stealth tech by shailz
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/28/2019 Stealth Tech by Shailz
1/6
ABSTRACTStealth refers to the act of trying to hide or evade detection. Stealthtechnology isever increasingly becoming a paramount tool in battle especially hightechnology wars
if one may occur in the future where invincibility means invincibility.Able to strike withimpunity, stealth aircraft, missiles and warships are virtually invisibleto most types ofmilitary sensors. The experience gained at the warfront emphasizesthe need toincorporate stealth features at the design stage itself. According toconventional militarywisdom, surprise is the best form of attack. With evermoresophisticated methods ofdetection, however, catching the enemy unawares has becoming
increasingly difficult.Thus paving way to the development of increasingly sophisticatedtechnologies that helpin evading the enemy's ever vigilant eyes.Stealth Technology essentially deals with designs and materialsengineered for themilitary purpose of avoiding detection by radar or any other electronicsystem. Stealth, orantidetection, technology is applied to vehicles (e.g., tanks), missiles,ships, and aircraftwith the goal of making the object more difficult to detect at closer and
closer ranges thusproviding an element of surprise in the attacks. Attacking with surprisegives the attackermore time to perform its mission and exit before the defending forcecan counterattack.For example, If a surface to air missile a type of antiaircraft batterydefending a targetobserves a bomb falling and surmises that there must be a stealthaircraft in the vicinity itis still unable to respond if it cannot get a lock on the aircraft in orderto feed guidance.As stated earlier stealth technology can be looked upon as a perfectblend betweenthe engineering skills of "designing" and "technology". And forattaining stealth variousdectection techniques have to be surpassed
-
7/28/2019 Stealth Tech by Shailz
2/6
Stealth technology (or LO for "low observability") is not a single technology. It is a
combination of technologies that attempt to greatly reduce the distances at which a
person or vehicle can be detected; in particularradar cross section reductions, but alsoacoustic,thermal, and other aspects:
Radar cross-section (RCS) reductions
Main article: Radar cross section
Radar cross section (RCS) is a measure of how detectable an object is with aradar. Alarger RCS indicates that an object is more easily detected. a stealth aircraft (which is
designed to be undetectable) will have design features that give it a low RCS (such as
absorbent paint, smooth surfaces, surfaces specifically angled to reflect signal somewhereother than towards the source), as opposed to a passenger airliner that will have a high
RCS (bare metal, rounded surfaces effectively guaranteed to reflect some signal back to
the source, lots of bumps like the engines, antennae, &c.).
The term "stealth" in reference to reduced radar signature aircraft became popular duringthe late eighties when the Lockheed Martin F-117 stealth fighterbecame widely known.
The first large scale (and public) use of the F-117 was during the Gulf Warin 1991.
However, F-117A stealth fighters were used for the first time in combat during OperationJust Cause, the United States invasion of Panama in 1989.[7] Increased awareness of
stealth vehicles and the technologies behind them is prompting the development of
techniques for detecting stealth vehicles, such aspassive radararrays andlow-frequency
radars. Many countries nevertheless continue to develop low-RCS vehicles because theyoffer advantages in detection range reduction and amplify the effectiveness of on-board
systems against active radar guidance threats.[citation needed]
[edit] Vehicle shape
The F-35 Lightning II offers better stealthy features (such as this landing gear door) thanprevious American fighters, such as the F-16 Fighting Falcon
The possibility of designing aircraft in such a manner as to reduce their radar cross-
section was recognized in the late 1930s, when the first radar tracking systems were
employed, and it has been known since at least the 1960s that aircraft shape makes asignificant difference in detectability. TheAvro Vulcan, a Britishbomberof the 1960s,
had a remarkably small appearance on radar despite its large size, and occasionally
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_cross_section#Reductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_signaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_signaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_seekinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_cross_sectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-117_Nighthawkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Just_Causehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Just_Causehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-frequency_radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-frequency_radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-frequency_radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-frequency_radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_radar_guidancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_technology&action=edit§ion=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-35_Lightning_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-16_Fighting_Falconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_Vulcanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_Vulcanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JSF_F35_P1230144.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JSF_F35_P1230144.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_cross_section#Reductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_signaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_seekinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_cross_sectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-117_Nighthawkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Just_Causehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Just_Causehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-frequency_radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-frequency_radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_radar_guidancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_technology&action=edit§ion=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-35_Lightning_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-16_Fighting_Falconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_Vulcanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomber -
7/28/2019 Stealth Tech by Shailz
3/6
disappeared from radar screens entirely. It is now known that it had a fortuitously stealthy
shape apart from the vertical element of the tail. On the other hand, the Tupolev 95
Russian long range bomber (NATO reporting name 'Bear') appeared especially well onradar. It is now known thatpropellersand jet turbine blades produce a bright radar image;
the Bear had four pairs of large (5.6 meter diameter) contra-rotating propellers.
Another important factor is the internal construction. Behind the skin of some aircraft are
structures known as re-entrant triangles. Radar waves penetrating the skin of the aircraftget trapped in these structures, bouncing off the internal faces and losing energy. This
approach was first used on theF-117.
The most efficient way to reflect radar waves back to the transmitting radar is withorthogonal metal plates, forming acorner reflectorconsisting of either a dihedral (two
plates) or a trihedral (three orthogonal plates). This configuration occurs in the tail of a
conventional aircraft, where the vertical and horizontal components of the tail are set at
right angles. Stealth aircraft such as the F-117 use a different arrangement, tilting the tail
surfaces to reduce corner reflections formed between them. A more radical approach is toeliminate the tail completely, as in the B-2 Spirit.
In addition to altering the tail, stealth design must bury the engines within the wing or
fuselage, or in some cases where stealth is applied to an existing aircraft, install baffles inthe air intakes, so that the turbine blades are not visible to radar. A stealthy shape must be
devoid of complex bumps or protrusions of any kind; meaning that weapons, fuel tanks,
and other stores must not be carried externally. Any stealthy vehicle becomes un-stealthywhen a door or hatch is opened.
Planform alignment is also often used in stealth designs. Planform alignment involves
using a small number of surface orientations in the shape of the structure. For example,on the F-22A Raptor, the leading edges of the wing and the tail surfaces are set at thesame angle. Careful inspection shows that many small structures, such as the air intake
bypass doors and the air refuelingaperture, also use the same angles. The effect of
planform alignment is to return a radar signal in a very specific direction away from theradar emitter rather than returning adiffuse signal detectable at many angles.
Stealth airframes sometimes display distinctive serrations on some exposed edges, such
as the engine ports. The YF-23 has such serrations on the exhaust ports. This is another
example in the use of re-entrant triangles and planform alignment, this time on theexternal airframe.
Shaping requirements have strong negative influence on the aircraft's aerodynamic
properties. The F-117 has poor aerodynamics, is inherently unstable, and cannot be flown
without a fly-by-wire control system.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_reporting_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contra-rotating_propellershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re-entrant_polygonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re-entrant_polygonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-117http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-117http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-117http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corner_reflectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corner_reflectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-117http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-2_Spirithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuselagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-22A_Raptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_refuelinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_refuelinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuse_reflectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuse_reflectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airframehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YF-23_Black_Widow_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-117http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_systems#Fly-by-wire_control_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_reporting_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contra-rotating_propellershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re-entrant_polygonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-117http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corner_reflectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-117http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-2_Spirithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuselagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-22A_Raptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_refuelinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuse_reflectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airframehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YF-23_Black_Widow_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-117http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_systems#Fly-by-wire_control_systems -
7/28/2019 Stealth Tech by Shailz
4/6
The stealth ship, K32 HMS Helsingborg
Ships have also adopted similar techniques. The Visby corvettewas the first stealth shipto enter service, though the earlierArleigh Burke class destroyerincorporated some
signature-reduction features [1]. Other examples are the FrenchLa Fayette class frigate,
the USS San Antonioamphibious transport dock, and most modern warshipdesigns.
Similarly, coating the cockpit canopy with a thin filmtransparent conductor(vapor-depositedgold orindium tin oxide) helps to reduce the aircraft's radar profile because
radar waves would normally enter the cockpit, bounce off something random (the inside
of the cockpit has a complex shape, with the pilot's helmet itself providing a sizeablereturn), and possibly return to the radar, but the conductive coating creates a controlled
shape that deflects the incoming radar waves away from the radar. The coating is thin
enough that it has no adverse effect on the pilot's vision.
[edit] Non-metallic airframe
Dielectriccompositesare more transparent to radar, whereas electrically conductive
materials such as metalsandcarbon fibers reflect electromagnetic energy incident on the
material's surface. Composites may also contain ferrites to optimize the dielectric andmagnetic properties of the material for its application.
[edit] Radar absorbing material
Main article: Radar absorbent material
Radar absorbent material (RAM), often as paints, are used especially on the edges of
metal surfaces. While the material and thickness of RAM coatings is classified, thematerial seeks to absorb radiated energy from a ground or air based radar station into the
coating and convert it to heat rather than reflect it back.
[edit] Radar stealth countermeasures and limitations
[edit] Low frequency radar
Shaping does not offer stealth advantages againstlow-frequency radar. If the radarwavelengthis roughly twice the size of the target, a half-wave resonance effect can still
generate a significant return. However, low-frequency radar is limited by lack of
available frequencies which are heavily used by other systems, lack of accuracy of thediffraction-limited systems given their long wavelengths, and by the radar's size, making
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visby_class_corvettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visby_class_corvettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arleigh_Burke_class_destroyerhttp://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/docs/ArleighB.htmhttp://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/docs/ArleighB.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Fayette_class_frigatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Fayette_class_frigatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Fayette_class_frigatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_San_Antoniohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_transport_dockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockpit_(aviation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transparent_conductor&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transparent_conductor&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_vapor_depositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_vapor_depositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium_tin_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_technology&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferritehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_technology&action=edit§ion=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_absorbent_materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_absorbent_materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_technology&action=edit§ion=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_technology&action=edit§ion=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-frequency_radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-frequency_radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-frequency_radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction-limited_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:K32_HMS_Helsingborg_Anchored-of-Gotska-Sandoen_cropped.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:K32_HMS_Helsingborg_Anchored-of-Gotska-Sandoen_cropped.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visby_class_corvettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arleigh_Burke_class_destroyerhttp://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/docs/ArleighB.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Fayette_class_frigatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_San_Antoniohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_transport_dockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockpit_(aviation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transparent_conductor&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_vapor_depositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_vapor_depositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium_tin_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_technology&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferritehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_technology&action=edit§ion=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_absorbent_materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_absorbent_materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_technology&action=edit§ion=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_technology&action=edit§ion=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-frequency_radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction-limited_system -
7/28/2019 Stealth Tech by Shailz
5/6
it difficult to transport. A long-wave radar may detect a target and roughly locate it, but
not identify it, and the location information lacks sufficient weapon targeting accuracy.
Noise poses another problem, but that can be efficiently addressed using moderncomputer technology; Chinese "Nantsin" radar and many older Soviet-made long-range
radars were modified this way. It has been said that "there's nothing invisible in the radar
frequency range below 2 GHz".[2]
[edit] Multiple transmitters
Much of the stealth comes from reflecting the transmissions in a different direction other
than a direct return. Therefore detection can be better achieved if the sources are spaced
from the receivers, known asbistatic radar, and proposals exist to use reflections fromsources such as civilian radio transmitters, includingcellular telephone radio towers.[8]
[edit] Moore's law
By Moore's law the processing power behind radar systems is expected to improve over
time, which will erode the ability of physical stealth to hide an aircraft, but that samelevel of improvement will boost the stealth aircraft's own electronic warfare equipment,
which will always have a quieter return signal to mask than a non-stealth aircraft would
return.[9][10]
[edit] Acoustics
Acoustic stealth plays a primary role insubmarine stealth as well as for ground vehicles.
Submarines have extensive usage of rubber mountings to isolate and avoid mechanicalnoises that could reveal locations to underwaterpassive sonararrays.
Early stealth observation aircraft used slow-turningpropellersto avoid being heard by
enemy troops below. Stealth aircraft that staysubsonic can avoid being tracked by sonicboom. The presence of supersonic and jet-powered stealth aircraft such as theSR-71
Blackbirdindicates that acoustic signatureis not always a major driver in aircraft design,
although the Blackbird relied more on its extremely high speed and altitude.
[edit] Visibility
The simplest stealth technology is simply camouflage; the use of paint or other materials
to color and break up the lines of the vehicle or person.
Most stealth aircraft usemattepaint and dark colors, and operate only at night. Lately,interest on daylight Stealth (especially by the USAF) has emphasized the use of gray
paint in disruptive schemes, and it is assumed that Yehudi lightscould be used in the
future to mask shadows in the airframe(in daylight, against the clear background of thesky, dark tones are easier to detect than light ones) or as a sort ofactive camouflage. The
original B-2 design had wing tanks for a contrail-inhibiting chemical, alleged by some to
be chlorofluorosulphonic acid[3], but this was replaced in the final design with a contrail
http://www.aeronautics.ru/lbandradars.htmhttp://www.aeronautics.ru/lbandradars.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_technology&action=edit§ion=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bistatic_radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bistatic_radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_transmittershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_transmittershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_technology&action=edit§ion=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore's_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_technology&action=edit§ion=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_sonarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_sonarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance_aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsonichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsonichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_boomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_boomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR-71_Blackbirdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR-71_Blackbirdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR-71_Blackbirdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR-71_Blackbirdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_signaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_signaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_technology&action=edit§ion=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camouflagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matte_(surface)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matte_(surface)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matte_(surface)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dazzle_camouflagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehudi_lightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehudi_lightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airframehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airframehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_camouflagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chlorofluorosulphonic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.aeronautics.ru/nws001/ai014.htmhttp://www.aeronautics.ru/lbandradars.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_technology&action=edit§ion=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bistatic_radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_transmittershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_technology&action=edit§ion=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore's_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_technology&action=edit§ion=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_sonarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance_aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsonichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_boomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_boomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR-71_Blackbirdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR-71_Blackbirdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_signaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_technology&action=edit§ion=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camouflagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matte_(surface)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dazzle_camouflagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehudi_lightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airframehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_camouflagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chlorofluorosulphonic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.aeronautics.ru/nws001/ai014.htm -
7/28/2019 Stealth Tech by Shailz
6/6
sensor from Ophir that alerts the pilot when he should change altitude[11] and mission
planning also considers altitudes where the probability of their formation is minimized.
[edit] Infrared
An exhaust plume contributes a significantinfrared signature. One means of reducing theIR signature is to have a non-circulartail pipe (a slit shape) in order to minimize theexhaust cross-sectional volume and maximize the mixing of the hot exhaust with cool
ambient air. Often, cool air is deliberately injected into the exhaust flow to boost this
process. Sometimes, the jet exhaust is vented above the wing surface in order to shield itfrom observers below, as in the B-2 Spirit, and the unstealthy A-10 Thunderbolt II. To
achieve infrared stealth, the exhaust gas is cooled to the temperatures where the brightest
wavelengths it radiates on areabsorbed by atmospheric carbon dioxide and water vapor,dramatically reducing the infrared visibility of the exhaust plume.[4] Another way to
reduce the exhaust temperature is to circulate coolant fluids such as fuel inside the
exhaust pipe, where the fuel tanks serve asheat sinkscooled by the flow of air along the
wings.
[edit] Reducing radio frequency (RF) emissions
In addition to reducing infrared and acoustic emissions, a stealth vehicle must avoidradiating any other detectable energy, such as from onboard radars, communications
systems, orRF leakagefrom electronics enclosures. The F-117 usespassive infrared and
low light level television sensor systems to aim its weapons and the F-22 Raptorhas an
advanced LPI radarwhich can illuminate enemy aircraft without triggering a radarwarning receiverresponse.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_technology&action=edit§ion=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_signaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_signaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhaust_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-2_Spirithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-10_Thunderbolt_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infrared_stealth&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wien's_displacement_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_windowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_windowhttp://www.ausairpower.net/optical-warfare.htmlhttp://www.ausairpower.net/optical-warfare.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_sinkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_sinkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_sinkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_technology&action=edit§ion=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TEMPESThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TEMPESThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-117http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_infrared_sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_light_level_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-22_Raptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_probability_of_intercepthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_warning_receiverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_warning_receiverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_technology&action=edit§ion=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_signaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhaust_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-2_Spirithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-10_Thunderbolt_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infrared_stealth&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wien's_displacement_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_windowhttp://www.ausairpower.net/optical-warfare.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_sinkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_technology&action=edit§ion=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TEMPESThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-117http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_infrared_sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_light_level_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-22_Raptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_probability_of_intercepthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_warning_receiverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_warning_receiver