflator 45

Make your own Rock Candy 47

HELI-Match Box Car 49

Blowing Balloon Using Vinegar And Baking Soda. 55

Colorful foam 57

Tomato: Source of Free Electricity 59

Home Made Night Lamp 61

Overflowing Water Tank Helper 64

Magic of Air Pressure 68

References - 71

AIM To build a automatic street light using IC555 timer

PRINCIPLE

• The principle states that when there is a need of light it automatically switches ON.

• When darkness rises to a certain level then sensor circuit gets activated and switches ON and when there is other source of light i.e. daytime, the street light gets OFF.

• The sensitiveness of the street light can also be adjusted.

• We have used four LED as a symbol of street lamp, but for high power switching one can connect Relay (electromagnetic switch) at the output of pin 3 of I.C 555 that will make easy to turn ON/OFF any electrical appliances that are connected through relay.

NOTE : The above list is only for reference . Implemenation of your own ideas is highly appriciated

Pr.No:1 Automatic Street Light

COMPONENT USED

o 9v Battery with strip Switch

o L.D.R (Light Depending Resistance)

o I.C NE555 with Base

o L.E.D (Light Emitting Diode) 5 pieces.

o Variable Resistance of 47 KΩ

o P.C.B (Printed Circuit Board of 555 or Vero board.

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

• This circuit uses a popular timer I.C 555. I.C 555 is connected as comparator with pin-6

connected with positive rail, the output goes high(1) when the trigger pin 2 is at lower

then 1/3rd level of the supply voltage.

• Conversely the output goes low (0) when it is above 1/3rd level. So small change in the

voltage of pin-2 is enough to change the level of output (pin-3) from 1 to 0 and 0 to 1.

• The output has only two states high and low and can not remain in any intermediate

stage. It is powered by a 6V battery for portable use. The circuit is economic in power

consumption. Pin 4, 6 and 8 is connected to the positive supply and pin 1 is grounded. To

detect the present of an object we have used LDR and a source of light.

LDR is a special type of resistance whose value depends on the brightness of the light

which is falling on it. It has resistance of about 1 mega ohm when in total darkness, but a

resistance of only about 5k ohms when brightness illuminated.

• It response HARD to a large part of light spectrum. We have made a potential divider

circuit with LDR and 100K variable resistance connected in series.

• We know that voltage is directly proportional to conductance so more voltage we will get

from this divider when LDR is getting light and low voltage in darkness.

• This divided voltage is given to pin 2 of IC 555. Variable resistance is so adjusted that it

crosses potential of 1/3rd in brightness and fall below 1/3rd in darkness.

• Sensitiveness can be adjusted by this variable resistance. As soon as LDR gets dark the

voltage of pin 2 drops 1/3rd of the supply voltage and pin 3 gets high and LED or buzzer

which is connected to the output gets activated.

• When light falls on the LDR then its resistance decreases which results in increase of the

voltage at pin 2 of the IC 555

• IC 555 has got comparator inbuilt, which compares between the input voltage from pin2

and 1/3rd of the power supply voltage.

• When input falls below 1/3rd then output is set high otherwise it is set low.

• Since in brightness, input voltage rises so we obtain no positive voltage at output of pin 3

to drive relay or LED, besides in poor light condition we get output to energize.

PRECAUTIONS

• Use a Sensitive LDR. You can test it using a multimeter.

• I.C should not be heated too much while soldering, excess heat can destroy it. For safety

and easy to replace, use of I.C base is suggested. While placing the I.C, pin number one

should be made sure at right hole.

• Opposite polarity of battery can destroy I.C so please check the polarity before switching

ON the circuit. One should use diode in series with switch for safety since diode allows

flowing current in one direction only.

• L.E.D glows in forward bias only so incorrect polarity of L.E.D will not glow. Out put

voltage of our project is 7.3 volt therefore 4 LED in series can be easily used without

resistance.

• If you are using four white color LED in series then power required will be 12V instead

of 9V supply or use 3 pcs white LED in series because bias voltage of whole.

• LED is greater than other colorLED. Each component should be soldered neat and clean.

We should check for any dry soldered.

• LDR should be so adjusted that it should not get light from streetlight itself.

AIM

To construct a burglar alarm using LDR and LED

PRINCLPLE

• LDR is kept at such a place that when thief enters our house then a shadow will fall on

the LDR. A small beam of light source is also needed to supply continuous signal to

LDR.

• For best Light source we can use Laser diode which will work for few km.

• For home use Infra Red LED's will be good and will be tricky to thief and works with

same efficiency at night.

Pr.No:2 Burglar Alarm

COMPONENTS USED

o 9V battery with snap

o LDR

o Variable resistance 100K

o Resistance 470 ohms, 2Pcs

o LED

o IC 555

o Switch

o Buzzer

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

• This circuit uses a popular timer I.C which is 555. I.C 555 is connected as comparator

with pin 6 connected with positive supply, the output goes high-1 when the trigger pin 2

is at lower than 1/3 level of the supply voltage, conversely the output goes low-0 when it

is above 1/3.

• So small change in voltage of pin 2 is enough to change the output state of pin 3 from 1

to 0 and 0 to 1. The output has only two states high and low and cannot remain in any

intermediate stage. It is power by 9V battery for portable use. The circuit is economical in

power consumption.

• Pin 4,6 & 8 is connected to the positive supply and pin 1 is grounded.

To detect the present robber we have used LDR and a source of light.

• LDR is a special type of resistance whose value depends on the brightness of the light,

which is falling on it. It has a resistance of about 1 megaohms when in total darkness, but

a resistance of only about 2-5k ohms when brightly illuminated. It responds to a large

part of the light spectrum.

• The source of light and LDR is so adjusted with a reflector that light will directly fall on

the LDR, but when robber enters inside then it will block the beam of light and LDR will

beunderdarkness.

• We have made a potential divider circuit with LDR and 100 K variable resistance

connected in series.

• Voltage is directly proportional to conductance so more voltage we will get by this

divider when LDR is getting light and low voltage in darkness.

• Sensitiveness can be adjusted by variable resistance. Divided voltage is given to pin 2nd

of 555. As soon as LDR gets dark the voltage of the pin 2 drops 1/3 of the supply voltage

and pin 3 gets high and Buzzer Beeps.

AIM

To build a rain alarm which gives beep when water is in contact with the wire

PRINCIPLE

• Water is a conductor of electricity. When water is in contact with the probe then there is a

flow of current toward the base of NPN transistor (BC548), which conducts

• Same circuit can also be used as water level indicator or as a tank overflow indicator.

COMPONENTS USED

• Speaker

• Transistor BC548, BC558

• Resistance 330K, 10K

• Capacitor 0.01 mfd

• Battery Container of 2 Cell

Pr.No:3 Rain Alarm

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

• With the conduction of NPN transistor, electron reaches to Q2, which is a PNP transistor

• PNP transistor (BC558) also conducts and current flows through the speaker.

• In a speaker there is inductive coil which causes motion in one direction and after that

produces induce current, which is in opposite direction to the flow of current this induced

current in the form of pulse, flows through a capacitor, resistance and makes 1st transistor

BC548 off for an inter-well and after-that it relaxes to previous state.

• This process repeats again and again till probe is in contact with water and an oscillation

is created in the circuit.

• Speaker diaphragm vibrates and gives a tone.

• Frequency of the circuit depends on the value of Coil impendence, Capacitor and

Resistance Value.

INTRODUCTION

A geodesic dome is a structure made of struts that are connected to each other to

approximate the shape of a sphere (or part of a sphere). Spaceship Earth at EPCOT in

Walt Disney World, Florida, shown in Figure, below, is a famous example of a geodesic

dome that is a complete sphere shape.

AIM

To build a geodesic dome by taping together tubes made from rolled-up newspaper and

then investigate your dome's strength-to-weight ratio.

MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

• Sheets of newspaper • Measuring tape, metric

Pr.No:4 Making the Geodesic Dome

• Masking tape or painter's tape (1 roll) • Scissors • Markers (2 different colors) • Optional: Glitter, beads, and glue for decorating. • Kitchen or bathroom scale. • A large tray that will fit the geodesic dome on it. This is for weighing the dome on the

scale. The dome will have a diameter of about 58 cm. Alternatively, you could use a small cardboard box and weigh the dome upside down with the top in the box, placed on the scale.

• Many magazines • Lab notebook

PROCEDURE

• Stack two flat sheets of newspaper together. Starting on the top (long) edge, roll the

sheets up together as tightly as you can to form a tube. When you reach the bottom edge,

tape the tube to keep it from unrolling. The tube should be about 58 centimeters (cm)

long, or the length of the newspaper sheets, and look similar to the one in Figure.

Note: Newspaper sheets can vary in size. Your tube does not need to be exactly 58 cm

long to work for this science project; as long as the tube is at least 54 cm long, you can

use the newspaper sheets in this science project.

• Now cut down the tubes to make 35 "longs" and 30 "shorts." You should end up with a

pile of newspaper tubes like the one shown in Figure 8, below. Be careful when using the

scissors to cut the tubes. Cut 12 tubes into three smaller tubes, where each smaller tube is

18 cm long, as shown in Figure 6, below. Add extra tape to the tubes if needed to keep

them rolled up tightly. You should end up with 36 long tubes that are each 18 cm.

• Tape 10 longs together to make the base of the dome.

• Tape a long and a short to each joint. Arrange them so that there are two longs next to

each other, followed by two shorts, and so on. On the base you just made, attach a long

(dark-colored here) and a short (light-colored here) to each joint, arranging it so that two

longs are next to each other, then two shorts, etc.

• Tape the tops of two adjacent shorts together to make a triangle. Tape the next two longs

together, and so on, all the way around.

• Connect the tops of these new triangles with a row of shorts, as shown in Figure 13,

below. The dome will start curving inward. As you continue to add to the dome, you may

want to add additional tape to reinforce the joints.

• At each joint where four shorts come together, tape another short sticking straight up.

Connect this short to the joints on either side with longs, forming new triangles

• Connect the tops of these new triangles with a row of longs

• Finally, add the last five shorts so that they meet at a single point in the center of the

dome, as shown in Figure 16, below. Your geodesic dome is now complete! Feel free to

add additional tape to joints where more support is needed.

• Weigh your geodesic dome on the scale. Record its mass (in grams [g]) in your lab

notebook.

o To weigh the dome, place a large tray on the scale, zero out the scale, and then

place the dome on the tray.

o Alternatively, you could place a small, open cardboard box on the scale, zero out

the scale, and then place the dome upside down with its top in the box.

• Test how strong your dome is by seeing how many magazines you can load on top. Add

magazines, one at a time, on the top of the dome, as shown in Figure 17, below. Observe

the dome carefully for signs of impending failure. In your lab notebook, record how

many magazines your dome could support before failing.

• Weigh the stack of magazines that your dome could support. Record the mass (in g) in

your lab notebook.

CONCLUSION

What part of the dome failed during strength testing?

How could you strengthen this part (or parts)?

Would different materials or a different method of fastening the parts together make the dome stronger?

INTRODUCTION

Free light energy can be prepared by different methods. Some examples of free light energy from salt water preparation is given.

AIM

To prepare free light energy from salt water with blades and magnet.

EXPERIMENT: 1

Materials and equipment

• LED bulbs • Blade-2 • Holder • Switch • Wire • Salt water • Plastic cup-2 • Scissor

Pr.No:5 Preparing free light energy from salt water

PROCEDURE

• Take two wire and fix it to two blades at one end connect other end of the wire to the

switch.

• Take a holder and connect the wires to the holder.

• Fix the LED bulb in the holder.

• Take two plastic cups and add salt water on both the cups.

• Dip the blades inside the salt water.

• Now switch on the plug,the LED bulb glows.

EXPERIMENT: 2

Materials and equipment

• LED bulb

• Round magnet

• Plastic glass-2

• Water

• Salt

• Scissor

PROCEDURE

• Take a plastic cup and cut the top and bottom with scissor. Consider this as cup 1.

• Take another cup and put 2 round shaped magnet into it .Then add salt and water and stir it

• On the top of second cup place the first cup,with its top part inside.

• Place the LED bulb above the cup.It should be noted that the bottom of the bulb should touch the salt water inside the second cup.

• Now the bulb glows.

CONCLUSION

What are the other sources in which free energy can be prepared?

How light energy is generated?

INTRODUCTION

A fiber-optic cable, also known as an optical-fiber cable, is an assembly similar to

an electrical cable, but containing one or more op-cal fibers that are used to carry light. The optical

fiber elements are typically individually coated with plastic layers and contained in a protective

tube suitable for the environment where the cable will be deployed. Different types of cable are

used for different applications, for example, long distance telecommunica-on, or providing a

high-speed data connection between different parts of a building.

AIM

To make fiber optic cable, by using straws and optical fiber with LED bulb.

MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

• Small plastic ball

• Straws

• Scissors

• Optical fiber

• Heating rose

• Wire plug

• Bulb holder

• LED bulb

• Cardboard tubes

• Gun glue

Pr.No:6 Making Fiber Optics with LED (fancy light)

Op$cal Fiber Lamp Op$cal Fiber Cable

PROCEDURE

• First take a plastic ball and cut it into two halves.

• Place one above the other.

• Pierce small holes on the ball with heating rod.

• Take juice straws with different or same colours

• Place three or four Optical fiber inside the straw and fix the Optical fiber with glue. At the bottom (1cm) small portion of the Optical fiber should be seen outside. At the top (2cm) on the Optical fiber should be seen outside.

• Now fix the bottom of the straws with fiber on the holes of the ball with gun glue.

• Likewise fix all the prepared straws with Optical fiber on the ball.

• Take a wire plug and cut at its bottom.

• Take a cardboard and roll it in the form of tube and fix LED bulb with gun glue.

• Take a LED bulb and fix it at the holder.

• Take the already prepared ball with straws and fix it above the bulb with glue.

• Fix another cardboard tube to cover the bulb.

• Switch on the plug. Now the Optical fiber light is ready.

CONCLUSION

What is the principle in Optical fibre?

How light is propagated in Fiber Optic Communication?

AIM

To make a microphone with match box

MATERIALS REQUIRED

• Empty Match Box

• Sharp and Long Pencils

• 9volt Battery

Pr.No:7 Match-Box Microphone

• Sharp Knife

• Scissor

• Wire 3 Pieces

• Crocodile Clip 6 Pieces

• Earphone Or Speaker

PROCEDURE:

1. Pick an empty match box and remove the draw.

2. Then pick a sharp pencil and make two holes on the side of the draw with some distance.

3. Do the same on the other side of the match box.

4. Then pick a long pencil and remove the eraser from it back.

1. Then pick a sharp knife and carefully split the pencil into two and pick out the lead (we can use the chopping board and safety gloves for the safety purpose).

2. Then pick a lead and scratch a long flat part with scissors.

3. Now insert the lead into the match box hole and make sure the flat part in upper side and cut the excess of lead.

4. Pick another pencil lead and do the same process and insert it to the match box

5. Pick another piece of pencil lead which also have the same flat side and cut with the length required to fix inside to the match box. Then place it in the match box

6. Now we finish our 50% of our microphone

7. Now pick a 9volt battery and connect the wire with the crocodile clip, other end of the wire with our microphone lead’s end.

8. Now take another wire and connect to the remaining battery terminal with crocodile clip, other end is connected with our earphone jack’s base.

9. And take another wire and connect our microphone lead and the earphone jack’s tip

10. Now we can check our microphone by tapping or speaking near the pencil lead in our match box and we can hear the sound through the earphone.

AND NOW OUR MICROPHONE IS READY...!

UPDATED IDEA:

We can also extend the cable with speaker wire so we can use this into various rooms.

AIM

To make soap powered model boat using cardboard.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

• A piece of cardboard

• A tray or bowl full of water

• Liquid dish soap or thick soap solution or shampoo

• A toothpick

PROCEDURE

1. Cut the foam tray or cardboard into a boat shape as shown below:

2. A good size seems to be about 2 inches long.

3. Dip the toothpick into the liquid soap and use the toothpick to put soap onto the sides of the notch at the back of the boat.

4. That’s it! Now carefully place the boat onto the surface of the water and watch it scoot across the water for several seconds – you’ve made a soap-powered boat! To demonstrate the boat again, you will need to rinse out the tray to remove any soap from the previous demonstration.

Pr.No:8 Soap Powered Model Boat

RESULT

The boat will move in the forward direction until it loses the soap solution.

How it works:

Soap is a surfactant – that means that it breaks down the surface tension of water. As the surface tension is broken up, it creates enough of a force to push the lightweight boat across the surface.

AIM

To bend water with static electricity creates by frictional force.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

• A dry plastic comb

• An indoor faucet

• A head full of clean dry hair

PROCEDURE

1. Turn on the faucet and slowly turn down the water until you have a VERY thin stream of water flowing.

2. Take the plastic comb and brush it through your hair ten times.

3. Now slowly bring the comb close the flowing water, (without actually touching the water) if all goes well, the stream of water should bend towards the comb! Magic you ask? Not really.

Pr.No:9 Bend Water with Static Electricity

RESULT

The flowing water bends in the direction respective to the charge of the comb.

How it works:

When you brushed that comb through your hair, tiny parts of the atoms in your hair, called ELECTRONS, collected on the comb. These electrons have a NEGATIVE charge. Remember that, it’s important. Now that the comb has a negative charge, it is attracted to things that have a POSITIVE charge. It is similar to the way some magnets are attracted to certain metals.

When you bring the negatively charged comb near the faucet it is attracted to the POSITIVE force of the water. The attraction is strong enough to actually pull the water towards the comb as it is flowing! If you want to try another experiment with your comb, tear up pieces of tissue until they are as a small as you can get them…I mean really small! Then charge your comb again by brushing it through your hair, and bring it close to the tiny pieces of tissue. If the pieces are small enough they will jump off the table to the comb the same way that the water was pulled to the comb. It is all thanks to the wonders of static electricity.

AIM

To do magic trick using bottle and pen cap

MATERIALS REQUIRED

• A clear ONE liter plastic soda bottle and cap (not the big 2 liter bottle)

• A ball point pen cap that does not have holes in it

• Some modeling clay (“wheat dough” works too)

PROCEDURE

1. Remove any labels from your bottle so that you can watch the action.

2. Fill the bottle to the very top with water.

3. Place a small pea-size piece of modeling clay at the end of the point on the pen cap. (see drawing)

4. Slowly place the pen cap into the bottle, modeling clay end first. (some water will spill out – that’s okay) It should just barely float. If it sinks take some clay away. If it floats too much add more clay.

5. Now screw on the bottle cap nice and tight.

6. Now for the fun part.

Pr.No:10 Cartesian Diver

RESULT

You can make the pen cap rise and fall at your command. Squeeze the bottle hard – the pen cap sinks…stop squeezing and the pen cap rises. With a little practice, you can even get it to stop right in the middle.

How it works:

Impressive, but how does it work? This experiment is all about DENSITY. When you squeeze the bottle, the air bubble in the pen cap compresses (gets smaller) and that makes it denser than the water around it. When this happens, the pen sinks. When you stop squeezing, the bubble gets bigger again, the water is forced out of the cap, and the pen cap rises.

AIM

To grow crystal in an eggshell using salt solution.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

• Clean eggshells

• Water

• A variety of soluble solids: table salt, rock salt, sugar, baking soda.

• Small heat proof containers (coffee cups work well)

PROCEDURE

1. Crack the eggs for this project as close to the narrow end as possible. This preserves more egg to use as a container for the solution.

2. Clean the eggshells using hot water. The hot water cooks the lining and allows you to pull the skin (egg membrane) out of the inside of the egg using your fingers. Make sure to remove all the egg membrane, if any membrane stays inside the shell it is possible that your eggshell will grow mold and your crystals will turn black.

3. Use an egg carton lined with waxed paper or mini-muffin tins to hold the eggs upright.

4. Use a saucepan to heat the water to boiling. .

5. Pour half a cup to a cup of water into your heatproof container. If you poured half a cup of water into the container, add about a ¼ cup of solid to the water. Stir it until it dissolves. Likewise if you used a cup of water, add about ½ a cup of solid to the water. You wanted to add about half again the volume of the water as a solid to the mixture. When the initial amount of solid is dissolved continue adding small amounts of the solid until the water is super-saturated. Super-saturated simply means the water has absorbed all it is able to absorb and any solid you add will not dissolve.

Pr.No:11 Eggshell Geode Crystals

6. Add food coloring or ink.

7. Carefully pour your solution into the eggshell, filling it as full as possible without over-flowing it or causing it to tip.

8. Find a safe place to put your shells while the water evaporates.

RESULT

Crystals will form inside the eggshells as the water evaporates.

How it works:

Dissolving the crystals in hot water created what is called a “super-saturated solution.” This basically means that the salts took advantage of the energy of the hot water to help them dissolve until there was no more space between molecules in the solution. As the solution cooled, the water lost its energy and the crystals are forced from the solution to become a solid again. Since this happens slowly along with the evaporation, the crystals have time to grow larger than they were when the experiment started. Natural geodes in rock are form in much the same way as mineralized water seeps into air pockets in rock. This is also how rock candy crystals are formed.

AIM

To inflate a balloon with gas released from chemical reaction.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

• One small empty plastic soda or water bottle

• 1/2 cup of vinegar

• Small balloon

• Baking soda

• Funnel or piece of paper

PROCEDURE

1. Carefully pour the vinegar into the bottle.

2. This is the tricky part: Loosen up the balloon by stretching it a few times and then use the funnel to fill it a bit more than half way with baking soda. If you don’t have a funnel you can make one using the paper and some tape.

3. Now carefully put the neck of the balloon all the way over the neck of the bottle without letting any baking soda into the bottle.

4. Ready? Lift the balloon up so that the baking soda falls from the balloon into the bottle and mixes with the vinegar. Watch the fizz-inflator at work!

Pr.No:12 Fizz Inflator

RESULT

The balloon is inflated by the released CO2 from the chemical reaction.

How it works:

The baking soda and the vinegar create an ACID-BASE reaction and the two chemicals work together to create a gas, (carbon dioxide) Gasses need a lot of room to spread out and the carbon dioxide starts to fill the bottle, and then moves into the balloon to inflate it.

AIM

To make candy by crystallizing sugar from sugar solution.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

1. A wooden skewer (you can also use a clean wooden chopstick)

2. A clothespin

3. 1 cup of water

4. 2-3 cups of sugar

5. A tall narrow glass or jar

PROCEDURE

1. Clip the wooden skewer into the clothespin so that it hangs down inside the glass and is about 1 inch (2.5 cm) from the bottom of the glass. (as shown)

2. Remove the skewer and clothespin and put them aside for now.

3. Pour the water into a pan and bring it to boil. ( Get a helpful adult!)

4. Pour about 1/4 cup of sugar into the boiling water, stirring until it dissolves.

5. Keep adding more and more sugar, each time stirring it until it dissolves, until no more will dissolve. This will take time and patience and it will take longer for the sugar to dissolve each time. Be sure you don’t give up too soon. Once no more sugar will dissolve, remove it from heat and allow it to cool for at least 20 minutes.

NOTE: While it is cooling, some people like to dip half of the skewer in the sugar solution and then roll it in some sugar to help jump start the crystal growth. If you do this, be sure to let the skewer cool completely so that sugar crystals do not fall off when you place it back in the glass.

Pr.No:13 Make your own Rock Candy

6. Have your friendly ADULT carefully pour the sugar solution into the jar almost to the top. Then submerge the skewer back into the glass making sure that it is hanging straight down the middle without touching the sides.

7. Allow the jar to fully cool and put it someplace where it will not be disturbed.

8. Now just wait.

9. Want colored rock candy? Add food coloring to your sugar water and make sure sure that it is pretty dark in color for the best result.

RESULT

The sugar crystals will grow over the next 3-7 days. Your own prepared rock candy is ready to taste.

How it works:

When you mixed the water and sugar you made a SUPER SATURATED SOLUTION. This means that the water could only holds the sugar if both were very hot. As the water cools the sugar “comes out” of the solution back into sugar crystals on your skewer. The skewer (and sometimes the glass itself) acts as a “seed” that the sugar crystals start to grow on. With some luck and patience you will have a tasty scientific treat! Enjoy!

AIM

To make the car using match box.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

Pr.No:14 HELI-Match Box Car

• Front & rear axle from a toy car

• Straw Pieces

• Double side tape

PROCEDURE

1. Take front & rear axle with wheel. It can be available in toy car and take two piece of straw & cut it in the require measurement which can be fit in between two wheels

• Empty Match Box

• Toothpick

• Propeller

2. Now insert the axle bar into the straw and fix the wheel on the both end of the bar

3. Now we can easily rotate the wheels by holding the straw. And repeat this process to another axle bar too

4. Now take a double side tape and cut it into two small pieces. And paste it on the straw piece which is fixed in between the wheels and do it for both axles.

5. Now fix the front axle on below to the match box.

6. Now fix the rear axle on below to the match box.

7. Now our car is ready

8. Now take a tooth pick and create a hole on the top of the match box

9. Now take another small piece of straw and insert into the hole

10. Now take another piece of tooth pick and fixed with the propeller

11. And now our heli car is ready now. Place the car on the flat surface and switch on the fan and now our heli car will start to drive

AIM: To inflate a balloon using vinegar and Baking soda.

MATERIALS REQUIRED: • Baking soda

• Vinegar

• Balloon

• Plastic bottle

PROCEDURE:

• Take 20ml vinegar in the plastic bottle.

• Take a deflated balloon and fill with 2 spoons of baking soda.

• Fix the deflated balloon as upside down position in the plastic bottle.

• Now your balloon starts to inflate.

Pr.No:15Blowing Balloon Using Vinegar And Baking Soda.

AIM: To make a Colourful foam using Hydrogen peroxide. MATERIALS REQUIRED:

• Glass Beaker

• Hydrogen Peroxide

• Liquid Soap

• Iodic potassium

PROCEDURE:

• Take 50ml of hydrogen peroxide in a glass beaker.

• Add 10 drops of liquid soap into it.

• Add a spoon of iodic potassium in the beaker

• Now foam starts to come.( to create a colourful foam add a pinch of food colour)

Pr.No:16COLOURFUL FOAM

AIM:

To prepare light energy using tomatoes.

MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENTS:

Holder-1

Switch-1

Wire(10cm)-4pieces

Tomatoes-2

Bell pin

LED bulb

PROCEURE:

Take a holder and join two wires in the terminal.

Connect bell pin in each end of the holder wire.

Take a switch and join two wires in the terminal.

Connect bell pin in each end of the switch wire.

Take two large size tomatoes.

Insert bell pins into the tomatoes.

Connect the LED bulb in the holder. Switch ON, now the bulb glows.

Pr.No:17 Tomato: Source Of Free Electricity

AIM:

To create a night lamp using data cable USB connector and Straw.

MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENTS:

LED bulb-1

Straw(white colour)-8

Glue

Plastic bottle lid-1

Data Cable USB connector

Adaptor

PROCEDURE:

Take a data cable and cut the wire.

Connect the LED bulb terminals to the wire.

Put a small hole in the plastic bottle lid.

Insert the LED bulb into the hole and seal with glue.

Apply enough glue in the lid and arrange the straws into it.

Connect the USB into the adaptor.

Connect the adaptor to the electric supply pin point. Now the night lamp glows.

Pr.No:18Home Made Night Lamp

AIM:

To create a water level monitoring alarm using BC547 transistor and buzzer.

MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT’S:

• BC547 transistor(3 leg-emitter, base and collector)

Buzzer

Battery

Soldering rod and lead for pasting Wire(10 cm)-2 pieces

PROCEDURE:

Take a battery and carefully remove the terminal connector from it.

Connect the first leg of the buzzer with one terminal of the battery connector(step5) and join a wire to revert the output.

Paste the BC547 transistor in the middle of the battery connector.

Join the second leg of the buzzer with collector junction of the transistor.

Connect the base junction of the transistor to a wire to revert the output.

Connect emitter junction of the transistor to the next battery terminal.

Keep the apparatus in the water tank.

The device creates sound when water overflows.

Pr.No:19 Overflowing Water Tank Helper

AIM:

To put an egg into a bottle and take it out intact using the properties of air pressure.

MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT’S:

Egg

Bottle

Matchbox and matches

PROCEDURE:

Boil the egg until it becomes hard-boiled (simmer for approximately 5to 7 minutes after the water comes to a boil)

Cool and remove the shell of the hard-boiled egg

Place the empty bottle on a flat surface

Drop a burning match into the bottle just before placing the egg on the mouth of the bottle.

o (Use a bottle with a mouth that is narrower than the girth of the egg.)

The hard-boiled egg gets sucked into the bottle.

Pr.No:20 MAGIC OF AIR PRESSURE

REFERENCE:

YouTube links :

1. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4mLgRVuBo3o6ClPCxF5C1Q

2. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8HxLqNBByrIUBHcwwdi0FA

3. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLP4cF6IL07KbrroVT4FHsveBC76bQ32q6v

4. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqC8HIOYDoA5reoQj4SuzUQ (working models)

5. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCq3o7OGsNqJ8bap2b18p6VA (electrical)

6. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLPzvYhxwzQZOTD6xVaMxR3ZS_bGMelKL- (reuse)

Websites 1. https://www.google.com/amp/s/boyslife.org/hobbies-projects/funstuff/1374/amazing-

science-tricks/amp/ (chemistry)

2. http://www.sciencefun.org/kidszone/experiments/

3. https://www.butterflyfields.com/science-project-ideas/ (working models)

4. https://www.fizzicseducation.com.au/category/150-science-experiments/biology-environmental-science-projects/ (biology)

5. https://sciencewithkids.com/Experiments/Physics-experiments/physics-experiments.html (physics)

6. https://m.ranker.com/list/10-fun-amazing-physics-experiments/analise.dubner (physics ^)

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