Status of R&D Projects Implemented for 2017

Title of R&D/S&T Project Project Duration

Accomplishment Start Finish

DOST Agenda: Program 1: DRYING TECHNOLOGIES INNOVATION

1. Design and Development of Portable Solar Powered/ Heated Dryer with Auxiliary Biomass Heater (Completed)

January 2016

December 2017

A portable kiln dryer (500 bd. Ft. capacity) with solar energy and biomass as heat source was designed, constructed and evaluated. The dryer has an auxiliary heater, solar heat collector that allows sunlight to pass through and be absorbed by 3 panels of metal tubing as absorber. Two propeller fans circulate the heated air and accelerate the movement of air inside the chamber. Fans were powered by 2.4KW rated power fo photovoltaic (PV) solar system that runs off-grid. The solar heat collector has transparent polycarbonate sheets as glazing material and rectangular metal tube as heat collector. During the trial run, one hundred twenty (120) bamboo poles with 58.72% average initial MC were dried in the glazed chamber to 13.07% MC in 29 days using only the solar heated collector which attained a temperature of 69.40C (156.920F). In the actual performance evaluation, 50-mm thick Paper Mulberry lumber was kiln dried in the solar dryer. Form an average initial MC of 54.93% the lumber samples were dried to final MC of 12.32% in 10 days. The temperature inside the glazed chamber with pile of lumber attained 820C (179.60F). The amount of wood waste consume in the auxiliary heated was 16.4 kgs in 1 hr. & 17 mins. The cost of solar drying of Paper Mulberry lumber was around P19 per bd. Ft. The cost of the solar PV system is Php 320,000.00 and the chamber with auxiliary heater is Php 119,554.00.

Program 2: TREE PLANTATION SPECIES

2. Property Evaluation of Selected Tree Species

Part I. Physical and Mechanical Properties

April 2015 March 2018

Physical and mechanical properties of hybrid pellita were determined. Based on FPRDI Strength Grouping of Timber, Relative Density (0.069) of hybrid pellita exhibit to moderately high strength.

3. Property Evaluation of Selected Tree Species

Part II. Chemical Properties

April 2015

March 2018

Wood samples of 10-year old cross breed of Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell. x Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. hort. var. were collected in Brgy. Sta. Barbara, Iba, Zambales in June 2016. The chemical properties of the wood at different height levels (butt, middle and top) were determined following the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI) standard methods.

4. Property Evaluation of Selected Tree Species

Part III. Wood Anatomy and Fiber Morphology

April 2016

December 2018

Wood anatomy and fiber morphology of plantation-grown hybrid Eucalyptus pellita X E. tereticornis were determined.

5. Physical and Mechanical Properties of Some Fruit Trees in the Philippines (Completed)

January 2016

December 2017

The study determined the physical and mechanical properties of some Philippine fruit trees using the ASTM procedure for testing small clear specimens of timber. Physical properties included relative density and moisture content (MC) while mechanical properties covered Modulus of Rupture (MOR), Stress at Proportional Limit (SPL) and Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) in static bending, compression parallel and perpendicular-to-grain, shear, hardness and toughness. Mangga (Mangifera indica), rambutan (Nephelium ramboutan-ake), lansones (Lansium domesticum Correa), sampalok (Tamarindus indica L.), duhat [Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels], and

durian (Durio zibethinus Murray) comprised the five fruit trees. Sampalok and duhat exhibited the highest relative density (0.746 and 0.743) followed by lansones (0.663), rambutan (0.609), durian (0.514) and mangga (0.492). The MC of these species were 66.58, 59.31, 73, 78.3, 114.14 and 136.57%, respectively. The relative density of sampalok and duhat were classified high; lansones and rambutan, moderately high; durian, medium and mangga, moderately low. An inverse relationship between relative density and MC was observed in all species. For mechanical properties, lansones fell under high to moderately high; rambutan, moderately high to medium; sampalok, duhat and mangga, medium to moderately low, although the compressive strength perpendicular-to-grain of sampalok and duhat was under high and moderately high, respectively, while that of durian was under low. The trend of properties variations among species and tree height levels (butt, middle and top) as well as the recommended end-uses is discussed.

6. Wood Properties and Quality Evaluation of ITPS from various Localities (Completed)

January 2016

December 2017

Three trees each of 10-year-old yemane (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) and mangium (Acacia mangium Willd) from Zambales (Region 3) and Ilocos Sur (Region 1) were collected and prepared for various physical and mechanical properties determination. The ASTM procedure for testing small clear specimens of timber was followed. The relative density of yemane from Zambales and Ilocos Sur ranged from 0.382 – 0.472 and 0.422 – 0.433, respectively. These

mean values were classified as moderately low. On the other hand, the relative density of mangium ranged from Zambales and Ilocos Sur were 0.398 - 0.514 and 0.560 – 0.562, respectively. Both were categorized as medium density. For MC, yemane values ranged from 119 - 158.9% and 153.41 -163.24% while those of mangium ranged from 115.50 - 126.74% % and 85.71 – 86.04%, lower than those of yemane. The mechanical properties of yemane from both locations were moderately low to low. For mangium, the mechanical properties of those from Zambales and Ilocos Sur were under medium class and moderately high with exceptionally high modulus of rupture and compression perpendicular-to-grain, respectively. Generally, the strength properties of yemane from the two provinces were almost the same while those of mangium from Ilocos Sur were better than those from Zambales.

7. Evaluation of the Processing Characteristics and Performance for furniture of Plantation-Grown Eucalyptus tereticornis (Sm.) x Eucalyptus pellita (F. Muell.) hort. var.

January 2017

June 2018

Log samples for all of the studies have been collected and transported to FPRDI. Saw milling activities have been done. Bending properties have been determined. All of the wood samples have been kiln dried. Initial machining test have been done. All samples for finishing test have been completed. The design of the prototype products have been completed. And fabrication of prototype products have started.

8. Preservative Treatment of Lumber from Selected Tree Species: Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell. x Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. hort. Var. (Completed)

April 2012

December 2017

The research established the suitable preservative treatment of lumber from the Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell. x E. tereticornis Sm. hort. var. Preservative retention and depth of penetration were also evaluated to verify if they conform

to standards. Wood samples obtained from the heartwood and sapwood of E. pellita x E. tereticornis were treated with commercial wood preservatives, i.e., disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT), deltamethrin and combination of deltamethrin + propiconazole by soaking and full-cell treatment methods. Results showed that with 8% and 12% DOT and soaking time of three and five days, preservative retention was higher in the sapwood than heartwood. Except for the heartwood samples soaked in 8% DOT for three days, retention values passed the requirements for sawn products treated with boron compounds under the American Wood Preserver’s Association (AWPA) Standard UC1 and UC2. For depth of penetration, the sapwood conformed to the requirement of 80% while all the DOT-treated heartwood samples did not. In the full-cell treatment, the DOT-treated sapwood showed higher retention than the heartwood. The retention obtained in either the 8% or 12% DOT applied at 1 or 1.5 hours pressure for both portions met the AWPA standard. However, for depth of penetration, only sapwood samples conformed to the requirement. For the deltamethrin-treated samples, all the sapwood and heartwood had low retention values and zero penetration. Wood samples treated with the combination of deltamethrin + propiconazole at 1 and 1.5 hours also gave the same results.

9. Weathering Properties

of Selected Tree Species Treated with Wood Preservatives

January 2017

December 2018

The Collection Team of FPRDI collected defect free logs from three E. pellita x E. tereticornis trees in Botolan, Zambales and brought to FPRDI Sawmill for

Study 1: Leaching and Weathering Properties of Zinc Oxide – treated Wood of Eucalyptus pellita x E. tereticornis

processing. . Likewise, wood samples from sapwood portions of E. pellita x E. tereticornis were prepared and cut into required dimensions by the leaching (1.9 × 1.9 × 1.9 cm) and weathering (1.3 × 7.6 × 10.2 cm) procedures. The treatment was done following the American Wood Protection Association E10-08 standard method for testing wood preservatives with some modifications. Treated and untreated wood specimens were being weathered outdoors in the vicinity of FPRDI that provides uniform exposure to natural environment following a modification of ASTM G7/G7M-13. Leaching procedures was based on AWPA E11-97 standard method. Five specimens with dimensions of 1.9 × 1.9 × 1.9 cm per tree per treatment were placed into 500-mL beakers, then submerged in 100 ml of DI water and subjected to a vacuum to impregnate the specimens with the leaching solution. For leach test, treated specimens were weighed, dried at 40°C for 3 days and re-conditioned for 2 weeks. Samples were mildly agitated for 14 days, and leachates were collected after 6 h, and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 days. Leachates were analyzed for zinc with X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzer and expressed as ppm zinc for the average leach rate of the 5 blocks per tree per treatment concentration.

10. Weathering Properties

of Selected Tree Species Treated with Wood Preservatives

Study 2: Weathering Properties of Swietenia macrophylla Treated with

January 2017

December 2018

Logs from three (3) mahogany trees were collected from Botolan, Zambales and brought by the Collection Team to FPRDI Sawmill for processing. Wood samples of Swietenia macrophylla were cut into 5mm x 75mm x 150 mm and conditioned to desired moisture content. The exposure rack for weathering procedure measuring

Wood Preservatives

3.2 m x 0.86 m x 0.75 m has been constructed. Wood samples preparation into 5mm x 75mm x 150 mm has also been continued. Additional chemical and mechanical/construction supplies were procured and delivered in Quarter 3. Data on initial percent moisture content (MC) of wood samples has been collected which ranged from 51.00% to 68.92%. Labeling of wood samples has started in preparation for the preservative treatment and application of finishing materials.

11. Establishing biological

treatment condition for the finishing spray booth waste water.

January 2017

March 2018

Wastewater samples needed for the study were collected, characterized and subjected to aeration at different hydraulic retention time (HRT) and MLSS concentration.

EXTERNALLY FUNDED

12. NRCP F-152: Euphorbia tithymaloides: Propagation in mined areas and utilization of the plant’s extract as wood preservative (Completed)

June 2014

May 2017

Euphorbia tithymaloides f.

variegata was planted in an inactive tailings dam in Itogon, Benguet to (1) observe its growth with and without paper mill sludge (PMS) as soil ameliorator, (2) evaluate soil conditions, (3) characterize the plant’s extract and (4) evaluate its extract as a natural control agent against wood-destroying organisms (termites and fungi). A separate set of the plant was also propagated on normal soil in Los Baños, Laguna for comparison purposes.

Experimental soil samples

(ES0) from the tailings dam indicate deficiency in phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) ions and with very low cation exchange capacity (CEC) but with very high amount of arsenic (As) compared with the normal soil (NS) where the plant cuttings were obtained. ES0 also had traces of gold (Au) at about 440 ppb. On the other hand, NS has an unusually

high level of P beyond the critical level of 10-15 ppm. Both NS and ES0 also had K beyond the critical level of 0.5 me/100g soil. Meanwhile, PMS had a big amount of organic matter (OM).

Results indicate

enhancement of growth of the plants in PMS-treated tailings after about four months from planting. Analysis of soil samples (ESh) obtained after harvesting/cutting on the of the grown plants (on the 263rd day from planting) indicate slight increases in OM, N, P, Mg, CEC and WHC with slight decreases in pH, K, calcium (Ca) and copper (Cu). Comparison with soil samples from each of the replicate-treatment combinations also indicate higher values in OM and N with greater amounts of PMS applied. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids (both cyanidin and leucoanthocyanidin types), and tannins but the absence of saponins in all the samples from both the normal and mined soil-grown plants. Total phenolic content of the plants grown in mined-soil, however, was almost double that of normal soil-grown plants.

The crude water extracts

from the experimental plants were found not toxic to moderately toxic against six species of termites and five fungi.

13. Performance Evaluation of 0.5% Hexaflumuron Sentricon Always Active HD Against Philippine Subterranean Termites

November 2016

March 2018

Three Sentricon Termite Bait Products of Dow AgroSciences B.V. Philippines (0.5% Hexaflumuron Sentricon Always Active, 0.2% Hexaflumuron + MAC and 0.5% Hexaflumuron) are being evaluated against Microcerotermes losbañosensis Oshima and Macrotermes gilvus Hagen by termite chamber method and by using termite mounds,

respectively. Each treatment was replicated five times. An untreated group was provided for comparison. On the other hand, the performance of 0.5% Hexaflumuron Sentricon Always Active HD termite bait is being evaluated against Coptotermes gestroi Light using houses infested with this termite species. Out of the 20 units of termite infested houses surveyed, 10 units were selected as experimental units in the municipalities of Los Baños, Bay and Calauan, province of Laguna . The performance evaluation of 0.50% Hexaflumuron Sentricon Always Active showed that out of the 10 experimental units, termite populations in 6 houses were already eliminated. The evaluation of the performance of the efficacy of three Sentricon products is being continued against three (3) species of subterranean termites.

Program 3: PHILIPPINE FOREST VINES FOR HANDICRAFT AND FURNITURE INDUSTRY

14. Property Evaluation of Some Economically Important Forest Woody Vines.

Part I: Physical and Mechanical Properties (Completed)

January 2015

December 2017

The physical (moisture content, relative density or RD, shrinkage characteristics) and mechanical (bending, compression parallel to grain, tensile strength and folding endurance) properties of five species of forest woody vines were determined following modified ASTM D 143-14 procedures. Significant differences were noted on the physical and mechanical properties of the five vine species. Saging-saging (Phytocrene sp.), agpoy (Bauhinia integrifolia Roxb.), and sampagitang-gubat (Jasminum sp.) gave moderately high values; lanotan (Agelea sp.), medium, and ubas-ubasan (Cayratia sp.), moderately low. The vines studied can be used for furniture and handicraft-making

15. Property Evaluation of Some Economically Important Forest Woody Vines.

Part II: Chemical Properties (Completed)

January 2015

December 2017

The chemical properties and phytochemical components of five important species of Philippine forest woody vines were studied. These were abuhab-baging (Strophantus sp. Apocynaceae); bulakan (Merremia nymphaeifolia Hallier f.); curare or duru-duru (Strychnos sp. Loganiaceae); lalapau (Hypserpa nitida) and mulawing-baging (Symphorema luzonicum Verbenaceae). Samples were prepared following TAPPI T 257 procedure and analyzed for chemical properties using standard methods, while phytochemicals were screened following techniques described by Aguinaldo. Among the five, curare is a possible material for pulp and paper production because of its high holocellulose and alpha-cellulose content and fair amount of hemicelluloses. It can also be a good source of cellulose for biofuel and nano-cellulose products, having a holocellulose content of almost 70%, alpha-cellulose of 42.81% and hemicellulose of 27.18%. Mulawing-baging had the highest lignin (24.08%) and extractives content (7.14%). Along with curare, it may be also be a good source of phytochemicals as it contains alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins. Bulakan showed heavy precipitation in the ferric chloride test which could mean it is a rich source of tannin.

16. Property Evaluation of Some Economically Important Forest Woody Vines.

Part III: Stem Anatomy of Some Economically Important Forest Woody Vines (Completed)

April 2014

March 2017

The stem anatomy of 10 economically important Philippine forest woody vines was studied to determine their gross anatomical properties or diagnostic features that can be used for their identification. The species studied included: silongpugo[Pericampylusglaucuss

(Lam) Merr.] Menispermaceae, tubli [Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth.] Papilionaceae, makabuhay [Tinosporaglabra(Burmf) Merr.] Menispermaceae, lalapau (HypserpanitidaMiers.)Menispermaceae, Strophantussp. Annonaceae, Strychnossp,.Loganiaceae, mulawing-baging [Symphoremaluzonicum (Blanco) F.-Vill.] Verbenaceae, agpoy[Bauhinia integrifoliaRoxb. subsp. cumingiana var. cumingiana K. Larsen & S.S. Larsen.] Caesalpiniaceae, ubasubasan [Cayratia japonica (Thunb.) Gagn.] Vitaceae and saging-saging (Phytocrenesp.)Icacinaceae All forest woody vines exhibited cylindrical stem and circular cross section except for agpoy. Growth rings were indistinct. Pores were slightly visible to visible to the naked eye, circular to oval in shape, diffuse and predominantly solitary with radial multiples of 2 to 3. Vessel or pore diameter ranged from medium-sized to extremely large. Vessel length ranged from extremely short to very long. Fibers had diameter and length from 0.018 mm to 0.0512 mm and 0.677 mm to 1.92 mm, respectively, and thin walled. The stem pattern or diagnostic features that can be used to easily identify and differentiate some woody vine species included shape of stem, width of ray and shape of pith.

17. Identification of Philippine Commercial and Potentially Commercial Forest Vines for the Handicraft and Furniture Industry, Volume 2

January 2017

December 2018

A total of 18 species belonging to 17 genera and 12 families had been collected and identified. Out of it, 10 species have been described as to their morphological characters, synonyms, distribution and economic uses. Eighteen herbarium vouchers have been prepared and deposited in FPRDI

herbarium facility. Meanwhile line drawings of 10 vine species have been drawn.

Program 4: GUMS, RESINS AND OILS

18. Bark strip harvesting

and callusing of Philippine Cinnamon

April 2016 March 2019

Meetings and workshops with partner collaborators in the site were among the preliminary activities conducted. The research team composed of FPRDI staff and BUFAI members together with the team from Center for Conservation Innovations (CCI), conducted an inventory of cinnamon trees in Mt. Labo. Using a GPS device, the cinnamon trees, including the seedlings/wildlings were located, counted and mapped. Seminar on understanding the importance of cinnamon was conducted in the site together with establishments of study plots.

Program 5: BAMBOO PROCESSING AND INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT

19. Performance Evaluation of Organic-Based Preservatives from Five Philippine Plant Species in the Prevention and Control of Biodeteriorating Organisms in Bamboo (Completed)

January 2014

June 2017

The evaluation of the efficacy of selected organic-based formulations have been established on bamboo samples against insects and fungi under field conditions. The project is expected to come up with at least one (1) eco-friendly and cost-effective natural preservative from selected Philippine plants. The finishing properties of bamboo treated with natural/plant based preservatives shall have been determined and the cost of production have determined.

20. High Value Product Development from Bamboo Pyroligneous Liquor (Completed)

January 2015

September 2017

The study evaluated the efficacy of pyroligneous liquid (PL) against the bacterial wilt of banana F. oxysporum under laboratory and greenhouse condition. Initial test was conducted following standard procedure, exposing F. oxysporum to agar media amended with various concentrations of PL. The

efficacy of PL was determined by the inhibition of fungal growth amended media and compared with that of the control. The efficacy of PL as a preventive and remedial treatment was evaluated using potted seedlings of Cavendish banana under greenhouse conditions. The PL test solutions were prepared at 15%, 20% and 25% concentrations and applied as preventive treatment by soaking healthy banana plants for 3 hrs. or 6 hrs. prior to transplanting in 35.6 cm dia. clay pot. As a remedial treatment, the PL of same test concentrations was applied by watering with 250 ml and 500 ml to the potted banana plants with initial symptoms of bacterial wilt. Treated and untreated banana seedlings were exposed in the greenhouse and observed every 2 weeks for the first 3 months and every 4 weeks in the succeeding 3 months.

Inhibition of PL on the growth of F. oxysposrum in amended agar media was very slight at 2.5% to 7.5% PL concentrations. Increasing the PL concentration however caused an increase in the growth inhibitory property of PL to test fungi. It was moderately effective to effective at 10%, 12.5% while it was highly effective at 25% which caused a 100% inhibition on the 7th and 14th day of test. The efficacy of PL was comparable to the fungal growth inhibitory of standard fungicide.

As a preventive treatment, PL at 25% provided 12 weeks of protection against yellowing and wilting of banana leaves having a rating of 2 or 5% to 35% damage. The same concentration and 20% PL appeared to be effective against necrosis as manifested by the rating of 2 in 20 weeks of test. Test plants in the untreated group had higher degree of yellowing, wilting, necrosis and death. In contrast, yellowing, witling and

necrosis were lower in plants remedially-treated with 25% PL and it performed better or comparable with the standard fungicide and Mykovam. Symptoms ranged from a rating of 0 or absence to 0% to 35% on LL-treated plants. Yellowing, wilting and necrosis were higher in the untreated plants or control which generally sustained 35% to 50% yellowing, wilting and necrosis.

The nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) contents of PL were 1.28 mg/L, 2.2 mg/L, and 3.3 mg/L, respectively. This shows that PL can be used as fertilizer.

21. Chemical Treatment of

some Commercially-Important Bamboo Species in the Philippines

January 2016

September 2018

Twenty (20) culms of bolo were collected in Ibabang Palina, Liliw, Laguna. These were labeled, cut and form the specimen in round and half-split. Samples for moisture content determination were likewise prepared from the bamboo specimens. Treatment of bolo specimens was conducted using copper azole (CuAz) and DOT. Meanwhile, 10 culms of kauayan kiling were collected at Talangan, Nagcarlan, Laguna. Due to problems on procurement of chemicals and other supplies needed during the 1st and 2nd quarters, sap replacement treatment of k. tinik which was supposed to be done during the dry season was not conducted. So, together with the other 2 species (bolo and k. kiling, sap replacement will be done 1st quarter of next year. Similarly, soaking treatment of k. kiling and pressure treatment of bolo will be completed next year.

Program 5: ABACA FIBER FOR THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY AND ALLIED PRODUCTS DEVELOPMENT

22. Improvement in Pulp

and Paper Properties by Refining: Comparison Between Effects of PFI Mill and Valley Beater on Abaca Fibers

January 2016

September 2018

Conducted beating/refining experiments of abaca pulp sample # 1 provided by ALINDECO using the PFI mill and Valley beater. Samples were beaten at their required freeness level and hand sheets were prepared for physical testing and evaluation. Conducted physical tests of the prepared following TAPPI standard procedures. Results were evaluated. And conducted fiber mensuration of the beaten pulp at various freeness level from the PFI beating.

23. Development of Multi-

Purpose Double Acting Hot Press for Engineered Bamboo (Completed)

January 2016

June 2017

This project designed and fabricated a multi-heated double-acting hot press to reduce the production time for engineered bamboo products. Machine performance was determined by producing engineered bamboo boards (407 x 407 mm) using urea formaldehyde (UF) and phenol formaldehyde (PF) glues and pressed for 5 minutes with electricity and charcoal as heat source. Board properties were tested using PNS 196:2000 method for delamination and shear test, and ASTM D137 for static bending test. There were no significant differences between the boards’ shear and static bending properties using either electricity or biomass as fuel. Production time was reduced from the current 4-8 hours to 5-8 minutes, and machine performance was found at par with that of the commercially available cold press available. Fabrication cost was Php 150,000. Ergonomically designed, the press can be operated by both men and women.

24. Phytochemical Analysis and Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Bamboo

April 2016

April 2018

Bamboo leaves of kuayan tinik, were collected June 2016. The leaves were sun-dried. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts from bamboo leaves of kauayan tinik were prepared. The yield of ethanolic and water extract of the leaves were 16.99% and 2.01%, respectively. Bamboo leaves of kauayan kiling and bolo were collected September 2016. The leaves were sun-dried. The ethanolic extract of kauayan kiling and bolo were likewise determined as 21.45 and 20.83%, respectively. Aqueous extracts are still being done.

25. Development of

Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Beam (Completed)

January 2017

December 2017

The project was conducted to determine the effect in flexural strength of concrete beams reinforeced with bamboo. Varying amount (2%, 3%, 5%) of bamboo sticks (sp. Kauyan tinik) were used for concrete beams (150mm x 150mm x 750mm) and were tested for flexure. Concrete beams with 2% bamboo reinforcement increased the load concrete. Poor bonding between bamboo reinforcement and concrete may have yield to premature failure during testing.

26. Thermal Modification of

Three Bamboo Species Using Used Engine Oil Medium

January 2017

December 2018

Three species of bamboo (K. tinik, K. Kiling and Giant bamboo) at six poles per species were obtained from ERDB Bambusetum at Mt. Makiling. These were air-dried for 2 months then processed to slats. Spent diesel engine oil was obtained from a car dealer’s service bay. Basic properties of the oil like viscosity and smoke point was determined. A blank run of the spent engine oil was made to determine if the two available hot plates can attain the desired treatment temperature requirement of the project. Results of the blank run showed the equipment limitation to reach the

desired treatment temperature of up to 200ºC. Thus, a request to change the treatment temperature and duration was made during the annual-in-house review.

EXTERNALLY FUNDED

27. High Quality Charcoal

from Bamboo for Industrial Uses (Completed)

January 2014

March 2017

The study evaluated the

efficacy of pyroligneous liquid (PL) against the bacterial wilt of banana F. oxysporum under laboratory and greenhouse condition. Initial test was conducted following standard procedure, exposing F. oxysporum to agar media amended with various concentrations of PL. The efficacy of PL was determined by the inhibition of fungal growth amended media and compared with that of the control. The efficacy of PL as a preventive and remedial treatment was evaluated using potted seedlings of Cavendish banana under greenhouse conditions. The PL test solutions were prepared at 15%, 20% and 25% concentrations and applied as preventive treatment by soaking healthy banana plants for 3 hrs. or 6 hrs. prior to transplanting in 35.6 cm dia. clay pot. As a remedial treatment, the PL of same test concentrations was applied by watering with 250 ml and 500 ml to the potted banana plants with initial symptoms of bacterial wilt. Treated and untreated banana seedlings were exposed in the greenhouse and observed every 2 weeks for the first 3 months and every 4 weeks in the succeeding 3 months.

Inhibition of PL on the growth of F. oxysposrum in amended agar media was very slight at 2.5% to 7.5% PL concentrations. Increasing the PL concentration however caused an increase in the growth inhibitory property of PL to test fungi. It was moderately effective to effective at 10%, 12.5% while it was highly effective at 25% which caused a

100% inhibition on the 7th and 14th day of test. The efficacy of PL was comparable to the fungal growth inhibitory of standard fungicide.

As a preventive treatment, PL at 25% provided 12 weeks of protection against yellowing and wilting of banana leaves having a rating of 2 or 5% to 35% damage. The same concentration and 20% PL appeared to be effective against necrosis as manifested by the rating of 2 in 20 weeks of test. Test plants in the untreated group had higher degree of yellowing, wilting, necrosis and death. In contrast, yellowing, witling and necrosis were lower in plants remedially-treated with 25% PL and it performed better or comparable with the standard fungicide and Mykovam. Symptoms ranged from a rating of 0 or absence to 0% to 35% on LL-treated plants. Yellowing, wilting and necrosis were higher in the untreated plants or control which generally sustained 35% to 50% yellowing, wilting and necrosis.

The nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) contents of PL were 1.28 mg/L, 2.2 mg/L, and 3.3 mg/L, respectively. This shows that PL can be used as fertilizer.

PROGRAM 6: NATURAL RUBBER EXUDATES & WOOD UTILIZATION

28. Design and Development of Sheeting Machine for the Production of non-technically specified rubber (TSR)

January 2017

December 2018

The materials have been purchased and the fabrication is going on.

Program 7: ABACA FIBER FOR PULP & PAPER INDUSTRY AND ALLIED PRODUCTS DEVELOPMENT

29. Improvement in pulp and paper properties by refining comparison between effects of PFI mill and valley beater on abaca pulp (Completed)

January 2016

December 2017

The study aimed to establish the pulp and papermaking properties of two abaca pulp grades refined at different freeness levels using two types of beaters. JK and Hybrid-H2 abaca pulp samples were refined

using the Institute’s laboratory PFI mill and standard Valley beater following the set beating intervals of 100+/- 25 ml Canadian Standard Freeness (CSF) levels. Results showed that as refining progressed, actual freeness reading can be replicated using the PFI mill. However, the Valley beater gave significantly varied results especially at readings lower than 300 ml CSF. For every interval, standard hand sheets (about 60 gsm) were prepared and tested for physical and optical strength properties. The sheets gave similar physical strength values but distinctly varied in optical strength. Using the Valley beater resulted in significantly lower brightness and opacity levels compared to the PFI mill. This means that the Valley beater had a harsher impact on pulp optical properties as beating progressed. Likewise, using the PFI mill, fiber length increased moderately with more beating.

30. Alkaline Sulfite Pulping of Abaca Hybrids for Pulp and Papermaking

July 2017

December 2018

27.5 kls of Hybrid 2 and 15 kls of Hybrid 7 were collected at IPB, UPLB and prepared for morphological properties.

31. Fabrication of auto-fed

decorticating machine for abaca (Musa textilis Nee)

January 2017

June 2018

The design of the machine had been finalized.

EXTERNALLY FUNDED

32. Processing of

Nanocrystalline Cellulose from Abaca Fiber (Completed)

January 2015

June 2017

This study aimed to extract and characterize cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) from a disease-resistant hybrid variety of abaca fiber that can be used as reinforcement filler for various composite applications. Hybrid abaca fibers were soda pulped and subsequently bleached using the

HEHEH sequence. Chemical properties of bleached hybrid abaca pulp were found to be at par with commercial abaca varieties. Different hydrolysis conditions were used to extract CNC from bleached abaca pulp. Acid hydrolysis at 64% sulfuric acid showed that almost all the cellulose has been degraded as shown by a low yield in CNC suspension and a brown to dark brown color at different reaction times. In contrast, a white cloudy suspension was observed at lower acid levels. Chemical and physical purification processes were conducted to isolate the cellulose nanocrystals at lower acid levels and obtained a hazy white solution. Dynamic light scattering analysis showed a particle size distribution profile of 23.38 nm with a -41.78 mV zeta potential value from the hydrolysis of abaca pulp at 55% acid reacted for 60 minutes. Furthermore, a 15% CNC yield was obtained from the hydrolysis of abaca pulp in a 0.4% CNC suspension. Finally, TEM images showed an average fiber diameter of 4.83 nm and a 45.62 nm average fiber length of the abaca nanocrystals.

PROGRAM 8: BIOMASS AS ENERGY SOURCE

33. Piloting of Hydraulic Type Briquettor (Completed)

January 2016

December 2017

The hydraulic type briquettor was pilot tested at CS First Green Agri-Industrial Development, Inc., Bayambang, Pangasinan. The briquette output using charcoal from coconut shell, bamboo, sawdust and corn cobs was determined. Results showed that coco shell charcoal briquette has the highest output of 300, 308 and 315 kg/day at 10, 12 and 16% cassava starch binder levels, respectively. Increasing the binder level increases the output. This is due to high density of cassava

starch compared with all the materials used. In all the materials using hydraulic briquettor produces briquettes with higher crushing strength (CS), density and burning time (BT). Combining the two factors, using hydraulic briquettor with 16% binder produces briquettes with the highest CS, density and BT. Producing charcoal briquettes using hydraulic briquettor with 16% binder from coco shell, bamboo, sawdust and corn cobs costs Php 14.40, Php 13.93, Php 13.98 and Php14.59 per kg, respectively.

34. Design and

Development of Extrusion Machine for Sawdust Briquette

January

2017

December

2018

The other materials needed in the project has been purchased and fabrication is going on.

PROGRAM 9: TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE FOR THE FOREST-BASED MSMEs AND COMMUNITIES

35. Promotion of FPRDI Developed Technologies and Services

2016

Continuing

For CY 2016, the project was able to facilitate the conduct of 13 media interviews, 9 technology fora, 4 industry consultative dialogues, 1 Dalaw Eskwela and 13 technology exhibits. Ten brochures/primers/information materials on FPRDI technologies were also prepared for dissemination during promotional activities of the Institute. The visit of 6,613 visitors was also facilitated for 2016, with majority of them (68%) coming from the academe. A partial list of forest-based firms in the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR), Regions I, II (Isabela and Nueva Vizcaya) and IV-A (Quezon) was also prepared with 640 respondents.

36. Transfer of FPRDI Technologies for Commercialization

May 2012 Continuing

Three technologies were filed for intellectual property rights application. The Intellectual

Property office of the Philippines (IPO Phil) approved 10 utility model applications of the following: 1). Process manufacture of a wine barrel from Indian Mango; 2) Process manufacture of a wine barrel from Big-Leafed Mahogany; 3) Process manufacture of a wine barrel from Santol; 4) Process manufacture of a wine barrel from Mangium; 5) Wine Barrel from Santol; 6) Wine Barrel from Big-leafed Mahoganyl; 7) Wine Barrel from Indian Mango; 8) Wine Barrel from Mangiuml; 9) Thermal modification of Bamboo and 10) Method of Preservative Treatment of Engineered Bamboo.

37. Skills Training, Technology Demonstration and Technical Seminar for the Forest-Based and Allied Industries

1987 Continuing

For 2016, TMDSS coordinated and managed the conduct of 41 activities in 12 regions of the country. The activities include 30 trainings, 3 technology demonstrations, 3 technology seminars and 5 training needs identification. From these activities, 790 individuals have benefitted: 568 or 78% from trainings, 128 or 18% from technology seminars and demonstrations and 25 or 4% were representatives of various industry groups from where training needs identification was conducted. For the year, a total of 1,012 training and other manpower development-related advisory services were rendered, of which 71% were through the coordinated activities of the TMDSS and the remaining 29% from the communications (mostly official letters and emails) received and responded to by the Section.

38. Production and Dissemination of Communication Materials on FPRDI Technologies and Services

1990 Continuing

Drafted 27 press/web releases, Published the 2015 Annual Report, 2015 PFPJ (in press, for delivery in January 2017), Dichotomous Key to ID of Phil. Timbers: Families and revised brochure on Selected

FPRDI Training Courses; 13 papers for 2016 PFPJ underwent technical review; Revised 1 AVP (DIY Bamboo Shelter for the PARRFI Award competition in June 2016) & finalized the script and video footages and still photos of another one (Pulp & Paper Testing Services); Drafted the 6-Year Dev’t Plan for the FPRDI Library; Developed and maintained the FPRDI Fanpage (Facebook); Encoded 303 reprints & technical reports, and 277 serials/analytics to the in-house database; Edited & uploaded to the DOST SciNet portal 2,248 previously encoded bibliographic entries; Acquired 14 books, 74 periodicals (journals & magazines) & 29 FPRDI Technical Reports; Attended to 506 Library users (internal, external & internet) & obtained average CSM ratings of 97% for Library & 99.7% for Publications Sale; Drafted 12 monthly Section Activity Reports & 1 Progress Report.

39. Dichotomous Keys to

Identification of Philippine Timbers: A Supplement to the Wood Identification Handbooks (Volumes 1 and 2) for Philippine Timbers

January 2015

September 2018

Dichotomous key to identification of 444 species and 124 genera presented in the handbooks (volumes 1 and 2) constructed and Terminal Reports

40. Properties and

Utilization of Plantation Tree Species

January 2017

December 2018

Technical reports of all the TPS listed in OPLAN 2017 were gathered except for Plantation Grown Umbrella Tree (Musanga cecropiodes R.Br. Ex Tedlie) and Toog (Philippine Rosewood) [Petersianthus quadrialatus (Merr) Merr.] which were not available at the library and at the Planning Office. The properties of five TPS namely: Malapapaya [Polyscias nodosa (Blume) Seem.], River Red Gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis

Dehnh), Timor White Gum (E. urophylla S.T.Blake), Plantation Grown Earpod [Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb.] and Plantation Grown Lemon Scented Gum Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D.Hill &L.A.S) were reviewed and included in the report. However, there are no reports on the following: 1. natural durability and treatability of malapapaya; 2. drying and treatability of river red gum; 3. anatomical, chemical and natural durability of timor white gum; 4. anatomical and treatability of plantation grown earpod; and 5. anatomical, natural durability and treatability of plantation grown lemon-scented gum.

PROGRAM 10: UPGRADING, IMPROVEMENT/EXPANSION OF FPRDI TESTING LABORATORIES

41. Statistical Services for TID

2003 Continuing

Reviewed 7 project proposals and recommended appropriate experimental design when necessary. Processed, analyzed and assisted in the interpretation of statistical results of 7 projects. Reviewed 17 terminal/ progress reports/articles for FPRDI Journal in terms of presentation of results, analysis and interpretation.

42. Maintenance and Operation of Management System of FPRDI Testing Laboratories (FTLs)

2008 Continuing

There were 85 companies submitted furniture samples (chairs, tables, etc) with P1,979,350.00 testing fees earned from January to October 2016. The 175 test certificates prepared were released to customers on time. Conducted plywood testing of 8 Job orders that generated 111 test reports, all mandatory BPS requirement. Plywood testing is ongoing for a technical assistance that will generate 1 Technical Assistance report. Plywood income from January to October 2016 amounted to P445,580.00. Tested for physical properties pulp, paper, board and tissue samples

submitted by 380 customers. There were 389 test certificates prepared out of the 534 physical tests conducted. The testing fees collected from January to October 2016 amounted to P1,053,900.00. The total income earned for the period, January to October 2016 from the ISO/IEC 17025:2005 accredited laboratories namely, Furniture Testing Center, Plywood Testing and Pulp and Paper Testing Laboratories amounted to P3,478,830.00. Maintained furniture testing equipment and conducted daily housekeeping in the laboratory. Facilitated the calibration of 8 furniture equipment conducted by MIRDC. Renewed the license to operate the X-ray facility at the Center for Device Regulation, Radiation Health and Research. Submitted monthly and quarterly reports. Attended TCs on 21 Paper, Board and Pulps, Plywood and Furniture meetings at Bureau of Products Standards (BPS), Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), Makati City

43. Measurement Systems

Analysis on the Proficiency Testing Results of FPRDI Testing Laboratories (Pulp & Paper and Plywood)

May 2009 Continuing

Grammage and thickness, test from January to September 2016 resulted to CPV within the set limit. For both test, all results were consistent and acceptable. Test for packaging papers such as elongation, burst, tensile energy absorption and tensile breaking, all tests from January to October 2016 resulted in CPV within the set limit, consistent and acceptable. Test for printing papers, both bursting and tearing strength got an ‘*’ and an ‘x’ mark from CTS respectively. In May 2016, bursting strength was marked by an ‘*’. The

result was still included but the laboratory was warned to be more careful in the succeeding test. In July and September, CPV result has improved and no further mark was received. However, for tearing strength, the test in March 2016 was marked with an ‘x’. CPV for both samples were within the set limit and consistent but has a remarked of “Data appear to be off by a factor of 2. Corrected by CTS (x.5)”. This has been corrected by the laboratory. The succeeding test results were all now within the set limit and acceptable. The intralaboratory testing conducted in PTL, for the 1st quarter, a 12mm thick board was used. For all 3 parameters, thickness, MC and shear, all test results were not significantly different. This only shows that all participating analysts were equally competent. For the 2nd quarter, a 10mm thick board was used. For both thickness and shear tests, all participating analyst resulted in similar test results. However, for MC, for both the BOECO and the KERN instruments, both resulted in significant difference among analysts.

44. Interlaboratory

Proficiency Testing of Paper and Paperboard

2010 Continuing

The FPPTL staff visited Paperland Inc. and Vanhawk Paper Inc. wherein the interlaboratory guidelines, memorandum of agreement (MOA), etc were presented. The schedule of sending off of specimen to be tested to the participating laboratories and submission of raw data were discussed. Visited also the testing laboratories of Albay Agro-Industrial Development Corporation

(ALINDECO) and Trust International Paper Corporation. Both laboratories are maintaining the standard temperature, 23±1°C and humidity, 50±2%. The 20 reams of legal copy paper samples collected from Vanhawk Paper Inc. were sorted and were placed in 20 envelopes in equal number of sheets following the sampling procedure. Distribution of these samples were started and Trust International Paper Corporation, Makati City, Special Pulp Manufacturing Corporation, Quezon Blvd., Quezon City and Tann Philippines, Lipa, Batangas already received the samples that they will test to be submitted on 07 November 2016.

45. Establishment and Accreditation of an In-House Calibration Laboratory

January 2017

December 2018

Initial preparation of the proposed laboratory has been completed. Two (2) personnel have attended on one of the trainings on calibration.

OTHER PROGRAMS

46. Composite Board from Banana (Lagkitan) Peduncle Fiber (Completed)

January 2016

December 2017

The research established the physical properties of resin-bonded composite boards made from banana peduncle fiber. (Banana peduncle refers to the main stalk which holds the banana bunch to the plant). The fibers were extracted by retting as it proved to be a better technique than decortication. Dried peduncle fiber at 20, 40 and 50% by volume was used as reinforcement for unsaturated polyester to produce composites of various densities (0.05, 0.065, 0.075 g/cm3) and thicknesses (3, 5, 7 mm). The boards were tested for water absorption and thickness swelling using ASTM D 1037 methods for evaluating properties of wood-based fiber and particle panel materials. Results showed that as

fiber volume and density increased for all thicknesses, the boards’ water absorption increased by 2%. As density increased, thickness swelling increased in 3 - and 5-mm-thick boards by 3-14%. For the 7-mm-thick samples, no significant thickness swelling was observed for 20, 40 and 50% fiber volume. Thus, of all the boards tested, these have the potential to be used as construction panels.

OTHER SERVICES

47. Statistical Services for MSD

2003 Continuing

Reviewed 5 research project proposals and recommended appropriate experimental design when necessary. Processed, analyzed and assisted in the interpretation of statistical results of 11 projects. Reviewed statistical presentation of results, analysis and interpretation of 31 terminal/progress reports and publication articles.

48. Upgrading and Maintenance of FPRDI Herbarium and Xylarium for Research and Development

2002 Continuing

Produced 616 standard-sized wood samples of lanzones [Lansium parasiticum (Osbeck) K.C.Sahni & Bennet] and malugai [ Allophylus cobbe (L.) Raeusch.]; produced herbarium samples of the following species: Hoya meliflua subsp. escobinae Kloppenburg, Conda, Buot & Pitargue of the family Asclepiadaceae, Bauhinia integrifolia subsp. cumingiana (Benth.) K.Larsen & S.S.Larsen of the family Leguminosae.,Cayratia japonica (Thunb.) Gagnep. of the family Vitaceae; updated and re-labeled 140 wood samples of malugai [ Allophylus cobbe (L.) Raeusch.]; rendered wood identification services to the following: a. Engr. Ritchie Ligtas of Abratique and Associate Phil., Inc., Metropolitan Avenue, Makati City; b. Prof. Rosalie C. Mendoza of DFPPS, CFNR, UPLB; c. Arthur

Blanco Construction and Development Corp., Pulo, Balagtas, Batangas City; d. Ms. Lorie May Guansing of Matimco Incorporated, Hi-way, Estancia, Mandaue City, Cebu; e. Engr. Mark Adrianne Decena of Struktura Teknika Services, Cainta, Rizal; f. Jalikee Arts & Crafts, Paete, Laguna; g. Alphavines International Trading, Las Pinas City, M.M. ; h. Ms. Mary Grace Condino of Laguna State Polytechnic University, Brgy. Bubukal, Sta. Cruz, Laguna; i. Mr. Michael Parulan of Sunwood Export, Paco, Manila; identified herbarium material for Ms. Ched Francisco of University of Perpetual Help System- Binan, Laguna. Identified 28 handicraft materials for Ms. Del P.Guerrero, Asst. General Manager, Timbermate-HMT Industries Corp., Sta. Maria Industrial Estate, Bagumbayan, Taguig City; provided technical information/lectures on Herbarium & Xylarium , economic uses of wood, identification, etc., to students of : a. La Immaculada Concepcion School , Pasig City; b. Southern Luzon State University, Lucban, Quezon;3.) University of Sto.Tomas, Espana, Manila; c. Plant Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, UP Los Banos; d. Laguna State Polytechnic University, Siniloan, Laguna and e. Abra State Institute of Science and Technology (ASIST), Lagangilang, Abra.

49. Sourcing of Non-Wood Raw Materials for Research and Development

2002 Continuing

Collected 30 culms “kauayan-kiling” (Bambusa vulgaris Shcrad) for powedered post beetles rearing of Dr. C.M. Garcia from Nagcarlan. For the anatomical studies of MDR Ramos, 3 species of forest woody vines stems were collected:

Strychnos sp. (Loganiaceae), “Agpoi” [Bauhinia integrifolia subsp. cumingiana (Benth.) K. Larsen & S.S Larsen], “ubas-ubasan” [Cayratia japonica (Thunb.) Gagnep and “saging-saging (Uvaria sp.) from Pagbila Quezon. For Ms. MSP Dionglay’s project on chemical properties, 5 species were collected, namely; Strychnos sp. (Loganiaceae), Hypserpa nitida (Menispermaceae), Strophantus sp. (Apocynaceae), Symphorema luzonicum (Verbenaceae) and “bulakan” [Merremia peltata (L.) Merr.] also from Pagbilao, Quezon.

For EO Bondad’s evaluation of the

Physical and Mechanical

properties 4 species were

collected namely: Strychnos sp.

(Loganiaceae), Hypserpa nitida

(Menispermaceae) Strophantus

sp. (Apocynaceae), Symphorema

luzonicum (Verbenaceae) from

Pagbilao, Quezon.

Five (5) sacks each of kauayan tinik (Bambusa bluemeana Schults.f.), kauayan kiling (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad), and bolo (Gigantochloa levis (Blanco) Merr) were collected for MSP Dionglay’s project from AMTEC UPLB and Nagcarlan, Laguna. Forty culms of kauayan tinik (Bambusa blumeana Schults. f.) from Jamboree site, College, Laguna were collected for Ms. Pelayo’s R&D project.

50. Resistance of Selected Tree Species to Decay Fungi and Insects

January 2005

December 2023

The evaluation on the natural durability of the five (5) selected tree species Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn Ex. Smith), Lemon Scented Gum [Corymbia citriodora (Hook) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson], Umbrella Tree (M.

cecropioides R. Br. Tedlie), Earpod (Enterolobium cyclocarpum) and Large-fruited Red Mahogany (E. pellita) to decay fungi and insect is being continued under field conditions. The percent of wood stakes invaded, and the degree of damage caused by wood destroying organisms is being collected regularly every six (6) months. E. pellita – After 1.5 years of field exposure, 10.0% to 30.0% fungal and termite invasion was observed and caused only a very slight fungal and termite damage. M. cecropoides - 100% fungal invasion were observed regardless of portion with fungal damaged ranging from 64.0% to 71.0% after 4.0 yrs. Similarly, 100% termite invasion occurred on all portions and infected 58.0% to 61.0% termite damage. In E. cyclocarpum – (5.5 yrs.) - One hundred (100%) percent fungal invasion was observed on all portions with 37.0% to 51.0% while termite invasion was observed in 50% of the wood stakes from the butt and mid portions that caused only 10.5% to 17.0% termite damaged. E. marginata (2nd batch) – After 6.0 years of exposure, 100% of the wood stakes from the butt, mid and top portions were invaded by Macrotermes gilvus and the degree of damage ranged from 40.0% to 52.0%. Likewise, 100% fungal invasion occurred in all portions that caused 38.0% to 52.0% fungal damaged. In E. marginata (1st batch), 100% fungal invasion was observed and the ranged from 17.0% to 26.3%. The 100% of the wood stakes from the butt and mid portions were invaded by termites and caused 62.50% to 67.5% termite damage, respectively.

In C. citriodora (7.5 yrs.) – Although all the wood stakes from the butt, mid and top portions were invaded by termites, the degree of damage caused was only 8.5% to 9.0%. On the other hand, fungal invasion was observed on 100% of the wood stakes from the butt mid and top portions with fungal damage ranging from 10.5% to 14.0% respectively. Based from the data gathered, it indicates that C. citriodora was highly resistant to both termites and fungi.

51. Field Evaluation of the Natural Resistance of Coco-Fiberboard against Wood Destroying Insects and Fungi (Completed)

January 2015

December 2017

The resistance of low density and medium density cocoboards (CB) to wood-destroying insects and fungi was evaluated under laboratory and field conditions. Subterranean termites (Microcerotermes losbañosensis), drywood termites (Cryptotermes dudleyi), powder-post beetles and decay fungi (Trametes versicolor and Lenzites striata) were used as test organisms under laboratory conditions. Resistance was based on the degree of damage or weight losses incurred by the boards after a specified exposure period. Field test was conducted above-ground as ceiling or walls in an exposure shed provided with a corrugated roofing material. Marine plywood (MPW) samples were used as comparison. Both CB had a higher resistance to insect and fungi than Marine Plywood (MPW). MPW was heavily attacked by M. losbañosensis while CB manifested only few signs of termite nibbling on the surface. Likewise, the plywood samples were severely attacked by wood decay fungi under laboratory conditions with 55.4% to 88% weight loss, while CB was highly resistant. The field tests confirmed the higher biological resistance of CB than MPW. Both CB were

resistant to termite attack with 2.5% to 15.3% damage after 24 months of test. MPW samples were only slightly to moderately resistant. On the other hand, both CB were highly resistant to fungal growth and medium density CB was resistant (3.1% fungal growth) to staining fungi after 24 months. The 19.1 mm MPW was resistant and 12.7 mm MPW was slightly resistant with 23.1% and 64.5% bluish discoloration on the surface within the period.

The data indicate that in terms of biological resistance, CB is a suitable material for insulation boards, ceiling, and interior walls. Further exposure of the board is recommended to establish its natural resistance to wood destroying insects under field conditions.

52. Natural Durability of Forest Woody Vines and Commercial Bamboo Species [Giant Bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper (Schultes. f.) Backer ex Heyne); Bolo (Gigantochloa levis (Blanco) Merr.) and Kauayan-tinik, (Bambusa blumeana Schultes f.)] to Wood Destroying Organisms (Completed)

January 2008

December 2017

1st Batch Woody Vines (6 species): Indoor: The butt and top portions of kamagsa-brown, kamagsa-itim and tilob were moderately resistant to highly resistant to beetle attack with 0 to 5.3 beetle holes after 8.0 years of exposure in indoor conditions. The top portion of the three-vine species had 0 to 6.0 beetle holes. The butt portion of saga-saga, katmon-katmon and bakas kalabaw failed in 1.5 to 3.0 years due to beetle attack while the top portions were destroyed after 3.0 years to 4.5 years of exposure. Outdoor: The resistance of the 6 species of woody vines in the outdoor varied. The kamagsa-itim and tilob regardless of portions were moderately durable lasting for 6.5 to 7.0 years. The butt of kamagsa-brown was slightly

durable and the top was moderately durable. 2nd Batch Woody Vines (5 species) – after 6.5 yrs: Indoor: The butt portion of parugtong-itim, gulyasan and baling-uai were still sound after 6.5 years of exposure. The butt of bahuan and talipan failed in 6 mos to 2.0 years due to beetle attack. The top portion of the 5 woody vine species showed that only gulyasan remained free from insect and fungal attack within the period. Outdoor: All portions of the 5-vine species of the second batch of woody vines (parugtong-itim, gulayan, bahuan, baling uai and talipan) failed to the attack of insects and fungi after 1 to 4 years of exposure. The 5 woody vine species were classified as non-durable to slightly durable woody vine species. 3rd Batch Woody vines (5 species) – after 6.0 Yrs. Indoor: Only the top and butt portions of gulyasang-itim and balanak remained sound after 6.0 years of indoor exposure. The butt and top portions of gulyasang-itim and balanak remained moderately to highly resistant to beetle attack with 0.2 to 9.2 beetle holes. Lagitik, tugli and nipay were destroyed by powder-post beetles after 9 mos to 5.5 years of exposure. Outdoor: All portions of the 5 species of the 3rd batch of woody vines (lagitik, tugli, gulyasang-itim, balanak and nipay) failed to the attack of insects and fungi in 6 mos to 4 years of exposure in the outdoor. Further exposure of the sound 2nd batch and 3rd batch of woody vines will be conducted to obtain the concrete data on their durability against insect and fungal attack. Resistance study of