statutory construction | ocampo, et. al. v. the secretary of justice, et. al. (g.r. no. l-7910)

RECENT DOCUMENTS

Ocampo et el. v. The Secretary of Justice et el. G.R. No. L-7910 (1955)*

Excerpts from the minutes of Jan. 18, 1955

In Ocampo et al. vs. The Secretary of Justice et a1., G. R. No. L-7910,the petition was denied, without costs, due to insufficient votes to in-validate section 3 of Republic Act No. 1186.

Chief Justice Paras and Justices Padilla, Reyes (A), and Labradorvoted to uphold that particular section;

Justices Pablo, Bengzon, Montemayor, Jugo, Bautista, Concepcionand Reyes, J.B.L., believe it is unconstitutional.

The opinions follow:

PARAS, C.j.:Under the Judiciary Act of 1948, Republic Act No. 296. the judicial

function in Courts of First Instance was vested in District Judges, Judges-at-Large and Cadastral Judges. Sixteen Judicial Districts were consti-tuted, and seventy-four District Judges were provided and distributedthereover in the proportion fixed in the Act. Aside from the seventy-four District Judges, section 53 of the Act provided for the appointmentof "eighteen Judges-at-Large and fifteen Cadastral Judges who shall notbe assigned permanently to any judicial district and who shall renderduty in such district or province as may, from time to time, be desig-nated by the Department Head." The petitioners were duly appointedand. had qualified under said section 53, four as Judges-at-Large andsix as Cadastral Judges.

Under Republic Act No. 1186, which took effect on June 19, 1954,several provisions of the Judiciary Act of 1948 were amended. Now,the judicial function in the Court of First Instance is vested in DistrictJudges; and although the number of Judicial Districts is maintained,the number of District Judges has been increased to 114. Section 3of Republic Act No. 1186, provides that "all the existing positions of Judges-at-Large and Cadastral Judges are abolished, and secticn fifty-three ofRepublic Act Numbered Two Hundred and Ninety-six is hereby re-pealed." Shortly after the effectivity of Republic Act No. 1186, theSecretary of Justice informed the petitioners that they had ceased asJudges-at-Large and Cadastral Judges. The petitioners have filed thepresent petition for declaratory relief and/or mandamus, for a judicialdeclaration that section 3 of Republic Act No. 1186 is unconstitutionaland void, that the respective positions and offices of the petitioners under

*Motion for reconsideration subsequently dismissed in a resolution of theSupreme Court of February 16, 1955.

768 PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNALthe Judiciary Act of 1948 still exists, and that they are entitled to exer-cise the powers and functions. of said offices; and for a directive againstthe Secretary of Justice to permit the petitioners to continue in the exer-cise of said powers and functions, and against the Chief AccountingOfficer and Judicial Officer of the Department of Justice to pay the pe-titioners their corresponding compensation beginning June 20, 1954.

Section 1 of Article VIII of the Constitution provides that "thejudicial power shall be vested in the Supreme Court and in such in-ferior courts as may be established by law," and section 9 of the sameArticle provides that "the Members of the Supreme Court and all judgesof inferior courts shall hold office during good behavior, until they reachthe age of 70 years, or become incapacitated to discharge the dutiesof their office." The power of Congress under section 1 to organize,reorganize and even abolish courts inferior to the Supreme Court, is con-ceded; and the contention advanced on behalf of the petitioners is merelythat such power is restricted by and may be reconciled with section 9in the sense that they should be allowed to continue holding theiroffices during good behavior, until they reach the age of seventy yearsor become incapacitated, notwithstanding the reorganization effected un-der Republic Act No. 1186 and the express abolition of their positionsby section 3 thereof.

In this case we have to assume, both from the explanatory note otthe basic Bill and from the sponsorship speeches, that the main objectiveof Republic Act No. 1186 is to vest the judicial function of Courts ofFirst Instance in District Judges, eliminating Judges-at-Large and Cadas-tral Judges, the creation of whose positions (by Republic Act No. 296,section 53), as Mr. Justice Padilla says in a separate opinion, offendsagainst the constitutional mandate that no judge appointed for a parti-cular district shall be transferred to another district without the ap-proval of the Supreme Court. For under said Republic Act No. 296,those judges could be assigned by the Secretary of Justice to any Judi-cial District,-a practice undoubtedly allowing, if it had not alreadyallowed, the designation of any of them to try specific cases with per-haps indicated results. Indeed, the present administration is to be com-mended for thus totally doing away with the system of "rigodon dejueces", which under the former law it could have maintained to itsobvious advantage. It is very significant that not a single District Judgehas been ceased out. We cannot accept the insinuation that the peti-tioners have been purposely removed or legislated out, because the iso-lated personal opinion expressed by one or two members of Congressthat undesirable judges must be weeded out, is not controlling and, asalready stated, all positions of Judges-at-Large and Cadastral Judges,and not merely those held by the petitioners, were abolished. If peti-titioners were not.: after the abolition of their posts, retained in the judi-ciary, like the others by giving them appointment as District Judges,

RECENT DOCUMENTS 769

which involves a promotion to positions of higher category, that is notattributable to Republic Act No. 1186, for petitioners are in fact casual-ties of the legitimate exercise by the President of his prerogative ap-pointment. Moreover, if the petitioners were intentionally ceased out forbeing "undesirable", no provision for the payment of any gratuity wouldhave been provided, because removal for cause is never rewarded.

It is argued for the petitioners that Republic Act No. 1186 has notabolished any Court of First Instance and, on the contrary, it has in-creased the number of District Judges. This is followed by the reminderthat in American States where the legislative power to abolish a judge-ship was sustained, the corresponding court was also abolished. The flawof this argument lies in the fact that none of the petitioners was aDistrict Judge presiding over a District Court, and they were all onlyoccupying the positions of either Judge-at-Large or Cadastral Judge invirtue of section 53 of the Judiciary Act of 1948, which positions wereeP. abolished and which section wal>. repealed expressly by RepublicAct No. 1186; hence it was no longer necessary to abolish any court.It is not amiss to recall that the position of District Judge has hereto-furc always been considered as distinct and different from that of J udge-at-Large or Cadastral Judge, such that the latter had to look forwardto being promoted and made a District Judge under a new and differentappointment with increased compensation.

Our considered opinion is that if it be, as it is, admitted that Con-gress can abolish courts inferior to the Supreme Court, it can do the lesserthing of reducing the number or changing the category of judges presidingover such courts. In the case of Zandueta vs. De la Costa, 66 Phil., 615.lvlr. Justice Laurel, one of the most eminent members of the Constitu-tional Convention. voiced the opinion that the legislature may abolishcourts inferior to the Supreme Court and reorganize them territorially01 otherwise, thereby necessitating new appointments and commissions.Indeed, only recently, in the case of Brillo vs. Enage, G. R. No. L-7115,we ourselves expressed the view that "el derecho de un juez de desern-pefiarlo hasta los 70 afios de edad 0 se incapacite no priva al Congresode su facultad de abolir, fusionar 0 reorganizar juzgados no constitucio-nales," Citations from other jurisdictions contain pronouncements to theeflect that "if the framers of the Constitution intended to leave it to thelegislature to establish and abolish courts as the public necessities de-manded, this was not qualified, or limited by the clause as to the judge'sterm of office," (McCulley vs. State, 53 S:W. 134); "a constitutional pro-vision that judges of a certain court shall hold their offices for five yearsmust yield to another provision that the legislature may alter or abolishthe court, and therefore the legislature may reduce the number of judgesby fixing an end to the terms of certain of them although within fiveyears after they took office. State ex rel, Kenny vs. Hudspeth (1890)59 N.J.L. 304; 37 Atl. 504, 37 Atl. 67; Nolle v. State (1698) 62 N.J.L.

770 PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL

533, 41 Atl, 832, affirmed in (1900) 64 N.J.L. 363, 48 Atl, 1118." (4AL.R. 216); "the legislative power to create a court carries with it thepower to abolish it. When the court is abolished any unexpired termis abolished also. The judge of such a court takes office with that en-cumbrance and knowledge. (Cherokee County v. Savage, 32 So. 2nd503); and "the legislature has the power to abolish as well as to create,to diminish as well as to increase, the number of judicial districts" (AIk-man vs. Edwards, 30 L.R.A 149, 55 Kan. 751, 42 Pac. 366).

The reasons for the above pronouncements are, among others, thatsecurity of tenure is certainly not a personal privilege of any particularJudge (concurring opinion of Mr.' Justice Laurel in Zandueta vs. De laCosta, supra); a public officer, no matter what the department of thegovernment in which he serves is a public servant, and while the publicshould deal justly with him, his individual rights are by no means ofprimary importance (AIkman vs. Edwards, 30 L.R.A. 149, 55 Kan. 751,42 Pac. 366); the judge's right to his full term and his full salary arenot dependent alone upon his good conduct, but also upon the contin-gency that the legislature may for the public good, in ordaining andestablishing the courts, from time to time consider his office unnecessaryand abolish it (McCulley vs. State, 53 S.W. 134).

Properly and logically speaking, the petitioners were not removedfrom office because a removal implies that the office exists after theouster. Thus in the case of Manalang vs, Quitoriano, G. R. No. L-6898,promulgated on April 30, 1954, this Court said:

"This pretense can not be sustained. To begin with, petitionerhas never been Commissioner of the National Employment Serviceand, hence, he could not have been, and has not been removed there-from. Secondly, to remove an officer is to oust him from office beforethe expiration of his term. A removal implies that the office existsafter the ouster. Such is not the case of petitioner herein, for Re-public Act 761 expressly abolished the Placement Bureau, and, by im-plication, the office of the Director thereof, which, obviously, cannotexist without said Bureau. By the abolition of the latter and of saidoffice, the right thereto of its incumbent, petitioner herein, was neces-sarily extenguished thereby. Accordingly, the constitutional mandateto the effect that 'no officer or employee in the civil service shall beremoved or suspended except for cause as provided by law' (Art. XII,Sec. 4, Phil. Const.) , is not in point, for there has been neither a re-moval nor a suspension of the petitioner Manalang, but an abolition ofhis former office of Director of the Placement Bureau, which, admit-tedly, is within the power of Congress to undertake by legislation."(supra, 50 0.0. 2515.)

To the same effect is the following:"To dispense with an unnecessary court is not to change his term

of judgeship, nor is it to affect the guaranties of the Constitution as tohis salary, nor does it remove the judge from office. The office nolonger exists, and, of course, a removal from an office that has noexistence is not a conceivable proposition." (McCulley vs. State,53 S.W. 134.)

RECENT DOCU~NTS 771For all practical purposes and to all constitutional intents, a judge

of first instance is on the same footing as an officer or employee in thecivil service insofar as permanence of tenure is concerned, because where-as the judge is to serve during good behavior, an officer or employeein the civil service may not be removed or suspended except for causeas provided by law. In both cases the office is statutory, and it isfundamental and elementary that a statute cannot be irrepealable. Thepetitioners are certainly mistaken in believing that the only way tore-concile section 1 with section 9 of Article VIII of the Constitution is tohold that any attempt to abolish the position of a judge should only00 made effective after the expiration of his term; because it is noless tenable and sound to rule that a judge may hold office duringgood behavior only as long as his position lasts. It may not be urgedthat the latter construction would render section 9 meaningless, for thereason that, in the absence of said constitutional provision, the Congressmay fix the judge's term of office at, say, one year, two years, threeyears, or any definite period.

The case of Commonwealth vs, Gamble, 62 Pa. 343, mainly reliedupon by the petitioners, is not decisive, since the statute therein involvedsingled out a particular judge. In the case at bar, as already pointedout, all positions of Judge-at-Large and Cadastral Judge were not abolished.Besides, the case of Commonwealth vs. Gamble was invoked in the caseof AIkman vs. Edwards, supra, and the Supreme Court of Kansas didnot follow it, holding:' ''To allow the legislature, while making one newdistrict, to legislate the judge of an old district out of office, and providefor appointment or election of two new judges, would clearly be viciousin the principle, and this is the class of legislation which falls within theccnstitutional inhibition. But to prohibit the legislature from abolishinga district which had been improvidently established, and thereby va-cates the office of a judge, is another and altogether different thing,which the Constitution does not, in express terms, prohibit."

There is no point in the observation that the implied power ofCongress to abolish inferior courts cannot prevail over the express con-stitutional provision on tenure of office. The petitioner's case is alsonecessarily premised only upon the implied proposition that said tenuremay not be shortened. If the power to abolish were intended to bequalified by the permanence of tenure, the Constitution would have,along with the provision that the judges of inferior courts shall holdoffice during good behavior until they reach the age of seventy yearsor become incapacitated, further ordained that their term shall not beshortened or affected by the abolition of any inferior courts; in the sameway that although the judges "shall receive such compensation as maybe fixed by law," the Constitution contains the express limitation that

772 PHILIPPINE LA.W JOURNALsuch compensation "shall not be diminished during their continuancein office" (Section 9, Article VIII, Constitution).

There is nothing to the distinction attempted to be drawn fromthe circumstance that the legislative power to abolish a court sustainedin American cases, was expressly conferred by the Constitution, whereasthe right of our Congress to abolish is merely implied from its consti-tutional power to create inferior courts. In both cases the power exists,and we cannot see any difference as to its force and effect when exercised.

Let it be clearly understood that we are not here concerned witha case of one or more judges of first instance being singled out forelimination nor with a case contemplated by Mr. Justice Laurel in hisconcurring opinion in Zandueta vs. De la Costa, supra, when he gavethe warning that where the violation of a constitutional provision re-garding security of judicial tenure is palpable and plain, and the legis-lative power of reorganization is sought to cloak an unconstitutional andevil purpose, it will be the time to make the hammer fall and heavily.

As the power of appointment carries with it the power of removal,it is more logical to suppose that, as the judges are appointed by thePresident, the security of tenure contemplated by section 9 of ArticleVIII of the Constitution, was intended more as a restraint against Exe-cutive removal; and as a matter of fact, in implementation of this objec-tive, it has been provided in section 67 of the Judiciary Act of 1948that no District Judge, Judge-at-Large or Cadastral Judge shall be sepa-rated or removed from office by the President of the Philippines un-less sufficient cause shall exist, in the judgment of the Supreme Court,involving serious misconduct or inefficiency, for the removal of said judgefrom office after the proper proceedings.

We are not blind to the great importance and imperative desirabilityof having and maintaining an independent judiciary. At the same time,we cannot abridge the powers of Congress under the Constitution. It isnot for us to judge the wisdom of the framers of our Constitution ingranting Congress legislative power with reference to the establishmentof courts inferior to the Supreme Court. But with all the constitutionaland statutory safeguards, and any device conceivable by the ingenuityof man, for judicial independence, after all there can be no surer gua-ranty for a true administration of justice than the God-given characterand fitness of those appointed to the Bench. The judges may be gua-ranteed a fixed tenure of office during good behavior, but if they are ofsuch stuff as allows them to be subservient to one administration afteranother, or to cater to the wishes of one litigant after another, the inde-pendence of the judiciary will be nothing more than a myth or an emptyideal. Our judges, we are confident, can be of the type of Lord Coke,regardless or in spite of the power of Congress-we do not say unlimitedbut as herein exercised-to reorganize inferior courts.

RECENT DOCUMENTS 773PADILLA, }.:

.In so far as the security of tenure of judges is concerned, I am inaccord with Mr. Justice Bengzon's view. A fixed tenure during goodbehavior, long recognized as essential to an independent judiciary, has inthis country been translated into a constitutional ban limiting the powersof Congress in dealing with the courts and for that reason not to bewritten off with the argument that as Congress has the express authorityto establish courts inferior to the Supreme Court, it necessarily has alsothe implied authority to abolish them. For how could there be a fixedtenure if the office may at any time be abolished? As the Constitutionexpressly prohibits the removal of a judge (except for cause) duringhis term of office, reason dictates that the implied power to abolish courtsmust be deemed withheld where its exercise would bring about what isprohibited. What the Constitution prohibits the Congress to do directlyshould not be allowed to be done by indirection, circumvention andresort to an implied power to nullify an express constitutional mandate.

The Constitution provides and ordains that "all judges of inferiorcourts shall hold office during good behavior, until they reach the ageof seventy years, or become incapacitated to discharge the duties of theiroffice" and "shall receive such compensation as may be fixed by law,which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office."1 Italso provides that "No judge appointed for a particular district shall bedesignated or transferred to another district without the approval of theSupreme Court. The Congress shall by law determine the residence ofjudges of inferior courts." Z

Section 53 of Republic Act No. 296 provides:In addition to the District Judges mentioned in section forty-nine

hereof there shall also be appointed eighteen Judges-at-large and fifteenCadastral Judges who shell not be assigned permanently to any judicialdistrict and who shall render duty in such district or province as may,from time to time. be designated by the Department Head. (Under-scoring supplied.)

This is the law that created or established the office of the petitioners.The law offends against section 7, Article VIII, of the Constitution, notonly because it does not determine or fix the residence of the petitionersas judges, as ordained bv the Constitution, but also because the authorityto designate them to render duty in districts or provinces other than thoseof their residence is lodged in the Department Head alone when accoru-ing to the same section and article of the Constitution the authoritymust be exercised with the approval of the Supreme Court. There isno reason why section 9, Article VIII, of the Constitution should begiven effect and section 7 of the same article nullified.

The last paragraph of section 3 of Republic Act No. 1186 repeals

1Section 9, Article VIII.2 Section 7, supr.


section 53 of Republic Act 296 quoted above and the positions of Judges-at-Large and Cadastral Judge are thereby abolished. The paragraphis assailed on the ground that it infringes upon section 9, Article VIII,of the Constitution. By repealing section 53 of Republic Act No. 296and abolishing the anomalous judicial positions therein created, the Con-gress has but rectified a grave error-with intent, no doubt, to makethe judicial system conform to the Constitution by eliminating there-from judges that could be moved about at the pleasure of an ExecutiveDepartment and to that extent exposed to extraneous influences. Topermit the continuance of a system that offends against the fundamental:aw would be :a dereliction of duty on the part of Congress. On theother hand, the Constitution is upheld and not violated where judicialpositions created or established contrary to its provisions-such as thoseheld by the herein petitioners-are abolished.

For these reasons the petition should be dismissed.

REYES, A., J., concurring:I concur in the opinion of the Chief Justice. But I must say fur-

ther that even supposing that Congress may not, as a general rule,abolish a judicial post without allowing the incumbent to finish his termof office, still I see weight in Mr. Justice Padilla's opinion that to allowthe petitioners herein to continue as judges-at-large and cadastral judgeswithout permanent assignment and forever subject to being moved fromone judicial district to another without the consent of the Supreme Courtwould be to perpetuate a system repulsive to an independent judiciaryand a clear evasion of the Constitution.

LABRADOR, J.:I do not dispute the fundamental principles which my brethren

have expounded as underlying our scheme of government. The inde-pendence of the judiciary, its inviolability against executive or legislativeencroachment and the permanence of judicial tenure are so plain as toneed elucidation. I am also aware of the fact that the judiciary is theweakest of all the three departments of the Government. However, inour zealousness to conserve judicial independence we should be carefulto guard against self-pity and passion taking the better part of reasonand allowing them to becloud the real issue. The question should bedispassionately considered, bearing in mind, on the one hand, that everypresumption of good faith should be accorded a coordinate departmentthat had decreed the passage of the disputed legislation, especially as inthe present instance the legislative department has been expressly grantedthe power to organize


circumstances in a very great measure may give an aspect to the issuedifferent from what it may appear to be.

The office of judge-at-Iarge was introduced in this jurisdiction inthe year 1902. It is a peculiar contraption unknown in other judicialsystems. Under Act No. 396 (Philippine Commission, May 9, 1902),four judges of first instance, in addition to those created in Act No. 136,were to be appointed, who "may be required to perform the duties ofthe judge of first instance of any province, when directed by the CivilGovernor." But under the first judicial reorganization act (Act No. 2347,approved February 28, 1914), the positions of auxiliary judges of firstinstance were created in the place of judge-at-large in that he is ap-pointed to a group of judicial districts to which he is appointed andacquires the right to hold court and exercise judicial function only ifand when he is assigned by the Executive Department to a district.Under Act No. 2347 the auxiliary judge was to hold session in the placeof his residence. Specific prohibition existed against his serving in anydistrict not included in his commission. (Sec. 4.)

The positions of auxiliary judges were continued in the Administra-tive Code of 1916 and 1917. Under the latter, the stations of auxiliaryjudges were fixed, and they were to hold court thereat without need ofassignment by the Secretary of Justice, but only upon request of ajudge of a district. (Secs. 157-160.) These positions of auxiliary judgeswere continued until December 6, 1932, when Act No. 4007 by amendingSection 157 of the Administrative Code again created the positions ofsix judges-at-large, who were not assigned to any judicial district butwere to hold court in any district when the Secretary of Justice desig-nates them to do so.

"Sec. 157. Judges-at-Iarge.-In addition to the judges mentionedin section one hundred and fifty-four hereof, as amended, there shallalso be appointed six judges who shall not be assigned permanently toany judicial district and who shall render duty in such districts orprovinces as may, from time to time, be designated by the Depart-ment Head. (Sec. 24, Act No. 4007.)

The above was the set-up of judges-at-large when the Constitution wasapproved. Thereafter, on November 7, 1936. Commonwealth Act No.145 reduced the number of judges-at-large to five. (Sec. 3.) On August19, 1938, C.A. No. 348 increased the number of judges-at-large to twelve.(Sec. 2.)

The positions of cadastral judges were first created under C.A. No.504, which provides:

"Sec. 1. In addition to the existing positions of judges of firstinstance, there are created fifteen positions of judges of first instanceto be appointed as provided by law. Said judges shall be paid asalary of eight thousand four hundred pesos per annum each, and shallhave the same rank, powers and privileges enjoyed by and grantedto judges of first instance,' but their jurisdiction shall be limited to


cases an smg under the Cadastral Act and the Land Registration Act.They shall render duty in such judicial districts or provinces as m;y,from time to time, be ,designated by the Secretary of Justice."

There were, prior to the passage of Republic Act No. 1186, 18positions of judges-at-large and 15 positions of cadastral judges. (sec.53, R.A. No. 296.)

While the idea of a judge-at-large may be traced to an early date(1902) it was suppressed in 1914 and did not appear again in ourjudicial system until 1932. Its usefulness as a contrivance to help inthe clearing of clogged dockets may be admitted, but its useful existenceIor a long time in our statute books can not cure or remedy its funda-mental defect-the lack of a specific district where the judge can exer-cise his judicial functions freely without interference from anyone,much less an executive or administrative superior, and from which hemay not be moved away without his consent. It must be rememberedthat one of the legal ramparts guarding judicial independence is irre-movability from the district to which one is appointed. This principlewas first enunciated in the case of Borromeo vs. Mariano, 41 Phil. 322.and I hold that it should not apply to district judges alone, but to alljudges of any court of any grade. If a judge can be moved from oneplace to another at the will or mercy of an executive official he certainlycannot have the freedom to act in the trial and decision of cases accord-ing to the dictates of his reason and conscience; there is no hindrancefor him to trade his convictions for personal conveniences in order towin favor with the executive authority that assigns him and upon whosegood will his promotion depends.

The other fundamental defect of the system of judges-at-large isthe power of the Executive branch to determine where judges shall sit.Through the exercise of this power the Executive branch can assignfriendly, or sympathetic, or willing tools to any place to try specificcases so that these may be tried and decided in the form and mannerin which the Executive branch desires.

The office of judge-at-large, therefore, is incompatible with the prin-ciple of judicial independence. In the cases of Borromeo vs. Mariano,supra, and Concepcion vs. Paredes (42 Phil. 599), this Court frownedupon the attempt to transfer a judge to another district against his willand the attempt to decide by lot where judges shall sit, these being,according to the Court, subversive of judicial independence, self-respect,and integrity, it is much more undesirable and condemnable to havejudges act as such only if and when directed by an executive officer andonly at places to which they are assigned.

Section 7 of Article VIII of the Constitution provides:

"No judge appointed for a particular district shall be designatedor transferred to another district without the approval of the Supreme

RECENT DOCUMENTS 777Court. The Congress shall by law determine the residence of judgesof inferior courts."

The above provision of the residence of judges was inserted becausejudges of first instance used to reside in Manila, or in places other thanwhere they hold court, making them unavailable in their courts exceptwhere they actually hold sessions, to the great inconvenience of thepublic, and impairing their efficiency, because the time and energy spentby them in going to and from their residence to their courts, reducedthe time and attention they could devote to their work. The prevailingl'eeling in the Constitutional Convention that judges of first instanceshould have designated places of residence must be considered applicableto judges-at-large, who resided in Manila. They could not permanentlyreside in districts out of Manila because by the very nature of theiroffice they were to be assigned from time to time to different provincesof the Archipelago where their services are needed.

Notwithstanding the constitutional directive for the legislature toprovide by law the residences of judges of inferior courts, the legislaturedid not for some time see fit to provide official residences for judges-at-large and cadastral judges. In time, the party in power saw in thesejudges-at-large and cadastral judges, and specially in the peculiar pro-vision that they shall hold court only in places to which they may beassigned by the Secretary of Justice, a means to influence the course ofjustice. Through the Secretary of Justice, a political appointee, friendlyor sympathetic judges-at-large and cadastral judges were picked up forassignment to places where the administration or the party in power orthe influential politicians desired cases (especially election cases) to bedecided in one way or another. In time, judges-at-large and cadastraljudges were not only assigned to specific provinces, but they were as-signed to hear particular cases and authorized to decide these casesin Manila. In one notorious case once before this Court, a judge-at-largewas made to abandon a heavy calendar of hearings to try a case in3 nearby province presumably in the form and manner in which theAdminstraticn desired it to be conducted or decided, to the extremeinconvenience of the residents of the province where his calendar waspreviously fixed and to the just indignation of lovers of justice. (Mon-tano vs. Mejia, G.R. No. L-6416.)

It has come to pass, therefore, that the offices of judges-at-largeand cadastral judges, which were established for the prompt dispatchof cases has become the avenue through which pernicious political in-fluence has sought to corrupt the administration of justice. It can notbe: denied that it is this intolerable anomaly which Congress sought toremedy by Sec. 3, par. 2 of Republic Act No. 1186, although some legis-lators may have personal reasons of their own in supporting its passage.To the credit of the present Congress, let it be said that the disputed

112 PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNALrtqxkukqp eqpuvkvwvgucp cev qh tgnkpswkujogpv d} vjg rctv} kp rqygt qhc uvtqpi rqnkvkecnygcrqp yjkej kveqwnf wvknkngvq kvuqyp cfxcpvcig/

Au yg ugg kv vjg Aev ku c rqukvkxgtgogf} uggmkpivq gtcfkecvg cicpitgpqwu gxknvjcv jcu dggp unqyn}dwvuwtgn}ucrrkpi rwdnkeeqphkfgpegkp vjg cfokpkuvtcvkqp qh lwuvkeg/ Vkgygf htqo kvurwtrqug cpf cko- kvecppqv dg uckf vq jcxg dggp rcuugf vq ngikuncvglwfigu qwv-yjkej yqwnfdg cp gpetqcejogpv qp vjg kpfgrgpfgpeg qh vjg lwfkekct}; kv ku tcvjgtvjg rckphwn corwvcvkqp qh cp cpqocnqwu cpf icpitgpqwu crrgpfcig-vjtqwij yjkej rqnkvkeujcf kphnwgpegfvjg lwfkekct}/ Iv ku vjg rckphwngzvtcevkqp qh c vqqvj vjtqwij yjkej vjg igtou qh kphgevkqpuggm vqrqkuqp vjg yjqng lwfkekcndqf}/ Rgoqxcn qh uckf icpitgpqwu crrgpfcig-qt gzvtcevkqp qh vjg kphgevkqwuvqqvj- qt vjg gtcfkecvkqp qh vjg tqqv qhvjg gxkn ku pqv kpvgthgtgpeg ykvj lwfkekcnkpfgropfgpeg; kv/ ku htggkpikv qh rqnkvkecnkphnwgpeg-vjg ewvvkpi qhh qh vjg cxgpwg ngcfkpi vjgtgvq-qxgt yjkej rgtpkekqwurqnkvkeujcf rcuugf vq kphnwgpegvjg cfokpkuvtcvkqpqh lwuvkeg/ Tq vjg lwfkekcnu}uvgo kvkukpfggf rckphwn-dwv vjg qrgtcvkqpoc} dg nkmgpgfwpvq vjg ukvwcvkqpeqxgtgf d} vjg hqnnqykpi Bkdnkecnrcuucig:

'Apf kh vj} jcpf- qt vj} hqqv uecpfcnkng vjgg- ewv kv qhh- cpf ecuvkv htqo vjgg/ Iv ku dgvvgt hqt vjgg vq iq kpvq nkhgockogf qt ncog-vjcp jcxkpi vyq jcpfu qt vyq hggv- vq dg ecuv kpvq gxgtncuvkpi hktg/'*Sv/ Mcvvjgy- ejcr/ 18- x/ 8,/

Tjku vq o} okpf ku pqv vjg qeecukqp yjgp- kp vjg yqtfu qh JwuvkegLcwtgn-yg owuv ngv 'vjg jcoogt hcnn/' Iv ku tcvjgt cp qeecukqp yjgpyg ujqwnf pqv nqqmhqt fghgevukp vjg ncy- dwvuggmkvulwuvkhkecvkqp/Wghkpf uwej lwuvkhkecvkqp-khpqv kp yqtfu qh vjg eqpuvkvwvkqpcnfktgevkxgvjcvvjg ngikuncvwtghkzguvjg tgukfgpegu qh lwfigu- cv ngcuvkp vjg tgcuqp qturktkv qh vjg qvjgt rtqxkukqp vjcv lwfigu ujcnn dg cuukipgf vq fkuvtkevuhtqo yjkej vjg} oc} pqv dg tgoqxgf qt vcmgpcyc} //

Tjgtg ku cpf vjgtg ecp dg pq swguvkqpcu vq vjg gzkuvgpegqh vjgrqygt qh Cqpitguu vq cdqnkuj qt vq tgqticpkng kphgtkqt eqwtvu/ Tjkurqygt kugzrtguun} itcpvgf vq Cqpitguu d} vjg Cqpuvkvwvkqpyjgp kvrtq.xkfgf kp Sgevkqp 1- Atvkeng/''' vjcv vjg lwfkekcnrqygt ujcnn dg xguvgfkp qpg Swrtgog Cqwtv cpf kp 'uwej kphgtkqteqwtvucu oc} dg guvcdnkujgfd} ncy-' qt kp Sgevkqp2 qh vjg ucog Atvkeng/ Bwvqwt Cqpuvkvwvkqpcnuqgzrtguun} iwctcpvggu vjcv lwfigu ujcnn pqv dg tgoqxgf htqo qhhkegwpvknvjg} tgcej vjg cig qh ugxgpv}}gctu- qt dgeqog kpecrcekvcvgf vq fkuejctigvjg fwvkguqh vjgkt qhhkeg*Sge/ 9- AtvkengVIII,/ Iv kuvjgug vyq eqphnkevkpieqpegrvu vjcv yg ctg ecnngfwrqp vq crrn} kp vjg ecug cv dct/

Au I wpfgtuvcpf kv-vjg swguvkqpcv kuuwgkupqv- Mc} vjg ngikuncvwtgngikuncvglwfigu qwv qh qhhkegd} c uwrrqugf cev qh lwfkekcntgqticpknc.vkqp? Tjcv yqwnf dg wphckt vq vjg ngikuncvwtgvjcv gpcevgf vjg rtqxk.ukqpcpf c fkuvqtvkqpqh vjg kuuwg-hqt lwfigu ctg pqv dgkpi gcugf qwvdwvvjgkt rqukvkqpuctg dgkpi cdqnkujgf cpf ctg pqv dgkpi hknngfd} qvjgtu/


Ih vjcv ygtg vjg kuuwgvjgtg yqwnf dg pq vgpcdng ukfg vjcp vjg pgicvkxg/Tjg swguvkqpujqwnf tcvjgt dg uvcvgf vjwu: Hcu vjg ngikuncvwtgcdwugfkvu rqygt vq tgqticpkng eqwtvu qh hktuvkpuvcpeg yjgp kv cdqnkujgf vjgrqukvkqpuqh lwfigu.cv.nctig cpf ecfcuvtcn lwfigu?

Nq qpg fgpkgu vjg hcev vjcv vjg rqygt vq cdqnkuj qt tgqticpkngkphgtkqt eqwtvu ujqwnf dg tgeqpekngf ykvj vjg rgtocpgpeg qh lwfkekcnvgpwtg-cu dqvj rtqeggf htqo eqpuvkvwvkqpcnrtqxkukqpu/ Bwv ygtg yg vqjqnf vjcv lwfkekcnvgpwtg ku rctcoqwpv qxgt vjg ngikuncvkxgrqygt vqtgqticpkng- vjg ncvvgtyqwnf dg korqvgpv vq gzgtekug vjg rqygt itcpvgf-hqt kvecp pqv dg fgpkgf vjcv c lwfkekcntgqticpkncvkqp qt c okpqt ejcpigkp vjg lwfkekcnu}uvgo owuv cnyc}u chhgevkpewodgpvu qh lwfkekcnqhhkegu/Tjg rqygt vq tgqticpkng vjg lwfkekcnu}uvgo ujqwnf dg eqpukfgtgf rctc.oqwpv qxgt vjg rgtocpgpeg qh lwfkekcnvgpwtg-vjg ncvvgtugtxkpi qpn}cu c nkokvcvkqpyjgp vjg ngikuncvkxgrqygt jcu dggp cdwugf/ Fqt ygecp pqv eqpegkxg-d} vjg ogtg iwctcpv} qh vgpwtg- vjcv vjg Cqpuvkvw.vkqpkpvgpfgf vq eqpxgtv vjg lwfkekcndqf} kpvquwej c rtkxkngigf itqwrqh wpvqwejcdnguvjcv gxgp vjg ngikvkocvgpggfu cpf fguktgu qh vjg dqf}rqnkvkeu-cu gzrtguugf vjtqwij kvuncyhwntgrtgugpvcvkxg- owuv dg uwdqt.fkpcvgf vjgtgvq cpf cdkfg vjg rcuukpi cyc} qh lwfigu/ Wgtg yg vqceegrv vjg rtkpekrng gpwpekcvgf kp vjg qrkpkqp uwuvckpkpivjcv vjg ngiku.ncvkxgtgqticpkncvkqp ecppqv qxgttkfg vgpwtg- yg yqwnf dg ocmkpi vjgcfokvvgfn} ygcmguv fgrctvogpv qh vjg Gqxgtpogpv uwrtgog cpf eqp.xgtvkpi c tgrtgugpvcvkxg fgoqetce} kpvq c lwfkekcnqnkictej}/ Ann ctiw.ogpvu qhhgtgf cickpuv vjg eqpuvkvwvkqpcnkv}qh vjg fkurwvgf rtqxkukqpuyqwnf dg xcnkf cickpuv vjg Swrtgog Cqwtv- c eqpuvkvwvkqpcneqwtv- dwvpqv cickpuv vjg kphgtkqteqwtvu cu vq yjkej vjg Cqpuvkvwvkqpitcpvu vjgngikuncvwtgrngpct} rqygt qh qticpkncvkqp cpf eqpugswgpvn}qh tgqticpknc.vkqp/

I jcxg vcmgprckpu vq gzcokpg vjg oquv korqtvcpv ecugu yjkej jcxgdggp ekvgf kp hcxqt qh qpg qt vjg qvjgt ukfg-dwv I jcxg hqwpf pq ukpingecug yjkej gzcevn} hkvuvjg hcevuqh vjg ecug cv dct/ Tjg ecug qh Svcvgxu- Ftkgfng}- 34 N/E/ 872- ecppqv dg ekvgf kp uwrrqtv qh vjg xkgy vjcvvjg Aev qt vjg rtqxkukqpuqh vjg Aev wpfgt qwt eqpukfgtcvkqpctg wpeqp.uvkvwvkqpcn/Ip vjcv ecug vjg tgncvqt Gkduqp ycu vjg uqng lwfig qh vjghqwtvj lwfkekcnfkuvtkevqh Ipfkcpc- cpf Ftkgfng}- vjg uqng lwfig qh vjghkhvjlwfkekcnfkuvtkev/ B} cp cev qh vjg ngikuncvwtgvjg hkhvjlwfkekcnekt.ewkvycu cdqnkujgf cpf vjg vgttkvqt} eqxgtgf d} kvcvvcejgf vq vjg hqwtvjlwfkekcnektewkv/ Au Ftkgfng} eqpvkpwgf vq gzgtekug jku qhhkegcu lwfig-Gkduqp kpuvkvwvgfc ecug vq fgvgtokpg Ftkgfng})u tkijv vq jqnf qhhkegkp vjg hqwtvj lwfkekcnfkuvtkev/ Gkduqp eqpvgpfgf vjcv Ftkgfng} jcf pqtkijv vq gzgtekug vjg qhhkegcu vjg ucog jcf dggp cdqnkujgf d} vjg cevqh vjg ngikuncvwtg/ Tjg Swrtgog Cqwtv qh Ipfkcpc jgnf vjcv vjg ngiku.ncvwtgeqwnf pqv cdqnkuj vjg ektewkvcpf vjwu ngikuncvgqwv qh qhhkegvjglwfig cpf vjg rtqugewvkpi cvvqtpg} qh vjg hkhvjlwfkekcnektewkv-hqt ygtg kv


rgtokvvgf vq fq uq- vjg lwfkekct} yqwnf dg uwdlgevgf vq vjg ngikuncvkxgrqygt cpf lwfkekcnkpfgrgpfgpeg fguvtq}gf/ Bwvkvujqwnf dg pqvgf vjcvvjg Ipfkcpc eqpuvkvwvkqppqv qpn} hkzgf vjg vgto qh vjg ektewkvlwfig hqtukz }gctu- dwvwpfgt kvektewkveqwtvuctg eqpuvkvwvkqpcneqwtvu/ *Atv/ 7-uge/ 161- Rgx/ Svcv/ 1881/, Tjg eqwtv uckf vjcv khvjg ngikuncvwtgoc}cdqnkuj c ektewkvcpf kvucev dg ocfg vq vcmg ghhgevcv cnn-kv ujqwnfpqv dg dghqtg vjg gzrktcvkqp qh vjg vgto qh qhhkegqh vjg lwfig cv vjgvkog qh vjg cev oB Drn BniCy DriD Drn tEmpn kuc lyCDsDEDsyiv qhhkegt/Tjku ecug ku fkhhgtgpvhtqo vjg ecug cv dct kp vjcv wpfgt vjg Ipfkcpceqpuvkvwvkqpektewkveqwtvuygtg eqpuvkvwvkqpcneqwtvu/ *Cqpuv/-Atv/ 7- uge/161- Rgx/ Svcv/ 1881, cpf vjg vgto qh c ektewkvlwfig hkzgf cv ukz }gctu*kfgo- uge/ 169,- yjkng kp vjku lwtkufkevkqpeqwtvu qh hktuvkpuvcpeg ctgpqv eqpuvkvwvkqpcneqwtvucpf DrnBn ku iy gzrtguu ABFsCsy o Drn lyCDs1DEDsy iEDrBsJsyp Drn vnpsCviDEBn D BnBpiysJn qt gxgp ijvsCr kphgtkqteqwtvu-kpenwfkpi eqwtvu qh hktuvkpuvcpeg/ *AtvkengVIII- Sge/ 1 qh vjgCqpuvkvwvkqpxguv lwtkufkevkqpkp vjg Swrtgog Cqwtv iym sy uwej DrnBsyonBsB eqwtvucu Drn viG wiI mnDnBwsyn:-

Apqvjgt ecug ekvgf vq uwuvckpvjg xkgy qh wpeqpuvkvwvkqpcnkv}kuvjgecug qh Cqooqpygcnvj 54e Gcodng- 62 Pc/ 343- 1 Ao/ Rgr/ 422/ Ipvjku ecug- Gcodng tgegkxgf c eqookuukqp htqo vjg iqxgtpqt vjg vgpwtgqh yjkej ycu d} vjg lyCDsDEDsy D lyDsyEn DB Dny }gctu qp vjg qpn}eqpfkvkqp vjcv jg ujqwnf uq nqpi dgjcxg jkougnh ygnn/ Swdugswgpvn}-vjg ngikuncvwtgrcuugf c ncy crrtqxgf d} vjg iqxgtpqt cdqnkujkpi vjgfkuvtkevvq yjkej jg ycu crrqkpvgf- vtcpuhgttkpi kvvq- cpf eqpuvkvwvkpicrctv qh- cpqvjgt fkuvtkev/ Tjg eqpuvkvwvkqprtqxkfgf vjcv Jwfig Gcodngujcnn jqnf qhhkeghqt c vgto qh vgp }gctu- kh jg ujqwnf uq nqpi dgjcxgjkougnh ygnn/ Av vjg vkog qh vjg rcuucig qh vjg cev Gcodng)u eqo.okuukqp jcf pkpg cpf vyq.vjktfu }gctu oqtg vq twp/ Tjg eqwtv jgnfvjcv vjg cev qh vjg ngikuncvwtgycu xqkf dgecwug kvycu xkqncvkxgqh vjgeqpuvkvwvkqpcnrtqxkukqp/ Tjg eqwtv uckf: Tjg rqygt cpf cwvjqtkv} qhvjg lwfig ygtg gzrtguun} itcpvgf d} vjg Cqpuvkvwvkqpvq eqpvkpwgvq dggzgtekugf hqt c rgtkqf qh vgp }gctu cpf vjku eqpuvkvwvkqpcnitcpv qh tkijvcpf cwvjqtkv} oc} pqv dg ejcpigf d} ngikuncvkxgcevkqp-dgecwug khvjgngikuncvwtgygtg cwvjqtkngf vq oqfkh} *vjg vgto, d} ngikuncvkxgcev vjgpyqwnf vjg cwvjqtkv} qh vjg eqpuvkvwvkqpdg uwdlgevcpf uwdqtfkpcvg vqngikuncvkxgcwvjqtkv}/ Ngkvjgt ku vjku ecug crrnkecdng vq vjg ecug cvdct dgecwug vjg vgto qh qhhkegqh Gcodng ycu hkzgf gzrtguun} d} vjgCqpuvkvwvkqpcv vgp }gctu- yjkej kupqv vjg ecug qh lwfigu.cv.nctig cpf ec.fcuvtcn lwfigu- pqy rgvkvkqpgtukp vjku ecug/

A /vjktf ecug ekvgf cickpuv vjg eqpuvkvwvkqpcnkv}qh vjg rtqxkukqp kuvjg Orkpkqp qh Jwuvkeg-171 N/E/ 237/ Ip vjku ecug- c rtqrqugf ngikunc.vkqp ycu uwdokvvgf vq vjg uwrtgog lwfkekcneqwtv qh Mcuucejwugvvuhqtcp qrkpkqp qp vjg rtqxkukqpuvjgtgkp vq vjg ghhgevvjcv lwfigu yjq jcxgtgcejgf vjg cig qh 70 }gctu ujcnn dg tgvktgf vq rctv vkog ugtxkeg/ Tjgtg


ycu vjgp pq rtqxkutqp kp vjg Mcuucejwugvvueqpuvkvwvkqpukoknct vq qwtucpf tgictfkpi eqorwnuqt} tgvktgogpv cv vjg cig qh ugxgpv}/ Tjg uwr.tgog lwfkekcneqwtv jgnf vjcv vjg rtqrqugf rtqxkukqp ku xkqncvkxgqh vjgrv qxkukqpqh vjg eqpuvkvwvkqpvjcv cnn lwfkekcn qhhkegtuujcnn jqnf vjgktqhhkegufwtkpi iqqf dgjcxkqt/ Tjg eqwtv uckf vjcv vgpwtg qh qhhkegqhlwfigu cu vjwu ugvvngfd} vjg eqpuvkvwvkqpku korgtcvkxg cpf hkpcncpfvjg ucog oc} pqv dg gpnctigf- nkokvgf-oqfkhkgf- cnvgtgf qt kp cp} yc}chhgevgf d} vjg Ggpgtcn Cqwtv/ Tjku ecug ku pqv crrnkecdng vq vjg ecugcv dct dgecwugpq rqukvkqpycu cdqnkujgf/ Tjg rqukvkqpuygtg eqpvkpwgfcpf vjg kpewodgpvu ygtg uqwijv vq dg. fgrtkxgf qh vjgkt qhhkeguwrqpvjgkt tgcejkpi vjg cig qh 70 }gctu/ Tjg ecug ycu engctn} ujqtvgpkpivjg vgpwtg qh lwfkekcnkpewodgpvu cpf ecp pqv crrn} vq vjg ecug cvdct yjgtg vjg rqukvkqpuqt qhhkeguqh lwfigu.cv.nctig cpf ecfcuvtcn lwfiguctg cdqnkujgf/

Lgv wu pqy gzcokpg vjg ecugu vjcv jqnf vjg eqpvtct} xkgy/ Ipvjg ecug qh Akmocp xu/ Efyctf- 30 L/R/A/ 149- cp cev qh vjg ngikuncvwtgcdqnkujkpi egtvckp lwfkekcnfkuvtkevuycu cvvcejgf qp vjg hqnnqykpi itqwpf:gjcv kvxkqncvgf vjg rwtrqug cpf kpvgpvqh vjg eqpuvkvwvkqpvq rtqvgev vjglwfkekcnfgrctvogpv htqo ngikuncvkxgkpvgthgtgpegcpf vq kpuwtgvq lwfiguc vgpwtg qh qhhkeghqt vjg vgtou hqt yjkej vjg} ygtg gngevgf/ Ip vjcvecug vjgtg kugxgp c eqpuvkvwvkqpcnrtqxkukqp hkzkpivjg vgto qh vjg lwfigu20 fkuvtkeveqwtvucpf rtguetkdkpi vjg oqfg qh vjgkt tgoqxcn htqo qhhkeg*yjkej kupqv vjg ecug kp vjg Pjknkrrkpgu,/ Tjg lwfkekcnfkuvtkevuyjkejygtg cdqnkujgf jcf dggp guvcdnkujgf kp vjg dgnkghvjcv vjg} yqwnf dgpgeguuct} vq oggv cp gzrgevgf kpetgcug kp vjg rqrwncvkqp yjkej fkfpqv ocvgtkcnkng; uq vjg ngikuncvwtgvjqwijv kv pgeguuct} cpf gzrgfkgpvvq cdqnkuj uqog qh vjgo/ Tjg eqwtv uckf 'lgcnqwu} qh gpetqcejogpvu qplwfkekcnrqygt owuv pqv dnkpf wuvq vjg lwuvrqygt qh vjg ngikuncvwtgkpfgvgtokpkpi ykvjkp eqpuvkvwvkqpcnnkokvuvjg pwodgt qh eqwtvu tgswktgfd} vjg rwdnkegzkigpekgu-z z z-' *r- 153,/ Iv cnuq uckf DriD Drn BsprDC01 cp symsFsmEiv rvmsyp Drn ACsDsy qh tEmpn liyyD jn lyCsmnBnm iCAiBiwEyD iym CEAnBsB D Drn BsprDC qh Drn AEjvsl cpf vjcv kv ycu pqvykvjkp vjg kpvgpvkqp'qh vjg eqpuvkvwvkqpvq rtqjkdkv vjg ngikuncvwtghtqocdqnkujkpi c fkuvtkevyjkej jcf dggp kortqxkfgpvn} guvcdnkujgfcpf vjgtgd}xcecvg vjg qhhkegqh vjg lwfig/ Ip fgvgtokpkpi vjg eqphnkevdgvyggp vyqeqpuvkvwvkqpcnrqygtu cpf tkijvu- vjg rqygt qh vjg ngikuncvwtgvq tgqt.icpkng vjg eqwtvu cu cickpuv vjg kpfkxkfwcntkijv qh c lwfig vq jqnf jkuqhhkegfwtkpi iqqf dgjcxkqt- vjg eqwtv kornkgf vjcv khvjg tgqticpkncvkqpkuhqt c rwdnkekpvgtguv-vjg tkijv vq vjg qhhkegowuv ikxg yc}/ Ip qvjgtyqtfu- rwdnkekpvgtguvcpf rwdnke iqqf owuv rtgxckn qxgt cpf cdqxg vjgvgpwtg qh lwfkekcnqhhkeg-cpf vjg jqnfgt vjgtgqh ecppqv eqornckp khvjgngikuncvwtgd} c ngikvkocvggzgtekug qh kvungikuncvkxgrqygt qxgt tgqt.icpkncvkqp cdqnkujgujku qhhkeg/


Apqvjgt rgtvkpgpv ecug vq qwt kpswkt} ku vjg ecug qh Svcvg gz tgn/Cqngocp xu- Ccordgnn tgrqtvgf kp 3 Tgpp/ Ccu/ 355 cpf ekvgf kp Mg.Cwnng}xu/ Svcvg-53 S/W/ 134- 139- 140.141/ Ip vjcv ecug cp cevkqp qhvjg Tgppguuggngikuncvwtgcdqnkujgf vjg ugeqpf ektewkveqwtvcpf vjg ugeqpfejcpegt} eqwtv qh Sjgnd} eqwpv}- gxkfgpvn} kp rwtuwcpeg qh vjg rtq.xkukqpuqh vjg Tgppguugg eqpuvkvwvkqpqh 1870 vq vjg ghhgevvjcv 'vjglwfkekcnrqygt /ujcnndg xguvgf kp qpg uwrtgog eqwtv cpf kp uwej ektewkv-ejcpegt} cpf qvjgt kphgtkqteqwtvu cu vjg ngikuncvwtgoc} htqo vkog vqvkog qtfckp cpf guvcdnkuj/' Tjg eqwtv jgnf vjcv vjg cev cdqnkujkpi fku.vtkeveqwtvukupqv wpeqpuvkvwvkqpcn/Au vjg eqpuvkvwvkqpcnrtqxkukqp itcpv.vkpi rqygt vq vjg ngikuncvwtgku ukoknct vq qwtu- yg swqvg jgtgkpdgnqyhtggn}htqo vjg yqtfu qh vjg fgekukqp:

'z z z Tjg qtfckpkpi cpf guvcdnkujkpi qh uwej eqwtvu ycu vq dgvjg dwukpguuqh vjg ngikuncvwtgvjtqwij cnnvkog/ Iv ycu korquukdng vjcvvjg qdlgev vq dg ceeqornkujgf eqwnf dg ghhgevwcvgfd} ukorn} cffkpivq pwodgt qh ektewkvuqt fkuvtkevu/ Cjcpigu yqwnf qt okijv dgeqogpgeguuct}- yjkej kpxqnxgf vjg pgeguukv}qh cdqnkujkpi gzkuvkpi ektewkvuqt fkuvtkevu-kp qtfckpkpi cpf guvcdnkujkpi qvjgtu- qt kp tgfwekpi vjgpwodgt kh gzrgtkgpeg ujqwnf rtqxg vjcv vjg rwdnke iqqf tgswktgfc tgfwevkqp/ Tjg rqygt vq cdqnkuj hqt vjg rwtrqug qh ghhgevkpi vjgugqdlgevu ycu vjgtghqtg pgeguuctkn} kornkgf/ z z z/'

Z *Z PZ Z'z z z Iv crrgctu vq wu vq dg vjg gzgtekug qh c ngikvkocvg rqygt

d} vjg ngikuncvwtg-wpfgt vjg eqpxkevkqp vjcv vyq qh vjg eqwtvu kpMgorjku ygtg wppgeguuct} hqt vjg fkurcvej qh vjg rwdnke dwukpguu-cpf vjcv- vjgtghqtg- hqt vjg rtqoqvkqp qh vjg rwdnke iqqf- vjg} ygtgcdqnkujgf cu wugnguu-cpf vjgkt yqtm cuukipgf vq vyq qvjgt gzkuvkpieqwtvu/ z z z/'

Z Z Z Z'z z z Ip qwt xkgy qh vjg eqpuvkvwvkqp-vjg lwfig)u tkijv vq jku

hwnnvgto cpf jku hwnnucnct} ku pqv fgrgpfgpv cnqpg wrqp jku iqqfeqpfwev- dwv cnuq wrqp vjg eqpvkpigpe} vjcv vjg ngikuncvwtgoc}- hqtvjg rwdnke iqqf- kp qtfckpkpi cpf guvcdnkujkpi vjg eqwtvu- htqo vkogvq vkog- eqpukfgt jku qhhkegwppgeguuct} cpf cdqnkuj kv/ Tjg gzgtekug qhvjku rqygt d} vjg ngikuncvwtgku pqv uwej cp kpvgthgtgpeg ykvj vjgkpfgrgpfgpeg qh vjg lwfig- qt ykvj jku vgpwtg qh qhhkeg-cu ecp dgrtqrgtn} eqornckpgf qh/ Tjg rqygt oc} rquukdn} dg gzgtekugf ykvj.qwv iqqf ecwug-dwv kp uwej ecug vjg eqwtvu ecp hwtpkuj pq tgogf}/'

Wkvj tgurgev vq vjg tkijv qh vjg ngikuncvwtgd} vjg cdqnkvkqpqh vjgeqwtv vq chhgevvjg vgto qh cp kpewodgpv lwfig- vjg eqwtv ekvgf vjg fg.ekukqpqh Jwfig MeFctncpf kp Hcnug} xu/ Gckpgu-2 Lgc 316- yjq uckf:

'Bwv kv ku ctiwgf vjcv- cnvjqwij d} vjg hqtgiqkpi eqpuvtwevkqpvjg ngikuncvwtgoc} jcxg rqygt vq cdqnkuj eqwtvu yjgp vjg} dg.eqog wppgeguuct}- vjg cdqnkvkqpqh vjg eqwtv ecp qpn} vcmg ghhgev cvvjg gzrktcvkqp qh vjg lwfig)u vgto; qvjgtykug- yg fghgcv vjcv encwugqh vjg eqpuvkvwvkqpyjkej uc}u vjcv vjg lwfig)u vgto ujcnn dg gkijv}gctu/ Ih vjg htcogtu qh vjg eqpuvkvwvkqpkpvgpfgf vq ngcxg kv vq vjgngikuncvwtgvq guvcdnkuj cpf cdqnkuj eqwtvu cu vjg rwdnke pgeguukvkgufg.ocpfgf- vjku ycu pqv swcnkhkgf qt nkokvgf d} vjg encwug cu vq vjg


lwfig)u vgto vq qxgtvjtqy vjg qvjgt encwug-yjgtgcu yg eqpuvtwg vjgrtqxkukqp vjcv vjg lwfig)u vgto ujcnn dg gkijv }gctu vq dg wrqp vjgcuuworvkqp vjcv vjg eqwtv eqpvkpwgu vq gzkuv; qvjgtykug- yg ujqwnfjcxg vq jqnf vjcv vjg eqwtv owuv eqpvkpwg-cnvjqwij fgenctgf wppgegu.uct} cpf cdqnkujgf d} vjg ngikuncvwtg-ukorn} vq ugewtg vq vjg lwfigjku hwnnvgto cpf ucnct}/ z z z Iv ku ctiwgf vjcv vjg cev cdqnkujkpivjg eqwtv fkf pqv cdqnkuj vjg lwfigujkr/ Owt eqpuvkvwvkqpfqgu pqvtgeqipkng c lwfigujkr gzegrv cu vjg lwfig ku vjg kpewodgpv qh c eqwtvqt eqwtvu yjkej jg ku eqookuukqpgf vq jqnf/ Wg jcxg pq uwrgtpw.ogtctkgu/ z z z Ih vjg ncy cdqnkujkpi vjg eqwtvu ku xcnkf- vjg qhhkegucpf vjgkt kpewodgpvu pgeguuctkn}egcug- cpf qh eqwtug- cnqpi ykvj vjgovjgkt ucnctkgu/z z z Tq fkurgpug ykvj cp wppgeguuct} eqwtv ku pqv vqejcpig vjg vgto qh lwfigujkr- pqt ku kv.vq chhgevvjg iwctcpvkgu qh vjgeqpuvkvwvkqpcu vq jku ucnct}- pqt fqgu kv tgoqxg vjg lwfig htqo qhhkeg/Tjg qhhkegpq nqpigt gzkuvu-cpf- qh eqwtug- c tgoqxcn htqo cp qhhkegvjcv jcu pq gzkuvgpeg ku pqv c eqpegkxcdng rtqrqukvkqp/' *53 S/W/

141.142/,

Iv kudgnkgxgf vjcv vjg cdqxg cwvjqtkv} hwnn}uwrrqtvu vjg rtkpekrngvjcv vjg ngikuncvwtgoc} cdqnkuj c eqwtv hqt vjg rwdnke iqqf/ Ip qvjgtyqtfu- vjg rwdnke iqqf oc} lwuvkh}cdqnkvkqpcpf kh vjg lwfigu qh vjgcdqnkujgf eqwtvu ctg fgrtkxgf vjgtgqh- vjg} ujqwnf pqv eqornckp/ Wj}ujqwnf c rqukvkqpockpvckpgf d} rwdnke hwpfu eqpvkpwg yjgp kvueqp.vkpwcpegku wppeguuct} qt- cu kp vjg ecug cv dct- fgvtkogpvcn vq rwdnkekpvgtguv?

Tjg yqtfu qh Jwfig MeFctncpf cdqxg swqvgf cnuq hncvn}tghwvgvjg ctiwogpv vjcv d} vjg fkurwvgf rtqxkukqpu vjg ngikuncvwtgku ngiku.ncvkpi lwfigu qwv qh qhhkeg/ Hcf vjg rqukvkqpudggp tgvckpgf cpf ikxgpvq qvjgtu vjg encko yqwnf jqnf ycvgt/ Au kv ku- jqygxgt- lwfigujkruykvjqwv rctvkewnct fkuvtkevujcxg dggp cdqnkujgf- qt qhhkegucdqnkujgf- cpfcu vjg qhhkeguctg pq nqpigt gzkuvkpi-jqy ecp yg uc} vjcv vgpwtg vjgtgqhecp gzkuv? Hqy ecp vjgtg dg vgpwtg qh qhhkeghqt cp qhhkegvjcv fqgu pqvgzkuv?

Mt/ JwuvkegBcwvkuvcApignq- yjq jqnfu vjg xkgy vjcv vjg ncy kuwpeqpuvkvwvkqpcn-cfokvu vjcv vjgtg ctg vjtgg ceegrvgf xkgyu qp yjgvjgtqt pqv vjg ngikuncvwtgoc} eqpuvkvwvkqpcnn}cdqnkuj lwfkekcnqhhkegu/ Hguc}u vjcv vjg hktuvvjgqt} ku vjcv vjg rqygt vq cdqnkuj kphgtkqt eqwtvuoc} dg gzgtekugf ykvjqwv cp} tguvtkevkqpkp vjg ugpug vjcv qpeg c eqwtvku cdqnkujgf cp} wpgzrktgf vgto qh vjg kpewodgpv lwfig ku fggogfvgtokpcvgf/ Tjg ugeqpf vjgqt} kuvjcv yjkng c ngikuncvwtgoc} cdqnkujcp kphgtkqt eqwtv sD ecppqv fq uq yjgp kvughhgevku vq vgtokpcvg vjgvgpwtg qh cp kpewodgpv lwfig dgecwug uwej vgpwtg ku iwctcpvggf d}vjg eqpuvkvwvkqp/Tjg vjktf ku vjcv c ngikuncvwtgoc} cdqnkuj c eqwtvcpf vgtokpcvg vjg wpgzrktgf vgto qh vjg lwfig rtqxkfgf vjg cdqnkvkqpqh/vjg eqwtv ku fqpg kp iqqf hckvj/ Auuwokpi vjcv vjgug vjgqtkgu ctguvcvgf eqttgevn}- vjg wpfgtukipgf gzrtguugu vjg xkgy vjcv vjg xcnkfkv}qh vjg rtqxkukqpu korwipgf ujqwnf dg uwuvckpgf-kp eqpuqpcpeg ykvj vjgvjktf vjgqt}- hqt vjg tgcuqp vjcv vjg cdqnkvkqpjcu dggp oqvkxcvgf d} c


ykug cpf ngikvkocvg rqnke}.vjg fguktg vq gnkokpcvg c uqwteg qh gxkngzkuvkpikp vjg lwfkekcnu}uvgo *cu yg jcxg cntgcf} cfxgtvgf vq cdqxg,/

Tjgtg ku c ncuv tgcuqp hqt uwuvckpkpivjg xcnkfkv}qh vjg fkurwvgfrtqxkukqpu/ Wjgp vjg CqpuvkvwvkqpcnCqpxgpvkqp tgeqipkngf vjg korqt.vcpeg qh vjg kttgoqxcdknkv} qh lwfigu htqo vjgkt tgurgevkxg fkuvtkevuvqrtqvgev vjgkt kpfgrgpfgpeg- cpf fktgevgf vjg ngikuncvwtgjI viG vq rtq.xkfg hqt vjg tgukfgpegu qh lwfigu qh kphgtkqteqwtvu-kvfguktgf cpf gzrgevgfvjg ngikuncvwtgvq korngogpv vjku fktgevkxg cpf rtqxkfg tgukfgpegu hqt cnnlwfigu qh kphgtkqteqwtvu-rtguwocdn} lwfigu.cv.nctig yjq jcf pq qhhkekcntgukfgpegu/ Apcnqiqwu fktgevkxguctg eqpvckpgf kp vjg Cqpuvkvwvkqp-uwejcu vjg qpg tgictfkpi vjg guvcdnkujogpv qh c pcvkqpcn ncpiwcig- yjkejvjg ngikuncvwtgjcu cntgcf} korngogpvgf/ Wjgp vjg Cqpxgpvkqp fktgevgfvjcv vjg tgukfgpegu qh lwfigu qh kphgtkqt eqwtvu ujqwnf dg hkzgf-kv eqwnfpqv jcxg kpvgpfgf vq gzvgpf vjg tkijv vq rgtocpgpv lwfkekcnvgpwtg vqvjqug jqnfkpi rqukvkqpuyjkej kv gzrgevgf vjg ngikuncvwtgvq cdqnkuj kprwtuwcpeg qh vjg eqpuvkvwvkqpcnfktgevkxg/ Ip qvjgt yqtfu- kv ku vq dgrtguwogf vjcv yjgp vjg Cqpxgpvkqp cfqrvgf vjg rgtocpgpeg qh vgpwtghqt Jwfkekcnqhhkegtu-kvogcpv vq gzvgpf kvqpn} vq lwfigu ykvj rgtocpgpvuvcvkqpu-pqv vq lwfigu jqnfkpi vjg rqukvkqpuhqt yjkej vjg ncy cv vjgvkog qh vjg Cqpxgpvkqp jcf pqv rtqxkfgf qhhkekcntgukfgpegu cpf yjkejgjg Cqpuvkvwvkqpkornkgfn} rtqjkdkvgf/ Fcknwtgqp vjg rctv qh vjg ngiku.ncvwtgvq korngogpv vjg eqpuvkvwvkqpcnfktgevkxg- ecppqv dg kpvgtrtgvgfvq tckug vjg ecvgiqt} qh lwfigu.cv.nctig vq vjcv qh lwfigu qh fkuvtkeveqwtvu-kp uq hct cu vgpwtg kueqpegtpgf/

Fgct kuhgnvvjcv khvjg xcnkfkv}qh vjg rtqxkukqpu kp swguvkqpkuuwu.vckpgf- lwfigu yqwnf dg cv vjg ogte} qh vjg ngikuncvwtgcpf vjgkt kpfg.rgpfgpeg ewtvckngf/ I jqnf vjcv hgct ujqwnf pqv dg vjg dcuku qh- qtfkuvqtv-hwpfcogpvcn rtkpekrngu/ Ih cpf yjgp c eqqtfkpcvg dtcpej qh vjgGqxgtpogpv ujqwnf uggmvq iq dg}qpf kvungikvkocvgurjgtg cpf gpetqcejwrqp cpqvjgt- vjcv yknndg vjg vkog vq cev rtqorvn} cpf fgekukxgn}/ Ipvjg yqtfu qh JwuvkegLcwtgn- vjgp ujcnn dg vjg qeecukqp vq ngvvjg jco.ogt hcnncpf jgcxkn}/ Bwv yjgp cu kp vjg kpuvcpvecug vjg ngikuncvkxgcev kuengctn} kpfwegf d} vjg jkijguv oqvkxgu vq tgoqxg c uqwteg qh gxknkp vjg lwfkekcnu}uvgo cpf htgg kvhtqo cp cpqocnqwu crrgpfcig vjtqwijyjkej rgtpkekqwurqnkvkeujcf uqwijv vq kphnwgpeglwfigu- cpf crrgctu- dg.ukfgu- vq korngogpv c eqpuvkvwvkqpcnfktgevkxg-ngvwu pqv kpukpwcvgvjcvlwfkekcnkpfgrgpfgpeg ku dgkpi korcktgf nguvqwt lgcnqwutgictf vjgtgqhdg okukpvgtrtgvgf- cpf kpuvgcf qh gpeqwtcikpi lwfkekcnxcnqt yg yknndgkpfwekpi lwfkekcncttqicpeg/

Fqt vjg cdqxg tgcuqpu- kp xkgy qh vjg gxkfgpv iqqf hckvj cpf oqvkxgyjkej jcxg kpfwegf vjg ngikuncvkxgfgrctvogpv qh vjg Gqxgtpogpv vq gpcevvjg fkurwvgf rtqxkukqpu- I co eqpuvtckpgf vq jqnf vjcv vjg cdqnkvkqpd}vjg ngikuncvwtgqh vjg rqukvkqpuqh lwfigu.cv.nctig cpf ecfcuvtcn lwfigu fqgupqv eqpuvkvwvgcp cdwug qh vjg rqygt qh tgqticpkncvkqp itcpvgf vq kvd}

RECENT DOCUMENTS

vjg Cqpuvkvwvkqp/Wjgtghqtg- I xqvg cickpuv vjg itcpvkpi qh vjg rgvkvkqpvjcv vjg fkurwvgf rtqxkukqpu qh vjg pgy Jwfkekct} Lcy *Rgrwdnke AevNq/ 1186, dg fgenctgf wpeqpuvkvwvkqpcncpf xqkf- cu cickpuv vjg rgvk.vkqpgtu/

BENGYON- p.aTjg qwveqog qh vjku nkvkicvkqpku crv vq tgxkxg vjg urgewncvkqpyjg.

vjgt ykvvkpin}qt wpykvvkpin}vjg Cqpuvkvwvkqpjcu hwtvjgt ygcmgpgf vjgwuwcnn}ygcm lwfkekcnfgrctvogpv/ Fqt jgtg kucp cvvgorv- qt vjg dgikp.pkpi qh cvvgorvu cickpuv vjg kpfgrgpfgpeg qh vjg nqecn lwfkecvwtg cpf}gv vjg Swrtgog Cqwtv *ugxgp lwuvkegu-oqtg vjcp c ogtg oclqtkv},hkpfu kvugnhrqygtnguu vq ejgem kv-vjg Cqpuvkvwvkqpjcxkpi vkgf kvujcpfuykvj vjg rtqxkukqp vjcv c vyq.vjktfu xqvg ujcnn dg pgeguuct} vq fgenctgc uvcvwvgwpeqpuvkvwvkqpcn/uSgxgp lwuvkeguuc} vjg ncy xkqncvguvjg eqp.uvkvwvkqp;hqwt qvjgtu fgekfg vq uwuvckpkv-cpf vjgkt xkgy rtgxcknu/ Tjgqrkpkqpuqh ugxgp ogodgtu ctg kp hcevfkuugpvkpiqrkpkqpu/

Wjgp RgrwdnkeAev Nq/ 1186 vqqmghhgevqp Jwpg 19- 195


Tjg ugeqpf fghgpug yknndg vcmgpwr ncvgt/ Tjg hktuv-kp qwt qrk.pkqp-kuvjg oquv korqtvcpv/

Ngxgt kp qwt jkuvqt} jcu uwej c pwodgt qh lwfigu qh hktuvkpuvcpegdggp qwuvgf vjtw lwfkekcntgqticpkncvkqp/ Ip vjg ugxgtcn eqwtv tgxcorujgtgvqhqtg ghhgevgf-kvycu cuuwogf igpgtcnn} vjcv kpewodgpv lwfigu jcfvq dg tgvckpgf- cpf vjg} ygtg gkvjgt tg.crrqkpvgf- rtqoqvgf qt rncegfkp qvjgt korqtvcpv iqxgtpogpv rqukvkqpu/ Tq cuuwtg lwfkekcnkpfgrgpf.gpeg vjgtg ycu ykfgurtgcf ceswkguegpeg kp vjgkt rtkxkngig vq tgvckpvjgkt rquvu fwtkpi iqqf dgjcxkqwt- qt wpvknvjg} tgcejgf vjg cig qh 65}gctu-' kttgurgevkxgqh uvtwevwtcniqxgtpogpv ejcpigu- oqvkxcvgf qt pqvd} vjg vkfgu qh rqnkvkecnhqtvwpg/ Sqog..xgt} hgy kpfggf.nquv vjgktrqukvkqpu;dwv qp crrn}kpi vq vjg eqwtvu hqt tgnkgh cuugtvkpi lwfkekcnugewtkv}qh vgpwtg-vjg} hckngf wrqp itqwpfu qvjgt vjcp Cqpitguukqpcnrqygt vq gcug vjgo qwv/ *Swoogtu F. Oncgvc L.1534; Ycpfwgvc x-Dg nc Cquvc 66 Pjkn/ 615, / Tjku eqpvtqxgtu} dtkpiu vjg hktuv kuuwguswctgn} vq vjg hqtg- dgecwugvjg rgvkvkqpoc} dg itcpvgf qpn} wrqp cujqykpi qh Cqpitguukqpcnncemqh rqygt vq uyggr rgvkvkqpgtuqwvqh vjgktrquvu/

Iv ku pgeguuct} hqt .vjg Cqwtv vq kpvgtrtgv cpf crrn} vjg hqnnqykpiCqpuvkvwvkqpcnrtqxkukqpu:

'zzz lwfkekcnrqygt ujcnn dg xguvgf kp qpg Swrtgog Cqwtv cpf kpuwej kphgtkqt eqwtvu cu oc} dg guvcdnkujgf d} ncy/' *Atv/ VIII uge/ 1/,

'zzz vjg Cqpitguu ujcnn jcxg vjg rqygt vq fghkpg- rtguetkdg cpfcrrqtvkqp vjg lwtkufkevkqpqh vjg xctkqwu eqwtvu/' *Atv/ VIII uge/ 2/,

'Nq lwfig crrqkpvgf hqt rctvkewnct fkuvtkev ujcnn dg fgukipcvgfqt vtcpuhgttgf vq cpqvjgt fkuvtkevykvjqwv vjg crrtqxcn qh vjg SwrtgogCqwtv/ z z z/' *Atv/ VIII uge/ 7/,

'Tjg ogodgtu qh vjg Swrtgog Cqwtv cpf cnn lwfigu qh kphgtkqteqwtvu ujcnn jqnf qhhkeg fwtkpi iqqf dojcxkqt wpvknvjg} tgcej vjgcig qh ugxgpv} }gctu qt dgeqog kpecrcekvcvgf vq fkuejctig vjg fwvkguqh vjgkt qhhkeg/ Tjg} ujcnn tgegkxg uwej eqorgpucvkqp cu oc} dg hkzgfd} ncy- yjkej ujcnn pqv dg fkokpkujgf fwtkpi vjgkt eqpvkpwcpeg kpqhhkeg/' *Atv/ VIII uge/ 9/,

Au cntgcf} uvcvgf- rgvkvkqpgtuctiwg vjcv RgrwdnkeAev 1186 rctvk.ewnctn} ugevkqp3- cdtkfigf vjg vgpwtg xqwejuchgf vq vjgo d} cdqxgugevkqp9.pqpg qhvjgo jcxkpi dgeqog kpecrcekvcvgf-qt cvvckpgfugxgpv}}gctu qt dggp iwknv}qh okueqpfwev/

Rgurqpfgpvu- qp vjg qvjgt jcpf- cuugtv vjcv Cqpitguukqpcn rqygtvq guvcdnkujeqwtvu cpf crrqtvkqp vjgkt lwtkufkevkqpkornkgu rqygt vquwrrtguu eqwtvu cntgcf} guvcdnkujgf-vqigvjgt ykvj vjg rqukvkqpuqh kp.ewodgpv lwfigu/ Apf- vjg} kpukuv-vjgtg ku pq vgpwtg qh qhhkegvq dgtgurgevgf cpf wrjgnf wpfgt cdqxg uge/ )9 yjgtg vjgtg ku pq gzkuvkpiqhhkeg/

A ectghwncpcn}ukuyknnrgtegkxg vjcv- yjgtgcu rgvkvkqpgtukpxqmgcpnHABnCC iwctcpv} qt ACsDsFn fghkpkvkqpqh vjgkt vgto qh qhhkeg-vjg tgu.

h Bghqtg vjg Cqpuvkvwvkqp-65 }gctu ycu vjg tgvktgogpv cig/

RECENT DOCUMENTS 121rqpfgpvu tgn} qp swAvsnm cwvjqtkv} vq cdqnkuj eqwtvu cpf vjg rqukvkqpuqh vjg tgurgevkxg lwfigu/ Aeewtcvgn}uvcvgf- tgurqpfgpvu) fghgpug tguvuqp c ugeqpf kphgtgpeg fgfwegf htqo uwej swAvsnm rqygt- dgecwug vjg}tgcuqp qwvvjwun}: Cqpitguu jcu gzrtguu rqygt vq guvcdnkujeqwtvu; DrnBn1sBK kvjcu kornkekvrqygt vq cdqnkuj eqwtvu cpf vjg rqukvkqpuqh lwfiguqh uwej cdqnkujgf eqwtvu *hktuvkphgtgpeg,; iym DrnBnoBn *ugeqpf kphg.tgpeg, Cqpitguu nkmgykugjcu rqygt vq glgev vjg lwfigu jqnfkpi uwejrqukvkqpu/

Rguwnvcpvlwtkfkecnukvwcvkqp:Tjg swAvsnm cwvjqtkv} kpxqmgf d} tgu.rqpfgpvu eqnnkfguykvj vjg nHABnCC iwctcpv} qh vgpwtg rtqvgevkpi vjg rgvk.vkqpgtu/ Wjkej ujcnn rtgxckn? Odxkqwun}vjg gzrtguu iwctcpv} owuvqxgttkfg vjg kornkgf cwvjqtkv}/ 'Iornkecvkqpu ecp pgxgt dg rgtokvvgfvq eqpvtcfkev vjg gzrtguugf kpvgpvqt vq fghgcv kvurwtrqug/' *72 C/J/S/r/ 633/, 'Ezrtguu rtqxkukqpu rtgxckn qxgt kornkgf rtqxkukqpuyjkej eqp.vtcfkev vjgo/' *82 C/J/S/ r/ 720/, Tjg ukvwcvkqpku swkvgukoknct vqMqpvgpgitq x/ Ccuvchkgfcuyjgtgkp vjg Bknnqh Rkijvu swAvsnmvI fgpkgfvjg Ptgukfgpv)urqygt vq uwurgpf vjg ytkv qh jcdgcu eqtrwu kp ecug qhkookpgpv fcpigt qh kpxcukqp-yjgtgcu c uwdugswgpvctvkeng-uge/ 10- gz.ABnCCvI iEDrBsJnm vjg Ptgukfgpv vq uwurgpf yjgtg vjgtg ku kookpgpvfcpigt qh kpxcukqp/ Wg uwuvckpvjg Ezgewvkxg)urqygt- swqvkpi ykvjcrrtqxcn vjg hqnnqykpi rtgegfgpvu:

'Iv kuc igpgtcn twngkp vjg eqpuvtwevkqpqh ytkvkpiu- vjcv- c igpgtcnkpvgpv crrgctkpi- kv ujcnn eqpvtqn vjg rctvkewnct kpvgpv; dwv vjku twngowuv uqogvkogu ikxg yc}- cpf ghhgevowuv dg ikxgp vq c rctvkewnct kp.vgpv rnckpn} gzrtguu kp qpg rctv qh c eqpuvkvwvkqp-vjqwij crrctgpvn}qrrqugf vq c igpgtcn kpvgpvfgfwegf htqo qvjgt rctvu/ Wcttgp x/ Sjw.ocp- 5 vgz/ 441/ Ip Qwkemx/ Wjkvgycvgt Tqypujkr- 7 Ipf/ 570- kvycuuckf vjcv kh vyq rtqxkukqpu qh c ytkvvgp eqpuvkvwvkqpctg kttgeqpekncdn}tgrwipcpv- vjcv yjkej ku ncuvkp qtfgt qh vkog cpf kp nqecn rqukvkqpkuvq dg rtghgttgf/ Ip Gwnu/C/ . S/F/ R}/ Cq/ x/ Rcodqkv- 67 Tgz/ 654-4 S/aV/ 356- vjku twng ycu tgeqipkngf cu c ncuv tguqtv- dwv kh vjg ncuvrtqxkukqp ku oqtg eqortgjgpukxg cpf urgekhkekv ycu jgnf vjcv kvujqwnfdg ikxgp ghhgevqp vjcv itqwpf'

'Apf kp Hqpi xu/ Wcujkpivqp Otgiqp Cqtr/ *1915, 147 Pce/ Rgr/-765 cv r/ 763 kvycu uckf: 'Iv ku c hcoknkct twng qh eqpuvtwevkqpvjcv-yjgtg vyq rtqxkukqpu. qh c ytkvvgp Cqpuvkvwvkqpctg tgrwipcpv vqgcej qvjgt- vjcv yjkej kuncuvkp qtfgt qh vkog cpf kp nqecnrqukvkqpkuvqdg rtghgttgf/ Qwkemx/ Wjkvg Wcvgt Tqypujkr- 7 Ipf ./ 570; G/- G/ ( E/R}/ Cq/ x/ Tcodqnv- 67 Tgz/ 654- 4 S/W/ 356/ Sq gxgp cuuwokpi vjgvyq encwugufkuewuugfctg tgrwipcpv- vjg ncvvgtowuv rtgxckn/'

Bwv vjg eqnnkukqpoc} dg..ujqwnf dg.cxqkfgf- cpf dqvj ugevkqpuikxgp xcnkfkv}-khqpg dg eqpukfgtgf c rtqxkuq qt gzegrvkqp vq vjg qvjgt/Ip qvjgt yqtfu- wpfgt vjg Cqpuvkvwvkqpvjg Cqpitguu oc} cdqnkuj gzkuvkpi

3 1952 O/G/ 3392/


eqwtvu-rtqxkfgf kvfqgu pqv vjgtgd} tgoqxg vjg kpewodgpv lwfigu; uwejcdqnkvkqpvq vcmg ghhgevwrqp vgtokpcvkqp qh vjgkt kpewodgpe}-' Tjghwpfcogpvcn rtqxkukqpuqp vjg ocvvgt ctg vjgtgd} 'eqqtfkpcvgf cpf jct.oqpkngf' cu JwuvkegLcwtgn uwiiguvgf kp jku eqpewttkpi qrkpkqp kp Ycp.fwgvc x/ Dg nc Cquvc/ Tq dtkpi cdqwv tgeqpeknkcvkqpuku vjg itgcv yqtmqh lwtkuvu/ *Cctfqnq- Pctcfqzgu qh Lgicn Sekgpeg r/ 6/,

Tjku kupq pqxgn vjgqt} qh nqecnxkpvcig/ Mcp} Aogtkecp rtgegfgpvuwrjqnf kv/

'Hqygxgt- yjgp vjg Cqpuvkvwvkqpqtfckpu vjcv c lwfig jqnf jkuqhhkeghqt c hkzgf vgto- vjg eqpuvkvwvkqpiqxgtpu- cpf vjg ngikuncvwtgjcupq rqygt vq cnvgt jku vgpwtg-gkvjgt d} gpnctikpi qt ujqtvgpkpi vjg vgto-fktgevn}qt kpfktgevn}/' 48 C/J/S/ r/ 969- ekvkpiecugu htqo Kgpvwem}-Mcu.ucejwuugvvucpf Pgppu}nxcpkc/,

Ip Svcvg x/ Ftkgfng} cp cev qh vjg ngikuncvwtgqh Ipfkcpc cdqnkujgfvjg hkhvjlwfkekcnektewkvrtgukfgf d} Wknnkco T/ Ftkgfng} cpf cvvcejgfkvuvgttkvqt} cpf dwukpguuvq vjg hqwtvj lwfkekcnektewkvrtgukfgf d} GgqtigGkduqp/ Ip c eqpvguvhqt vjg qhhkegdgvyggp vjg vyq- Ftkgfng} kpxqmgfvjg eqpuvkvwvkqpcnrtqxkukqp vjcv lwfigu 'ujcnn jqnf qhhkeghqt ukz }gctu/'Gkduqpkpxqmgfvjg Lgikuncvwtg)ueqpuvkvwvkqpcnrqygt *uge/ 169, vq fkxkfgvjg Svcvghtqo vkog vq vkog kpvqlwfkekcnektewkvu/Tjg Ipfkcpc SwrtgogCqwtv d} wpcpkoqwu xqvg jgnf vjg ncy wpeqpuvkvwvkqpcnhqt xkqncvkpivjglwfig)u vgpwtg qh qhhkeg/ Iv uckf:

'Iv uggou dg}qpf vjg rqygt qh vjg ngikuncvwtgvq ngikuncvgc lwfigcpf rtqugewvkpi cvvqtpg} qwv qh qhhkeg- cpf kh vjg ngikuncvwtg ecppqv-d} c fktgev cev- fgrtkxg vjgo qh vjgkt qhhkegu-pgkvjgt ecp kv fq uq d}vjg kpfktgev oqfg qh cdqnkujkpi vjgkt ektewkv/'

'Tq eqpuvtwg vjku ugevkqp *169, vq ogcp vjcv vjg ngikuncvwtg ecp-cv kvu qyp yknn- cdqnkuj vjg ektewkv-cpf vjwu ngikuncvg vjg lwfig cpfrtqugewvkpi cvvqtpg} qwv qh qhhkegkp cffkvkqp vq dgkpi kp fktgev eqp.hnkevykvj vjg qvjgt rtqxkukqpu qh qwt qticpke ncy- yqwnf cnuq rwv vjgqhhkekcn nkhg qh gxgt} lwfig cpf gxgt} rtqugewvkpi cvvqtpg} qh vjguvcvg cv vjg ogte} qh vjg ngikuncvwtg/ Iv yqwnf uwdlgev vjg lwfkekct}vq vjg ngikuncvkxgrqygt- cpf wvvgtn} fguvtq} cnn lwfkekcn kpfgrgpfgpeg/Jwfigu cpf rtqugewvqtu yqwnf dg cv vjg yjko qt ecrtkeg qh vjg ugpcvqtucpf tgrtgugpvcvkxgu- kp vjgkt vgpwtg qh qhhkeg/'

'Iv ku pqv vq dg cuuwogf vjcv vjg htcogtu qh vjg eqpuvkvwvkqpdwknfgfkv uq wpykugn} cu vq ugewtg vq c lwfig cp qhhkeg cpf kvu vgpwtg z z zhqt c rgtkqf qh ukz }gctu- kh jg uq nqpi dgjcxg ygnn- cpf d} vjg ucog

z Ezegrvkqpu okijv dg: cevwcn yct qt uqog qvjgt engct pcvkqpcn gogtigpe}/Sgg Svcvg x/ Ftkgfng} 135 Ipf/ 119; 34 N/E/ Rgr/ 572 cv r/ 876/

Tjg cdqnkvkqp qh vjg Cqwtv qh Arrgcnu chvgt nkdgtcvkqp ycu c yct gogtigpe}ogcuwtg- cpf vjg lwuvkegu uq wpfgtuvqqf/ Bwv sy BnlpysDsy o DrnsB syDnBBEADnmDnyEBn qt jnliECn o sD. Drn Gqxgtpogpv rtqoqvgf ocp} qh vjgo uqqp vq vjgSwrtgog Cqwtv *Btkqpgu- Pcfknnc- Twguqp- Hqpvkxgtqu- Bgpinqp,/ Ovjgtu ygtgcrrqkpvgf vq korqtvcpv rqukvkqpu- *Epcig- Ggpgtquq- Lqrgn- Vkvq,; cpf yjgp vjgCqwtv ycu tgetgcvgf c }gct vjgtgchvgt- vjg tgockpkpi cxckncdng lwuvkegu ygtg tg.crrqkpvgf vjgtgvq *Mqpvgoc}qt- Angz Rg}gu- Tqttgu,/ Iorgtkcn ycu c ugpcvqt-cpf Skuqp ycu wpfgt kpfkevogpv hqt eqnncdqtcvkqp/ Rg}gu jcf tgcejgf ugxgpv}cpf M/ Andgtv ycu cntgcf} rtcevkukpi ncy/

Tjg rgqrngu eqwtv ycu- d} ncy qh kvuqyp etgcvkqp- c ;-5879u9@ qticpkncvkqp/

PHILIPPINE LAW *,.-+n1mFILE COpy.-

D7378M6C3NO8ME 789

qticpke ncy kpvgpfgf kvuyknn- htqo vjg gzgtekug qh cnn vjg rtkxkngigucpf fwvkgu rgtvckpkpi vjgtgvq- ykvjqwv c jgctkpi- ykvjqwv c eqpxkevkqphqt okueqpfwev- wpfgt vjg iwkug qh 'htqo vkog vq vkog fkxkfkpi vjguvcvg kpvq lwfkekcnektewkvu/'

'Swej fkxkukqp oc} dg gzgtekugf d} vjg ngikuncvwtgyjgtg vjg cevfqgu pqv ngikuncvglwfigu cpf rtqugewvqtu qwv qh vjgkt tgurgevkxg qh.hkegu- dwv pqv qvjgtykug/ Tjg igpgtcn cuugodn} oc} cff vq qt oc}vcmg htqo vjg vgttkvqt} eqpuvkvwvkpic ektewkv-1. ;0- u+; *- 5u,- ;7 ;u3--..-+; u;( u6, 67; dghqtg- ;0- -?819u;176 7. ;0- ;-95: qh 7.1p+- qh ;0-2

790 PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNALhqt vjg lwfigu vjgtgqh/ *Sgg Svcvg x/ Cnctm-87 Cqpp/ 537- 89 Avn/ 172/52 L/R/A *N/S/, r/912/,

Tjg hqwt.}gct vgto hkzgf d} vjg Cqpuvkvwvkqp'ku dg}qpf ngikuncvkxgejcpig/ Iv ku c hkzgf iwctcpv}/' *Sgg Svcvg x/ Tjqocu- 10 Kcp/ 191-Wknuqpx/ Sjcy- 188 N/W/ 943/,

Lgikuncvwtgecppqv- d} cdqnkujkpi qt ejcpikpi Jwtkfkecnektewkvu-tg.oqxg qt ngikuncvglwfigu htqo qhhkegrtkqt vq gzrktcvkqp qh vjgkt vgtou/

*Svcvggz tgn/ Wcfuyqtvj x/ Wtkijv 5 N/E/ *2f, 504- 211 Ipf/ 41/,*hqqvpqvg48 C/J/S/ 3e 975/,

'Wjgtg c ekv} jcu dggp tgkpeqtrqtcvgf- dwv kvupcog- kfgpvkv}-cpfvgttkvqtkcnnkokvutgockp vjg ucog- c lwuvkegqh vjg rgceg liyyD dg vnpsC1viDnm ED :J qhhkegd} vjg pgy ejctvgt)u rtqxkukqp tgfwekpi vjg pwo.dgt qh lwuvkegu-yjgp vjg Cqpuvkvwvkqprtqxkfgu vjcv c lwuvkegujcnn jqnfqhhkeghqt hqwt }gctu cpf wpvknjku uweeguuqt ku gngevgf cpf swcnkhkgf/Gtcvqrr x/ Vcp Er *1897, 113 Mkej/ 590- 71 N/W/ 1080/' *Vqn/ 4-Ca:f: r/ 211/,

'Tjg qhhkegqh rqnkeg ocikuvtcvg kp ekvkguqh vjg ugeqpf encuujcxkpioqtg vjcp 5-000 cpf nguuvjcp 25-000 kpjcdkvcpvu ku etgcvgf cpf vjgngpivj qh vjg vgto hkzgf d} vjg Cqpuvkvwvkqp/Tjg Lgikuncvwtgecppqvejcpig vjg ngpivj qh vjg vgto yB tgoqxg Drn sylEwjnyD d} ngikuncvkqpdghqtg. vjg gzrktcvkqp qh jku vgto/' ZS}nncdwuSvcvg gz tgI/ Me/ DgtoqvvCqwpv} Avv}/x/ Rgknn}-94 Ngd/ 232, 142 Rgr/ r/ 923/,

'Ip Svcvg x/ Svwjw- 52 Ngd/ 209- 71 N/W/ 941- vjg cev etkvkekngfrtqxkfgf vjcv vjg rqnkeg ocikuvtcvg gngevgf kp Oocjc kp 1897 ujqwnf gp.vgt wrqp jku vgto qh qhhkegdghqtg vjg vgto qh vjg vjgp kpewodgpv gz.rktgf- vjwu cdtkfikpi vjg vgto qh vjg kpewodgpv- cpf vjku ycu jgnf vjgngik.uncvwtgeqwnf pqv fq- ukpeg vjg Cqpuvkvwvkqphkzgf vjg vgto qh vjgkpewodgpv cv vyq }gctu/ Iv ycu dgecwug Drn vnpsCviDEBn lEvm yD CrBDnyvjg vgto qh vjg kpewodgpv vjcv vjg vkog hkzgf hqt vjg pgy vgto vq dgikpycu kp xkqncvkqpqh vjg Cqpuvkvwvkqp-cpf pqv dgecwug vjg Cqpuvkvwvkqphkzgf fghkpkvgn}yjgp gcej vgto ujcnn dgikp/' *142 N/W/ Rgr/ 3e 924,/

*Ovjgt cwvjqtkvkguogpvkqpgf kp vjg rgvkvkqpgt)uectghwnn}rtgrctgfdtkgh ctg qokvvgf hqt vjg ucmgqh dtgxkv}/,

Afokvvgfn}- Sgevkqp 9 Atv/ VIII ckou vq rtgugtxg vjg kpfgrgpfgpegqh vjg lwfkekct}/ Iv cuuwtgu lwfigu vjcv uq nqpi cu vjg} dgjcxg- vjg}ecppqv dg tgoqxgf htqo qhhkeg..pq ocvvgt yjcv rctv} eqpvtqnu vjgGqxgtpogpv.wpvkn vjg} tgcej vjg cig qh ugxgpv} }gctu qt dgeqog kp.ecrcekvcvgf/ Tq eqorngvg vjgkt kpfgrgpfgpeg htqo rqnkvkecneqpvtqn qtrtguuwtg- kvhwtvjgt cuuwtguvjgo vjcv vjgkt ucnctkguecppqv dg fkokpkujgffwtkpi vjgkt kpewodgpe} *uge/ 9,/ Hgpeg kv oc} dg cumgf- qh yjcveqpugswgpeg ku vjg cuuwtcpeg qh ucnct} pqp.fkokpwvkqp- kh cp} lwfigueqwnf dg ngikuncvgfqwvvjtw c eqwtv tgqticpkncvkqp?

Sq owej fkf qwt CqpuvkvwvkqpcnCqpxgpvkqpfguktg vq uvcdknknglwfkekcnvgpwtg vjcv kvqxgttwngf c oqvkqp vq rgtokv vjg DBnyCsnB qh lwfigu htqo


qpg fkuvtkevvq cpqvjgt vjtw c eqwtv tgujwhhng/'Tjg lwfkekct} eqookvvgg qh vjtgg rtcevkecnn}gpfqtugf vjg tgeqo.

ogpfcvkqp qh vjg Cqpxgpvkqpeqookvvgg qp lwfkekcnrqygt qp vjg ocvvgt-kp vjg hqnnqykpirtqxkukqp:p

)Nq lwfig yjq jcu dggp crrqkpvgf hqt c rctvkewnct fkuvtkev ujcnndg fgukipcvgf qt vtcpuhgttgf vq cpqvjgt fkuvtkev ykvjqwv vjg crrtqxcnqh vjg Swrtgog Cqwtv/)

'Tjku rtqxkukqp qh vjg tgxkugf lwfkekct} ctvkengu ycu eqpukfgtgfd} vjg Cqpxgpvkqp qp Jcpwct} 17- 1953/

'Dgngicvg Bgtpcdg fg Gwnocp rtqrqugf cp cogpfogpv vq vjgghhgev vjcv vjku rtqxkukqp ujqwnf pqv dg crrnkecdng vq c tgqticpkncvkqpuqh vtkdwpcnuqh lwuvkegqt qh fkuvtkgvu;dwv vjg cogpfogpv ycu fghgcvgfgcukn} ykvjqwv fgdcvgu/' *Atwgiq- Ftcokpi qh vjg Pjknkrrkpg Cqp.uvkvwvkqp-Vqn/ 1- r/ 513,/

Nqy- vjgtghqtg- jcxkpi xgvqgf vjg ;9u6:.-9 qh lwfigu vjtw c tg.qt.icpkncvkqp-vjg Cqpxgpvkqp gxkfgpvn} eqwnf pqv jcxg rgtokvvgf vjg tg.57=u4 qh lwfigu vjtw tg.qticpkncvkqp/

Tjg rtkpekrng qh cp kpfgrgpfgpv lwfkekct}-eq.gswcn cpf eq.korqtvcpvykvj vjg qvjgt vyq dtcpejgu qh vjg Gqxgtpogpv ecog vq qwt ujqtgu ykvjvjg Aogtkecp qeewrcvkqp/ Xgv vjg kpfgrgpfgpeg qh lwfigu.rctvkewnctn}qh vjg kphgtkqteqwtvu-ycu qh unqy itqyvj/u. wpvknkv tgegkxgf xkiqtqwuhgtvknkncvkqpkp vjg Bqttqogq rtgegfgpv- yjgtgkp vjku Cqwtv kp c dqnfuvtqmgqh lwfkekcnuvcvguocpujkr urgnngf qwv qh fqwdvhwnrtqxkukqpu vjgfqevtkpg vjcv c lwfig qh hktuvkpuvcpeg5u@ 67; >1;07

n"I ,&')',,'*% )#0 (+.-*#)

Wjgtghqtg- kheqpuvkvwvkqpuctg 'gzrqwpfgf kp vjg nkijv qh eqpfkvkqpugzkuvkpicv vjg vkog qh vjgkt cfqrvkqp- vjg igpgtcn urktkvqh vjg vkogu cpfvjg rtgxcknkpi ugpvkogpvu coqpi vjg rgqrng' *11 Ao/ Jwt/ 676.678, kvujqwnf dg gcu} vq eqpenwfg-htqo vjg ektewouvcpegujgtgkp.cdqxg fgrkevgf-vjcv vjg Cqpxgpvkqp fkf pqv eqpvgorncvg.pc}- kv htqypgf qp.tgoqxcnqh lwfigu qh hktuvkpuvcpegvjtw cdqnkvkqpqh vjgkt qhhkeguuqt tgqticpkncvkqp/

Tjg CqpuvkvwvkqpcnCqpxgpvkqp ycpvgf lwfigu wpchtckf vq nqugvjgktlqdu qt vjgkt ucnctkgu-wpoqxgf cpf wpuyc}gf d} cp} eqpukfgtcvkqpu-gz.egrv vjg vtgrkfcvkqpu qh vjg lwfkekcndcncpeg/ Ptqhguuqt Jqug Atwgiq-c ogodgt qh vjg Cqpxgpvkqp-ytqvg vjwu:

'Tjg Cqpxgpvkqp kpenwfgf kp vjg Cqpuvkvwvkqprtqxkukqpu hqt jgnr.kpi ugewtg vjg kpfgrgpfgpeg qh vjg lwfkekct}/ B} gzrtguu rtqxkukqpqh ucog- vjg ogodgtu qh vjg Swrtgog Cqwtv cpf cnn lwfigu qh kphgtkqteqwtvu ujcnn jqnf qhhkeg fwtkpi iqqf dgjcxkqwt- wpvkn vjg} tgcej vjgcig qh ugxgpv}) }gctu- qt dgeqog kpecrcekvcvgf vq fkuejctig vjg fwvkguqh vjgkt qhhkeg/' Cqpugswgpvn}- ,

RECENT DOCUMENTS

Iv ku ctiwgf vjcv 'vjgtg ecp dg pq dgvvgt iwctcpv}'.hqt vjg kpfg.rgpfgpeg qh vjg lwfkekct} z z z 'vjcp vjg Gqf.ikxgp ejctcevgt cpf hkvpguuqh vjqug crrqkpvgf vq vjg dgpej/' Wg citgg- kh vjg uvcvgogpv ogcpupqvjkpi gnug/ Bwvkhkvkphgtuvjcv vjg qvjgt iqqf iwctcpvggu hqt lwfkekcnkpfgrgpfgpeg rtqxkfgf hqt d} vjg Cqpuvkvwvkqp*nkhgvgpwtg gve/, oc} dgfkuectfgf- yg fkucitgg/ Tjg kphgtgpeg yqwnf dg lwuv cu knngikvkocvgcu kh qpg vjgqtkngf vjcv vjg dguv iwctcpv} hqt vjg kpfgrgpfgpeg qh ceqwpvt} ku vjg eqwtcig qh kvufghgpfgtu cpf vjgtghqtg cnn hqtvkhkecvkqpu-vcpmu-ecppqpu cpf fghgpug kpuvcnncvkqpugve/ oc} cnndg uwrrtguugf/ Avcp} tcvg vjg ctiwogpv gxcfgu vjg kuuwg:vjg kpswkt} ku pqv yjkej kuvjg jnCD iwctcpv}- dwv yjgvjgt vjg iwctcpv} qh nkhgvgpwtg jcf dggpdtqmgp qp vjku qeecukqp/

Cqpvtcfkevkpi rgvkvkqpgtu)encko qh ngikuncvkxgtgoqxcn- qt fkuokuucnd} Cqpitguukqpcn cevkqp- tgurqpfgpvu ctiwg vjgtg ycu pq tgoqxcn htqoqhhkegdgecwug vjg qhhkegycu cdqnkujgf/u. Hqygx:t- vjg rnckp hcev ku-rgvkvkqpgtuygtg lwfigu qh hktuvkpuvcpeg qp Jwpg 19- 1954- cpf dgecwugqh Rgrwdnke Aev Nq/ 1186 vjg} egcugf vq dg uq/ Tjg} nquvvjgkt lqduvjtw vjg qrgtcvkqp qh c ngikuncvkxggpcevogpv/ Tjg} ygtg qwuvgf d}Cqpitguukqpcn fktgevkqp-s:n:.ngikuncvgfqwv-' Tjg ghhgevku yjcv eqwpvu/Tjg ogfkwo.cdqnkvkqp qh vjgkt qhhkeg.ocmgu pq fkhhgtgpeg/' Wg vguvc/ twng d} kvutguwnvu-'*L.3054 . L.3050,- cu qpg iwslEC lEBsin rqkpvgfqwv/

Ap}yc} vjgtg owuv dg uqogvjkpi hcnncekqwukp vjku ogvjqf qh ctiw.ogpvcvkqp/ Ih vjg rgvkvkqpgtujcf c hkxg.}gctngcugqp c dwknfkpicpf chvgtqpg }gct vjg qypgt fguvtq}gf kv-yknnuckf qypgt dg cduqnxgf wrqp vjgcnngicvkqpvjcv rgvkvkqpgtujcxg pq tkijvu dgecwug vjg dwknfkpi ku iqpg?Rgurqpfgpvu- qh eqwtug- yknn fkhhgtgpvkcvgd} rqkpvkpi vq vjg eqpvtcev-cpf ekvkpivjg rtkpekrng vjcv cp qhhkegku pqv c eqpvtcev/ Apf }gv- fqguc eqpuvkvwvkqpcnrtqokug qh vgpwtggpvcknc nguugtqdnkicvkqpvjcp c rtkxcvgeqpvtcevwcnfwv}?

Ccnn kv tgqticpkncvkqp- qt ngikuncvkqpqt tgoqxcn qt cdqnkvkqp-vjkuncy fkutgictfu vjg eqpuvkvwvkqpcncuuwtcpeg vjcv vjgug lwfigu- qpeg cr.rqkpvgf- ujcnn jqnf qhhkegfwtkpi iqqf dgjcxkqwt gve/ Fqt uwej dtgcejvjg} oc} eqornckp- cpf vjg} fq eqornckp/

Tjg cdqnkvkqpqh vjgkt qhhkeguycu ogtgn} cp kpfktgev ocppgt qhtgoqxkpi vjgug rgvkvkqpgtu/ Rgogodgt vjcv qp Jwpg 19- 1954- vjgtgygtg 107 lwfigu qh hktuvkpuvcpeg-fkuvtkevlwfigu- lwfigu.cv.Ictig cpfecfcuvtcn lwfigu *Rgr/ Aev 296,/68 Ahvgt vjg rcuucig qh Rgrwdnke AevNq/ 1186 vjgtg ygtg 114 rqukvkqpuqh lwfigu qh hktuvkpuvcpeg/ Tjgtg ycupq tgfwevkqp.vjgtg ycu kpetgcug.kp vjg pwodgt qh lwfigu- pqt kp vjgpwodgt qh eqwtvu/ Tjg rqukvkqpuqh Jwfigu.cv.Lctig cpf Ccfcuvtcn Jwfigu

58 Svqt} qp vjg Cqpuvkvwvkqpetkvknguvjku cv r/ 178 53 S/W/ Rgr/6 Jwfigu 'oc} pqv dg ngikuncvgf qwv qh qhhkeg/' *Atwgiq- Ftcokpi qh vjg

Cqpuvkvwvkqp-Vqn/ 2- r/ 719/6c 74 fkuvtkevlwfigu- 18 lwfigu.cv.nctig- 15 ecfcuvtcn lwfigu/

793


ygtg gnkokpcvgf;dwv DrnI GnBn sy oilD CEjCDsDEDnm qt tgrncegf d} qvjgtrqukvkqpuqh lwfigu; qt kh}qw rngcug-vjgtg ycu c ogtg ejcpig qh fgukipc.vkqphtqo 'Ccfcuvtcn Jwfig qt Jwfig.cv.Lctig' vq 'fkuvtkevlwfig'/ Hgpegkvujqwnf dg twngf vjcv cu vjgkt rqukvkqpujcf pqv dggp 'cdqnkujgf' fghcevq-dwvcevwcnn}tgvckpgf GsDr iyDrnB yiwn. vjgug rgvkvkqpgtuctg gp.vkvngfvq tgockp kp vjg ugtxkeg/ *Btknnqx/ Epcig- G/R/ Nq/ L.7115- Mctej30- 1954/, Fqt kvku pqv rgtokuukdngvq ghhgevvjg tgoqxcn qh qpg lwfigvjtw vjg gzrgfkgpe} qh cdqnkujkpi jku qhhkegnFny cu vjg qhhkegykvj ucogrqygt kuetgcvgf ykvj cpqvjgt pcog/ *Btknnqx/ Epcig- Mcnqpg x/ Wkn.nkcou- 118 Tgpp/ 391- Gkddg)uCcug 4 A/L/R/ l/ 211,/ Ip vjku xkgy qhvjg rkevwtg-yg dgnkgxg-Cqpitguu eqwnf jcxg- cpf ujqwnf jcxg.cu uwi.iguvgf d} Sgetgvct} Twcuqp fwtkpi vjg jgctkpiu kp Cqpitguu.fktgevgfkp uckf Rgrwdnke Aev Nq/ 1186 vjcv 'vjg rtgugpv lwfigu.cv.nctig cpfecfcuvtcn lwfigu ujcnn dgeqog fkuvtkevlwfigu rtgukfkpi uwej fkuvtkevucuoc} dg hkzgf d} vjg Ptgukfgpv ykvj vjg eqpugpv qh vjg Cqookuukqp qpArrqkpvogpvu'; qt d} vjg Sgetgvct} qh Jwuvkeg-cu qtkikpcnn}rtqrqugfd} Sgpcvqt Lcwtgn kp eqppgevkqpykvj vjg ucog dknn/ Sqogvjkpi ukoknctycu fqpg dghqtg-' cpf kv yqwnf pqv dg qdlgevkqpcdngcu cp gpetqcej.ogpv qp vjg Ptgukfgpv)urtgtqicvkxg qh crrqkpvogpv- dgecwuguwej lwfigujcf cntgcf} dggp crrqkpvgf vq vjg lwfkekct}dghqtg vjg rcuucig qh vjg cev-cpf vjg rtqxkukqp oc} dg eqpuvtwgf kp vjg nkijv qh ogtg ejcpig qhqhhkekcnfgukipcvkqp rnwu kpetgcug kp ucnct}/ Au vjg Sgetgvct} qh Jwuvkegtgoctmgf fwtkpi vjg jgctkpiu qh vjg Hqwug-vjgug lwfigu.cv.nctig ujqwnfjcxg dggp crrqkpvgf vq vjg fkuvtkevu:

'Mt/ Vgnquq *I,/ Bwv uwrrqug vjg dknncu pqy rtqrqugf kpvgpfuvq cdqnkuj vjg lwfigu.cv.nctig cpf ecfcuvtcn lwfigu- yqwnf }qw vjkpmvjcv vjku dknn ku wpeqpuvkvwvkqpcn?

'Sge/ Twcuqp/ Wgn1- vjcv ku yj} I uc}-.kp qtfgt vq rtgxgpvvjg dknn htqo dgkpi wpeqpuvkvwvkqpcn-vjg cdqnkvkqp owuv eqpvckp vjgrtqxkuq vjcv vjgug lwfigu ctg pqv vq dg nwuvgf-vjg} ctg pqv vq dg tg.cr.rqkpvgf dwv vjg} ctg vq eqpvkpwg cu fkuvtkev lwfigu cpf vjgkt fkuvtkevuctg vq dg fgvgtokpgf d} uqogdqf} qt d} vjg Dgrctvogpv qh Jwuvkeg/'*Ttcpuetkrv qh jgctkpi qp Mctej 17- 1954 qh vjg Cqookvvgg qpJwfkekct}- Hqwug qh Rgrtgugpvcvkxgu/,'

Tjcv vjku cev ycu kpvgpfgf vq tgoqxg lwfigu kucvvguvgfd} vjg hqn.nqykpi uvcvgogpv qh Cqpitguuocp Atvwtq Tqngpvkpq-eq.cwvjqt qh vjgogcuwtg- cpf oclqtkv} hnqqt.ngcfgt-fwtkpi vjg fgdcvgu qh vjg Hqwug:

'I co htcpm gpqwij- Mt/ Srgcmgt- cpf I yknn pqv dg j}rqetkvkecnvq uc} vjcv kp vjku dknn yg ctg pqv iqkpi vq yggf qwv wpfguktcdnglwfigu/ Wg ctg/ Tjcv ku vjg rwtrqug qh vjg dknn/ Tjgtg ctg lwfiguyjq ctg wpfguktcdng cpf owuv dg yggfgf- cpf kp vjgkt rncegu owuv dgrncegf iqqf lwfigu yjq- chvgt jcxkpi dggp crrqkpvgf vq c rctvkewnctfkuvtkev ecppqv ncvgt dg tgoqxgf qt vtcpuhgttgf htqo qpg fkuvtkev vqcpqvjgt/ Ip qvjgt yqtfu- vq gnkokpcvg c dcf u}uvgo- yg ctg iqkpi vqwug vjku tgogf}/' *Lcy}gtu Jqwtpcn- kuuwgfqp Jwn} 31- 1954- r/ 357,/'

7 Aev 3911 uge/ 4/

RECENT DOCUMENTS

PHILvrPINE )#0 (+.1)13(#'$FILECOPVr-'-

795

Tjku uwiiguvu cpqvjgt nkpg qh vjqwijv/ Adqnkvkqpqh vjgkt qhhkegucoqwpvgf vq vjg rgvkvkqpgtu)tgoqxcn/ Au Cqpitguu jcu pq Cqpuvkvwvkqpcnrqygt vq tgoqxg lwfigu d} fktgev cevkqp-vjgtghqtg kvowuv dg fgpkgfrqygt vq fq kpfktgevn}yjcv kveqwnf pqv fq fktgevn}/ Ipfggf- vjqug yjqwrjqnf vjku ncy yqwnf ocmg vjg Cqpuvkvwvkqprtguetkdg vjcv lwfigu 'ujcnnjqnf qhhkegfwtkpi iqqf dgjcxkqwt wpvknvjg} tgcej vjg cig qh ugxgpv}qt dgeqog kpecrcekvcvgfqt iBn BnwFnm jI HypBnCCsyiv ilDsy B DrnsBooslnC B lEBDC iBn ijvsCrnm:,

Aickp- qp vjg ocvvgt qh tgoqxcn- vjg Cqpuvkvwvkqpjcxkpi gpwog.tcvgf ecwuguhqt eguucvkqpqh lwfigu- vjg rtkpekrng 'gzrtguu ogpvkqp ko.rnkgugzenwukqpqh qvjgtu' uwrrqtvu rnckpvkhhu)ukfg/

'Otfkpctkn} vjg gpwogtcvkqp qh urgekhke ocvvgtu kp c eqpuvkvwvkqpcnrtqxkukqp ku eqpuvtwgf cu cp gzenwukqp qh o/cvvgtu pqv gpwogtcvgf-wpnguu c fkhhgtgpv kpvgpvkqp crrgctu/' *16 C/J/S/ CqpuvkvwvkqpcnLcyr/ o1,/

Tjku ngcfu vq vjg cnngicvkqpvjcv vjg tgoqxcn qh rgvkvkqpgtuycu pqvkpvgpvkqpcn-cpf vjgtghqtg pq dtgcej qh vjg Cqpuvkvwvkqpoc} dg korwvgfvq Cqpitguu/ Ip vjg hceg qh vjg gpf.rtqfwev.qwuvgt.yg oc} fgenctgkvycu wpkpvgpvkqpcn-kh *1, Cqpitguu fkf pqv mpqy ecfcuvtcn lwfigu cpflwfigu.cv.nctig yqwnf dg qwuvgfqt *2, mpqykpi uwej eqpugswgpeg-Cqp.itguu oEym sD ynlnCCiBI vq crrtqxg vjg ncy *cu kvkupqy, vq hwnhknnkvurwtrqugu/ Tjg hktuvcnvgtpcvkxgyqwnf dg eqpvtct} vq vjg hcevu;kvyqwnfgxgp dg wphncvvgtkpivq Cqpitguu- hqt kvyqwnf korn} vjg} fkfp)v mpqyvjg eqpvgpvuqh vjg dknn/ Tjg ugeqpf cnvgtpcvkxgecp pqv dg vtwg-dgecwugvjg qdlgevkxguqh vjg ncy eqwnf dg ecttkgf qwv ykvjqwv ujqtvgpkpi vjglwfigu) nkhg.vgpwtg-d} fktgevkpi vjgkt eqpxgtukqp kpvq fkuvtkevlwfigu qtqtfgtkpi vjcv cdqnkvkqpqh vjgkt tgurgevkxg rqukvkqpuujcnn dg ghhgevkxgwrqp vgtokpcvkqp qh vjgkt tgurgevkxgvgtou/

Rgurqpfgpvu) tgrn} yknnrtqdcdn} dg uqogvjkpi qhvjkuvgpqt: CqpitguumsmyD uyG vjg Ptgukfgpv yqwnf pqv tg.crrqkpv rgvkvkqpgtu/ Gtcpvgf-ctiwgpfq/ BwvCqpitguu mpgy vjg lwfigu ygtg gcugf qwv-d} vjg ngvvgtqh vjg ncy/ biIjn sD rAnm vjg} yqwnf dg ucxgf d} tg.crrqkpvogpvhtqo vjg Ptgukfgpv/ Nqy- yjgp c ocp ujqqvu cpqvjgt- eqwnf jg rngcfncemqh kpvgpv-dgecwug jg gzrgevgf vjg fqevqt yqwnf jcxg jku xkevko?

Fct dg kvhtqo wu-vq korn} vjcv Cqpitguu wivslsECvI fgetggf vjgtgoqxcn qh lwfigu/ Annyg uc} ku-kvcevgf kpvgpvkqpcnn}-ykvj hwnnmpqy.ngfig- cndgkvkp vjg dgnkghsD rim lyCDsDEDsyiv AGnB vq ilD cu kvfkf/

Bwv-vjg tgurqpfgpvu- ctiwg- jcf vjgug rgvkvkqpgtudggp crrqkpvgffkuvtkevlwfigu d} vjg Ptgukfgpv chvgt vjg rcuucig qh Rgrwdnke Aev 1186-vjg} yqwnf pqv eqornckp; yjgtghqtg- vjgkt itkgxcpeg eqwnf pqv dg cickpuvvjg rcuucig qh vjg cev- dwv cickpuv vjgkt pqp.crrqkpvogpv- cpf qpg yjqjcu pqv dggp crrqkpvgf jcu pq ecwugqh cevkqp/ Cngxgt rkgeg qh vjkpm.kpi- vq dg uwtg/ Hqygxgt- gzegrv hqt vjg qdlgevgf ncy- rgvkvkqpgtuyqwnfuvknndg lwfkekcnqhhkegtu-cv nctig qt ecfcuvtcn- dwv lwfigu qh hktuvkpuvcpeg/


Tjg} fq pqv rtgvgpf vq dg fkuvtkevlwfigu- pqt uggmvq dg rtqoqvgfcu msCDBslD lwfigu d} rtgukfgpvkcncrrqkpvogpv/

Av cp} tcvg vjku kupq fgdcvg qp Gr sC tgurqpukdnghqt vjgkt qwuvgt/vjg Ptgukfgpv qt vjg Cqpitguu/ Tjg uvwddqtp hcev uvcpfu qwv: qykpivq vjg uvcvwvgkp swguvkqp-rgvkvkqpgtuhkpf vjgougnxgu glgevgf htqo vjgktlwfkekcnugcvu/ Tjg} uggmc tgogf}- dgecwug vjg hwpfcogpvcn ncy rtq.okugf vjg} ujcnn jqnf qhhkegfwtkpi iqqf dgjcxkqwt wpvknvjg} tcejugxgpv}/

gjs tEC. sjs tgogfkwo.vjg ugevkqpqh vjg uvcvwvgecwukpi vjgktwpvkogn}eguucvkqpujqwnf dg kpxcnkfcvgf/

Ip vjku eqppgevkqp-vjg rquukdknkv}jcu qeewttgf vq wu qh eqpuvtwkpiuge/ 3 qh Aev 1186 cu ghhgevkxgqpn} wrqp vjg ecfcuvtcn lwfigu cpf lwfigu.cv.nctig xcecvkpi vjgkt tgurgevkxg rqukvkqpugkvjgt vjtw tgukipcvkqpqt vjtwtgukipcvkqp qt vjtw vjg ecwugugpwogtcvgf d} vjg Cqpuvkvwvkqp/Tjcvyqwnf dg ogtg syDnBABnDiDsy. cpf cu pq fgenctcvkqp qh kpxcnkfkv}kutgswktgf- ugxgp xqvgu yqwnf uwhhkeg/Hqygxgt- yg tgcnkngf vjcv uwejsyDnBAnBDiDsy yqwnf dg wplwuvkhkgf-dgecwug vjg ncy engctn} eqpvgo.rncvgukoogfkcvg eguucvkqpqh uckf qhhkegtu-cu gxkfgpegf d} vjg rtqxkukqphqt rgpukqp qh vjqug yjq ctg pqv tgvckpgf d} crrqkpvogpv cu fkuvtkevlwfigu; cpf kvkuoqtg korqtvcpv vqdg tkijv vjcp vq ectt} vjg fc}/ Wjgtg.hqtg vjg eqpuvkvwvkqpcnkuuwgjcu vq dg uswctgn} ogv/

Owt xkgy qp vjku swguvkqpqh cdqnkvkqpctg pqv kpeqpukuvgpvykvjMcpcncpi x/ Qwkvqtkcpq-50 Ohh/Gcn/ r/ 2515- yjgtgkp vjg Dktgevqt qhvjg Pncegogpv Bwtgcw nquvjku rqukvkqp yjgp kv ycu tgqticpkngf kpvqvjg NcvkqpcnEornq}ogpv Sgtxkeg- jgcfgf d} c Cqookuukqpgt/ Tjgtgvjg eqpuvkvwvkqpcnkuuwgjkpigf wrqp vjg tkijv qh c ekxknqhhkegtpqv vqdg 'tgoqxgf qt uwurgpfgf gzegrv hqt ecwug cu rtqxkfgf d} ncy/' Cqp.vtct} vq yjcv ku dgnkgxgf kp uqog swctvgtu- lwfigu jcxg dtqcfgt cpfuvtqpigt iwctcpvggu qh vgpwtg vjcp qtfkpct} ekxknugtxcpvu/ Tjg} jcxgkp immsDsy vjg rtkxkngig vq jqnf qhhkeg'wpvknjg tgcejgu 70 }gctu qh cig-qt dgeqogu kpecrcekvcvgf/' Bgukfgu-vjg wpfgtn}kpi eqpukfgtcvkqpowuv dgdqtpg kp okpf vjcv Mcpcncpi jnvypnm D Drn JHnlEDsFn InAiBDwnyD.cpf dgecwug vjg Ptgukfgpv crrtqxgf vjg ncy- pq swguvkqpqt gpetqcej.ogpv d} qpg dtcpej qp vjg qvjgt eqwnf dg crrtgjgpfgf qt cnngigf/

HwwnyDC qp eBnFisvsyp dAsysy:Aeeqtfkpi vq vjg rtgxcknkpi qrkpkqp *qh hqwt lwuvkegu,vjg tgurqp.

fgpvu) rqukvkqpkuuwuvckpgfd} qpg fgekukqpkp Tgppguugg-vyq fgekukqpukp Ngy Jgtug} cpf qpg kp Kcpucu- qpg kp Ancdcoc.rnwu Btknnqx/ Epcigqh nqecneqpegtp/ Wg ctg uqtt} vq uvcvgvjcv qpg qh vjgo ujqwnf jcxgokungf qwt fkuvkpiwkujgfeqnngciwgu/

MeCwnng}x/ Svcvg *Tgpp, 53 S/W/ Rgr/ 134- 46 L/R/A/ 567 kuc vjtgg.vq.vyq fgekukqp/ Apf vjg ecug ku pqv rgtuwcukxgjgtg- dgecwug.wpnkmgqwtu.vjg Tgppguugg CqpuvkvwvkqpnHAvslsDvI AnBwsDDnm vjg Au.


ugodn} ;7 9-57=- vjg lwfigu hqt ecwug d} vyq.vjktfu =7;-. *Sgg rcig135- 53 S/W/ Rgr/,

Apf qpg qh vjg vjtgg lwuvkeguuwuvckpkpivjg cdqnkvkqp.tgoqxcntguvgfjku xqvg qp vjg gzrtguu eqpuvkvwvkqpcnrqygt qh vjg ngikuncvwtgvq tgoqxghqt 'ecwug'- uckf lwuvkeg*Wknmgu,jcxkpi hqwpf kvvq dg iqqf ecwug 'vjcvvjgtg ku pqv uwhhkekgpvdwukpguuvq tgswktg vjg tgvgpvkqpkp qhhkegqh vjgqhhkekcngve/' *MeCwnng}x/ Svcvg 53 S/W/ Rgr/ cv r/ 153/, Swej rqygtqh tgoqxcn cevwcnn}vkrrgf vjg lwfkekcndcncpeg kp vjcv Tgppguugg eqp.vtqxgtu}/

Tjg fkuugpvkpiqrkpkqp qh Cjkgh JwuvkegSpqfitcuu- hqteghwn-gtwfkvg-cpf uwrrqtvgf d} cwvjqtkv}-eqpvckpuc fgvckngf gzrqukvkqpqh vjg jkuvqt}cpf korqtvcpeg qh lwfkekcnkpfgrgpfgpeg- vjg uvtwiingu vq guvcdnkujkv-vjg kpvgpvkqpqhvjg htcogtu qh vjg Cqpuvkvwvkqpkp rtqxkfkpi hqt nkhg.vgpwtgqh lwfigu/ Iv crrctgpvn} hckngfvq kortguu jku hgnnqy.ogodgtu- dgecwugvjcv TgppguuggCqwtvjcf rtgxkqwun}cempqyngfigf 'vjcv vjg kpfgrgpfgpegqh vjg lwfkekcnfgrctvogpv *vjgtg, ycu qpn} c .1+;176 qh 4u> cpf vjcv kveqwnf pqv gzkuvykvjqwvvjg cuugpvqh vjg Lgikuncvwtg' *MeCwnng}x/ Svcvg53 S/W/ Rgr/ cv r/ 167,/ Bwv egtvckpn} jku nwokpqwufkuugpv-kh tgcfectghwnn}cpf rcvkgpvn}-ujqwnf eqpxkpeg lwfigu qh fgoqetcvke eqwpvtkguyjgtgkp lwfkekcnkpfgrgpfgpeg 1: 67; u .1+;176 qh 4u>( dwv c tgcnkv}vq dgejgtkujgf cpf vtgcuwtgf/

Apf }gv- pqv gxgt}vjkpi kujqrgnguu wpfgt Tgppguugg)ungicn u}uvgo/Sqog fgekukqpuvjgtg dghqtg cpf chvgt vjg MeCwnng}rtgegfgpv ockpvckpvjg xkgy vjcv u :;u;


Au vq Btknnqx/ Epcig- rtgekugn}-kvwrjqnfu lwfkekcnvgpwtg cickpuvngikuncvkxgqwuvgt/ Tjgtg ygtg uqog qdkvgt fkevc- yjkej qh eqwtug ctgpqv dkpfkpi/

Ip Akmocp x/ Efyctfu *Kcp/, vjg Lgikuncvwtgvtcpuhgttgf vjg eqwp.vkguqh vjg 26vj fkuvtkevvq vjg vjktvggpvj fkuvtkevvjgtgd} kpfktgevn}cdq.nkujkpi vjg hqtogt/ Bwv vjg lwfigu ygtg pqv chhgevgf-dgecwug vjg cevrtqxkfgf vjcv 'kv ujqwnf pqv dg eqpuvtwgf uq cu vq fgrtkxg cp} lwfigqh jku ucnct}/' Tjg ecug kupq cwvjqtkv}cickpuv rgvkvkqpgtu/

Ip vjg Cjgtqmgg Cqwpv} ecug *Ancdcoc, vjg Cqpuvkvwvkqpvjgtgicxg vjg Lgikuncvwtggzrtguu 87>-9 vq cdqnkuj cp} eqwtv- gzegrv vjgSwrtgog Cqwtv/

Ip c hqqvpqqvgcv rcigu 91.92 qh jku yqtm qp CqpuvkvwvkqpcnLkokvc.vkqpu *8vj Ef/ Vqn/ 1,- Jwfig Cqqng} uwooctkngf dtkghn}vjg ncy qpvjku uwdlgevcu hqnnqyu:

'Wjgtg vjg ngikuncvwtgku -587>-9-, ;7 9-57=- lwfigu hqt ecwug-dwv ku tgswktgf vq ikxg pqvkeg cpf qrrqtvwpkv} vq crrgct- vjku ko.rqtvu vjcv vjg ecwug ujcnn dg qpg rgtuqpcn vq vjg lwfigcpf jg ecp.pqv dg tgoqxgf ogtgn} vq ewv fqyp gzrgpugu/ Bwv kh jku eqwtv kuqpg yjkej vjg ngikuncvwtgku cwvjqtkngf vq qtfckp cpf guvcdnkuj vjgngikuncvwtgoc} cdqnkuj vjg eqwtvcpf vjg lwfig)u qhhkeg cpf ucnct}yknn vjgtgwrqp egcug/ MeCwnng} x/ Svcvg- 102 Tgpp/ 509- 53 S/W/134- 46 L/ R/ A/ 567/'

'Tjcv cnnvjg vgttkvqt} qh qpg lwfkekcn fkuvtkevoc} dg fkuvtkdwvgfcoqpi qvjgt fkuvtkevuqt cppgzgf vq qpg fkuvtkev-cpf vjg lwfig vjwufgrtkxgf qh qhhkeg-ugg Ankmocp x/ Efyctfu- 55 Kcp/ 751- 42 Pce/266- 30 L/ R/ A/ 149; dwv vjku ecppqv dg fqpg yjgtg vjg lwfig)u vgtoqh qhhkeg ku hkzgf d} vjg Cqpuvkvwvkqp/Svcvg x/p Ftkgfng}- 135 Ipf/119- 34 N/ E/ 872- 21 L/ R/ A/ 634/'

Tjg cdqxg vjtgg ecugu ygtg qdxkqwun}vjg oquv korqtvcpv qp vjgswguvkqpcv kuuwg/Au gzrnckpgf- MeCwnng}kupqv eqpenwukxgcpf Akmocpucxgf vjg ucnct} qh lwfigu/ Tjgtghqtg Ftkgfng}- uwrrqtvgf d} qvjgtAogtkecp fgekukqpucu jgtgkpdghqtg fgoqpuvtcvgf- ujqwnf ujcrg qwt tguq.nwvkqpkp vjkueqpvtqxgtu}/

Rgurqfgpvu kp vjgkt ugeqpf itqwpf qh fghgpug ockpvckp vjcv- cuvjg rqukvkqpuqh lwfigu.cv.nctig cpf ecfcuvtcn lwfigu ctg wpeqpuvkvwvkqpcn-vjgkt cdqnkvkqpikxgu tkugvq pq ecwugqh cevkqp/

Tjg} ekvgugevkqp7 qh Atv/ VInnc cpf ctiwg vjcv cu uwej lwfigujcxg pq rgtocpgpv tgukfgpeg cpf eqwnf dg fgukipcvgf htqo rtqxkpegvq rtqxkpeg d} vjg Sgetgvct} qh Jwuvkegvjgkt rqukvkqpu'xkqncvgvjg urktkvkhpqv vjg ngvvgt'qh uckf ugevkqpcpf ctvkeng/

Ip vjg hktuvrnceg- vjg rtkpekrng uggou vq dg wpfkurwvgf vjcv c ncyoc} pqv dg fgenctgf wpeqpuvkvwvkqpcnhqt ogtg xkqncvkqpqh 'vjg urktkv'qh vjg Cqpuvkvwvkqp/>

c Nq lwfig crrqkpvgf hqt c rctvkewnct fkuvtkev ujcnn dg fgukipcvgf qt vtcpu.hgttgf vq cpqvjgt fkuvtkev ykvjqwv vjg crrtqxcn qh vjg Swrtgog Cqwtv/ z z z/

/ 'Nqt ctg vjg eqwtvu cv nkdgtv}ovq fgenctg cp cev xqkf- dgecwug kp vjgkt qrkpkqpkv ku qrrqugf vq c urktkv uwrrqugf vq rgtxcfg vjg Cqpuvkvwvkqp-dwv pqv gzrtguugfkp yqtfu/' *Cqqng}- CqpuvkvwvkqpcnLkokvcvkqpu-Vqn/ 1 r/ 351 *8vj Ef/,


'2 vjg ugeqpf rnceg- vjg ugevkqptghgtu vq fkuvtkevlwfigu.pqv vqqvjgt lwfigu/ Ih kv dg eqpvgpfgf vjcv vjg eqpuvkvwvkqpkornkekvn}eqp.vgorncvgf fkuvtkevlwfigu yvI. vjgp rqukvkqpuqh lwuvkeguqh vjg rgceg qtlwuvkeguqh vjg Cqwtv qh Arrgcnu yqwnf dg wpeqpuvkvwvkqpcnvqq/ Au cocvvgt qh hcev-vjg yqtfkpi qh vjg ugevkqp-'Nq lwfig iAAsyDnm hqt crctvkewnct fkuvtkev' gve/ cnnqyu vjg kphgtgpeg vjcv vjgtg ctg lwfigu yDiAAsyDnm hqt c rctvkewnctfkuvtkev.nkmgcwzknkct}lwfigu qt lwfigu.cv.nctigqh yjkej vjgtg ygtg hkhvggp*Aev 2107, cv vjg vkog qh vjg Cqpxgpvkqp-cpf qh yjkej vjg ogodgtu qh vjg Cqpxgpvkqpygtg pgeguuctkn}eqipkncpv/

Tjktfn}- cu vjg hwpfcogpvcn qdlgevkqpkuvq vjgkt codwncvqt} ejct.cevgt- vjg uqnwvkqpujqwnf dg vq uvqr uwej vtcpuhgtcdknkv}.pqv vq qwvncyvjgkt qhhkegu/

Lcuvn}-vjku itqwpf qh fghgpug oc} pqv dg wrjgnf- wpnguucrrtqxgfd} vyq.vjktfu qh vjg Swrtgog Cqwtv-pgeguukvcvkpicu kvfqgu- c fgenctcvkqpqh wpeqpuvkvwvkqpcnkv}qh c uvcvwvg/'2 vjg cdugpeg qh vjg pgeguuct} xqvg-vjg rqukvkqpuqh lwfigu.cv.nctig cpf ecfcuvtcn lwfigu owuv dg tgictfgfxcnkf vq cnnkpvgpvucpf rwtrqugu/

Apf pqy- yjcv kuvjg ghhgevqh vjg xqvgufgp}kpi tgnkghvq rgvkvkqpgtugzrtguun}wrqp vjg itqwpf qhwpeqpuvkvwvkqpcnkv}qh vjgkt qhhkekcnrqukvkqpu?Mc} c lwuvkegxcnkfn}tguv jku xqvg kp c ikxgp ecug wrqp jku nqpg rgtuqpcnqrkpkqpqhwpeqpuvkvwvkqpcnkv}qhc uvcvwvg?

Swrrqug c rgtuqp kurtqugewvgf hqt xkqncvkqpqh vjg Iorqtv CqpvtqnLcy/ Tjg hcevu rtqxgp hcnnengctn} ykvjkp vjg uvcvwvqt}rtqjkdkvkqp/Fkxg lwuvkeguxqvg vq eqpxkev-dwv ukz lwuvkegu-ceegrvkpi vjg hcevuxqvgvq ceswkvwrqp vjg itqwpf qh wpeqpuvkvwvkqpcnkv}qh vjg uvcvwvg/ Wknnvjg ceewugf iq vq lcknqt yknnjg dg tgngcugf? Rgogodgt vjgtg ctg ukzxqvguqh ceswkvvcn;dwvukzxqvguctg pqv gpqwij vq fgenctg c uvcvwvgwp.eqpuvkvwvkqpcn/Tjg j}rqvjguku qrgpu wr kpvgtguvkpicxgpwguqhvjqwijv ///

fnliAsDEviDsy:Tq tguvcvgqwt rqukvkqpdtkghn}:

c/ Tjg qhhkeguqh lwfigu.cv.nctig cpf ecfcuvtcn lwfigu fq pqveqpvtcxgpg vjg Cqpuvkvwvkqp;

d/ Tjg Lgikuncvwtg)ugzrtguu rqygt vq guvcdnkujeqwtvukphgtkqtvq vjg Swrtgog Cqwtv kornkgu rqygt vq cdqnkuj eqwtvu uqetgcvgf;

e/ Swej kornkgf rqygt- jqygxgt- oc} pqv dg wugf vq cdtkfigvjg vgpwtgqh kpewodgpv lwfigu- gzegrv- rgtjcru- fwtkpi yctjquvknkvkguqt qvjgt engct pcvkqpcngogtigpe};

f/ Exgp itcpvkpi vjg rqygt vq cdqnkuj eqwtvukornkgu vjg rq.ygt vq cdtkfig vjg vgpwtg qh lwfigu fwtkpi pqtocn vkogu-yjgtg pq eqwtvkucdqnkujgf qt vjg pwodgt qh lwfigu kupqvfgetgcugf- vjg Cqpuvkvwvkqpcnvgpwtg kuxkqncvgfd} vjg cdq.nkvkqpqh uqog lwfig)u qhhkegucpf vjgkt tgoqxcn;


g/ Au Rgrwdnke Aev 1186 fkf pqv cdqnkuj cp} eqwtv cpf fkfpqv tgfweg vjg pwodgt qh lwfigu- uge/ 3 qh vjg Aev gcukpiqwv jgtgkp rgvkvkqpgtukuwpeqpuvkvwvkqpcncpf xqkf/

Ip tgcejkpi vjg cdqxg eqpenwukqpuyg jcxg pqv qxgtnqqmgf vjg iqqfkpvgpvkqpugzrtguugf d} rtqokpgpv ngikuncvqtufwtkpi vjg fgdcvgu qp vjgdknn/ Tjg} crrtqxgf kv-yg wpfgtuvcpf- cxqygfn} hqt c vjtgg.hqnf rwt.rqug: *c, vq kpetgcug vjg eqorgpucvkqp qh lwfigu; *d, vq jcxg qpn}qpg mkpf qh lwfigu qh gswcnecvgiqt} cpf ucnct}; cpf *e, vq fq cyc} ykvjvjg tkiqfqp fg lwgegu/ Tjgug ctg kpfggf rtckugyqtvj} qdlgevkxgu-yjkejvjg lwfkekct} ukpegtgn} crrtgekcvgu/ Xgv vjg cfxcpvcigu dtqwijv cdqwvujqwnf pqv dnkpf wu vq vjg gpuwkpi fcpigtqwu gpetqcejogpv qp lwfkekcnkpfgrgpfgpeg/ Tjku kpfgrgpfgpeg ujqwnf dg fghgpfgf cv cnnequv-hqt kvkuytkvvgp vjcv korctvkcn lwuvkegecppqv dg cfgswcvgn} cfokpkuvgtgf wpnguulwfigu rgthqto vjgkt fwvkgukp cp cvoqurjgtg qh rgthgev h

statutory construction | ocampo, et. al. v. the secretary of justice, et. al. (g.r. no. l-7910)

Documents