steering controlled adaptive headlights with design

STEERING CONTROLLED ADAPTIVE HEADLIGHTS WITH SENSOR

INTRODUCTION

Now a days, in hilly areas, due to improper facility in the roads, no of

accidents takes place.Most of accidents takes place in the night time. The reason in

this type of accident is that the driver is not able to see the road path during the

turning condition where the street facility is not available.

So the present invention relates to headlights of an automobile, more

particularly to a direction turning device for headlights of an automobile which

enables to turn direction synchronously with the rotation of the steering and hence

increasing the safety for driving at night or in the darkness.

In this project we have implemented the same needs such i.e the rotation of the

head lights with respective to the rotation of steering using rack and pinion

mechanism.

Even headlights can also be moved in up and down direction with the

effective use of sensor called accelerometer which is controlled by a microcontroller.

In other word up and down movement takes place depending upon the orientation of

vehicle which helps the driver to drive in slope areas.

This type of technology can be implemented in normal vehicles as a very

simple mechanism is used i.e rack and pinion. It will be very cost effective because of

it’s simpler design and very simple principle.

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The above figure show a four wheeler usually find difficulty to drive

especially at sharp turn. It proves that the problem starts from the headlights which do

not turn with respective to the turning movement of wheel connected to the steering.

This problem can be solved by creating environment where the headlights will

be adaptive and reacts to the steering system of the car and automatically adjust to

illuminate the road wheel. In other words, when the car turns right, the headlights

angles to the right and when the car turns to left, the headlights angles to left. In this

the reflector are fitted on either side of headlamp casing so there will be better beam

reflection.

So in this project a very simple mechanism is involved to make the headlights

adaptive i.e. (Rack and pinion mechanism). So the power to move the headlights is

obtained using mechanical linkages.

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LITERATURE SURVEY

DEFINATION OF ADAPTIVE HEADLIGHTS:-

In this project , since the headlights are controlled by the steering movement

and moves up and down depending upon the orientation so it is defined as adaptive

headlights or Steering controlled headlights.

HISTORY:-

We performed a survey on this project with the lorry drivers, who

travel to hill stations often. Based on their queries, we had indulged in this project.

The present invention relates to a vehicle front lamp light

distribution control system and more particularly to a vehicle front lamp light

distribution control system capable of raising visibility at the time of cornering by

controlling light distribution means of the front lamp.

According to Japanese Patent Publication No. H5-23216, Japanese

Patent Application Laid-Open No. H8-183385, Japanese Patent Application Laid-

Open No. H11-78675 and Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. H8-192674 a

vehicle head lamp including a fog lamp is provided with a movable reflector and by

turning the movable reflector in the steering direction by an amount

corresponding to a steering angle of the steering wheel, the light distribution

pattern of the front lamp is changed in the direction of vehicle's turn so as to raise

visibility at the time of cornering.

However, according to the aforementioned earlier art, the light

distribution pattern of the front lamp is changed in the steering direction of the

steering wheel by an amount corresponding to the steering angle when the vehicle

turns on an intersection or the like, cornering destination cannot be beamed

brightly enough before operating the steering wheel. Therefore, an art capable of

beaming the cornering destination prior to operation of the steering wheel has

been demanded.

Czech Tatra and 1920s Cadillacs were early implementer of such a

technique, producing in the 1930s a vehicle with a central directional headlamp.

The American 1948 Tucker Sedan was likewise equipped with a third central

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headlamp connected mechanically to the steering system. The 1967 French

Citroën DS and 1970 Citroën SM were equipped with an elaborate dynamic

headlamp positioning system that adjusted the headlamps' horizontal and vertical

positioning in response to inputs from the vehicle's steering and suspension

systems, though US regulations required this system to be deleted from those

models when sold in the USA.

Ken chi Nishimura [3], suggested that the apparatus for automatically adjusting a

direction of a light axis of a vehicle headlight includes a steering angle sensor

detecting a steering angle of a steering wheel of a vehicle and a swivel control unit

performing swivel control by which the direction of the light axis of the vehicle

headlight is adjusted to the target direction in accordance with the steering angle

detected by the steering angle sensor. The swivel control unit varies sensitivity or

responsiveness of the swivel control depending on a value of the steering angle

detected by the steering angle sensor.

The direction of the optical axis of each swivel light is adjusted based on a

swivel control angle obtained upon application of the filter. A filter is changed to

change a response in swivel adjustment of a direction of an optical axis of each swivel

light based on a steering angle variation of a steering angle of a steering wheel

measured with a steering angle sensor. A weaker filter is selected if the steering wheel

is quickly steered and a stronger filter is selected if the steering wheel is slowly

steered. By this filtering operation the direction of the optical axis of each swivel light

is adjusted in response to the steering operation of the steering wheel without causing

an uncomfortable feeling to a driver.

Hiroaki okuchi [4], proposed automatic optical-axis adjusting device for

automatically adjusting direction of optical axes of front lights with respect to steering

angle of steering wheel An electronic control for automobile headlight utilizing a

spherical sensor comprised of a metal ball surrounding by a fluid encapsulated in a

spherical sensor which is connected to the spherical sensor system. Computer

controlled unit is positioned on and close behind the headlight so that the metal ball

cooperate with sensor within the spherical sensor system to make the headlight go so

as to follow the car during turns .

Heather Steiner brown [5], electric control for automobile head lights Output of

each sensor arrangement is supplied to an ECU through a communication bus line. A

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value of a turning radius of a vehicle which is used for adjusting direction of optical

axes of swivel lights is computed based on the output of each sensor arrangement is

obtained. An optical axis control angle is computed based on the normal computed

values and is used to drive actuators to adjust direction of the optical axes of the

swivel lights.

Masanori kondo [6], suggested the automatic optical axis adjusting device for

automatically adjusting direction of optical axis of from lights headlight control

apparatus and method controls an irradiation direction of a headlight. This apparatus

uses a navigation based swivel angle calculated based upon the shape of a road in a

navigation based control period and a steering based swivel angle calculated based

upon a steering angle in a steering based control period. When the control period to

the steering based control period this apparatus uses a value between the navigation

based swivel angle and the steering based swivel angle as a present control swivel

angle for controlling the irradiation direction of the headlight.

PROBLEM:-

In a normal vehicle, a driver in dark night actually faces the problem of the clear path

in turning at either left or right, mainly at hilly areas which may cause a severe

accident to driver and even a great damage to vehicle.

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The two figure shows that if we implement the technology used in the project, there

will be much better visibility than before method.

METHEDOLOGY

For finding solution we have to study about steering System

Primary function of the steering system is to achieve angular

motion of the front wheels to negotiate a turn. This is done through linkage and

steering gear which convert the rotary motion of the steering wheel into angular

motion of the front road wheels. Secondary function of steering system is:-

1. To provide directional stability of the vehicle when going straight ahead.

2. To provide perfect steering condition, i.e., perfect rolling motion of the road wheels

at all time.

3. To facilitate straight ahead recovery after completing a turn.

4. To minimize tyre wear.

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The parts of steering system are:-

Steering coulumn Tie rod joints Rack and pinion

Steering column:-The automotive steering column is a device intended primarily for connecting the steering wheel to the steering mechanism or transferring the driver's input torque from the steering wheel.

A steering column may also perform the

following secondary functions:

Provide mounting for: the multi-

function switch, column lock, column

wiring, column shroud(s), transmission

gear selector, gauges or other

instruments as well as the electro motor

and gear units found in EPAS systems.

Offer (height and/or length)

adjustment to suit driver preference.

Tie rod joints:

-

Tie rods are an integral

part of your vehicle’s

steering. Just as its name

suggests, a tie rod ties

your vehicle’s steering

rack to the steering arm.

The steering arm is

attached to the wheel

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Whenever you turns your steering to right, the tie rods pull the left wheel and pushes

the right wheel towards right.And whenever you turns your steering to left, the tie

rods pull the right wheel and pushes the left wheel towards left.

A rack and pinion is a type of liner actuator that comprises a pair

of gears which convert rotational motion into linear motion. A circular gear called

"the pinion" engages teeth on a linear "gear" bar called "the rack"; rotational motion

applied to the pinion causes the rack to move, thereby translating the rotational

motion of the pinion into the linear motion of the rack.

Pinion is a common spur gear and Rack is a portion of spur

gear with an infinite radius.

Spur gear:-

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Spur gears or straight-cut gears are the simplest type of gear. They consist of a

cylinder or disk with the teeth projecting radially, and although they are not straight-

sided in form, the edge of each tooth is straight and aligned parallel to the axis of

rotation. These gears can be meshed together correctly only if they are fitted to

parallel shafts.

Power Rack-and-pinion

When the rack-and-pinion is in a power-steering system, the rack has a slightly different design.

Part of the rack contains a cylinder with a piston in the middle. The piston is connected to the rack. There are two fluid ports, one on either side of the piston. Supplying higher-pressure fluid to one side of the piston forces the piston to move, which in turn moves the rack, providing the power assist.

We'll check out the components that provide the high-pressure fluid, as well as decide which side of the rack to supply it to, later in the article. First, let's take a look at another type of steering.

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FOLLOWING PARTS INVOLVED IN THIS PROJECT:-

Four plastic wheels

Headlights

Stepper motor

Rack

Pinion

Mild steel materials(for linkages)

Microcontroller AT89C51

Printed circuit board(PCB)

Accelerometer

Battery(Power supplies)/Adapter

ADC(Anologue to digital converter)

L298 stepper motor controller

FOUR PLASTIC WHEELS:-

The above shown four plastic wheels are fixed at the four ends. The front two wheels

moves with respective to the steering movement at either left or right. And the rear

wheels fixed and have only one degree of freedom.

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Stepper motor

Electric motors are broadly classified into two different categories: DC (Direct

Current) and AC (Alternating Current). Within these categories are numerous types,

each offering unique abilities that suit them well for specific applications. In most

cases, regardless of type, electric motors consist of a stator (stationary field) and a

rotor (the rotating field or armature) and operate through the interaction of magnetic

flux and electric current to produce rotational speed and torque. DC motors are

distinguished by their ability to operate from direct current.

There are different kinds of D.C. motors, but they all work on the same

principles. In this chapter, we will study their basic principle of operation and their

characteristics. It’s important to understand motor characteristics so we can choose

the right one for our application requirement.

Electromechanical Energy Conversion

An electromechanical energy conversion device is essentially a medium of transfer

between an input side and an output side. Three electrical machines (DC, induction

and synchronous) are used extensively for electromechanical energy conversion.

Electromechanical energy conversion occurs when there is a change in magnetic

flux linking a coil, associated with mechanical motion.

Electric Motor

The input is electrical energy (from the supply source), and the output is mechanical

energy (to the load).

Electric Generator

The Input is mechanical energy (from the prime mover), and the output is electrical

energy.

Stator

The stator is the stationary outside part of a motor.

The stator of a permanent magnet dc motor is composed of two or more

permanent magnet pole pieces.

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The magnetic field can alternatively be created by an electromagnet.

In this case, a DC coil (field winding) is wound around a magnetic material that

forms part of the stator.

Rotor

The rotor is the inner part which rotates.

The rotor is composed of windings (called armature windings) which are

connected to the external circuit through a mechanical commutator.

Both stator and rotor are made of ferromagnetic materials. The two are

separated by air-gap.

Winding

A winding is made up of series or parallel connection of coils.

Armature winding - The winding through which the voltage is applied or

induced.

Field winding - The winding through which a current is passed to produce flux

(for the electromagnet)

Windings are usually made of copper.

Principle of operation

Consider a coil in a magnetic field of flux density .When the two ends of the coil are

connected across a DC voltage source, current I flows through it. A force is exerted

on the coil as a result of the interaction of magnetic field and electric current. The

force on the two sides of the coil is such that the coil starts to move in the direction

of force.

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In an actual DC motor, several such coils are wound on the rotor, all

of which experience force, resulting in rotation. The greater the current in

the wire, or the greater the magnetic field, the faster the wire moves because

of the greater force created.

STEPPER MOTOR

A stepper motor (or step motor) is a brushless DC electric motor that divides a full

rotation into a number of equal steps. The motor’s position can then be commanded

to move and hold at one of these steps without any feedback sensor (an open-loop

controller), as long as the motor is carefully sized to the application.

WORKING

DC brushed motors rotate continuously when DC voltage is applied to their terminals.

The stepper motor is known by its important property to convert a train of input

pulses (typically square wave pulses) into a precisely defined increment in the shaft

position. Each pulse moves the shaft through a fixed angle. Stepper motors effectively

have multiple "toothed" electromagnets arranged around a central gear-shaped piece

of iron. The electromagnets are energized by an external control circuit, such as

a microcontroller. To make the motor shaft turn, first, one electromagnet is given

power, which magnetically attracts the gear's teeth. When the gear's teeth are aligned

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to the first electromagnet, they are slightly offset from the next electromagnet. This

means that when the next electromagnet is turned on and the first is turned off, the

gear rotates slightly to align with the next one. From there the process is repeated.

Each of those rotations is called a "step", with an integer number of steps making a

full rotation. In that way, the motor can be turned by a precise angle.

GENERATION OF ROTARY MOTION

ELECTRIC POWER MECHANICAL OUTPUT

GENERATION OF POWER

Mechanical input Electric output

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RACK:-

It is a part which is used to covert the rotary motion of steering wheel into reciprocating motion in order to turn the headlights and the wheel into left and right direction. In this project the type of material used is plastic as a rack.

PINION:-

It is a part which is fixed above the rack to receive the rotary motion of the steering and to transmit to wheels through the rack. In this also type of material used is plastic .

MILD STEEL:-

In this project, the material used for connecting parts is mild steel such as for linkages and to connect the steering to rack and to make housing,etc

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What is mild steel?

Mild steel is a carbon steel typically with a maximum of 0.25% Carbon and 0.4%-

0.7% manganese, 0.1%-0.5% Silicon and some + traces of other elements such as

phosphorous, it may also contain lead (free cutting mild steel) or sulphur (again free

cutting steel called re-sulphurised mild steel)

Many everyday objects are made of mild steel, even some of your pots and pans are

also made.

Mild steel (a so-called carbon steel) is a general term for a range of low carbon (a

maximum of about 0.3%) steels that have good strength and can be bent, worked or

can be welded into an endless variety of shapes for uses from vehicles (like cars and

ships) to building materials

Properties of mild steel:-

Abrasive wear

Toughness

Tensile strength

Hardness

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MICROCONTROLLER AT89C51:-

A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated µC, uC or MCU) is a small computer on a

single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable

input/output peripherals.

A microcontroller can be considered a self-contained system with a processor,

memory and peripherals and can be used as an embedded system. The majority of

microcontrollers in use today are embedded in other machinery, such as automobiles,

telephones, appliances, and peripherals for computer systems.

.

Features

• Compatible with MCS-51™ Products

• 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory

• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz

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• Three-level Program Memory Lock

• 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM

• 32 Programmable I/O Lines

• Two 16-bit Timer/Counters

• Six Interrupt Sources

• Programmable Serial Channel

• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

Description

The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with

4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The

device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology

and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pinout. The

on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a

conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU

with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer

which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded

control applications.

The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes

of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt

architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In

addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero

frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode

stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt

system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but

freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.

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Pin Description

VCC

Supply voltage.

GND

Ground.

Port 0

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Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. When 1s are written to port 0

pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to

be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to external program

and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pull-ups.

Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code

bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program

verification.

Port 1

Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 1 output

buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are

pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins

that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal

pull-ups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming

and verification.

Port 2

Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 2 output

buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are

pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins

that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal

pull-ups.

PORT 3

Port 3 is an 8 bit quasi bi-directional i/o port with internal pull ups. It also

serves the function of various special features of the MCS-51th. Family as listed

below:

Port pin Alternate function

P3.0 RXD (serial input port)

P3.1 TXD (serial input port)

P3.2 INTO (external interrupt)

P3.3 INT1 (external interrupt)

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P3.4 TO (timer /counter 1 external input)

P3.5 T1 (timer/ counter 1 external input)

P3.6 WR (external data memory write strobe)

P3.7 RD (external data memory read strobe)

The output latch corresponding to a secondary function must be programmed

to a one (1) for that function to operate. Port 3 can sink /source 4 LSTTL loads.

RST

A high on this pin for two-machine cycle while the oscillator is running rests

the devices. A small external pull down resistor (=8.2 kilo ohms) from RST to VSS

permits power on reset when a capacitor (=10 microfarad) is also connected from this

pin to VCC.

ALE

Address latch enable output for latching the low byte of the during access to

external memory. ALE is activated at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency

except during an external data memory access at which time one ALE pulse is

skipped. ALE can sink / source 8 LSTTL inputs.

PSEN

The program store enable output for latching the low byte of the during access

to external memory six oscillator periods except during external data memory access

PSEN remains high during internal program memory. Do not float EA during normal

operation.

XTAL 1

Input to the inverting amplifier that forms the part of the oscillator and input to

the internal clock generator. XTAL2 receives the oscillator signal when an external

oscillator used.

XTAL 2

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Output of the inverting amplifier that forms the part of the oscillator and input

to the interval clock generator. XTAL2 receives the oscillator signal when an external

oscillator

L298 stepper motor driver

This controller is used to control the stepper motor with the help of microcontroller to give the angular movements to the headlights i.e up and down

This board allows you to control one stepper motor, as well as receive input from two

limit switches. It is based around the L297/L298 stepper driver combo. The L298

takes the signals from your microprocessor and translates them into stepping signals

to send to the L298 which actually drives your stepper motor. The L298 is capable of

driving up to 2A per coil. One interesting feature of the L297 is its current sensing

and 'chopping' abilities. The L297 will sense the amount of current flowing through

the coils, and will 'chop' the signal to the L298 so that the average current flowing is

the desired amount. You can configure this current by setting the trimpot on the board

and measuring the voltage on the test point.

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Accelerometer

It is a device used to measure the orientation of the vehicle as vehicle move upwards

or downwards. Depending upon the orientation it gives a anologue value to the

microcontroller using ADC(anologue to digital converter) and then microcontroller

decides the movement of headlight as per the program.

For example:-

If a vehicle moves towards up, then the anologue value in the accelerometer varies

and the value goes down. As it moves down ,it gives a signal to microcontroller with

the effective use of ADC and makes headlight to move down

If a vehicle moves towards down, then the anologue value in the accelerometer varies

and the value goes up. As it moves up ,it gives a signal to microcontroller with the

effective use of ADC and makes headlight to move up

ADC(Anologue to digital converter)

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The following program implemented in the project for step

movement

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STUDY AREA

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1-Entrance

2-Staff table

3-Blackboard

4-Cupboard for material storage

5-Lathe machines

6-Work tables

7-Wash basin

8-Hacksaw cutting machine

9-Drilling machine

10-Shaper machines

11-Milling machines

12-Grinding area

13-Forging area

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Methodology/Design/Fabrication/Tests

In this we are going to show the several design and fabrications made in this project . We are also going to show you the whole estimation done before project had started.

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The above figures showing the chassis of the project having a very simple

construction.

The above figures showing the steering connected to pinion to transmit the motion to rack

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The above figure showing the type of wheel used for the movement of vehicle

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The above two figures showing the rack and linkages construction. This shows how a linear movement of rack is transmitted to angular motion of headlights using the linkages.

ASSEMBLED VIEW OF DESIGNED MODEL

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The below are the sketches showing what is the differerence between the conventional headlights and adaptive headlights

`

ADAPTIVE HEADLIGHTS

CONVENTIONAL HEADLIGHTS

This above figure showing that headlights becomes adaptive , the visibility towards road will be much better than normal during cornering or while vehicle taking a turn.

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